英文文献原文及翻译

外文文献翻译
学生姓名：周千琪论文题目：基于的图书管理系统
指导教师：武新丽技术职称：讲师
原文：
Visual Basic language and arithmetic
The summary of Microsoft Visual Studio
Microsoft Visual Basic (abbreviate VB) as tool the most of application program one of under Windows operating platform. No matter beginner or professional developer, VB has all offered a whole set of tools to them, Development application program that it can be relaxed and convenient. So VB as most computer first-selected the ABC of programming language of beginner.
" Visual" mean method to adopt visual user of development figure interface (GUI), need and write a large number of code go and describe interface appearance and position of element seldom, Tow and show controlling part that need corresponding position to get screen can help figure design interface, user of figure,; " Basic" means BASIC language, because VB is developed on the basis of already existing BAISC language.
VB is a kind of programming language in common use of Microsoft, It, including VBA of the numerous Windows application software use VB language in Microsoft Excel, Microsoft Accessed., For users to carry on the secondary development; Make web page use more VBScript script language sub collection of VB too at present.
Utilize data of VB visit characteristic user can establish the data base to most data base forms including Microsoft SQL Server and other enterprises data base With the application program of front, and adjustable service end part. Utilize ActiveX(TM) technology, VB can use word processor, electronic data list he Windows function that application program offers extremely, Excel of Microsoft,, Word of Microsoft,, Even can use by VB specialty edition or enterprise application program and target that edition establish directly.
Integrated development environments
Integrated environment of VB call IDE, made up of a lot of parts , include title board, menu fence, tool fence, controlling part case, And window body window, engineering management device
window, attribute window, code window and window body overall arrangement window body
overall arrangement, etc. of designing etc.. Have covered all functions, such as design which develops the application program, editting, compiling and debugging, etc .
In VB, the application program calls the project too. When start VB and open a new project for the first time, can see and pursue integrated development environment interface that show.
VB come and organize development of application program through project, use project come and manage and form files of application program. One project uses the environment to make up by several window bodies, standard module generally. The system manages project through the project menu, for instance add the window body, quote . System allow turn on and manage a lot of projects besides.
Visual Basic language brief introductions
Basic use and do the elementary high-level language that used often most. Its full name is Beginner' s All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code, abbreviate as BASIC. As its name suggests, Basic one specially for language that beginner design, because it easy to learn easy to know, So the body is popular. Early Basic language to belong to and solve translating type, so can carry out line by line , So it can see the result carried out at once , this is a very convenient design for beginner. But it have concept of structure either, one that is in procedure maintain and management have as much as other language problems. But back-end Basic correct shortcoming of the above (such as Quick Basic), make it may used for and develop the large-scaler procedure too.
The language is the basic composition, which forms VB procedure. VB has stipulated the form of
sentences and function.
Grammar:
The sentence defines incantations [Sentence body]
Sentence define agree with and used in fixed function of sentence, sentence body appoint concrete content or want concrete operation that carry out of sentence. All set of sentence VB language, carry on with VB sentence organic association finish a certain specific function the procedure. Interface + procedure can solve a certain application problem.
VB application program code window write in" code editing machine" generally. " editing machine of code" is like the word processing software of a piece of height specialization, there are
many easies function of writing VB code, Pursue to show [Example Ex-Hello ]In" code editing machine" code that window written.
“Editing machine of code” window
Develop the application program with Visual Basic
Use VB programming, design appearance of application program first generally, write every target procedure code or other treatment procedure of incident respectively, Work of programming should be light more.
The procedure of establishing the application program is as follows:
Establish application program interface
The interface is the mutual bridge of user and procedure, Generally formed of window body and vision frame of the button, menu, text frameset. with standard WINDOWS interface of application program that VB establish. Require according to function of procedure and user and need of information interchange of procedure, Come to confirm that need those targets , plan the overall arrangement of the interface.
2. Design by each attributes of target in interface
Demand and set up each attribute of target such as appearance, name,, size of targeted. according to interface of planning.
Most attribute person who fetch can set up through the attribute window when design already, Too can set up revising when operating in procedure through programming in procedure code. Have the targets respond programming by procedure code
3. Respond procedure code of programming target
Interface determine appearance of procedure only, design window add codes through" code editing machine" soon after the interface, Realize some make the tasks, such as responding, information processing,etc. after accepting external message, Add code , realize some response, information processing that make after accepting external information task.
4. Keep project
One VB procedure one project, at the time of designing a application program, system will set up one be expanded and called. Project file of vbp, project file include all relevant information of file that project set up this, Keep project keep associated documents of project this at the same time. For example the window body produced when design interfaces is kept and being expanded and
being called. Frm sum. In the window body of foxfire. At the time of opening a project( file), this project relevant files load at the same time.
5. Operate and debugged by procedure
Operate the procedure thoroughpin operate" selecting in the menu, when the mistake appears, VB system can offer information prompt can looked for and get rid of the mistake thoroughpin debug" within operate" menus too.
6. Can produce by executive program
