构词法

构词法之一――派生（懂得构词法可以成倍甚至3倍地增加你的词汇量。

）所谓派生，即在词根上加前缀或后缀构成另一个与原意略有变化或截然相反的词。

前缀：前缀通常只改变词义，不改变词性。

1、表示否定或相反意义的前缀：1）un－表示“不”或相反的动作。

unfair不公平的；unable无能力的；unfit不合适的;unknown不被知道的；uncover揭开；untie松开；undo松开; unearth掘出; unlock开锁……2）dis－构成反义词。

disappear消失；disagree不同意；discover发现；……3）in－，im－，ir－，il－表示“不”。

incomplete不完全的；incorrect不正确的；impossible不可能的；irregular不规则的；illegal不合法的；irreplaceable 不能代替的……4）mis－表示“错误的，不良的”。

mistake错误，错拿；misunderstand误解；misuse错用；mislead 误导；misbehaviour不规矩的行为，mistrust不信任……5）non－表示“非，不”。

non－stop不停的；non－smoker非吸烟者；nonsense 废话……2、表示其他意义的常用前缀：1）re－强调重复,表示“再；又；重”。

rewrite重写；reread再读；recycle再循环；reuse再用；rebuild 重建；regain重新获得；rejoin重新加入；reopen重开……2）a－多构成表语形容词，表示“的”。

alone单独的；alike相像的；asleep睡着的；awake醒着的；alive活着的；……3）tele－表示“远程的”。

telephone电话；television电视；telegram电报；telescope望远镜……4）en－构成动词，表示“使”。

enjoy使……高兴；enlarge扩大；encourage鼓励；enable使能够；……5）inter－表示“关系”。

Internet因特网；international国际的；interview, intermarry, interact ……6）multi－表示“多”。

multimedia 多媒体; multinational多国的,多民族的; multicolored多彩的；……7）fore－表示“在前, 在先”。

领班，工头；forefather祖先，祖宗；forefinger食指，forename 名；forerunner 先驱者；foresee 预见，预知；foretell 预言；foreword 前言；foresight远见；forearm 前臂；foreground前景8）trans－表示“转换，转移”。

translate翻译；transplant移植；transport运输；transmit传输transform(使)改变9）ex－表示“向外的，以前的，前任的”。

ex-president前任总统；ex-husband前夫；ex-millionaire前百万富翁export出口；exclude排除；10）anti－：表示“反对, 抵抗”antiwar反战的；antitank反坦克的；anti-Japanese反日本的anti-aging抗衰老的11）post－：表示“在...后”＝after 我postwar战后；postgraduate毕业后的，研究生12）pre－：表示“在...后”= beforeprewar战前；prehistory史前preview 预演，预展，预览13）multi－：表示“多，多种，多个”multimedia多媒体；multi-cultural多元文化的；multi-storey car parks多层停车场；multinational跨国的；multi-purpose多用途的；multilingual说多种语言的后缀：英语单词除了加前缀构成新词外，更多地可以加后缀，后缀通常会改变词性，构成意思相近的其他词性的词；少数后缀同时会改变词义，多是变为词义相反、词性转化的新词。

