研究生英语课文翻译第十单元

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新世纪研究生英语教程(第四版)课文译文第10单元

新世纪研究生英语教程(第四版)课文译文第10单元

Unit 10为何要争权夺利科学正在解释男人们永无休止地争强好胜的生物学根源乔弗雷·考利[1] 成吉思汗不是一个为性别角色而烦恼的人,他放纵性欲、追逐权力, 而且毫不讳言。

"人之快乐莫过于征服敌人,令其俯首称臣 ", 这位皇帝曾经叫嚣到,"夺其马匹,掠其财物。

"13 世纪早期,成吉思汗征服了当时已知世界的三分之二,建立了一个西起东欧、东至朝鲜的蒙古帝国。

他还可能创下了生物学家所称的生殖成功的最高历史纪录, 在他死后33年写成的一份材料认为,其子孙后代达20,000 人。

今天, 研究人员认为,8%生活在原蒙古帝国的人可能拥有这位伟人的基因。

[2] 自成吉思汗以来,男人们的行为举止已经有了显著的改进, 一夫多妻制在几百年前已不再流行,即使是暴君现在也否认掠夺和压迫是理想的手段。

然而在内心,我们和800年前没什么不同,也就是说, 我们是权位的追逐者。

我们可能会谈论平等与友爱, 我们可能会努力消除阶级差别。

然而,我们却在继续构筑等级制度,并在其中争权夺利。

我们是否可以摒弃这一趋势? 或许不能。

因为科学家们发现争权夺利并不仅仅是一种习惯或文化传统,它是雄性心理的固有特征——一种根植于神经系统并且由荷尔蒙和脑化学物质控制的生物驱动力。

这种渴望统治的驱动力扭曲我们的感知、玷污我们的友谊、左右我们的情绪和影响我们的健康,但这种动力并不总是给我们带来负面效应。

等级制度不仅产生争斗和不公,也能创造和谐。

即使我们无法消除等级制度,但毫无疑问,我们可以使它们变得更加有益。

[3] 男性并不是唯一追逐权位的人,但在生命的每个阶段,我们对此都比女性更加执著。

研究表明,与女孩相比,男孩十三个月时更任性,蹒跚学步时更具攻击性,几乎在所有年龄段都更好胜。

女生通常做集体游戏,而男生从六岁便开始建立等级关系,并通过暴力游戏加以维持。

青少年时期,我们比女孩更爱吹嘘、威吓他人、与别人争抢。

现代研究生英语教程(外研社)U10_Text B

现代研究生英语教程(外研社)U10_Text B

Book One
外语教学与研究出版社
overrun
vt. to seize the positions of and defeat conclusively (侵略军等)窜犯;横行于 e.g. Invaders overran the country. 侵略者在那个国家横行. vt. to run or extend beyond a limit set by 超越(期限,范围等) e.g. The speaker overran his time by ten minutes. 那位演讲者超过规定时间十分钟. vi. to run over; overflow. 泛滥;溢出 e.g. a river that always overruns during the flood season 在洪水季节总是泛滥的河流
Book One
外语教学与研究出版社
sweep away
push sth away with or as with a brush 扫除 e.g. Sweep that dirt away before the boss arrives. 在老板到达之前把灰尘扫掉. drive (sth or sb) away by the action of wind or water 将(某人或某物) 卷走,冲走 e.g. the flood swept away part of the bridge. 洪水冲走了一段桥梁. remove, abolish, by vigorous action 肃清,铲除 e.g. Newspaper editorials spoke of the need to sweep away corrupt practices in the government at all levels. 报纸社论指出,必须肃清各级政府的腐败行为.

《当代研究生英语读写教程》-课文译文(上册下册)-外语教学与研究出版社

《当代研究生英语读写教程》-课文译文(上册下册)-外语教学与研究出版社

当代研究生英语读写教程(上) A课文译文第一单元信息空间:出入随愿1 美国人的内心深处具有一种酷爱探索新领域的气质。

我们渴求宽敞的场地,我们喜欢探索,喜欢制定规章制度,却不愿去遵守。

在当今时代,却很难找到一块空间,可以供你任意驰骋,又不必担心影响你的邻居。

2 确实有这样一个空间,那就是信息空间。

这里原本是计算机迷的游戏天地,但如今只要想像得到的各类人群应有尽有,包括少年儿童、轻佻的单身汉、美籍匈牙利人、会计等。

问题是他们都能和睦相处吗?人们是否会因为害怕孩子们躲在卧室里看网上的淫秽图片而将它封杀?3 首先要解决的问题是,什么是信息空间。

我们可以抛开高速公路、前沿新领域等比喻,把信息空间看作一个巨大的房地产。

请记住,庄园是人们智慧的结晶,是合法的、人工营造的氛围,它建立在土地之上。

在房地产业中,公园和商业中心、红灯区与学校、教堂、政府机构与杂货店都能区分开来。

4 你可以用同样的方法把信息空间想像为一个巨大的、无边无际的虚拟房地产业。

其中有些房产为私人拥有并已租出,有些是公共场所;有的场所适合儿童出人,而有些地方人们最好避开。

遗憾的是,正是这些应该避开的地方使得人们心向神往。

这些地方教唆你如何制造炸弹、为你提供淫秽材料、告诉你如何窃取信用卡。

所有这些使信息空间听起来像是一个十分肮脏的地方。

正直的公民纷纷作出这样的结论:最好对它严加管理。

5 但是,在利用规章制度来反击下流之举之前,关键是从根本上理解信息空间的性质。

恶棍并不能在信息空间抢走毫无提防之心的儿童;信息空间也不像一台巨大的电视机,向不情愿的观众播放令人作呕的节目。

在信息空间这个房地产业中,用户对他们所去之处、所见所闻、所做所为都要作出选择,一切都出于自愿。

换句话说,信息空间是个出入自便的地方,实际上,信息空间里有很多可去之处。

人们不能盲目上网,必须带着具体的目标上网。

这意味着人们可以选择去哪个网址、看什么内容。

不错,规章制度应该在群体内得以实施,但这些规章制度必须由信息空间内各个群体自己来制定,而不是由法庭或华盛顿的政客们来制定。

研究生科技英语阅读课文翻译(1、2、4、8、10)

研究生科技英语阅读课文翻译(1、2、4、8、10)

Unit 1 Genetically modified foods -- Feed the World?If you want to spark a heated debate at a dinner party, bring up the topic of genetically modified foods. For many people, the concept of genetically altered, high-tech crop production raises all kinds of environmental, health, safety and ethical questions. Particularly in countries with long agrarian traditions -- and vocal green lobbies -- the idea seems against nature.如果你想在某次晚宴上挑起一场激烈的争论,那就提出转基因食品的话题吧。

