备战2021新高考命题点分析与探究 命题3 函数及其表示(解析版)

备战2021新高考命题点分析与探究  命题3  函数及其表示(解析版)
备战2021新高考命题点分析与探究  命题3  函数及其表示(解析版)

备战2021新高考数学命题分析与探究

命题3 函数及其表示

第一部分 命题点展示与分析

1.求下列函数的定义域.

①函数f (x )=3x 2

4-x

+lg(x +1)的定义域为____;

②函数f (x )=7+6x -x 2的定义域为____;(2019江苏) ③函数f (x )=log 3x -3的定义域为____;

④函数f (x )=x 2+2x +1

x +1的定义域为____;

⑤函数f (x )=(x -2)1

2-(3x -7)0的定义域为____;

⑥函数f (x )=tan ????2x -π

4的定义域为____; ⑦函数f (x )=1

1+

11+

1x 的定义域为____.

答案:①(-1,4) ②[-1,7] ③[27,+∞) ④(-∞,-1)∪(-1,+∞) ⑤????2,73∪????7

3,+∞ ⑥???x ?

??

??

x ∈R ,x ≠k π2+3π8,k ∈Z ⑦?

??

x ?

??

??x ∈R ,且x ≠0,-1,-12 解析:①由题知?

????4-x >0,

x +1>0,解得-1

所以函数f (x )的定义域为(-1,4).

②由题知7+6x -x 2≥0,即x 2-6x -7≤0,解得-1≤x ≤7,

所以函数f (x )的定义域是[-1,7].

③由题知?

????x >0,log 3x -3≥0,即?????x >0,log 3x ≥3,解得x ≥27, 所以函数f (x )的定义域为[27,+∞).

④由题知x +1≠0,解得x ≠-1,

所以函数f (x )的定义域为(-∞,-1)∪(-1,+∞).

⑤由题知?????x -2≥0,3x -7≠0,解得x ≥2且x ≠7

3,

所以函数f (x )的定义域为????2,73∪???

?7

3,+∞. ⑥由题知2x -π4≠k π+π2,k ∈Z ,解得x ≠k π2+3π

8,k ∈Z ,

所以函数f (x )的定义域是{x |x ∈R ,x ≠k π2+3π

8

,k ∈Z }.

⑦要使函数有意义,必须满足?????x ≠0,

1+1x

≠0,1+11+1x

≠0,

解得x ≠0,-1,-12,所以函数f (x )的定义域为{x |x ∈R ,且x ≠0,-1,-1

2

}.

2.已知函数y =f (x )的定义域是????

12,2,则

①函数y =f (x +1)

lg x 的定义域是____.

②函数y =f (log 2x )的定义域为____.

③函数y =f (x +2)+f (x +1)的定义域是____. 答案:①(0,1) ②[2,4] ③???

?-1

2,0 解析:①由题意得?????12≤x +1≤2,x >0,lg x ≠0,即?????-1

2≤x ≤1,x >0,x ≠1,

解得0

lg x 的定义域是(0,1).

②由题意知1

2≤log 2x ≤2,即log 22≤log 2x ≤log 24,

所以2≤x ≤4,

所以函数y =f (log 2x )的定义域为[2,4]. ③由题意知?

??1

2≤x +2≤2,1

2

≤x +1≤2,解得-1

2≤x ≤0,

所以函数y =f (x +2)+f (x +1)的定义域为???

?-1

2,0. 3. (2019山西名校联考,5分)设函数f (x )=lg(1-x ),则函数f [f (x )]的定义域为( )

A .(-9,+∞)

B .(-9,1)

C .[-9,+∞)

D .[-9,1) 答案:B

解析:由题知f [f (x )]=f [lg (1-x )]=lg [1-lg (1-x )],则?????1-x >0,1-lg (1-x )>0,

解得-9

的定义域为(-9,1).故选B.

4.已知函数f (x )=ln ????1-a

2x 的定义域是(1,+∞),求实数a 的值. 答案:2

解:要使函数f (x )有意义,则1-a

2x >0,即a <2x .因为函数f (x )=ln ????1-a 2x 的定义域是(1,+∞),所以x =1是方程a =2x 的解,即a =2.

