(完整word)常见构词法归纳,推荐文档
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性,平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益,请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间:9:00-18:30)。
常见构词法归纳
1.派生法
(1)前缀
①表示否定意义的前缀:
a. 纯否定前缀:
un-: unable, unemployment(失业), unload(卸载), uncover(发现、揭开、揭露), unhappy, untrue, unlike(不像), unrest (不安的,动荡的), unfair, unknown, unhealthy, unusual(不寻常的;与众不同的), uncertain(无常的、含糊的), unclear(不清楚的), unequal, unlucky, unreal, unkind, uncomfortable, uneasy(心情不安的), uninteresting, unimportant, unnecessary, unpleasant, undivided(专心的、专一的、未分开的), unreserved(无保留的、坦白的)
dis-: dislike(不喜欢), disarm(解除武装;放下武器), disconnect(vt拆开,使分离), disagree, disappear, disadvantage, dishonest, disability(残疾、无能), discover(v发现), disobey(违反、不服从)
in-, im-, il-, ir-: incapable(不能的、无能力的), inability(无能力,无才能), incomplete, incorrect, inconvenient, inexpensive, impossible, immoral(不道德的), illegal(非法的), illogical(不合乎逻辑的), irregular, irrelative(无关系的)non-: non-smoker, non-stop(直达的,中途不停的), non-violent(非暴力的), nonwhite(非白人), non-member(非会员), nonparty(无党派), nonsense(无意义,胡说,废话)
b. 表示错误的意义:
mis-: mistake, mislead(误导), misunderstanding(n), misuse(n/vt滥用、误用、虐待), mistrust, mistreat(虐待)
c. 表示“反、防、抗”的意义:
anti-: antiknock(n/adj防震), antiforeign(排外的), anti-war(adj,反战的), antitank(反战车的), anti-pollution(防污染,反污染的)
②表示空间位置、方向关系的前缀:ward(守卫)
a- 表示“在……之上”,“向……”:aboard(在飞机上,在船上), aside(在旁边)
de- 表示“在下,向下”:decrease(减少,下降), degrade(降级)
en- 表示“在内,进入”:encage(入笼), enbed(上床)
ex- 表示“外部,外”:exit, expand(扩张), export(输出、出口)
fore- 表示“在前面”:forehead(前额), foreground(前景), foreleg, forefoot
in-, im- 表示“向内,在内,背于”:inland(内地、内陆), inside, indoor(s)(室内的,户内的;(s)在户内), import
inter- 表示“在……间,相互”:international, interaction(相互作用), internet, interview(接见,面试)
mid- 表示“中,中间”:midposition(中间位置)
out- 表示“在外部,在外”:outline(轮廓,大纲,概要), outside, outward(s)(外表、外面;(s)向外地), outdoor(s)
over- 表示“在上面,在外部,向上”:overlook(忽视,眺望), overhead(在头顶上,在空中), overcoat(大衣,外套), overdress (外衣), oversea(s)(海外)
post- 表示“向后,在后边,次”:postscript(附言)
pre- 表示“在前,在前面,提前”:prefix(前缀), preface(前言), preposition(介词)
super- 表示“在…..之上,超级”:superstructure(上部建筑,上部构造), supernatural(超自然的,不可思议的), superpower (超强特权,超强大国), superman, supermarket
trans- 表示“移上,转上,在那一边”:translate, transform(转变、转换、转移), transplant(移植), transportation(交通)under- 表示“在…..下面,下的”:underline(下划线,强调,在下面划线), underground, underwater, undershirt(贴身内衣,美式)
up- 表示“向上,向上面,在上”:upward(s)(向上的,上升的), uphold(支撑,鼓励), uphill(上坡),upload(上传)
auto- 表示“自己,独立,自动”:automobile(自动车), autobiography[ɔːtəbaɪ'ɒgrəfɪ(自传)
tele- 表示“远离”:television, telephone , telegram(电报), telegraph(电报,抽象名词), telescope(望远镜)
③表示时间,序列关系的前缀:
fore- 表示“在前面,先前,前面”:foreword(前言), forecast(预报), foretell(预言), foresee(预见), foreknow(先知),
foreknowledge(先知)
