第二代测序技术——新一代基因组测序技术原理及应用

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Maxam、Gilbert’s chemical DNA sequencing methods (化学裂解测序法)
Sanger’s dideoxy-chain termination method (双脱氧链终止法)
Dye-termination method (荧光标记链终止
法)
放射性同位素标记引物
New Generations of Genomic Sequencing Technologies &
Applications
新一代基因组测序技术原理及应用
Outline 概要
Sequencing technology (技术)
Historical overview (测序技术发展回顾 ) Current trends in sequencing technology(测序
Pictures Talk
看图说话
Year 2000 (Celera Genomics)
400
1
Now
Complementarity
各代间的兼容、互补性
技术
特征
PCR产 物测序
1.1
平板胶

第一代
1.2 毛细管-四色荧光 ﹢﹢﹢
微乳液
LR
NA
2.1
PCR
SR
NA
来自百度文库
新一代
2.2 高通量/无反应仓 NA
2nd-generation DNA sequencer on market (第二代测序仪问世)- 2006
Single molecule sequencing(单分子测序技术 涌现)- 2008~
Bioinformatics(生物信息学)- mid of 1980s
Driver for Faster and Cheaper Sequencing Technology(测序发展动力)
一代测序仪的局限
Low Throughput(通量低)
Time-consuming separation of chain-terminated fragments(电泳分离耗时)
Hard to produce massively parallel system based electrophoretic separation(电泳分离不易大规模平行)
二代测序流程
Fragment Library Preparation
(DNA模板文库制备)
Random
Pair-end
Immobilization of Fragment
(DNA片段固定)
Surface, Bead
Covalent or noncovalent
Clonal Amplification
Sequencing by synthesis(合成测序法)
By base extension By ligation
Sequencing by degradation(降解测序法) Sequencing by hybridization(杂交测序法)
Oligo-probes microarray(寡核苷酸探针微阵列芯片)+ fluorescently labeled unknown DNA fragments
1000/ 100
NA NA NA NA NA 1000 1000 100 100
Trends in Next-Gen Sequencer
新一代测序技术趋势
Large-scale and high-throughput(大规模、高
通量)
Massively parallel processing(高度平行化)
2nd-Generation (第二代,2006~Present)
Sequencing by synthesis in essemble(DNA链合成测序法)
3rd-Generation (第三代,Present~3 years)
Real-time and single molecule sequencing(实时、单分子
第一代 Sanger法
√ √ √ √ √

第二代 Cyclic array
√ √ √ √ √ √ √
第三代 单分子实时
√ √ √
√ √ √ √ √
第四代 直接读取

√ √ √ √

Conventional Sequencing Technologies
传统测序技术
(by Ladder Fragments Separation)
Conventional sequencing applications New application areas of sequencing
DNA测序主要方法
Sequencing by separation(分离测序法)
Sanger’s chain-termination method Maxam&Gilbert chemical method
+ ppi + H+
2nd-Generation Sequencing Platforms
二代测序平台
Illumina/Solexa Genomic Analyzer
Sequence by synthesis with reversible fluorescent terminators(可逆性链终止 合成测序)
Automated DNA Sequencer
全自动测序仪
毛细管电泳
激发出的荧光被采集,输 送给电脑进行分析和保存
荧光标记的链终止COPY产物
Progression of 1st-Generation
Throughput
第一代仪器测序通量演变
1st – Generation Limitation
每一个人的基因组
Personal Genome Project 个人基因组计划
可高速、廉价、便宜地解读DNA的下一代测序技术将在十年内实现。
它变革研究和促使真正个体化医药时代到来的潜力告诉我们:我们现
在必须要做好准备了。
乔治 丘吉尔
Genomic Sequencing Moore’s Law
测序发展的摩尔定律
Roche/454 Life Sciences GS FLX
Pyrosequencing(焦磷酸测序)
ABI/Agencourt SOLiD System
Sequence by ligation with dual base encoding(双碱基编码连接测序)
Workflow of 2nd-Gen Sequencing
(DNA片段单分子扩增)
Emulsion PCR Polonies
Sequence Read and Assembly
(序列拼接、组 装)
Cycle
Simultaneous Image Acquisition
(光学图像采集与处理)
Fluorescence Chemiluminescence
Parallel Sequence by Synthesis
(4种荧光染料标记链终
止核苷酸)
One DNA polymerization reaction(1个聚合反
应)
Replication product separated by gelelectrophoresis(荧
光标记链终止产物由电泳 分离)
ABI 377 有64条泳道
荧光测序仪
经电泳后各个荧光谱带分开,同时激光检测器同步扫描,激发出的荧光经光栅 分光后打到CCD摄像机上同步成像,将信息输送给电脑进行分析和保存
2.3
单分子
NA
3.1 化学/纳米技术
NA
下一代 3.2
纳米技术
NA
3.3
纳米技术
NA
功能性
新测序 WGS CBC
重测序



