高中构词法归纳

高中构词法归纳1．派生法（1）前缀①表示否定意义的前缀：a. 纯否定前缀：un-: unable, unemployment（失业）, unload（卸载）, uncover（揭开）, unhappy, untrue, unlike （不像）, unrest（不安的，动荡的）, unfair, unknown, unhealthy, unusual, uncertain, unclear（不清楚的）, unequal, unlucky, unreal, unkind, uncomfortable, uneasy（心情不安的）, uninteresting, unimportant, unnecessary, unpleasant, undivided, unreserved（无保留的）dis-: dislike（不喜欢）, disarm, disconnect, disagree, disappear, disadvantage, dishonest, disability, discover（发现）, disobeyin-, im-, il-, ir-: incapable, inability, incomplete, incorrect, inconvenient, inexpensive, impossible, immoral（不道德的）, illegal（非法的）, illogical（不合乎逻辑的）, irregular, irrelative non-: non-smoker, non-stop, non-violent（非暴力的）, nonwhite, non-member, nonparty（无党派）, nonsense（无意义）b. 表示错误的意义：mis-: mistake, mislead（误导）, misunderstanding, misuse, mis-spell, mistrust, mistreatc. 表示“反、防、抗”的意义：anti-: antiknock（防震）, antiforeign（排外的）, anti-war, antitank（反战车的）, anti-pollution②表示空间位置、方向关系的前缀：a- 表示“在……之上”，“向……”：aboard, asidede- 表示“在下，向下”：decrease（下降）, degradeen- 表示“在内，进入”：encage（入笼）, enbed（上床）ex- 表示“外部，外”：exit, expand（扩张）, exportfore- 表示“在前面”：forehead, foreground, foreleg, forefootin-, im- 表示“向内，在内，背于”：inland, inside, indoor(s), importinter- 表示“在……间，相互”：international, interaction, internet, interviewmid- 表示“中，中间”：middle, midnightout- 表示“在外部，在外”：outline, outside, outward(s), outdoor(s)over- 表示“在上面，在外部，向上”：overlook, overhead, overboard, overcoat, overdress, oversea(s)(海外)post- 表示“向后，在后边，次”：postscript（附言）pre- 表示“在前，在前面，提前”：prefix（前缀）, preface（前言）, preposition（介词）super- 表示“在…..之上，超级”：superstructure, supernatural, superpower, supermantrans- 表示“移上，转上，在那一边”：translate, transform（转移）, transplant（移植）,transportation（交通）under- 表示“在…..下面，下的”：underline, underground, underwater, undershirtup- 表示“向上，向上面，在上”：upward(s), uphold, uphill（上坡）auto- 表示“自己，独立，自动”：automobile（自动车）, autobiography（自传）tele- 表示“远离”：television, telephone , telegram（电报）, telegraph（电报，抽象名词）, telescope（望远镜）③表示时间，序列关系的前缀：fore- 表示“在前面，先前，前面”：foreword（前言）, forecast（预报）, foretell（预言）, foresee（预见）, foreknow（先知）, foreknowledge（先知）mid- 表示“中，中间”：midnight, midsummer, mid-day, mid-autumnpost- 表示“在后，后”：postwar, postgraduate（研究生）, postdatepre- 表示“在前，事先，预先”：preheat, prewar, prehistory（史前）, preview（预习）, prepay re- 表示“再一次，重新”：retell（复述）, rewrite, renew（续借）, reconsider, reuse, remarry, recycle（回收利用）, rebuild④表示比较程度差别关系的前缀：extra- 表示“超越，额外”：extraordinaryover- 表示“超过，过度，太”：overeat（吃过多）, oversleep（睡过头）, overpraise（过奖）, overwork, overact（行为过分）, overdounder- 表示“低劣，低下”：undersize, undergrown, underproduction（生产不足）vice- 表示“副，次”：vice-president, vice -chairman⑤表示共同，相等意思的前缀：co- 表示“共同，一起”：coexist（共同生存）, co-operate, co-worker, coactions（合作行动）, coauthor（合作作者）⑥表示某种状态，构成形容词、副词或动词：a- afraid, alive, alone, asleep, ashamed, aloud, ahead, aside, alike, awake⑦表示分离，离开意思的前缀：a- 表示“分离，离开”：away, apartde- 表示“离去，处去”：depart, decolour⑧表示“自我”：self- self-protect(ion), self-made, self-knowledge⑨表示变换词类作用的前缀：be- befrienden- enslave, enable, enrich, enlarge, encourage⑩表示数量关系的前缀：a. 表示“单一”，“一”：uni- uniform（统一服装）, unicellular（单细胞）b. 表示“二，两，双”：bi- bicycletwi- twilightc. 表示“半，一半”：semi- semiconductor（半导体）, semicircle（半圆）, semimonthly（半月刊）, semifinal （半决赛）d. 表示“百，百分之一”：centi- centimetere. 表示“千，千分之一”：kilo- kilometer, kilogram, kilowattf. 