For make procedure can break away from VB environment, order to become next life through" file"" producing project 1.exe" of menu but executive program (eyeful), Can carry out this file directly after this. In produce, + executive program, and then through install guide bale all associated documents, Can run independently after installation under the environment of windows 9 x/2000 as a software product.
Visual Basic algorithm
In computer system's any software, is by the every large or small each kind of software constituent constitution, defers to the specific algorithm to realize respectively, the algorithm quality direct decision realizes the software performance fit and unfit quality. Designs the algorithm with any method, what resources designs the algorithm to need, requires how many running time, how many storage space, how to determine an algorithm the quality, when realizes a software, is must give to solve. In computer system's operating system, the language compiling system, the database management system as well as in various computer application system's software, must use each one concrete algorithm to realize. Therefore, the algorithm design and the analysis are the computer science and a technical core question.
The algorithm is the problem-solving step, we may define the algorithm Cheng Jie a determination class question the random one special method. In the computer science, the algorithm needs to use the computer algorithmic language to describe, the algorithm represents with the computer solves a kind of question precisely, the effective method. The algorithm construction of data = procedure, solves one to assign may calculate or the solvable question, the different person may compile the different procedure, solves the identical problem, here has two problems: First, with computational method close related algorithm question; Second, programming technical question. Between the algorithm and the procedure has the close relationship. The algorithm is a group has the poor rule, they had stipulated solves some specific
type question a series of operations, is to the problem solving plan accurate and the complete description. Formulates an algorithm, generally must pass through stages and so on design, confirmation, analysis, code, test, debugging, time. To algorithm study including five aspect contents:①Design algorithm. The algorithm design work is impossible completely the automation, should study the understanding already by the practice to prove that was the useful some basic algorithm design method, these basic design method was not only suitable for the computer science, moreover was suitable for domains and so on electrical engineering, operations research;② Expresses the algorithm. The description algorithm's method has many kinds of forms, for example the natural language and the algorithmic language, have the suitable environment and the characteristic respectively;③Confirms the algorithm. The algorithm confirmed the goal is causes the people to believe firmly that this algorithm can work unmistakably correctly, namely this algorithm has the circularity. The correct algorithm describes with the computer algorithmic language, constitutes the computer program, the computer program moves on the computer, obtains the algorithm operation result;④ Parsing algorithm. The algorithmic analysis is requires how many computing time and the storage space to an algorithm makes the quota the analysis. The parsing algorithm may forecast that what environment this algorithm does suit in moves effectively, to solves the identical question different algorithm validity to make the comparison;⑤Confirmation algorithm. With machine language description algorithm whether can calculate effectively, reasonable, must carry on the test to the procedure, the test order work and makes the space and time distribution map by the debugging to be composed.
But the algorithm has certain characteristic, it includes:① Determinism. Algorithm each kind of operation must have the determination significance, this kind of operation should carry out what kind of movement should not to have the ambiguity, the goal is clear;②Effectiveness. Requests the operation which in the algorithm waits for realizing is basic, each kind of operation can at least completes in the principle by the human with the paper and the pen in the limited time;③ Input. An algorithm has 0 or the many inputs, before the algorithm operation starts gives the algorithm to need the data the starting value, these inputs are from the specific object set;④Output. Does for the algorithm operation result, an algorithm has or many outputs, the output has some kind of specific relational quantity with the input;⑤ Has poor. An algorithm always after carrying out had the poor step operation has terminated, namely this algorithm was may reach.
Satisfies a first four characteristic group of rule not to be able to be called the algorithm, can only be called the computational process, the operating system is a computational process example, the operating system uses for to manage the computer resources, controls the manufacture industry movement, when has not made industry the movement, the computational process does not stop, but is at the waiting status.
The algorithm complexity is the algorithm efficiency measure, when appraises the algorithm performance, the complexity is an important basis. The algorithm complex degree with moves computer resources how many which this algorithm needs related, needs the resources are more, indicated that this algorithm the complexity is higher; Needs the resources are less, indicated that this algorithm the complexity is lower.
The spatial resources, which computer’s resources, operate most importantly, needs the time which and the stored routine and the data need, the algorithm complexity has division time complexity and the spatial complexity.
The algorithm carries out the operation on the computer, needs the data which certain storage space depositing description algorithm the procedure and the algorithm need, the computer completes the operation task to require certain time. The procedure which writes according to the different algorithm places when on the computer operates, needs the time and the space are different, the algorithm complexity is needs the time and the spatial one kind of measure to the algorithm operation. The different computer its operating speed difference is very big, is weighing an algorithm the complexity to note this point.
Regarding question, which assigns willfully, a profitable target which designs, the complex low algorithm is as far as possible when designs algorithm considered. Moreover, when the question, which assigns already when has many kinds of algorithms, an important criterion which choice complexity low, is when selects algorithm should follow. Therefore, the algorithm complex analysis or selects to the algorithm design has the important guiding sense and the use value.
外文文献中文翻译
学生姓名：周千琪论文题目：基于的图书管理系统
指导教师：武新丽技术职称：讲师
译文：
Visual Basic 语言与算法
Visual Basic的概述
Microsoft Visual Basic(简称VB)是在Windows操作平台下设计应用程序的最速度、最简捷的工具之一。