mid- 表示“中,中间”:midnight, midsummer, mid-day, mid-autumn(中秋节)
post- 表示“在后,后”:postwar(战后的,战后时期), postgraduate(研究生), postdate(事后日期,推迟日期)
pre- 表示“在前,事先,预先”:preheat(预先加热), prewar, prehistory(史前), preview(预习), prebattle, prepay(预付)re- 表示“再一次,重新”:retell(复述), rewrite, renew(续借), reconsider(重新考虑), reuse, remarry, recycle(再生,回收利用), rebuild(重建,改造)
④表示比较程度差别关系的前缀:
by- 表示“副,次要的”:byproduct(副产品), bywork(副业)
extra- 表示“超越,额外”:extraordinary(非凡的,特别的)
over- 表示“超过,过度,太”:overeat(吃过多), oversleep(睡过头), overpraise(过奖), overwork, overact(行为过分), overdo(夸张,做得过分)
under- 表示“低劣,低下”:undersize(尺寸不足), undergrown(发育不全的), underproduction(生产不足)
vice- 表示“副,次”:vice-president, vice –chairman,vice-monitor
⑤表示共同,相等意思的前缀:
co- 表示“共同,一起”:coexist(共同生存), co-operate, co-worker, coactions(合作行动), coauthor(合作作者)
⑥表示某种状态,构成形容词、副词或动词:
a- afraid, alive, alone, asleep, ashamed, aloud, ahead, aside, alike, awake
⑦表示分离,离开意思的前缀:
a- 表示“分离,离开”:away, apart
de- 表示“离去,处去”:depart, decolour
⑧表示“自我”:
self- self-protect(ion), self-made, self-knowledge
⑨表示变换词类作用的前缀:
be- befriend
en- enslave(束缚;征服), enable(使能够), enrich(使充实,使肥沃,使富足), enlarge(扩大,使增大), encourage(鼓励)⑩表示数量关系的前缀:
a. 表示“单一”,“一”:
uni- uniform(统一服装), unicellular(单细胞)
b. 表示“二,两,双”:
bi- bicycle(cycle循环,周期)
twi- twilight(昏暗的,黎明)
c. 表示“半,一半”:
semi- semiconductor(半导体), semicircle(半圆), semimonthly(半月刊), semifinal(半决赛)
d. 表示“百,百分之一”:
centi- centimeter
e. 表示“千,千分之一”:
kilo- kilometer, kilogram, kilowatt
f. 表示“微小”:
micro- microvolt(微伏特), microcomputer(微机), microscope(显微镜)
g. 表示“许多,复,多数”:
multi- multimedia(多媒体), multicolored, multiform, multinatural
h. 表示“千分之一、毫”:
milli- millimeter, milligram
i. 表示“微小、微型”:
mini- minibus, miniskirt, minipark
(2)后缀
①名词后缀:
a. 具有某种职业或动作的人:
-an, -ian, -ician 表示“……地方的人,精通……的人”:American, Asian, Australian, Russian, Italian , historian(历史学家), librarian(图书管理员), electricia(电工)n, magician(魔术师), technician, musician, politician(政客)-ant,-ent 表示“……人”:merchant, servant(仆人,佣人), assistant, agent, student,
-ee 表示“动作承受者”:employee(雇员), examinee(应试者), payee(收款人), interviewee
-eer 表示“从事于……人”:engineer, volunteer(志愿者)
-er 表示“从事某种职业的人, 某地区,地方的人”:banker, observer, Londoner, villager singer, driver, writer, speaker, traveller, buyer
-or 表示“……者”:author, doctor, operator, actor, visitor, inventor, educator
-ar, -ary 表示“……的人, 从事……的人”:scholar, liar, beggar, secretary, missionary
-ese 表示“……国人,……地方的人”:Chinese, Japanese, Cantonese(广东人)
-ess 表示“阴性人称名词”:actress(女演员), hostess(女主人), manageress(女经理)
-ist 表示“从事……研究者,信仰……主义者”:pianist, communist, dentist, artist, chemist, socialist, typist, receptionist -icist 表示“……家,……者, ……能手”:physicist(物理学家), phoneticist(语音学家), technicist(技术师)
-logist 表示“……学家,研究者”:biologist(生物学家), geologist(地质学家)
b. 构成具有抽象名词的含义:
-age 表示“状态,行为,身份及其结果,总称”:courage, storage, marriage, percentage