表示“微小”：micro- microvolt（微伏特）, microcomputer（微机）, microscope（显微镜）g. 表示“许多，复，多数”：multi- multimedia（多媒体）, multicolored, multiform, multinaturalh. 表示“千分之一、毫”：milli- millimeter, milligrami. 表示“微小、微型”：mini- minibus, miniskirt, minipark（2）后缀①名词后缀：a. 具有某种职业或动作的人：-an, -ian, -ician 表示“……地方的人，精通……的人”：American, Asian, Australian, Russian, Italian , historian, librarian, electrician, magician（魔术师）, technician, musician, politician（政客）, physician（内科医生），-ant,-ent 表示“……人”：merchant, servant, assistant, agent, student,-ee 表示“动作承受者”：employee（雇员）, examinee, payee（收款人）, interviewee -eer 表示“从事于……人”：engineer, volunteer（志愿者）-er 表示“从事某种职业的人, 某地区，地方的人”：banker, observer, Londoner, villager singer, driver, writer, speaker, traveller, buyer-or 表示“……者”：author, doctor, operator, actor, visitor, inventor, educator-ar, -ary 表示“……的人, 从事……的人”：scholar, liar, beggar, secretary, missionary-ese 表示“ ……国人，……地方的人”：Chinese, Japanese, Cantonese（广东人）-ess 表示“阴性人称名词”：actress（女演员）, hostess（女主人）, manageress（女经理）-ist 表示“从事……研究者，信仰……主义者”：pianist, communist, dentist, artist, chemist,socialist, typist, receptionist-icist 表示“……家，……者, ……能手”：physicist, phoneticist（语音学家）, technicist -logist 表示“……学家，研究者”：biologist, geologist（地质学家）b. 构成具有抽象名词的含义：-age 表示“状态，行为，身份及其结果，总称”：courage, storage, marriage, percentage -al 表示“事物的动作，过程”：refusal, arrival, survival, denial, approval, trial, burial-ance, -ence 表示“性质，状况，行为，过程，总量，程度”：importance, distance, avoidance, appearance, performance, diligence, difference, obedience, absence, presence（出席）, existence -ancy, -ency 表示“性质，状态，行为，过程”：frequency（频繁）, urgency（紧急）, efficiency （高效率）,-ity 表示“性质，状态，程度”：purity, reality, equality-bility 表示“动作，性质，状态”：ability, possibility, probability, responsibility-dom 表示“等级，领域，状态”：freedom, kingdom, wisdom-ery, -ry 表示“行为，状态，习性，性质”：bravery, slavery-hood 表示“资格，身份, 年纪，状态”：childhood, girlhood, boyhood, manhood-ice 表示“行为，性质，状态”：notice, justice, service-ing 表示“动作的过程，结果”：building, writing, learning-ion, -ation, -ition, -sion 表示“行为的过程，结果，状况”：suggestion, action, solution, invention, direction, correction, collection, instruction, destruction, introduction, congratulation, dictation, invitation, pronunciation, examination, graduation, operation, education, information, translation, starvation, satisfaction, relation, irrigation, determination, preparation, imagination, explanation, opposition, competition, description, decision, division, conclusion, explosion, impression, expression, admission, permission, discussion-ment 表示“行为，状态，过程，手段及其结果”：disappointment, treatment, movement, judgment, punishment, argument, agreement, government, development, improvement, requirement, astonishment, encouragement-ness 表示“性质，状态，程度”：goodness, kindness, tiredness, friendliness, business, illness, happiness, goodness, willingness, weakness, fairness-ism 表示“制度，主义，学说，信仰，行为”：socialism, criticism, heroism, tourism, communism（共产主义）, Marxism（马克思主义）-ship 表示“情况，性质，技巧，技能及身份，职业”：hardship, relationship, membership, friendship, seamanship, ownership, scholarship, professorship-th, 表示“动作，性质，过程，状态”：strength, length, width, depth, wealth, truth, growth, warmth, youth-ure 表示“行为，结果”：exposure（暴露）, pressure, failure, procedure(手续), mixture-craft 表示“工艺”：aircraft, needlecraft, woodcraftc. 带有场所，地方的含义：-age 表示“住所，地点”：village, cottage-ary 表示“住所，场地”：library, granary (谷仓)-ory 表示“工作场所，住处”：factory, dormitory, laboratory, observatory②形容词后缀：a. 