宏观经济学理论 英文

• Division of Labor
• Opportunity Cost
• Costs of Exchange
• Comparative and Absolute Advantage
Introduction to Macroeconomics
1. Specialization by Individuals Division of Labor
Introduction to Macroeconomics
Chapter 2 Opportunity Cost, Specialization, and Trade
Chapter 2. Opportunity Cost, Specialization, and Trade
1. Microeconomics – Specialization by Individuals 2. Macroeconomics – Production Possibilities Curve (PPC) 3. Applications
Introduction to Macroeconomics
U.S. Trade in Goods with Mexico
Percent of Total Imports or Exports
16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0
Peso Crisis NAFTA
1987
1988
1989
Байду номын сангаас
1990
Source: U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, Survey of Current Business, Table 2, July 2001. Introduction to Macroeconomics
1. Specialization by Individuals
Introduction to Macroeconomics
U.S. Trade in Goods, 2000
(billions of dollars)
400 300 200 100 0 Western Canada Europe Japan Mexico China Others
Imports
Exports
Introduction to Macroeconomics
1. Specialization by Individuals Opportunity Costs
Incentive to Specialize
Production in 1 hour Me You Total Before Specialization and before Trade Coconuts 6 7 13 Fish 4 3.5 7.5 After Specialization but before Trade Coconuts 0 14 14 Fish 8 0 8 After Specialization and before Trade Coconuts 6.5 7.5 14 Fish 4.25 3.75 8
Introduction to Macroeconomics
1. Specialization by Individuals Opportunity Costs
Opportunity Cost The highest valued alternative foregone (given up) in making any choice.
Introduction to Macroeconomics
1. Specialization by Individuals Opportunity Costs
Exchange Prices
Opportunity Cost Me Coconuts 0.67 fish 1.5 coconuts You 0.5 fish 2.0 coconuts Market Price Between 0.5 and 0.67 fish Between 1.5 and 2.0 coconuts
Reasons for Specialization • Increase skill from repetition • Reduce time wasted shifting between tasks • Incentive to invest resources in developing specialized tools and machines • Opportunity Cost
Fish
Introduction to Macroeconomics
1. Specialization by Individuals Costs of Exchange
• Negotiation costs
• Transportation costs • Artificial barriers to trade (e.g., import tariffs)
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
Imports from Mexico
Exports to Mexico
Source: U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, Survey of Current Business, Table 2, July 2001. Introduction to Macroeconomics
Introduction to Macroeconomics
1. Specialization by Individuals Opportunity Costs
Calculating Opportunity Costs
My Capabilities 12 coconuts or 8 fish in 1 hour My Opportunity Costs 1 coconut = 2/3 fish 1 fish = 1.5 coconuts Your Capabilities 14 coconuts or 7 fish in 1 hour Your Opportunity Costs 1 coconut = 0.5 fish 1 fish = 2 coconuts