对许多人来说,高科技的转基因作物生产的概念会带来诸如环境、健康、安全和伦理等方面的各种问题。

特别是在有悠久的农业生产传统和主张环保的游说集团的国家里,转基因食品的主意似乎有悖自然。

In fact, genetically modified foods are already very much a part of our lives. A third of the corn and more than half the soybeans and cotton grown in the US last year were the product of biotechnology, according to the Department of Agriculture. More than 65 million acres of genetically modified crops will be planted in the US this year. The genetic is out of the bottle.事实上,转基因食品已经成为我们生活重要的一部分。

研究生综合英语1第6-10单元课文翻译

研究生综合英语1第6-10单元课文翻译

研究生综合英语1第6-10单元课文翻译Unit Six The Media and the Ethics of Cloning媒体与克隆的伦理性利·特纳如果要给当代关于克隆的争论找出一个守护圣徒的话,安迪·沃荷当之无愧。

沃荷不仅认为每个人都有15分钟的成名时刻,例如律师、哲学家、神学家以及在伊恩·维尔穆特成功克隆多利羊后,发现他们自身特长成为有线电视台夜间道德评论节目热捧对象的生物伦理学家;沃荷同时将“克隆”也就是同一现象的重复复制推向了大众文化的中心。

除了复制玛丽莲·梦露图片和金宝汤图案以外,人类现在克隆了羊。

遗憾的是,主导目前克隆争论的正是沃荷夸大其词的能力,而不是他的智慧和另类观点。

如果我们用评判一篇有说服力的哲学或法律分析的标准去武断地评判评论员文章、受欢迎的脱口秀和夜间广播节目,那会有失公允。

但大众媒体应该更多地将有思想的公共讨论引向关于人类和非人类动物克隆的法律、道德、政治、医学和科学角度。

《自然》杂志公布了伊恩·维尔穆特从一只成年羊乳细胞中成功克隆出多利羊的消息后,我和我在哈斯汀斯研究中心的同事们一样,接受了几家媒体采访。

虽然采访前我向一家洛杉矶电台广播员清楚地表明我不是一个神学家,也不代表任何宗教组织,但录音时我还是被出乎意料地问到上帝如何看待克隆以及克隆是否“违背自然创造”。

可以想像,广播员不希望讨论宗教伦理学家如何就克隆道德性问题进行早期公开演说。

相反,他只是想让我对此有一个剧烈的回应,然后无神论者、不可知论者以及各式各样的宗教信徒就会蜂拥地打电话到广播电台。

除了不停地给公众灌注夸张的惊呼声和文字版本以外,媒体们一致将焦点放在涉及克隆人的问题上,却几乎一点也不关注克隆非人类动物所带来的道德影响。

我们当然要讨论克隆人的伦理性,但克隆非人类动物已经发生并值得引起人们思考其伦理性问题。

虽然我怀疑我们能否为克隆动物找到具有说服力的论证,但不应该忽视实际上进行这样的论证与仅仅假设非人类克隆总是没有问题的这两者之间的区别。

研究生公共英语教材阅读B第3、4、10、11、14课文原文及翻译

研究生公共英语教材阅读B第3、4、10、11、14课文原文及翻译

Unite 3 Doctor’s Dilemma: Treat or Let Die?Abigail Trafford1. Medical advances in wonder drugs, daring surgical procedures, radiation therapies, and intensive-care units have brought new life to thousands of people. Yet to many of them, modern medicine has become a double-edged sword.2. Doctor’s power to treat with an array of space-age techniques has outstripped the body’s capacity to heal. More medical problems can be treated, but for many patients, there is little hope of recovery. Even the fundamental distinction between life and death has been blurred.3. Many Americans are caught in medical limbo, as was the South Korean boxer Duk Koo Kim, who was kept alive by artificial means after he had been knocked unconscious in a fight and his brain ceased to function. With the permission of his family, doctors in Las Vegas disconnected the life-support machines and death quickly followed.4. In the wake of technology’s advances in medicine, a heated debate is taking place in hospitals and nursing homes across the country --- over whether survival or quality of life is the paramount goal of medicine.5. “It gets down to what medicine is all about, ” says Daniel Callahan, director of the Institute of Society, Ethics, and the Life Sciences in Hastings-on-Hudson, New York. “Is it really to save a life? Or is the larger goal the welfare of the patient?”6. Doctors, patients, relatives, and often the courts are being forced to make hard choices in medicine. Most often it is at the two extremes of life that these difficultyethical questions arise --- at the beginning for the very sick newborn and at the end for the dying patient.7. The dilemma posed by modern medical technology has created the growing new discipline or bioethics. Many of the country’s 127 medical s chools now offer courses in medical ethics, a field virtually ignored only a decade ago. Many hospitals have chaplains, philosophers, psychiatrists, and social workers on the staff to help patients make crucial decisions, and one in twenty institutions has a special ethics committee to resolve difficult cases.Death and Dying8. Of all the patients in intensive-care units who are at risk of dying, some 20 percent present difficult ethical choices --- whether to keep trying to save the life or to pull back and let the patient die. In many units, decisions regarding life-sustaining care are made about three times a week.9. Even the definition of death has been changed. Now that the heart-lung machine can take over the functions of breathing and pumping blood, death no longer always comes with the patient’s “last gasp” or when the heart stops beating. Thirty-one states and the District of Columbia have passed brain-death statutes that identify death as when the whole brain ceases to function.10. More than a do zen states recognize “living wills” in which the patients leave instructions to doctors not to prolong life by feeding them intravenously or by other methods if their illness becomes hopeless. A survey of California doctors showed that 20 to 30 percent were following instructions of such wills. Meanwhile, the hospicemovement, which its emphasis on providing comfort --- not cure --- to the dying patient, has gained momentum in many areas.11. Despite progress in society’s understanding of death and dying, t heory issues remain. Example: A woman, 87, afflicted by the nervous-system disorder of Parkinson’s disease, has a massive stroke and is found unconscious by her family. Their choices are to put her in a nursing home until she dies or to send her to a medical center for diagnosis and possible treatment. The family opts for a teaching hospital in New York city. Tests show the woman’s stroke resulted from a blood clot that is curable with surgery. After the operation, she says to her family: “Why did you bring me back to this agony?” Her health continues to worsen, and two years later she dies.12. On the other hand, doctors say prognosis is often uncertain and that patients, just because they are old and disabled, should not be denied life-saving therapy. Ethicists also fear that under the guise of medical decision not to treat certain patients, death may become too easy, pushing the country toward the acceptance of euthanasia.13. For some