﹢﹢
﹢﹢ ﹢﹢
﹢﹢﹢
NA
﹢﹢
﹢﹢
NA ﹢﹢﹢
﹢﹢﹢
NA ﹢﹢﹢
﹢﹢﹢
NA ﹢﹢﹢
﹢﹢﹢
NA ﹢﹢﹢
﹢﹢﹢
NA ﹢﹢﹢
﹢﹢﹢
NA ﹢﹢﹢
GT
﹢ ﹢﹢ NA NA NA
﹢ ﹢ ﹢ ﹢
Micro/nano (微纳技术) Micro fluidic(微观流体组件)
Simplified protocols(测序流程的简化)
Technology Convergence
多学科交叉增加并向微纳技术倾斜
测序 关键技术
分子杂交 酶介导生化反应 荧光标记底物
PCR扩增 电泳/流控池
微纳加工 荧光信号识别 单分子信号检测 电信号识别 微量液流控制 极微量液流控制
(平行测序反应)
Base extension
Ligation
Illumina/Solexa Technology
Small fragments
Asymmetric Adaptors
Solexa Sequencing Steps
Single stranded DNA fragments prepared and attached to solid surface
Microarray of clusters or beads (固相微阵列) Simultaneous sequencing by synthesis (平行合成测
序)
Optical microscopy for detection(光学检测) Component miniaturization(装置微型化)
合成测序法)
4th-Generation (第四代,in 3~5 years?)
Direct sequencing(直接测序法)
Key Genomics Technologies
与新一代测序有关的主要技术
Southern DNA hybridization technique (DNA杂交技术)- 1975
– 1987 Applied Biosystems Inc. puts the first automated sequencing machine, based on Hood's technology, on the market
Four fluorescently labeled terminators
Direct sequencing(直接测序法)
DNA测序发展过程
0th-Generation (第零代,1975~1985)
Sanger’s chain-termination (手工Sanger测序法)
1st-Generation (第一代,1986~2006)
Dye-terminator sequencer(自动化荧光标记链终止测序法)
Sanger’s chain-termination(链终止法)and Maxam、Gilbert’s chemical DNA sequencing methods(化学裂解法)- 1977
Automated in situ oligonucleotide synthesis
instrument(原位寡核苷酸合成仪)- 1980
凝胶电泳分离 放射自显影谱
4种独立聚合反应
Sequencing with Fluorescently
Tagged Chain-Terminator
荧光标记链终止测序法
– 1986 Leroy Hood of the California Institute of Technology and colleagues announce the first automated DNA sequencing machine
技术的走向)
2nd Generation Sequencer(第二代测序仪) New Next-Generation - Single molecule
sequencing (SMDS)(第三代及单分子测序) Nano and direct sequencing (纳米及直接测序技术)
Sequencing Applications (应用)
High Sequencing Cost(成本高)
Complex sample preparation & handling(样品准备处理复 杂)
High reagent consumption(试剂用量大) Difficult to miniaturize(技术不易微量化)
二代合成测序法的基石 DNA聚合反应
Mullis’s discovery of PCR at Cetus (聚合酶链 式反应 DNA扩增) – 1985
Key Genomics Technologies
ABI’s automated DNA sequencer (全自动核 酸序列测定仪问世) - 1986
Affymatrix (Fodor’s group) first gene-chip (原位合成基因芯片的制造)- 1992
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