-al 表示“事物的动作,过程”:refusal(拒绝), arrival, survival(幸存), denial(否认), approval(批准,认可,赞成), trial(实验)
-ance, -ence 表示“性质,状况,行为,过程,总量,程度”:importance, distance, avoidance(逃避,废止), appearance, performance (性能,绩效,表演), difference, obedience(顺从,服从), presence(出席,参加), existence
-ancy, -ency 表示“性质,状态,行为,过程”:frequency(频繁), urgency(紧急), efficiency(高效率),
-ity 表示“性质,状态,程度”:purity(纯度(化学)), reality, equality(平等)
-bility 表示“动作,性质,状态”:ability, possibility, probability, responsibility
-dom 表示“等级,领域,状态”:freedom, kingdom(王国,界), wisdom(智慧,才智)
-ery, -ry 表示“行为,状态,习性,性质”:bravery(勇敢,勇气), slavery(奴役)
-hood 表示“资格,身份, 年纪,状态”:childhood, girlhood(少女时期), boyhood(少年时代), manhood(男子气概)-ice 表示“行为,性质,状态”:notice, justice(司法), service
-ing 表示“动作的过程,结果”:building, writing, learning
-ion, -ation, -ition, -sion 表示“行为的过程,结果,状况”:suggestion, action, solution, invention, direction(方向,指导), correction(改正,修正), collection, instruction(指令,指示), destruction (破坏), introduction, congratulation , dictation(听写,口述), invitation(邀请), pronunciation, examination, graduation, operation, education, information, translation, starvation (饿死,绝食), satisfaction, relation, determination(决心,果断), preparation, imagination, explanation(说明,解释), opposition (反对), competition(竞赛,比赛), description, decision, division(除法), conclusion, impression(印象), expression(表达,表示), admission(承认), permission(允许,许可), discussion
-ment 表示“行为,状态,过程,手段及其结果”:disappointment(失望), treatment, movement, judgment, punishment, argument, agreement(协议), government, development, improvement(改进,改善), requirement(要求,必要条件), encouragement
-ness 表示“性质,状态,程度”:goodness(adj,善良,精华), kindness, tiredness, friendliness(友谊), business, illness, happiness(幸福), willingness(乐意,心甘情愿), weakness, fairness(公平)
-ism 表示“制度,主义,学说,信仰,行为”:socialism(社会主义), criticism(批评), heroism(英勇), tourism, communism (共产主义), Marxism(马克思主义)
-ship 表示“情况,性质,技巧,技能及身份,职业”:hardship(困苦,苦难), relationship, membership (资格,会员身份), friendship,
ownership(所有权), scholarship(奖学金),
-th, 表示“动作,性质,过程,状态”:strength, length, width, depth, wealth, truth, growth, warmth(温暖), youth -ure 表示“行为,结果”:exposure(暴露), pressure(压力), failure, procedure(手续), mixture
-craft 表示“工艺”:aircraft, needlecraft, woodcraft
c. 带有场所,地方的含义:
-age 表示“住所,地点”:village, cottage(小屋,村舍)
-ary 表示“住所,场地”:library, granary (谷仓)
-ory 表示“工作场所,住处”:factory, dormitory, laboratory, observatory(天文台,气象台)
②形容词后缀:
a. 带有“属性,倾向,相关”的含义:
-able, -ible: movable, comfortable, eatable, enjoyable, acceptable, reasonable, applicable(可适用的), visible(可见物), responsible, terrible(可怕的), horrible(恐怖的)
-al: natural, additional(额外的,附加的), educational, national(国家的,国民的)
-ant, -ent: distant, important, excellent
-ing(表示特征:令人觉得): moving, touching, daring, interesting, exciting, disappointing , boring, amazing