people, the agony of watching high-technology dying is too great. Earlier this year, Woodrow Wilson Collums, a retired dairyman from Poteet, Texas, was put on probation for the mercy killing of his older brother Jim, who lay hopeless in his bed at a nursing home, a victim of severe senility resul ting from Alzheimer’s disease. After the killing, the victim’s widow said: “I think God, Jim’s out of his misery. I hate to think it had to be done the way it was done, but I understand it. ”Crisis in Newborn Care14. At the other end of the life span, technology has so revolutionized newborn carethat it is no longer clear when human life is viable outside the womb. Newborn care has got huge progress, so it is absolutely clear that human being can survive independently outside the womb. Twenty-five years ago, infants weighting less than three and one-half pounds rarely survived. The current survival rate is 70 percent, and doctors are “salvaging” some babies that weigh only one and one-half pounds. Tremendous progress has been made in treating birth deformities such as spina bifida. Just ten years ago, only 5 percent of infants with transposition of the great arteries --- the congenital heart defect most commonly found in newborns --- survived. Today, 50 percent live.15. Yet, for many infants who owe their lives to new medical advances, survival has come at a price. A significant number emerge with permanent physical and mental handicaps.16. “The question of treatment and nontreatment of seriously ill newborns is not a single one,”says Thomas Murray of the Hastings Center. “But I feel strongly that retardation or the fact that someone is going to be less than perfect is not good grounds for allowing an infant to die.”17. For many parents, however, the experience of having a sick newborn becomes a lingering nightmare. Two years ago, an Atlanta mother gave birth to a baby suffering from Down’s Syndrome, a form of mental retardation; the child also had blocked intestines. The doctors rejected the parents’ plea not to operate, and today the child, severely retarded, still suffers intestinal problems.18. “Every time Melanie has a bowel movement, she cries,” explains her mother.“She’s not able to take care of herself, and we won’t live forever. I wanted to save her from sorrow, pain, and suffering. I don’t understand the emphasis on life at all costs, and I’m very angry at the doctors and the hospital. Who will take care of Melanie after we’re gone? Where will you doctors be then?”Changing Standards19. The choices posed by modern technology have profoundly changed the practice of medicine. Until now, most doctors have been activists, trained to use all the tools in their medical arsenals to treat disease. The current trend is toward nontreatment as doctors grapple with questions not just of who should get care but when to take therapy away.20. Always in the background is the threat of legal action. In August, two California doctors were charged with murdering a comatose patient by allegedly disconnecting the respirator and cutting off food and water. In 1981, a Massachusetts nurse was charged with murdering a cancer patient with massive doses of morphine but was subsequently acquitted.21. Between lawsuits, government regulations, and patients’ rights, many doctors feel they are under siege. Modern technology actually has limited their ability to make choices. More recently, these actions are resolved by committees.Public Policy22. In recent years, the debate on medical ethics has moved to the level of national policy. “It’s just beginning to hit us that we don’t have unlimited resources,” says Washington Hospital Center’s Dr. Lynch. “You can’t talk about ethics without talkingethics without talking about money.”23. Since 1972. Americans have enjoyed unlimited access to a taxpayer-supported, kidney dialysis program that offers life-prolonging therapy to all patients with kidney failure. To a number of police analysts, the program has grown out of control --- to a $1.4billion operation supporting 61,000 patients. The majority are over 50, and about a quarter have other illness, such as cancer or heart disease, conditions that could exclude them from dialysis in other countries.24. Some hospitals are pulling back from certain lifesaving treatment. Massachusetts General Hospital, for example, has decided not perform heart transplants on the ground that the high costs of providing such surgery help too few patients. Burn units --- through extremely effective --- also provide very expensive therapy for very few patients.25. As medical scientists push back the frontiers of therapy, the moral dilemma will continue to grow for doctors and patients alike, making the choice of to treat the basic question in modern medicine.1. 在特效药、风险性手术进程、放疗法以及特护病房方面的医学进展已为数千人带来新生。

重大研究生英语b班英语课译文unit10参考译文

重大研究生英语b班英语课译文unit10参考译文

动力是一种潜在的情形和状态(有是被描述为一种需要,渴望或者需求),这种状态使人们的行为活动起来并给予其能量。

学生的动力与他们参与学习过程的欲望有关。

是什么因素影响学生动力的发展呢?学习的动力是如何培养起来的?本文将给出解释。

不管是婴儿还是小孩,他们看起来都会受好奇心的推动,由一种强烈的探索欲望驱使,感受他们周围的环境并与它相互作用。

正如一个作家指出“极少听到父母抱怨他们的小孩在学前是不积极的”。

不幸的是,随着孩子的成长,他们学习的热情急剧地降低了。

学习常常成为一件苦差事而并非乐事。

有超过1/4的大量学生辍学。

而更多的是身在曹营心在汉,他们根本不能全身心地投入学习。

了解学生对于学习发展的态度和信念,以及是什么使学习由于自身的原因而变得容易,这将有助于教育工作者降低学生学习的冷漠态度。

什么是学生的动力?学生学习的动力通常与学生参与学习过程的欲望有关。

但也与他们参与或不参与学习活动的原因和目标有关。

即使学生们同样可能受鼓励去完成一个任务,但是他们的动力是不同的。

一个具有内在动力的学生,他参与活动是为了活动本身,为了活动本身提供的乐趣,为了能从中学到什么,或是为了活动所引发的优越感。

而处于一个处于外在动力的学生,“他往往是为了得到某种奖赏,或是避免一些外在惩罚。

”诸如成绩、难题和老师的认可。

学习动力这个词的意义稍有差别。

有位作家做了这样的定义,学习动力就是学术活动对于学习者产生的意义、价值和利益,不管学生是否发自内心的兴趣。

而另外的则认为,学习动力有如下特点:长期的过程、需要注重学习质量和付出精力到学习过程中。

学生学习动力发展的影响因素有哪些?Jere Brophy在1987年提出,学习动力是一种能力,它能够“通过一般经验来获得,但大部分直接通过那些对孩子来说重要的其它人(特别是他们的父母和老师)为孩子作出的榜样,和孩子进行预期交流,以及通过对孩子的指导教育或者是社会化教育来刺激获得”。