当a =2时,由2<2x ,解得x >1,即函数f (x )=ln ????1-a

2x 的定义域是(1,+∞),符合题意,故a =2. 5.(2021汇编,10分)①若函数f (x )=

x

mx 2-mx +2

的定义域为R ,则实数m 的取值范围是( )

A .[0,8)

B .(8,+∞)

C .(0,8)

D .(-∞,0)∪(8,+∞)

②已知函数f (x )=3x 2+2ax -a -1的定义域为R ,则实数a 的取值范围是( ) A .(-∞,-1] B .[-1,0] C .[0, 1] D .[1,+∞)

答案:①A ②B

解析:①因为函数f (x )的定义域为R ,所以mx 2-mx +2>0对x ∈R 恒成立.当m =0时,不等式即为2

>0,恒成立;当m ≠0时,则需满足?

????m >0,Δ=m 2-8m <0,即?????m >0,

0<m <8,所以0<m <8.

综上,实数m 的取值范围是[0,8).故选A. ②因为函数f (x )的定义域为R ,所以3x 2+2ax -a -1≥0对x ∈R 恒成立,则x 2+2ax -a ≥0对x ∈R 恒成立,所以Δ=(2a )2+4a ≤0,解得-1≤a ≤0,所以实数a 的取值范围是[-1,0].故选B.

6.(2021原创,15分)已知函数f (x )=?

????x 2,x ≤1,

log 3x ,x >1.

①f (3)+f (-2)=____.

②f ???

?f ????12=____. ③若g (x )=f (3x ),则函数g (x )的解析式为____.

答案:①5 ②1

16 ③g (x )=?????x ,x >0,9x ,x ≤0

解析:①因为3>1,所以f (3)=log 33=1. 因为-2<1,所以f (-2)=(-2)2=4, 所以f (3)+f (-2)=1+4=5. ②因为12<1,所以f ????12=????122=14.

因为14<1,所以f ????f ????12=f ????14=????142=116

. ③当x >0时,3x >1,此时g (x )=f (3x )=log 33x =x ; 当x ≤0时,3x ≤1,此时g (x )=f (3x )=(3x )2=9x .

综上,函数g (x )的解析式为g (x )=?

????x ,x >0,

9x ,x ≤0.

7.(2019五省优创名校第二次联考,5分)已知函数f (x )=?

????log 3(x +6),x >-1,

f (x +4),x ≤-1,则f (-5)=( )

A .2

B .3

C .4

D .5

答案:A

解析:由题意得f (-5)=f (-1)=f (3)=log 3(3+6)=2.故选A.

8. (2017全国Ⅲ,5分)设函数f (x )=?

????x +1,x ≤0,2x ,x >0,则满足f (x )+f ????x -1

2>1的x 的取值范围是____. 答案:???

?-1

4,+∞ 解析:若x ≤0,则x -12≤-12,则f (x )+f ????x -12>1等价于x +1+x -12+1>1,即2x >-12,则x >-1

4,此时-1

4

12,则x -12>0,则f (x )+f ????x -12=2x +2x -1

2

>1恒成立; 若01,即2x +x >1

2. ∵01

2恒成立.

综上,x 的取值范围是???

?-1

4,+∞.

9. (2021汇编,20分)①已知函数f (x )=?

????2x -

1-1,x ≤1,

-log 2(x -1),x >1,且f (m )=-2,则f (m -6)=( )

A .-3

4

B .-78

C .-14

D .-18

②已知实数a ≠1,函数f (x )=?

????4x ,x ≥0,

2a -x ,x <0,若f (1-a )=f (a -1),则a 的值为( )

A.1

2 B .-12

C.14 D .-14

③已知f (x )=?????2x ,x <0,a +3x ,x ≥0,

若f (f (1))=1

2,则实数a 的值为( )

A .-17

8

B .-4或-17

8

C .-4

D .不存在

④已知函数f (x )=?

???

?(1-a )x +2a ,x <1,ln x ,x ≥1的值域为R ,则实数a 的取值范围为( )

A .(-∞,-1)

B .[-1,1) C.????12,1

D.???

?0,1

2 答案:①A ②A ③B ④B

解析:①当m ≤1时,f (m )=2m -

1-1=-2,无解;当m >1时,f (m )=-log 2(m -1)=-2,解得m =5.所以f (m -6)=f (-1)=2

-1-1

-1=-3

4

.故选A.