不论是初学者还是专业开发人员，VB都为他们提供了一整套的工具，可以轻松方便的开发应用程序。

因此，VB一直被作为大多数电脑初学者的首选入门编程语言。

“Visual”指的是采用可视化的开发图形用户界面（GUI）的方法，一般不需要编写大量代码去描述界面元素的外观和位置，而只要把需要的控件拖放到屏幕上的相应位置即可方便图形设计图形用户界面；“Basic”指的是 BASIC语言，因为VB是在原有的BAISC语言的基础上发展起来的。

VB是 Microsoft的一种通用程序设计语言，它包括在 Microsoft Excel、Microsoft Access等众多Windows应用软件中的VBA都使用VB语言，以供用户进行二次开发；目前制作网页使用较多的VBScript脚本语言也是VB的子集。

利用VB的数据访问特性用户可以对包括 Microsoft SQL Server和其他企业数据库在内的大部分数据库格式创建数据库和前端应用程序，以及可调整的服务端部件。

利用ActiveX(TM)技术，VB可使用 Microsoft Word字处理器、Microsoft Excel电子数据表极其他Windows应用程序提供的功能，甚至可直接使用由VB专业版或企业版创建的应用程序
和对象。

集成开发环境
VB的集成环境或称IDE，由多个部分组成，包含了标题栏、菜单栏、工具栏、控件箱，以及窗体设计器窗口、工程管理器窗口、属性窗口、代码窗口和窗体布局窗体布局等。