孩子的家庭环境形成了他们在学习中发展起来的最初态度。

河海大学研究生英语教程1-10单元翻译

河海大学研究生英语教程1-10单元翻译

本文只针对期末考试重点课文的翻译。

突然发出警告信号。

“第二天早上,灯光依然可见。

风暴已经平息了,人们派出一条救生船前去查看情况。

等待人们的却是一个不忍目睹的场面——马丁和布莱克的起居室一片骇人景象,桌子翻倒在地,一副牌散得到处都是,地板上溅满了血迹。

营救人员爬上旋梯来到灯塔间,在那儿发现了马丁的尸体蜷缩在仍然亮着的灯旁。

他是被戳死的。

两天后,布莱克的尸体被潮水冲了上来,他身上划破多处,浑身青肿,伤得不轻。

“我们只是在那时才猜测到究竟发生了什么事。

这场大惨剧只是由于他们俩再次争吵而引起的。

他们准是因为与世隔绝而心烦意孔,于是开始玩牌。

马丁又怀疑布莱克耍赖,指责这位原先的朋友不老实。

接着一场格斗发生了,布莱克一把操起刀子,在一阵狂怒之下向他的伙伴刺去,马丁受了致命伤而倒下。

布莱克被自己的行为惊呆了。

他受不了这里的孤独寂寞以及风浪的拍击声,于是狂奔到栏杆边纵身投向下面的岩石。

接着大海吞噬了他。

“但当时马丁还活着。

过了几小时,也就是在天色暗下来以后,他苏醒过来,想起了自己点灯的职责。

于是,可怜的马丁忍着剧痛,慢慢地爬上旋梯,一步一步地爬到灯前。

用最后剩下的一口气,他点亮了灯塔,然后倒下。

“数年后,据说那座灯塔闹鬼了。

就因为这些传说,当地迷信的居民中没有人愿意接替做灯塔管理员。

如今人们都说,每年到出事的那一天,尤其是当海上风急浪高的时候,人们站在起居室里就能听到摔牌声和怒吼声,就能看到刀刃的寒光,还会瞥见一个人影奔向栏杆,然后听到一个人缓慢地向塔顶爬去。

”老头停了停,我转身欲走。

“对了,”他又开口了,“今天下午您有空吗?要是有空,干吗不到那座灯塔去喝杯茶?今天我们开专船,收费一镑,人们在原址建造了一座新灯塔,我兄弟买下了那座旧的。

他能沏好茶——茶钱都算在船费里了——价钱公道,要知道搞到食品是很费事的。

如果您对鬼之类的神奇东西有那么一点儿兴趣的话,这可能是一次不寻常的,大概还是不可思议的经历呢。

”我以赏识的目光打量了他一下说:“您真是在浪费您的才能。

研究生英语课文翻译第十单元

研究生英语课文翻译第十单元

10.科学危险吗?1.知识是危险的这一观念在我们的文化中根深蒂固。

圣经中的亚当和夏娃被禁食“智慧之树”上的果实,而弥尔顿《失乐园》中的蛇将此树称为“科学之母”。

当亚当试图向天使长拉斐尔询问有关宇宙本质的问题时,拉斐尔建议他最好“知之甚少”。

事实上,西方文献中有大量关于科学家扰乱自然界,而后导致灾难后果的记载。

科学家被描绘成一群冷酷和无视伦理道德的人。

2.那么科学真地是危险的吗?科学家需要肩负起特定的社会责任吗?我们必须认识到,可靠的科学知识并不负载道德或伦理的价值。

科学只告诉我们世界为何等模样:我们人类不处于宇宙的中心这一事实本身无好坏之分;基因会影响我们的智力和行为这一可能性亦无优劣之别。

道德义务3.当科学研究在现实生活中进行时,就会带来危害性及有关的伦理问题,例如涉及人或其它动物的实验;或是将研究成果用于技术实施;又或是相关的研究涉及到人们的安全问题。

由此可见,科学和技术之间有一重要区别:科学知识旨在了解自然,而技术却是运用这一知识制造产品或将这一知识运用于实际目的。

4.科学研究推导有关世界本质的观念,而技术观念则旨在制造可使用的产品。

技术远比科学源远流长。

而且没有科学的指引,单凭技术也发展了诸如农业和金属制造业之类的行业。

我认为19世纪之前,科学实际上未对技术做出太多的贡献——即使是那些辉煌的技术成果,如蒸汽机和文艺复兴时期的大教堂,也是在没有任何科学观念的影响下,通过当时人们富于想象的反复试验完成的。

5.无论发明什么样的技术,科学家均不应该对该技术的运用做涉及道德伦理方面的决策,因为他们在这方面没有任何特殊的权利或能力。

如果要求科学家承担更多的社会义务,并赋予他们特权进行相关的决策,那么将会出现严重的危机。

科学家所承担的社会责任有别于他们与其他公民共同分担的社会义务(例如支持民主社会或尊重他人权益),这种责任源于他们具备专业的知识去了解世界的本质,而普通人未能拥有这些知识。

科学家的义务是公开他们的研究成果以及有关的技术应用对社会可能产生的影响,同时还需对研究的可靠性加以评价。

研究生英语综合教程(上)Unit10

研究生英语综合教程(上)Unit10

Starting out
Now watch a video about Princeton University. Listen carefully and complete the blank-filling exercise.
Starting out
1. 2. Princeton University is located in Princeton, New Jersey diverse surroundings in the suburban historic town of___________________ including farmlands and forests. One of the things that we’ve seen in the last years is __________________in the class. the gender balance Princeton offers one of the strongest financial aid programs in the country. That’s why 58% of undergraduates receive financial aid that’s not needed to be paid back ______________. Some of the most popular majors in Princeton are molecular biology and engineering politics, history, _______________________________. Our faculties are leaders in their fields and they’re intellectual limits in terms of their pushing back _________________ research.

研究生英语综合教程下unit10_原文+翻译

研究生英语综合教程下unit10_原文+翻译

研究生英语综合教程下unit10_原文+翻译Unit 10Almost all of us have heard about General Motors trying to sell their Nova model in Latin America and finding out that “no va” in Spanish literally means “it doesn’t go”. And of course, there was the famous first try of Coca Cola in China,when the translation of the soft drink’s name read “bite the wax tadpole”.1我们几乎都听说过这样一个销售案例:美国通用汽车公司试图在拉丁美洲销售他们的Nova车型,结果发现在西班牙语中,“no va”的字面意思是“它走不了”。

当然,同样有名的还有另外一个案例:可口可乐第一次登陆中国市场时,这种软饮料的名字被译成“蛾蚌啃蜡”。

But cultural awareness in marketing is a lot more than careful translation. There are subtleties and nuances to every culture, and there are just plain tablls. Although most people wouldn’t be able to list the rules of their own culture, they certainly know when those rules are violated. Our own culture tendd to be “invisible” to us, while differences we run into when abroad strike as strange, funny or extrotic. So how much more difficult it to discern the unwritten rules of another country?2但是市场营销中的文化意识却远远不只是小心谨慎的翻译而已。