②当1-a >0,即a -1<0时,f (1-a )=41

-a,

f (a -1)=2a

-(a -1)

=2.因为f (1-a )=f (a -1),所以41-

a =2,

解得a =1

2

,满足题意.

当1-a <0,即a -1>0时,f (1-a )=2a -(1-a )

=22a

-1,

f (a -1)=4a -1.因为f (1-a )=f (a -1),所以22a -

1=

4a -

1,方程无解.

综上,a 的值为1

2

.故选A.

③因为f (x )=?

????2x ,x <0,

a +3x ,x ≥0,

所以f (1)=a +3.

当a +3≥0,即a ≥-3时,f (f (1))=f (a +3)=a +3(a +3)=4a +9=12,解得a =-17

8,满足题意;

当a +3<0,即a <-3时,f (f (1))=f (a +3)=2a +

3=12,解得a =-4,满足题意.

综上,a =-17

8

或-4.故选B.

④当x ≥1时,ln x ≥0.因为函数f (x )的值域为R ,所以(-∞,0)是函数f (x )=(1-a )x +2a (x <1)的值域的子集,

所以?

????1-a >0,(1-a )×1+2a ≥0,解得-1≤a <1,

所以实数a 的取值范围为[-1,1).故选B.

第二部分 命题点素材与精选

1.(2020·河南高三其他(文)

)函数ln y x

=的定义域是( )

A .(0,1)∪(1,4]

B .(0,4]

C .(0,1)

D .(0,1)∪[4,+∞)

【答案】A 【解析】

2340

ln ln 0,0

x x x y x x x ?-++≥-=?≠>?

14

(0,1)

(1,4]0,1x x x x -≤≤?∴∴∈??>≠?

故选:A

2.(2019·内蒙古集宁一中高三月考)函数y =的定义域为( )

A .()3,1-

B .[]1,3

C .[]3,1-

D

.[]0,1

【答案】A

【解析】由2

032x x --> ,可得31x -<<

,所以函数y =

的定义域为(3,1)- .

故选A .

3.(2019·山东章丘四中高三月考)函数1

()lg(1)

f x x =+ )

A .

[2,2]- B .[2,0)(0,2]-

C .(1,0)(0,2]-?

D .(-1,2]

【答案】C

【解析】101

1()lg(1)00(1,0)(0,2]lg(1)202

x x f x x x x x x x +>?>-??

=

+?+≠?≠?∈-??+?-≥?≤?

故答案选C

4.(2019·哈尔滨市第一中学校高三开学考试(文))已知()f x 的定义域为(1,0)-,则函数(21)f x +的定义域为 ( )

A .(1,1)-

B .1(1,)2

--

C .(1,0)-

D .1(,1)2

【答案】B

【解析】因为函数()f x 的定义域为(1,0)-,故函数(21)f x +有意义只需-1210x <+<即可,解得

1

-1-2

x <<,选B .

5.(2020·嫩江市高级中学高一月考)已知函数f (x )

R ,则实数m 取值范围为 A .{m |–1≤m ≤0} B .{m |–10}

【答案】A

【解析】∵函数f (x )

R ,∴函数y =–mx 2+6mx –m +8的函数值非负,(1)当m =0时,y =8,函数值非负,符合题意;(2)当m ≠0时,要–mx 2+6mx –m +8恒为非负值,则

–m >0,且关于x 的方程–mx 2+6mx –m +8=0根的判别式Δ≤0,即–m >0,且(6m )2–4(–m )(–m +8)≤0,即m <0,且m 2+m ≤0,解得–1≤m <0.综上,–1≤m ≤0. 故选A .

6.(2019·河北辛集中学高三开学考试(理))若()y f x =的定义域是[0,2],则函数(1)(21)f x f x ++-的定义域是( ). A .[1,1]- B .1,12??

????

C .13,22

??????

D .10,2??

????

【答案】B

【解析】由函数()f x 的定义域为[0,2]得0120212

x x ≤+≤??

≤-≤?,解得1

12x ≤≤,

所以函数()()121f x f x ++-的定义域为1,12??

????

. 故选B .

7.(2020·武威第六中学高三其他(文))设函数()(

)2log 1,0

x x f x x ?+≥?=<,则满足()12f x +<的x 的取

值范围为( ).