-ed(表示情绪:觉得): pleased, interested, surprised, worried, excited, bored, determined(决定了的,果断的), delighted (高兴的,欣喜的)
-ish: foolish, bookish(出本上的,好读书的), selfish
-ive: active, impressive(感人的,令人钦佩的), decisive(决定性的,果断的), active,expensive, progressive(改革的,进步的)
b. 表示“相象,类似”的含义:
-ish: boyish, childish(幼稚的,孩子去的)
-like: manlike(有男子气概的,像男子的), childlike(天真浪漫的,像孩子的)
-some: troublesome(麻烦的,讨厌的), handsome
-y: milky, cloudy sunny, windy, rainy, foggy(有雾的,模糊的), healthy, wealthy, worthy, bloody(血腥的), funny, dirty, lucky, noisy, salty, smelly(发臭的), hilly(丘陵的,陡的)
-ly: manly, fatherly, motherly, sisterly, brotherly, daily, weekly, monthly, quarterly, yearly, friendly, lonely, orderly, lovely (可爱的,令人愉快的), lively(活泼的,生动的), likely(很可能的), scholarly(博学的,学着风度的)
c. 表示“充分的”含义:
-ful: beautiful, wonderful, helpful, truthful, successful, harmful, useful, careful, forgetful, merciful(仁慈的,宽容的)-ous: dangerous, courageous(有胆量的,勇敢的), nervous(紧张不安的), mountainous(多山的), humorous(诙谐的,幽默的), various(各种各样的)
d. 表示由某种物质形成,制成或生产的含义:
-en: wooden, golden, woolen(羊毛的)
e. 表示方向的含义:
-ern: eastern, western, southern, northern, southeastern, northwestern
-ward: downward(向下的), forward
f. 表示“数量关系”的含义:
-teen: thirteen
-ty: fifty
-th: fourth, fiftieth
g. 表示国籍,语种,宗教的含义:
-an: Roman, European
-ese: Chinese, Japanese
-ish: English, Spanish
h. 表示否定:
-less: countless(无数的,数不尽的), stainless(不锈的), wireless, useless, endless(无止境的,连续的), priceless(无价的,贵重的), hopeless
③动词后缀:
-ize, ise 表示“做成,变成,……化”:modernize(现代化), democratize(民主化), organize, apologize, realize
-en 表示“使成为,引起,使有”:quicken,(加快)weaken, soften, harden(变硬,变坚强)
-fy 表示“使……化, 使成”:beautify, purify(净化), intensify, signify, simplify(简化), satisfy
④副词后缀:
-ly: possibly, swiftly(很快地), simply(简单地)
-ward(s): downward, inwards(向内地), upward(向上地,上升地)
-ways: always, sideways(向侧面的,一旁的)
-wise: otherwise(另外的,否则,adj,adv), clockwise(顺时针方向地)
注意:有的单词有双重后缀,如:
use(用途)→useless(无用的)→uselessness(无用)
self(自己)→selfish(自私的)→selfishness(自私)
有的单词则是前后缀同时使用,如:
important→importance→unimportance
regular(有规律的,有规则的)→irregular(无规律的,不规则的)→irregularity(无规律,不规则)
2.合成法
boyfriend, girlfriend, bus-driver, playground, radioactive(放射性的), headmaster(校长), sunshine, notebook, armchair (扶手椅), wheelchair(轮椅), postcard(明信片), football, spaceship, blackboard, firefighter(消防队员), fireman, gateman (看门人,售票员), chairman(主席,会长), weatherman, businessman, armyman(军人), postman, sportsman, bedroom, reading-room, classroom, newspaper, pickpocket(扒手), she-goat(雌性山羊), editor-in-chief(主编), daybreak(破晓), handshake(握手), silkworm(蚕), outbreak(爆发)
由三个词构成的合成形容词:heart-to-heart, two-year-old, eight-metre-long
其他合成形容词:everyday(日常的), faraway(遥远的), snow-white(雪白的), lay-off(下岗的)
3.转化法
(1)名词→动词