研究生英语泛读翻译第十单元

研究生英语泛读翻译第十单元

世界第一富豪:先知巴菲特沃伦·巴菲特摄影:塞思·韦内格/美联社沃伦·巴菲特和比尔·盖茨算得上是世界上最亲密的对手了。

作为这个星球上最富有的两个人,他们不但时常一起在网上打桥牌,还合作捐献巨额资产。

不过,最近沃伦·巴菲特取代了他的朋友比尔·盖茨,成为世界首富。

这位居住在內布拉斯加州的投资家被尊称为奥马哈的先知(Sage of Omaha)。

去年,通过一系列精明的投资,他的个人财富猛增了100亿达到620亿美元。

这些投资包括成功判断巴西货币的走势以及投资中国石油获利。

中国石油因为与苏丹政府的牵连而备受批评。

在财富杂志年度世界亿万富翁排行榜中,巴菲特的投资所得把他推上了首位,从而结束了盖茨保持13年的记录。

今年盖茨的资产为580亿美金,下滑到第三位,排在了身价600亿美元的墨西哥电信业大亨卡洛斯·斯利姆之后。

作为英国最富有的居民,拉克希米·米塔尔位列第四。

他是居住在英国的49位亿万富翁之一。

而被议论更多的,则是米塔尔因为不是英国公民而享有的优厚税收待遇。

虽然被冠以世界首富的美名,向来以节俭著称的巴菲特却多半不会举行任何奢华的庆祝活动。

不久前,他和长期的伴侣结为夫妻。

巴菲特只在自己拥有的珠宝公司买了个减价的戒指,带着新娘去海鲜连锁店Bonefish Grill 的一家分店吃了顿饭。

"我一点也不觉得成了首富会让他有什么不同。

"巴菲特传记的作者罗伯特·迈尔斯这样说,"他不会为此一觉酣然或胃口大开。

这对他来说没什么意义。

"巴菲特喜欢樱桃味的可口可乐、汉堡包以及家庭风味的巧克力棒。

作为一个民主党人,他批评布什政府给超级富豪减税的政策,并称自己想多付些税。

尽管进行了一系列巨额的慈善捐助,巴菲特的个人财富却仍在增长。

这位77岁的老人在2006年允诺,将向盖茨基金会捐献310亿美金以解决全球范围内的医疗卫生问题。

研究生英语阅读教程中高级本UNIT10翻译

研究生英语阅读教程中高级本UNIT10翻译

Unit 10 Student Motivation To Learn.学生学习动机Motivation is an internal state or condition (sometimes described as a need, desire, or want ) that serves to activate or energize behavior and give it direction . Student motivation has to do with students’ des ire to participate in the learning process. What factors influence the development of students’ motivation? How can motivation to learn be fostered? The article gives the explanations.动机是一种激励或者刺激人们行为并指引行为方向的内部状态或状况(有时也是一种需要,渴望,或者意愿)。

学生的学习动机必须和他们参与学习过程的意愿联系在一起。

哪些因素会影响学生学习动机的养成呢?怎样才能培养学习动机呢?这篇文章给出了详细的说明。

Infants and young children appear to be propelled by curiosity, driven by an intense need to explore, interact with, and make sense of their environment. As one author puts it, "Rarely does one hear parents complain that their pre-schooler is 'unmotivated' " (James Raffini 1993).不管是婴儿还是小孩,他们看起来都会受好奇心的推动,受探索自然,融入并探索自然的强烈需要的驱使。

《高等学校研究生英语综合教程-上》Unit7-Unit10课文翻译及课后练习答案

《高等学校研究生英语综合教程-上》Unit7-Unit10课文翻译及课后练习答案

Unit SevenON HUMAN NATURE Frank and Lydia Hammer我对人类的了解越多,对他们的期望就越低。

和以前相比,我现在常常以较宽松的标准把一个人叫做好人。

——塞缪尔·约翰逊博士论人性弗兰克,莉迪亚·汉默尔1 Human nature is the basis of character, the temperament and disposition; it is that indestructible matrix upon which the character is built, and whose shape it must take and keep throughout life. This we call a person's nature.1人性是性格、气质和性情的基础,性格正是基于这种牢不可破的基质之上的,它必须以这种基质的形式存在,并将它保留终生,这种基质,我们称之为一个人的本性。

2 The basic nature of human beings does not and cannot change. It is only the surface that is capable of alteration, improvement and refinement; we can alter only people's customs, manners, dress and habits. A study of history reveals that the people who walked thisearth in antiquity were moved by the same fundamental forces, were swayed by the same passions, and had the same aspirations as the men and women of today. The pursuit of happiness still engrosses mankind the world over.2人类的本性不会也不能改变,只有一些表面特征才会变化、改善和进一步提升;我们可以改变人们的风格、举止、衣着和习惯。

研究生英语1-10单元翻译

研究生英语1-10单元翻译

Lesson 11.For English is a killer. It is English that has killed off Cumbric,Cornish, Norn and Manx. There are still parts of these islands where sizeable communities speak languages that were there before English. Yet English is everywhere in everyday use and understood by all or virtually all, constituting such a threat to the three remaining Celtic languages, Irish, Scottish Gaelic, and Welsh... that their long-term future must be considered... very greatly at risk.因为英语是个杀手。

正是英语造成了坎伯兰语、康沃尔语、诺恩语和马恩语等语言的消亡。

在这些岛上还有相当多的人使用在英语到来之前就已存在的语言。

然而,英语在日常生活中无处不在。

所有的人或几乎所有的人都懂英语。

英语对现存的凯尔特语:爱尔兰语、苏格兰盖尔语及威尔士语的威胁是如此之大,它们的未来岌岌可危。

2.He also associated such policies with a prejudice which he calls linguicism (a condition parallelto racism and sexism). As Phillipson sees it, leading institutions and individuals within the predominantly “white”English-speaking world, have (by design or default) encouraged or at least tolerated—and certainly have not opposed—the hegemonic spread of English, a spread which began some three centuries ago as economic and colonial expansion.他认为这些政策和他称之为语言歧视(和种族歧视、性别歧视的情况类似)的偏见密切相关。

新视角研究生英语2加课文翻译1——10单元

新视角研究生英语2加课文翻译1——10单元

1 大学课堂:还有人在听吗?Toward the middle of the semester,Fowkes fell ill and missed a class. When he returned, the professor nodded vaguely and,to Fowkes’s astonishment,began to deliver not the next lecture in the sequence but the one after. Had he,in fact,lectured to an empty hall in the absence of his solitary student? Fowkes thought it perfectly possible.在学期中间,Fowkes因病缺了一次课。

他回到课堂的时候,教授毫无表情地向他点了点头。

接着令Fowkes大吃一惊的是,教授并没有按照顺序讲下一课,而是讲了后面一课。

难道他真的在他唯一的学生缺席的情况下对着空教室讲了一课?Fowkes认为这太有可能了。

Today American colleges and universities (originally modeled on German ones) are under strong attack from many quarters. Teachers,it is charged,are not doing a good job of teaching,and students are not doing a good job of learning. American businesses and industries suffer from unenterprising,uncreative executives educated not to think for themselves but to mouth outdated truisms the rest of the world has long discarded. College graduates lack both basic skills and general culture. Studies are conducted and reports are issued on the status of higher education,but any changes that result either are largely cosmetic or make a bad situation worse.今天美国的大学(原本是以德国的大学为模型的)受到了各方面的严厉指责。