A .()4,3-

B .()5,2-

C .()3,4-

D .()()34-∞-+∞,,

【答案】B

【解析】由题意,()(

)2log 1,00x x f x x ?+≥?=<,所以()()

2lo 1g 2,1

1

x x x f x ?+≥-+=<-,

①当1x ≥-时,()12f x +<,即()2log 22x +<, 解得2x <,所以12x -≤<;

②当1x <-时,()12f x +<

2<, 解得5x >-,所以51x -<<-;

综上是,()12f x +<时x 的取值范围为()5,2-. 故选:B

8.(2020·云南高三一模(文))设13

,3

()log (2),3x e x f x x x -?<=?-≥?,则f [f (11)]的值是( )

A .1

B .e

C .2e

D .1e -

【答案】B

【解析】由分段函数解析式可得:2

33(11)log (112)log 32f =-==,则[(11)](2)f f f e ==,

故选:B.

9.(2020·甘肃安宁西北师大附中高三月考(理))设22,10

()log (1),03

x x f x x x ?--≤<=?+≤≤?,()1g x ax =+,若对

任意的1[1,3]x ∈-,存在2[1,1]x ∈-,使得21()()g x f x =,则实数a 的取值范围为( ) A .[1,0)(0,1]-? B .(,1][1,)-∞-+∞ C .[2,0)(0,2]-

D .(,2][2,)-∞-+∞

【答案】D

【解析】函数()(

)2

2,10

log 1,03x x f x x x ?--≤

当0a > 时,()g x 为增函数,()1g x ax =+在[1,1-]上的值域为[1

1]a a -++,,由题意可得

11

,2,12

a a a -+≤-?∴≥?

+≥? 当0a < 时,()g x 为减函数,()1g x ax =+在[1,1-]上的值域为[1,1]a a +-+,由题意可得

11

,2,12

a a a +≤-?∴≤-?

-+≥? 当0a =时,()g x 为常数函数,值域为{}1 ,不符合题意; 综上,实数a 的取值范围为][()

,22,-∞-?+∞. 故选D.

10.(2020·天津市滨海新区塘沽第一中学高三其他(理))已知函数21(0)

()21(0)

x x

x f x e x x x ?+≥?=??++

(())1y f f x a =--有三个零点,则实数a 的取值范围是( )

A .1(11)(23]e

,+? B .11(11)(23]3e

e ??+??+????

, C .11(11)[23)3e e ??

+??+????

,,

D .2(11)(23]e

+?,

, 【答案】B

【解析】(())10f f x a --=,即(())1f f x a -=,结合函数解析式,可以求得方程()1f x =的根为2x =-或0x =,从而得到()2f x a -=-和()0f x a -=一共有三个根,即(),()2f x a f x a ==-共有三个根,

当0x ≥时,()11x x f x e =+>,21'()x x x

x e xe x f x e e

--==,从而可以确定函数()f x 在(,1)-∞-上是减函数,在(1,1)-上是增函数,在(1,)+∞上是减函数,且1

(1)0,(1)1f f e

-==+

,此时两个值的差距小于2,所以该题等价于20111a a e -

>+??或12111a e

a e ?

-=+

????>+??

,解得111a e <<+或23a <≤或13a e

=+,所以所求a 的范围是11(1,1)(2,3]3e e ??

++????,故选B.

新概念英语第三册课文及详解第课

Lesson 1 A puma at large Pumas are large, cat-like animals which are found in America. When reports came into London Zoo that a wild puma had been spotted forty-five miles south of London, they were not taken seriously. However, as the evidence began to accumulate, experts from the Zoo felt obliged to investigate, for the descriptions given by people who claimed to have seen the puma were extraordinarily similar. The hunt for the puma began in a small village where a woman picking blackberries saw 'a large cat' only five yards away from her. It immediately ran away when she saw it, and experts confirmed that a puma will not attack a human being unless it is cornered. The search proved difficult, for the puma was often observed at one place in the morning and at another place twenty miles away in the evening. Wherever it went, it left behind it a trail of dead deer and small animals like rabbits. Paw prints were seen in a number of places and puma fur was found clinging to bushes. Several people complained of 'cat-like noises' at night and a businessman on a fishing trip saw the puma up a tree. The experts were now fully convinced that the animal was a puma, but where had it come from? As no pumas had been reported missing from any zoo in the country, this one must have been in the possession of a private collector and somehow managed to escape. The hunt went on for several weeks, but the puma was not caught. It is disturbing to think that a dangerous wild animal is still at large in the quiet countryside. Language points Pay attention: The points below are not covered by the mp3. It is better for you to listen to the mp3 first and try to take notes by yourselves. 1,a puma at large at large 1:逃遁的,没有被控制的。