覆盖了开发应用程序的设计、编辑、编译和调试等所有功能。

在VB中，应用程序也称工程。

当第一次启动VB并打开一个新工程时，可以看到如图所示的集成开发环境界面。

VB通过工程来组织应用程序的开发，使用工程来管理构成应用程序的所有文件。

一个工程一般由若干个窗体、标准模块以及应用环境组成。

系统通过工程菜单来对工程进行管理，如添加窗体、引用等。

系统允许同时打开和管理多个工程。

Visual Basic语言简介
Basic是最常被用来做入门使用的高级语言。

它的全名是 Beginner’s All-purpose
Sumbolic Instruction Code，简称为 BASIC。

顾名思义，Basic就是一种专为初学者设计的语言，因其易学易懂，所以身受欢迎。

早期的Basic语言都是属于解译式的，因此可以一行一行地执行，所以它可以立刻看到执行的结果，对初学者来说这是很方便的设计。

不过它也因此没有结构化的概念，在程序的维护及管理上比起其他语言困难许多。

不过在后期的Basic则改正了以上的缺点（如Quick Basic），使得它也可以用来开发较大型的程序。

语言是构成VB程序的基本成分。

VB规定了语句格式和功能。

语法：
语句定义符[语句体]
语句定义符用于规定语句的功能，语句体指定语句的具体内容或要执行的具体操作。

所有语句的集合就是VB语言，用VB语句进行有机组合完成某个特定功能就是程序。

界面+程序就能解决某个应用问题。

VB应用程序代码一般在“代码编辑器”窗口编写。

“代码编辑器”像是一个高度专门
化的字处理软件，有很多便于编写VB代码的功能。

用Visual Basic开发应用程序
使用VB编程，一般先设计应用程序的外观，然后再分别编写各对象事件的程序代码或其他处理程序，编程的工作要轻松多。

创建应用程序的步骤如下：
1．创建应用程序界面
界面是用户和程序交互的桥梁，用VB创建的标准的WINDOWS应用程序的界面一般由窗体和按钮、菜单、文本框的图象框等构成。

根据程序的功能要求和用户与程序之间的信息交流的需要，来确定需要那些对象，规划界面的布局。

2．设计界面上各个对象的属性
根据规划的界面要求设置各个对象的属性，比如对象的外貌、名称、颜色、大小等。

大多数属性取值既可以在设计时通过属性窗口来设置，也可以在程序代码中通过编程在程序运行时设置修改。

3．编程对象响应的程序代码
界面仅仅决定了程序的外观，设计完界面后就要通过“代码编辑器”
窗口来添加代码，实现一些在接受外界信息后作出响应、信息处理等任务，添加代码，实现一些在接受外界信息后作出的响应、信息处理等任务，添加代码如图的代码编辑窗口所示
“代码编辑器”窗口
4．保存工程
一个VB程序就是一个工程，在设计一个应用程序时，系统会建立一个扩展名为.vbp的工程文件，工程文件包含了该工程所建立的所有文件的相关信息，保存工程就同时保存了该工程的所有相关文件。

比如当设计界面时产生的窗体保存在扩展名为.frm和.frx的窗体文件中。

在打开一个工程（文件）时，该工程有关的所有文件同时被装载。

5．行和调试程序
通过“运行”菜单中的选项来运行程序，当出现错误时， VB系统可以提供信息提示也可通过“调试”和“运行”菜单来查找和排除错误。

6．生成可执行程序
为了使程序可以脱离VB环境，通过“文件”菜单中的“生成工程1.exe”命令来生成可执行程序（.exe文件），此后即可直接执行该文件。

在生成可+执行程序后，再通过安装向导将所有相关文件打包，就可以作为一个软件产品在windows 9x/2000 环境下安装后独立运行
Visual Basic 算法
计算机系统中的任何软件，都是由大大小小的各种软件组成部分构成，各自按照特定的算法来实现，算法的好坏直接决定所实现软件性能的优劣。