外研社版学术英语综合Unit10译文

外研社版学术英语综合Unit10译文

第十单元语言习得Text A习得艺术的本能史蒂芬•平克当你在阅读这些文字时,便已经置身于自然界的一大奇观之中,因为你我都同属于这个拥有非凡能力的物种:我们能够精确无误地在彼此的大脑中塑造事件。

在这里,我并不是在谈论心灵感应,精神控制或者边缘科学所沉迷的事件;甚至根据它的信仰者所描述的,如果与每个人身上都拥有的无可争议的那些能力相比,它像是一把钝器。

我所谈论的就是,语言。

只是通过动动嘴巴和发出声音,我们就能够让他人的脑海中涌现清晰表达的各种新想法。

因为这种能力是与生俱来的,所以人们常常会忘记它是多么的神奇。

近年来人们对语言能力的研究在人类对语言的理解,它在人类世界中的角色,以及人类对人性的看法这三方面都产生了革命性的影响。

很多受过教育的人都知道语言是人类最重要的文化产物,是人类可以运用符号的典型例证,也是人类在生理上不可逆转地区别于其他动物的前所未有的大事件。

这些人也知道语言总是与思想相伴,使用不同的语言能够使说话者从不同角度来解读现实。

他们还知道孩子们从他们的榜样和看护者那里学习说话。

学校里曾经教授复杂的语法规则,但是由于教育水平以及大众文化水准的不断下降,普通人构造语法句子的能力已经出现了可怕的下滑。

他们还知道英语这种语言充满了滑稽以及不符合逻辑的现象,就像是开车开在绿化带,停车停在行驶道,在朗诵会上演奏,在演奏会上朗诵一般可笑。

英语的拼写更是把这种不可理喻上升到了更高的高度——萧伯纳曾经抱怨说鱼类—fish[fɪʃ]这个单词完全可以拼写成ghoti(gh是来自tough的[f],o来自women的[ɪ],ti来自nation的[ʃ]),他认为这也是讲得通的——而正是这种语言制度的惰性阻碍了英语采用“一种拼写配一种发音”的更加合理的系统。

而我要说服你们的是,以上这些他们所知道的常识都是错的!这种错误都可以归结为一个原因,那就是,语言并非文化的产物。

并不是像我们所学的那样,要去学习如何用语言表述时间,或者表述联邦政府是如何运作的。

研究生英语阅读翻译上unit 10

研究生英语阅读翻译上unit 10

第七段 My mailbox eventually had a rural address, and the job of handdelivering candy and cards was relegated to the U.S. Postal Service. 我终于有了一个乡下地址的邮 箱,原来亲手赠送贺卡和糖果的工 作都归美国邮局管。
• 这个盒子和里面的东西带来了一连串苦乐参半的 回忆:我进入了一个“人气竞赛”的世界,所收 卡片的多少,对于男朋友或女朋友的揶揄以及我 对那张来自班上最受欢迎的男孩的卡片的珍惜都 显示了比赛结果。
My Forever Valentine 4 刘金
That morning at the breakfast table I found a card and a gift-wrapped package at my chair.
• give way to : have its place taken by; allow oneself to show esp. a feeling
• In those years my “thank you” become more of a perfunctory response . • 在那些岁月里,我的感谢更多地成了一种 敷衍的反应。
My Forever Valentine
My father tried to make pleasant chitchat and eat as much as he could during halftime. 我父亲在中场休息时就会尽量聊些愉快 的事情并尽可能地多吃东西。
短语:as much as 和……一样多 chitchat:聊天, ≈ talk
在圣诞节他会找个时间为庆祝节日喝上一两杯,然 后戴上他那条冬青树叶状的领带。但父亲真正光彩 熠熠的时候是在情人节。

研究生英语第十单元

研究生英语第十单元

The role of the academy in times of crisis1.Today the academy holds a highly privileged place in American society because of along-standing national consensus about the value of education. One of my predecessors, President Harold Dodds, said in his inaugural address in 1933 that “No country spends money for education, public or private, so lavishly as does the Unites States. Americans have an almost childlike faith in what formal education can do for them.” That faith is base on a conviction that the vitality of the United States, its creative and diverse cultural life, its staggeringly inventive economy, its national security and the robustness of its democratic institutions owe much to the quality of institutions of higher education.2.Our society’s confidence in its institutions of higher education is expressed through thegenerous investments of the federal and state governments in basic and applied research, investments that wisely couple support for research with support for graduate education. It is also expressed through federal and state investments that subsidize the cost of higher education for those who cannot afford to pay, investments by private foundations and charities who see colleges and universities as the best routes for achieving their strategic goals, and investments by individuals and by the private sector, who see universities as the incubators of future health and prosperity. In return for this broad support, society rightfully expects certain things from us. It expects the generation of new ideas and the discovery of new knowledge, the exploration of complex issues in an open and collegial manner and the preparation of the next generation of citizens and leaders. In times of trouble, it is especially important that we live up to these expectations.3.The medieval image of the university as an ivory tower, with scholars turned inward insolitary contemplation, immunized from the cares of the day, is an image that has been superseded by the modern university constructed not of ivory, but of a highly porous material, one that allows free diffusion in both directions. The academy is of the world, not apart from it. Its ideals, crafted over many generations, are meant to suffuse the national consciousness. Its scholars and teachers are meant to move in and out of the academy in pursuit of opportunities to use their expertise in public service, in pursuit of creative work that will give us illumination and insight and in pursuit of ways to turn laboratory discoveries into useful things. Our students engage the world with a strong sense of civic responsibility, and when they graduate they become alumni who do the same. This is as it should be.4.The search for new ideas and knowledge is not and cannot be motivated by utilitarianconcerns. Rather it depends on the ability to think in new and creative ways. When the Nobel laureate John Nash developed the mathematical concepts underlying non-cooperative game theory as a graduate student at Princeton, he could not foresee that those concepts would be used today to analyze election strategies and the causes of war and to make predictions about how people will act. When Professor of Molecular Biology Eric Wieschaus set out as a young scientist to identify genes that pattern the body plan of the fruit fly embryo, he could not know that he would identify genes that play a central role in the development of human cancer. We have learned that we cannot predict with any accuracy how discoveries andscholarship will influence future generations. We also have learned that it is unwise to search only in predictable places, for new knowledge often depends upon preparing fertile ground in obscure places where serendipity and good luck, as well as deep intelligence, can sprout.Freedom of inquiry, which is one of our most cherished organizing principles, is not just a moral imperative, it is a practical necessity.5.Just as we have an obligation to search widely for knowledge, so we also have an obligationto insure that the scholarly work of the academy is widely disseminated, so that others can correct it when necessary, or built on it, or use it to make better decisions, develop better products or construct better plans. In the days ahead, I hope that our country’s decision-makers will draw on the knowledge that resides on our campuses, on historians who can inform the present through deep understanding of the past, philosophers who can provide frameworks for working through issues of right and wrong, economists whose insights can help to get the economy back on track, engineers who know how to build safer buildings, scientists who can analyze our vulnerabilities to future attack and develop strategies for reducing those vulnerabilities, and scholars in many fields who can help us understand the motivations of those who would commit acts of terrorism here and throughout the world.6.Let me now turn to the third obligation that we have to society: the education of the nextgeneration of citizens and leaders. Princeton’s view of what constitutes a liberal arts education was expressed well by Woodrow Wilson, our 13th President, whose eloquent wordsI read at Opening Exercises:“What we should seek to impart in our colleges, is not so much learning itself asthe spirit of learning. It consists in the power to distinguish good reasoning frombad, in the power to digest and interpret evidence, in the habit of catholicobservation and a preference for the non-partisan point of view, in anaddiction to clear and logical processes of thought and yet an instinctivedesire to interpret rather than to stick to the letter of reasoning, in a tastefor knowledge and a deep respect for the integrity of the human mind.”7. Wilson, and the presidents who followed him, rejected the narrow idea of a liberal artseducation as preparation for a profession. While understanding the importance of professional education, they made it clear that at Princeton we should first and foremost cultivate the qualities of thought and discernment in our students in the belief that this will be most conducive to the health of our society. Thus we distinguish between the acquisition of information, something that is essential for professional training, and the development of habits of mind that can be applied in any profession. Consequently we celebrate when the classics scholar goes to medical school, the physicist becomes a member of a Congress, or the historian teaches primary school. Of we do our job well as educators, each of our students will take from a Princeton education a respect and appreciation for ideas and values, intellectual openness and rigor, practice in civil discourse and a sense of civic responsibility.During these troubled times, our students and our alumni will be called upon to exercise these qualities in their professions, their communities and their daily lives. By so doing, and through their leadership, their vision and their courage, they will help to fulfill Princeton’sobligation to society and bring true meaning to our motto, “Princeton in the nation’s service and in the service of all nations.”。