hand(手→传递)back(背部,后面→支持,后退)charge(费用→收费)copy(抄本,复印件→抄写,复印)flood(洪水→淹没)heat(热量→加热)
paint(油漆→刷漆)phone(电话→打电话)
pin(别针→装订)waste(废物→浪费)
face(脸→面对)use(用途→使用)
interest(兴趣→使兴趣)surprise(惊讶→使惊讶)
taste(味道→品尝)smell(气味→闻)
break(短暂休息→折断)present(礼物→赠送)
(2)形容词→动词
clean(干净→使干净,打扫)clear(清楚→清理)
dirty(脏→弄脏)dry(干燥→烘干,晒干)
empty(空的→倒空)free(自由→使自由,释放)
slow(慢的→放慢)warm(暖和→使暖和)
cool(凉的→冷却)quiet(安静→使安静)
4.截短法(缩略法)
截短法,即将单词缩写,词义和词性保持不变,主要有截头、去尾、截头去尾等形式。
1)截头
telephone→phone aeroplane→plane omnibus→bus
2)去尾
mathematics→maths co-operate→co-op examination→exam
kilogram→kilo
laboratory→lab
taxicab→taxi
3)截头去尾
influenza→flu refrigerator→fridge prescription→script 5.混合法(混成法)
混合法,即将两个词混合或各取一部分紧缩而成一个新词。
后半部分表示主体;前半部分表示属性。
news broadcast→newscast新闻广播television broadcast→telecast电视播送smoke and fog→smog烟雾helicopter airport→heliport直升飞机场
6.首尾字母缩略法
首尾字母缩略法,即用单词首尾字母组成一个新词。
读音主要有两种形式,即各字母分别读音;作为一个单词读音。
very important person→VIP (读字母音)要人;大人物
television→TV (读字母音)电视
Testing of English as a Foreign Language→TOEFL托福
练习
动词变名词
work---___________(工作者) sing---___________(歌手) teach---___________(教师) drive---___________(司机) write---___________(作家) dance---___________(舞蹈家)
win---___________(获胜者) run---___________(赛跑者) swim---___________(游泳者)
act---___________(演员) collect---___________(收藏家) direct---___________(主管)
visit---___________(参观者) invent---___________(发明家) translate---___________(翻译家)
educate---___________(教育) describe---___________(描述) predit---___________(预言)
collect---___________(收藏) invent---___________(发明) build---___________(建筑物)
mean---___________(意思) meet---___________(会议) cross---___________(路口)
turn---___________(转弯处) decide---___________(决定) die---___________(死亡)
fly---___________(飞行) know---___________(知识) please---___________(高兴)
pronounce---___________(发音) mix---___________(混合物)
please---___________(令人高兴的)---___________(感到高兴的)
surprise---___________(令人惊讶的的) ---___________(感到惊讶的)
excite---___________(令人兴奋的) ---___________(感到兴奋的)
interest---___________(令人感兴趣的)---___________( 感兴趣的)
worry---___________(令人担忧的) ---___________(感到担忧的)
amaze, annoy, bore, disappoint, embarrass, frustrate, relax, terrify, thrill, tire等
形容词的变化。
A: 形容词变副词。
quick---____________( ) strong---____________( ) heavy---____________( ) angry---____________( ) happy---____________( ) lucky---____________( ) healthy---____________( ) noisy---____________( ) usual---____________( ) careful---____________( ) real---____________( ) successful---____________( ) terrible---____________( ) possible---____________( )
B: 形容词变名词。
Kind---____________( )happy---____________( )
ill---____________( ) safe---____________( )
confident---____________( )important---____________( )
different---____________( )true---____________( )
high---____________( )