常用的后缀如下：1. 形容词后缀（1）－less表示否定：careless粗心的，useless无用的，nameless 无名的, speechless说不出话的；priceless无价的，极贵重的worthless一文不值的……（2）－ful：(注意：加在名词后)beauty→beautiful美丽的，care→careful小心的，meaningful有意义的……（3）－ous：famous著名的，continuous连续不断的，cautious谨慎的，小心的，curious好奇的；delicious美味的；conscious有意识的，……（4）－al：nation→national民族的、国家的，nature→natural自然的，……（5）－able表示“可……的，能……的，具有……性质的”：valuable 贵重的，acceptable可接受的，changeable多变的, reliable可靠的……（6）－ible：possible（可能的）flexible（易弯曲的）sensible（可觉察的）edible（可食用的）visible（可见的）accessible (易接近的；可理解的) responsible(负责任的)（7）－y（尤其是在表示“天气”的名词后）：cloudy，rainy，icy, noisy , healthy, wealthy, greedy …（8）－ive：active积极的，collective集体的，attentive专心的，attractive吸引人的……（9）－ant：distant，important, tolerant, significant,（10）－ent：different, dependent, convenient, confident, silent, violent, frequent （11）－ly：friendly友好的；lovely 可爱的；lively 生动的，活泼的；manly有男子气概的；brotherly兄弟般的；motherly慈母般的；fatherly父亲般的；weekly 每周的；monthly 每月的；year→yearly每年的，……（12）－ish：childish孩子气的，selfish自私的，bookish书呆子气的……（13）－ing：challenging有挑战性的, promising有前途的，inviting诱人的, striking引人注目的, charming 迷人的，daring大胆的，demanding要求高的，苛刻的（14）－ed：advanced高级的/先进的, retired退休的, limited有限的，learned有学问的，blessed可喜的，美好的，distinguished著名的，卓越的，married 已婚的，prepared 愿意的，准备好的（15）－en：golden金色的；wooden木制的，woolen羊毛的，……（16）－some：troublesome麻烦的；handsome英俊的；lonesome寂寞的awesome令人敬畏的（17）－ic / ical：politic策略性的，political政治的，electric带电的，电动的，electrical有关电的，historic历史上著名的，historical历史（上）的，有关历史的，classic第一流的，classical古典的；economic经济上的，经济学的, economical节约的, chemical化学的，medical医学的……（18）－cial：racial, official, beneficial, facial, artificial, special, social（19）－an / ian表示“……（人）的”：America→American美国（人）的，Australia→Australian澳大利亚（人）的，……（20）－ese表示“人（的）”：China→Chinese中国（人）的，Japan→Japanese日本（人）的，……注意：以下动词既可以加-ing又可以加-ed构成形容词，但意义不同。