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10.科学危险吗?1.知识是危险的这一观念在我们的文化中根深蒂固。

圣经中的亚当和夏娃被禁食“智慧之树”上的果实,而弥尔顿《失乐园》中的蛇将此树称为“科学之母”。

当亚当试图向天使长拉斐尔询问有关宇宙本质的问题时,拉斐尔建议他最好“知之甚少”。

事实上,西方文献中有大量关于科学家扰乱自然界,而后导致灾难后果的记载。

科学家被描绘成一群冷酷和无视伦理道德的人。

2.那么科学真地是危险的吗?科学家需要肩负起特定的社会责任吗?我们必须认识到,可靠的科学知识并不负载道德或伦理的价值。

科学只告诉我们世界为何等模样:我们人类不处于宇宙的中心这一事实本身无好坏之分;基因会影响我们的智力和行为这一可能性亦无优劣之别。

道德义务3.当科学研究在现实生活中进行时,就会带来危害性及有关的伦理问题,例如涉及人或其它动物的实验;或是将研究成果用于技术实施;又或是相关的研究涉及到人们的安全问题。

由此可见,科学和技术之间有一重要区别:科学知识旨在了解自然,而技术却是运用这一知识制造产品或将这一知识运用于实际目的。

4.科学研究推导有关世界本质的观念,而技术观念则旨在制造可使用的产品。

技术远比科学源远流长。

而且没有科学的指引,单凭技术也发展了诸如农业和金属制造业之类的行业。

我认为19世纪之前,科学实际上未对技术做出太多的贡献——即使是那些辉煌的技术成果,如蒸汽机和文艺复兴时期的大教堂,也是在没有任何科学观念的影响下,通过当时人们富于想象的反复试验完成的。

5.无论发明什么样的技术,科学家均不应该对该技术的运用做涉及道德伦理方面的决策,因为他们在这方面没有任何特殊的权利或能力。

如果要求科学家承担更多的社会义务,并赋予他们特权进行相关的决策,那么将会出现严重的危机。

科学家所承担的社会责任有别于他们与其他公民共同分担的社会义务(例如支持民主社会或尊重他人权益),这种责任源于他们具备专业的知识去了解世界的本质,而普通人未能拥有这些知识。

科学家的义务是公开他们的研究成果以及有关的技术应用对社会可能产生的影响,同时还需对研究的可靠性加以评价。

在大多数的科学研究领域,就公众而言,某一理论的对错无关紧要,然而在某些领域,如有关人类和植物基因的研究,理论的是非会变得至关重要。

6.如果客观冷静地审视以往的事实,我们很难发现科学家在有关研究中表现出有悖伦理的行为。

例如最近在英国和其它地方出现的疯牛病现象,以及在法国引起轩然大波的由输血导致的艾滋病丑闻中,我们发现与某些人所宣称的现象完全不同,科学家在这些事件中并未表现出任何违反公共伦理道德的行为。

7.科学研究中最明显的不道德行为是优生运动。

这一运动的科学理据至为关键:人类绝大多数的特征(好的或不好的)均为遗传。

进行此项研究的科学家未能全面评价这一观点的可靠性,对这一观点的后果也是考虑不周。

更有甚者,也是更应受到谴责的是,这批科学家似乎在一种他们认为是有益于社会的观念的驱使之下,得出有关的结论。

与此相反,那些共同研究原子弹的科学家的行为表现得十分合乎伦理。

他们承担各自的社会责任,知会政府有关原子理论可能会产生的社会影响。

是否制造原子弹的决策权在于政治家,而不是科学家。

那么应不应该赋予科学家同样的决策权呢?对那些进行优生研究的德国科学家而言,他们本应该感到作为科学家和公民之间的义务冲突。

8.那么,当作为研究者的义务和作为受雇者的义务之间发生冲突时,科学家应该如何行事呢?受雇于政府部门的科学家是否应该默许上司向公众隐瞒某类食品有害的真情呢?同样,在化学制品公司工作的科学家如果知道某一产品有危害,但其工作合同却注明他必须严守研究机密时,他又将站在哪一方的伦理道德立场上呢?在上述两种情形下,科学家均不应该低估这样的事实:他们需要权衡的利弊本身就是一件十分棘手的难题。