巩固练习
1. That man was ________enough not to tell the manager that he would not do the job.
A. care
B. careful
C. careless
D. carelessness
2. The soldier died for saving the child,so his________ is heavier than Mount Tai.
A. die
B. dead
C. died
D. death
3. The child looked ________at his brother who was badly wounded.
A. sadly
B. sadness
C. saddly
D. sad
4. He is an expert at chemistry. We all call him a ________.
A. chemistry
B. chemical
C. chemist
D. physician
5.The three- ________chair isn’t suitable for a young child. He may fall off.
A. legging
B. legged
C. legs
D. leged
6. Stephenson became the________railway engineer in the world.
A. lead
B. leader
C. leading
D. leadership
7.When the teacher praised him for working out the maths problem,Jack looked________about at his classmates.
A. proud
B. proudly
C. pride
D. pridely
8.To everyone’s ________,the girl finished the job quite well.
A. satisfied
B. satisfactory
C. satisfying
D. satisfaction
9.—What are you doing here?
—Oh,my teacher asked me to write a passage about ________in English.
—You can write________passage in English?
A. 600 words;a 600-words
B. 600-word;a 600-words
C. 600 words;a 600-word
D. 600 words;a 600-words
10. No one should enter the spot without the________of the police.
A. permit
B. permission
C. permitting
D. permittence
11. You must come with us to the police ________.Our head is waiting for you.
A. headquarters
B. headline
C. headmaster
D. headache
12.Letting that animal escape was no accident;you did it ________.
A. intend
B. intention
C. intentionally
D. intentional
13. The shop owner welcomed all the guests with a________smile.
A. practice
B. practise
C. practical
D. practiced
14. The________ordered him to pay a $100 fine.
A. judger
B. judgment
C. judge
D. judgement
15. My TV is out of order. Can you tell me what is the________news about Iraq War?
A. lately
B. latest
C. later
D. latter
16. The Great Wall is more than 6000 li in ________.
A. longer
B. length
C. long
D. longing
17.To my ________,I passed the exam easily.
A. joy
B. joyful
C. joyless
D. joyness
18. Canada is mainly an________country.
A. English-speaking
B. speak-English
C. spoken-English
D. English-spoken
19. How________ he is! He is always acting________.He is really a ________.
A. foolish;foolishly;fool
B. fool;foolish;fool
C. foolish;fool;fool
D. foolishly;foolish;fool
20. The necklace that she lost is very expensive. It’s of great ________.
A. valuable
B. value
C. valueless
D. unvaluable
21. There were________fish in the river in South America.
A. in danger
B. danger
C. dangerous
D. dangerless
22.The letter “b”in the word “doubt”is________.
A. sound
B. silent
C. silence
D. sounded
23. The child looked at me________.
A. stranger
B. strangely
C. strange
D. strangeless
24.The black people were against slavery and fought for their________bravely.
A. free
B. freely
C. freedom
D. frees
25. What you said sounded________ but in fact it was untrue.
A. reasonable
B. reasonful
C. reasonless
D. unreason
26. We have to learn ________technology from other countries.
A. advance
B. advancing
C. advantage
D. advanced
27. The children live in a village ________.They come here almost every day.
A. nearby
B. near
C. nearly
D. near by
28.Mr Black is an ________in the army,not an ________in the government. You can not easily find him in his________.
A. official;officer;office
B. officer;office;official
C. official;official;official
D. officer;official;office
29.You’d better give up smoking if you want to keep ________.
A. health
B. healthy
C. healthily
D. healthier
30.________ speaking,I didn’t do it on purpose.
A. Honestly
B. Honest
C. Honesty
D. Dishonest
[参考答案]1-5 BDACB 6-10 CBDCB 11-15 ACDCB 16-20 BAAAB
21-25 CBBCA 26-30 DA。