interest, excite, move, touch, frighten; bored, encourage, inspire, develop, convince,disappoint, discourage, depress, embarrass, surprise, amaze, astonish, shock, worry, relax, refresh, tire, exhaust, amuse, confuse, puzzle, alarm, annoy, disturb, disgust, please, satisfy2. 动词后缀：（1）－fy：“使成为”“使...化”，beauty→beautify美化，pure→purify净化，simple→simplify简单化,terrify使恐惧/ horrify使恐怖/ classify分类/ glorify颂扬/ modify 修饰/satisfy 使满意/ identify识别/ symbolize 象征……（2）－en：wide→widen加宽，sharp→sharpen削尖，loose→loosen使松散，……（3）－-ise(-ize)[构成动词]表示“使……化,modernize使现代化, normalize使正常化, criticize批评, fertilize使肥沃/施肥3. 副词后缀：（1）－ly：bad→badly坏地，easy→easily容易地，……（2）－ward表示“方向”：backward向后，eastward向东4. 名词后缀：（1）－tion：dictate→dictation听写，collect→collection收集，……（2）－ment：agreement协议，government政府，move→movement运动……（3）–ing：bleeding 流血; beginning 开始；surrounding 围绕物，环境；misunderstanding 误解，误会；suffering 痛苦，疾苦, training训练……（4）－al：arrive→arrival到达；propose→proposal建议；refuse→refusal拒绝；→approval批准，赞成；survive→survival 幸存（5）－ance：performance表演；entrance入口；appearance出现，外貌……（6）－ence：不同，dependence依靠，reference参考，existence……（7）－ness：happiness幸福，business事务、商业，illness疾病，……（8）－th：long→length长度，wide→width 宽度，deep→depth 深度；grow→growth 生长；true→truth真理，warm→warmth 温暖……（9）–ity：ability能力；activity 活动；responsibility 责任；generosity 慷慨……（10）－ty：safety安全; cruelty残酷; loyalty忠诚（11）－y：discovery发现, injury受伤, delivery派送, recovery, difficulty, honesty, （12）－dom：freedom, kingdom, wisdom, boredom（13）－age：marriage,postage, shortage, percentage, passage, storage, package （14）－cy：accuracy, fluency, frequency, tendency, urgency, efficiency,（15）－ure / ture：failure, pressure, pleasure, mixture, departure,（16）－ship：friendship, leadership, hardship, membership, championship（17）－ful：mouthful一口，handful一把，bagful一袋；spoonful 一匙……5. 表示“人”的后缀（1）－er：，worker 工人；buyer买主；dealer 经销商；cleaner清洁工，清洁器container 容器；cooker 炊具；walker 步行者/助步车，remiander提醒/提示……（2）－or：actor演员，sailor海员，operator 接线员，操作员；……（3）－ee：employee雇员；interviewee被接见者，被访问者；committee受托人，财产代管人，委员会；refugee难民，流亡者（4）－ant：servant 仆人，applicant 申请者，assistant助手，defendant被告……（5）－ist：pianist钢琴家，scientist 科学家，socialist社会主义者，……（6）－ian：musician音乐家，politician政治家，physician医师，Indian印度人（7）－ese：Chinese, Japanese, Cantonese广东人，……（8）－ess：actress女演员，waitress女服务员，hostess女主人，……（9）－ar：liar撒谎者，beggar乞丐，scholar学者，pedlar小贩6. 数词后缀:（1）－teen构成“十几”：third→thirteen十三，five→fifteen十五，……（2）－ty构成整数“十”：nine→ninety九十，five→fifty五十，……（3）－th构成序数词：five→fifth第五，sixteen→sixteenth第十六，……否定前缀/后缀你能写出下列词的反义词吗？第一组：usual → lucky → important →wise →happy → certain →known → able →familiar →pleasant →necessary → fair →healthy → believable → forgettable →successful →expected →avoidable →aware →employment →fortunately →你能总结出规律吗？第二组：polite →possible →patient →practical →proper →perfect →moral →mature →balance →legal → logical →responsible→regular→relative→relevant→correct →complete →comparable →considerate →convenient → dependent →direct →efficient →experienced →evitable → formal →flexible →visible →capable →credible →human →justice →smoker →stop →你能总结出规律吗？第三组：honest →advantage →agree →like →appear →able →courage →honor →order →satisfy →你能总结出规律吗？第四组：careful →hopeful →helpful →useful →selfish →meaningful →worth →sensible →fruitful →home →speech →name →你能总结出规律吗？动词前缀/后缀你能写出下列词的动词吗？第一组：able →large →rich →danger →courage →cage →你能总结出规律吗？第二组：strength →length →short →dark →soft →hard →deep →less →sharp →sad →wide →worse →deaf →broad ripe →quick →fast →loose →你能总结出规律吗？第三组：simple →beauty →pure →class →identification →terror →你能总结出规律吗？第四组：modern →social →apology →real →special →critical →organ →recognition →symbol →你能总结出规律吗？名词后缀你能写出下列词的名词吗？第一组：act →attract →collect →construct →destruct →direct →exhibit →instruct →invent →accommodate →create →protect →react →suggest →connect →interrupt →detect →depress →discuss →express →impress →celebrate →communicate →contribute →congratulate →decorate →graduate →devote →dictate →evaluate →hesitate →locate →operate →participate →pollute →situate →separate →translate →recreate →introduce →produce →reduce →receive →solve →describe →prescribe→compete →define →你能总结出规律吗？第二组：admire →determine →explore →examine →imagine →organize →invite →prepare →observe →consider →expect →inform →present →found →relax →transport →但：apply →pronounce →explain →你能总结出规律吗？第三组：conclude →explode → decide →intend →persuade →permit →admit →collide →你能总结出规律吗？第四组：achieve →advertise →agree →amaze →announce →argue →arrange →astonish →develop →disappoint →employ →encourage →engage →environ →equip →entertain →excite →improve →govern →judge →manage →move →punish →state →settle →adjust →你能总结出规律吗？第五组：perform →guide →assist →appear →enter →allow →accept →disappear →persevere →你能总结出规律吗？