此类难题与其他行业人员所遇到的问题一样。

例如,一位会计发现公司财务上出现贪污现象,如果他向上司汇报了有关情况,但上司却未采取任何行动,那么该会计就面临难以抉择的处境。

科学家同其他任何人一样,应该尽量不要成为任由雇主支配的无声工具。

泛滥的基因宣传9.“基因工程”一词本身让人联想起弗兰肯斯坦和他的怪物——玛丽·雪莱无意间成为基因科学的始作俑者——这一传统在文学作品中来源已久(例如先前的《勇敢新世界》、《蒙罗博士岛》等作品),还有最近的《侏罗纪公园》和《哥拉斯》等电影。

媒体十分清楚这一现象,而且频繁地进行我称之为泛滥成灾的基因宣传报道——通常是故意制造耸人听闻的报道。

一个令人作呕的例子就是四处张贴的一幅图片,一只老鼠背上生出一只“人耳”——其实根本不是人耳,而是一片类似软骨的东西。

报纸上大肆刊登过分夸张并且无法证实的头条消息,例如“弗兰肯斯坦食品”之类的极端愚蠢的话语充斥英国有关基因改造有机体的报道之中。

10.将基因工程运用于实际中需要有渊博的学识,另外,更为重要的是需要资金。

而资金对大多数科学家而言一般很难获得。

事实上,在政府资助的研究中,如果将基因研究和分子生物学研究成果应用于临床实践,会出现难以抉择的局面:新的医学治疗手段由于需要通过繁杂的技术程序,不可能提供给所有需要治疗的病人。

这需要一定的配给政策来权衡。

而这一点恰恰向人们提出了更为严峻的伦理道德难题,这一难题远比基因工程以及类似研究提出的伦理道德问题更值得人们去深思熟虑。

基因研究的危险所在11.基因研究会对社会产生什么样的危害呢?“生物伦理学”是一门旨在解答此类问题的新兴行业。

但是人们应该审慎看待这一领域,因为生物伦理学家们只热衷于发掘一些棘手的难题。

不过,这一领域也的确有所贡献,例如,在英国人类胚胎实验研究方面和胎儿权利等方面所提出的建议。

但是,基因研究所取得的进步并未带来什么新的伦理问题——例如目前人人都在争论的克隆技术就未涉及任何新的伦理道德问题。

12.人们现在对于克隆的恐惧其实同对科幻小说所引起的恐惧相差无几,例如,我们害怕制造出大量基因完全相同的人。

伦理学家们时而矢口否认基因会对人的智力和行为产生重要影响,时而又宣称克隆人的行为完全由其基因决定。

看到这一现象不免令人哑然失笑。

目前,克隆人类导致异常现象的可能性还很大,所以不应该对此进行尝试。

我想任何一个明智的母亲都不会做这种事情的。

基因疗法,即通过基因治愈一些先天性疾病,例如囊性纤维变性,同其他任何一种新的治疗方法一样,具有一定的危险性。

这也许还有医疗保险、临床试验等问题;但是这些问题与病人可能会感染艾滋病或癌症的问题有什么区别呢?13.基因改造食品引起了人们的广泛关注。

公众别无选择,只能依靠监管部门鉴定有关食品的安全性(这与其它食品属于同样的情形)。

消费者有权利做出选择,但是选择本身有赖于信任和知识。

这就需要所有的人严格遵守食品质检的规定,公开食品中的成份。

立法机关的作用就在于监督所有的法规得以严格执行。

与药品审批程序一样,每一种新的基因改造食品必须逐一审查。

由政府委派、并在政府资助的实验室里进行的科学研究项目,如果发现其研究成果会对公众健康和政府政策产生严重影响时,应该被视为不宜之事。

从事科学研究的人应该将自己所掌握的一切情况公诸于众。

疯牛病这一事件给我们的最大教训就是,开诚布公的确至为关键。

14.人们对所谓的知识独裁产生恐惧,正如伊登·肯尼迪所言,是由于我们被迫要接受一些“从精神上和智力上均无任何准备”的选择。

例如,夫妻在接受产前先天性疾病检查时,可能会面对艰难的选择:也许要决定是否终止怀孕,或者是否告知亲属们他们所不了解的一种遗传疾病。

虽然困难重重,但我相信不能低估公众了解事实真相后面对困难进行抉择的能力。

当然,是否需要了解真情取决于个人。

当我们考虑到当事人的权利,由他们自己对将来作出决定,那么医学上的诸多伦理问题都可以得到最好的解决。

审查制度15.有无一些研究领域因为会产生过激的社会反应而需要避免或禁止呢?也许对智力与基因关系的研究,特别是种族与智力关系的研究属于此类领域。

有没有如文学批评家乔治·斯坦纳所说的“某些真理会重挫政府支柱,而且会无可救药地激化原本就已十分紧张的社会阶级矛盾”呢?简言之,目前的科学研究中有没有一些领域需要贴上“危险勿动”的标签呢?16.我了解科学研究的危险所在,但我更珍视科学研究的公开性,不赞成张贴此类标签。

我赞同将认识世界的科学知识与运用这种知识区别开来的做法。

因此,回答斯坦纳的问题时,我会说不,当然前提是科学家必须承担自己的社会责任。

只有当我们更好地认识世界时,才能建立一个公平正义的社会。

不能因为科学研究成果会被误作邪恶之用,而放弃将其用于造福人类的可能性。

任何一种科学知识都不能避免遭到滥用的威胁。

17.一旦开始审查人们获取客观知识的可能性,我们就迈向了危险之路。

科学家并不能完全准确地预测所从事的研究会产生何种社会和技术的影响。

例如人们一度争论放射波没有任何实用价值;罗赛福爵士也曾断言运用原子能乃是海市蜃楼。

另外,研究细菌抗体和病毒感染的科学家也未能预见到会发现抑制酶,这一成分现在已经成为切分核糖核酸的必要工具,其实也是基因工程的基础。

18.对于那些怀疑公众或政客能否就科学研究及其运用做出“正确”抉择的人而言,我推荐托马斯·杰弗逊说过的一句话:“我仅知道社会的最高决策权不在别处,就在人民之中。

如果我们认为人民不够开通,难以行使理智的决策权利,那么,补救的方法不是将此权利从他们手中收回,而是给他们指明方向。

”19.如何才能确保公众参与决策?如何确保科学家、医生、工程师、生物伦理家还有其他有关的专家不会滥用决策权为自己谋利呢?如何确保科学家确实承担社会义务将自己的研究告知公众呢?对此,我们必须依靠我们的民主制度:各界的代表、自由而积极负责的媒体、有关的组织机构和研究人员。

诚然,有必要建立起相关的全国和国际的理事会,以便评估科学研究之应用的伦理问题,并开展广泛的公众讨论。

但也许人们会产生质疑,这样一个理事会在面临下述问题时会如何表态:公众拥有了一种方便的交通工具,但其代价却是仅在英国一个国家,每年就有约三千多人丧生,二十五万人受伤,另外还造成无法估量的污染。

此时,汽车伦理学家们会做何言论呢?。

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