带有“属性，倾向，相关”的含义：-able, -ible: movable, comfortable, eatable, enjoyable, acceptable, reasonable, applicable, visible, responsible, terrible, horrible-al: natural, additional, educational, national-ant, -ent: distant, important, excellent-ing（表示特征：令人觉得）: moving, touching, daring, interesting, exciting, disappointing , astonishing, boring, amazing-ed（表示情绪：觉得）: pleased, interested, surprised, worried, excited, bored, determined, delighted-ish: foolish, bookish, selfish-ive: active, impressive, decisive, active, instructive, expensive, progressiveb. 表示“相象，类似”的含义：-ish: boyish, childish-like: manlike, childlike-some: troublesome, handsome-y: milky, cloudy sunny, windy, rainy, foggy, healthy, wealthy, worthy, bloody, funny, dirty, lucky, noisy, salty, smelly, hilly-ly: manly, fatherly, motherly, sisterly, brotherly, daily, weekly, monthly, quarterly, yearly, friendly, lonely, orderly, lovely, lively, likely, scholarlyc. 表示“充分的”含义：-ful: beautiful, wonderful, helpful, truthful, successful, harmful, useful, careful, forgetful, merciful-ous: dangerous, courageous, nervous, mountainous, humorous, variousd. 表示由某种物质形成，制成或生产的含义：-en: wooden, golden, woolene. 表示方向的含义：-ern: eastern, western, southern, northern, southeastern, northwestern-ward: downward, forwardf. 表示“数量关系”的含义：-teen: thirteen-ty: fifty-th: fourth, fiftiethg. 表示国籍，语种，宗教的含义：-an: Roman, European-ese: Chinese, Japanese-ish: English, Spanishh. 表示否定：-less: countless, stainless（不锈的）, wireless, useless, endless, priceless（无价的，贵重的）, hopeless③动词后缀：-ize, ise 表示“做成，变成，……化”：modernize（现代化）, democratize（民主化）, organize, apologize, realize-en 表示“使成为，引起，使有”：quicken, weaken, soften, harden-fy 表示“使……化, 使成”：beautify, purify（净化）, intensify, signify, simplify（简化）, satisfy④副词后缀：-ly: possibly, swiftly, simply-ward(s): downward, inwards, upward-ways: always, sideways-wise: otherwise, clockwise注意：有的单词有双重后缀，如：use（用途）→useless（无用的）→uselessness（无用）self（自己）→selfish（自私的）→selfishness（自私）有的单词则是前后缀同时使用，如：importan t→importance→unimportanceregular（有规律的，有规则的）→irregular（无规律的，不规则的）→irregularity（无规律，不规则）2．合成法（1）合成名词boyfriend, girlfriend, bus-driver, necklace, playground, radioactive, headmaster, sunshine, notebook, armchair, wheelchair, postcard, football, spaceship, blackboard, firefighter, fireman, gateman, chairman, weatherman, businessman, armyman, postman, sportsman, bedroom, reading-room, classroom, newspaper, pickpocket（扒手）, she-goat（雌性山羊）, editor-in-chief （主编）, daybreak（破晓）, handshake（握手）, silkworm（蚕）, outbreak（爆发）（2）合成形容词名词+动词过去分词：man-made, homemade副词+动词过去分词：well-known, newly-built（新建的）形容词+名词ed：kind-hearted, cold-blooded数词+名词ed：five-storeyed（五层楼的）, four-legged（四条腿的）名词+动词现在分词：English-speaking, Chinese-speaking, brainwashing（洗脑的）由三个词构成的合成形容词：face-to-face, heart-to-heart, two-year-old, eight-metre-long 其他合成形容词：everyday（日常的）, faraway（遥远的）, snow-white（雪白的）, lay-off （下岗的）3．转化法（1）名词→动词hand（手→传递）back（背部，后面→支持，后退）charge（费用→收费）copy（抄本，复印件→抄写，复印）flood（洪水→淹没）heat（热量→加热）paint（油漆→刷漆）phone（电话→打电话）pin（别针→装订）waste（废物→浪费）face（脸→面对）use（用途→使用）interest（兴趣→使兴趣）surprise（惊讶→使惊讶）taste（味道→品尝）smell（气味→闻）break（短暂休息→折断）present（礼物→赠送）（2）形容词→动词clean（干净→使干净，打扫）clear（清楚→清理）dirty（脏→弄脏）dry（干燥→烘干，晒干）empty（空的→倒空）free（自由→使自由，释放）slow（慢的→放慢）warm（暖和→使暖和）cool（凉的→冷却）quiet（安静→使安静）。