第六组：depend →refer →prefer →exist →differ →insist →你能总结出规律吗？第七组：different →patient →dependent →independent →violent →consequent →silent →innocent →absent →important →distant →significant →confident →existent →intelligent →diligent →你能总结出规律吗？第八组：able →active →creative →curious →disabled →equal →electric →major→ national →necessary →personal →possible →popular →responsible →real →similar → generous →secure →safe →cruel →loyal →difficult →honest →discover →injure →deliver →inquire →enter →但：brave →various →你能总结出规律吗？第九组：careless →ill →rude →kind →weak →sick →aware →eager →good →dark →exact →forgive →sad →shy →happy →lazy →easy →你能总结出规律吗？第十组：wide →deep →long →strong →true →young →grow →dead →warm →你能总结出规律吗？第十一组：fail →please →press →mix →depart →你能总结出规律吗？第十二组：weigh →complain →advise →practise →breathe →choose →speak →形容词后缀你能写出下列词的形容词吗？第一组：peace →beauty →care →meaning →skill →help →use →hope →cheer →success →power →pain →delight →harm →pity →faith →你能总结出规律吗？第二组：anger →health →wealth →hunger →smell →taste →sun →cloud →snow →wind →ice →fog →luck →noise →ease →hill →sleep →guilt →mess →greed →risk →dust →rose →mud →fun →你能总结出规律吗？第三组：believe →comfort →change →enjoy →fashion →forget →reason →move →rely →value →suit →pass →compare →honor →respect →你能总结出规律吗？第四组：danger →adventure →fame →mountain →curiosity →generosity →courage →variety →glory →anxiety →humor →mystery →poison →religion →caution →你能总结出规律吗？第五组：attract →act →select →create →sense →effect →decide →progress →produce →aggress →protect →relate →compete →你能总结出规律吗？第六组：nation →tradition →operation →option →profession →education →emotion →addition →person →season →industry →agriculture →nature →practice →environment →music →magic →classic →globe →universe →centre →physics →你能总结出规律吗？第七组：fool →self →book →boy →child →girl →fever →你能总结出规律吗？第八组：challenge →promise →invite →strike →charm →dare →demand →advance →retire →limited →learn →bless →distinguish →marry →prepare →interest →excite →move →frighten →encourage →develop →convince →embarrass →astonish →relax →refresh →exhaust →confuse →alarm →please →你能总结出规律吗？副词后缀你能写出下列形容词的副词吗？soft →main →fortunate →recent →exact →unfortunate →regular →actual →real →rude →equal →similar →fluent →careful →final →general →separate →free →sudden →personal →frequent →firm →immediate →slight →extreme →eventual →continuous →serious →absolute →important →lucky →happy →easy →heavy →gentle →simple →possible →terrible →comfortable →reasonable →true →whole →你能总结出规律吗？表示人的后缀你能把下列词变成指人的名词吗？第一组：act →visit →operate →direct →report →organize →lead →play →own →design →paint →learn →western →northern →London →strange →compete →begin →win →swim →run →你能总结出规律吗？第二组：art →piano →science →biology →chemistry →physics →cycle →motor →socialism →communism →Marxism →nationalism →tourism →你能总结出规律吗？第三组：library →politics →history →Italy →Canada →Egypt →Europe →Africa →America →Asia →India →republic →你能总结出规律吗？第四组：apply →account → assist →participate → consult →你能把下列词变成指女性的词吗？waiter →host →prince →steward →actor →god →你能总结出规律吗？1. ______________(strange) enough, some famous scientists have the qualities of being both careful and careless.2. Mr. Smith, _____________(tire) of the ______________(bore) speech, began to read a novel.3. He speaks English well indeed, but of course not so _____________(fluency) as a native speaker.4. I don’t think the film is by far the most boring; I have seen _____________(bad).5. The committee is discussing the problem right now. It will ___________(hope) have been solved by the end of next week.6. This food smells _______________(invite).7. “That would be a very _________________(reason) thing to do in a big city.8. Mary felt _____________(please), because there were many empty seats in the room.9. Nothing could be ___________ (sweet).10. “But such a small thing couldn’t _______________(possible) destroy a village.”11. He must be ______________(mental) disabled.12. His teacher took a deep drink, smiled ________(warm), and thanked his student very much for the sweet water.13. Anaya was filled with great ________________(excite).14. At last, her courage and _________(wise) impressed both the CEO and Princeton University.15. If we had followed his plan, we could have done the job better with ________(little) money and ________(few) people.16. There, my voice sounds really__________(wonder) because there’s a slight echo to it.17. A certain man planted a rose and watered it________( faith) and before it blossomed, he examined it.7. reasonable 8. pleased 9. sweeter 10. possibly 11. mentally 12. warmly 13. excitement 14. wisdom 15. less, fewer 16. wonderful 17. faithfully。