新概念英语第三册课文及详解第2课

Less on 2 Thirtee n equals one 十三等于一 Our vicar is always rais ing money for one cause or ano ther, but he has n ever man aged to get eno ugh money to have the church clock repaired. The big clock which used to strike the hours day and ni ght was damaged many years ago and has bee n sile nt ever since. One night, however, our vicar woke up with a start: the clock was striking the hours! Look ing at his watch, he saw that it was one o'clock, but the bell struck thirteen times before it stopped. Armed with a torch, the vicar went up into the clock tower to see what was going on. In the torchlight, he caught sight of a figure whom he immediately recog ni zed as Bill Wilki ns, our local grocer. 'Whatever are you doing up here Bill ?' asked the vicar in surprise. 'I'm trying to repair the bell,' an swered Bill.' I've bee n coming up here ni ght after ni ght for weeks now. You see, I was hop ing to give you a surprise.' 'You certai nly did give me a surprise!' said the vicar. 'You've probably woke n up every one in the village as well. Still, I'm glad the bell is worki ng aga in.' 'That's the trouble, vicar,' answered Bill. 'It's working all right, but I'm afraid that at one o'clock it will strike thirteen times and there's nothing I can do about it.' 'We'll get used to that, Bill,' said the vicar. 'Thirteen is not as good as one, but it's better tha n no thi ng. Now let's go dow nstairs and have a cup of tea.' Lan guage points Atte nti on: The points here are not covered by the mp3. It is better for you to liste n to the mp3 first and try to take no tes on your own. 1, Our vicar is always rais ing money for one cause or ano ther, but he has n ever man aged to get eno ugh money to have the church clock repaired. 现在进行时和always 等频度副词的搭配-- 表示说话人带有的情感色彩 Tom is always doing homework.

新概念英语第二册:第30课课文详解及语法解析.doc

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另外,each既可以作形容词又可以作代词,但every只能作形容词: They each have a share. 他们每人都有一份。 Each of us has his own work to do. 我们每个人都有自己的工作要干。 2.Bill Frith's garden is larger than Joe's. 比尔·弗里斯的花园比乔的花园大。 名词加-'s表示所属关系,构成名词的所有格。这类名词往往指有生命的东西,特别是人。所有格的语法作用相当于形容词,限定后面的名词。这个被限定的名词在上下文中第二次被提到时可以省略,只要不引起误解: This is Mary's boy friend, not Jane's. 这是玛丽的男朋友,不是简的。 My pen is lost. This one is my brother's. 我的钢笔丢了。这枝是我兄弟的。 John's handwriting is better than Mary's and Catherine's. 约翰的书法比玛丽的和凯瑟琳的都要好。 3.He has made neat paths and has built a wooden bridge over a pool. 他修筑了一条条整洁的小路,并在一个池塘上架了一座小木桥。 make和build在这里是同义词,都可以解释为“修建”、“建造”。与汉语的写作习惯一样,用英语写作时同一段文字中尤其是在同一句话中应尽量避免使用重复的词,以使文章显得生动(特殊的修辞手法例外)。

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public transport 公共运输 例句:The media has a great influence on public opinion. 传媒对大众舆论有很大影响。 public也能够作名词,前面加定冠词the,表示平民,百姓。 例句:The president gave a speech to the public. 总统对公众实行了演讲。 4 friendly [形容词] 友好的,友爱的;亲切的,善意的;朋友似的 friendly是一个形容词,要特别注意,它的比较级和级分别是friendlier,friendliest。 短语扩展:friendly to/ towards sb. 例句:Everyone was friendly to me. 每个人对我都很友好。 friendly match 友谊赛 5 lend [动词] 借给,借出 lend (out) sth. to sb./ lend sb. sth. 例句:Can you lend me your cellphone? 你能把手机借我用用吗? lend,borrow,keep的区别 两者都可表示"借",但是 borrow 指"借入",而 lend 则指"借出",两者其实是一对反义词,而不是同义词。如:

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