用什么方法来设计算法，所设计算法需要什么样的资源，需要多少运行时间、多少存储空间，如何判定一个算法的好坏，在实现一个软件时，都是必须予以解决的。

计算机系统中的操作系统、语言编译系统、数据库管理系统以及各种各样的计算机应用系统中的软件，都必须用一个个具体的算法来实现。

因此，算法设计与分析是计算机科学与技术的一个核心问题。

算法是解题的步骤，我们可以把算法定义成解一确定类问题的任意一种特殊的方法。

在计算机科学中，算法要用计算机算法语言描述，算法代表用计算机解一类问题的精确、有效的方法。

算法+数据结构=程序，求解一个给定的可计算或可解的问题，不同的人可以编写出不同的程序，来解决同一个问题，这里存在两个问题：一是与计算方法密切相关的算法问题；二是程序设计的技术问题。

算法和程序之间存在密切的关系。

算法是一组有穷的规则，它们规定了解决某一特定类型问题的一系列运算，是对解题方案的准确与完整的描述。

制定一个算法，一般要经过设计、确认、分析、编码、测试、调试、计时等阶段。

对算法的学习包括五个方面的内容：①设计算法。

算法设计工作是不可能完全自动化的，应学习了解已经被实践证明是有用的一些基本的算法设计方法，这些基本的设计方法不仅适用于计算机科学，而且适用于电气工程、运筹学等领域；②表示算法。

描述算法的方法有多种形式，例如自
然语言和算法语言，各自有适用的环境和特点；③确认算法。

算法确认的目的是使人们确信这一算法能够正确无误地工作，即该算法具有可计算性。

正确的算法用计算机算法语言描述，构成计算机程序，计算机程序在计算机上运行，得到算法运算的结果；④分析算法。

算法分析是对一个算法需要多少计算时间和存储空间作定量的分析。

分析算法可以预测这一算法适合在什么样的环境中有效地运行，对解决同一问题的不同算法的有效性作出比较；⑤验证算法。

用计算机语言描述的算法是否可计算、有效合理，须对程序进行测试，测试程序的工作由调试和作时空分布图组成。

而算法具有一定的特性，它包括：①确定性。

算法的每一种运算必须有确定的意义，该种运算应执行何种动作应无二义性，目的明确；②能行性。

要求算法中有待实现的运算都是基本的，每种运算至少在原理上能由人用纸和笔在有限的时间内完成；③输入。

一个算法有0个或多个输入，在算法运算开始之前给出算法所需数据的初值，这些输入取自特定的对象集合；④输出。

作为算法运算的结果，一个算法产生一个或多个输出，输出是同输入有某种特定关系的量；⑤有穷性。

一个算法总是在执行了有穷步的运算后终止，即该算法是可达的。

满足前四个特性的一组规则不能称为算法，只能称为计算过程，操作系统是计算过程的一个例子，操作系统用来管理计算机资源，控制作业的运行，没有作业运行时，计算过程并不停止，而是处于等待状态。

算法的复杂性是算法效率的度量，在评价算法性能时，复杂性是一个重要的依据。

算法的复杂性的程度与运行该算法所需要的计算机资源的多少有关，所需要的资源越多，表明该算法的复杂性越高；所需要的资源越少，表明该算法的复杂性越低。

计算机的资源，最重要的是运算所需的时间和存储程序和数据所需的空间资源，算法的复杂性有时间复杂性和空间复杂性之分。

算法在计算机上执行运算，需要一定的存储空间存放描述算法的程序和算法所需的数据，计算机完成运算任务需要一定的时间。

根据不同的算法写出的程序放在计算机上运算时，所需要的时间和空间是不同的，算法的复杂性是对算法运算所需时间和空间的一种度量。

不同的计算机其运算速度相差很大，在衡量一个算法的复杂性要注意到这一点。

对于任意给定的问题，设计出复杂性尽可能低的算法是在设计算法时考虑的一个重要目标。

另外，当给定的问题已有多种算法时，选择其中复杂性最低者，是在选用算法时应遵循的一个重要准则。

因此，算法的复杂性分析对算法的设计或选用有着重要的指导意义和实用价值。