英语四级语法第二讲

英语四级语法第二讲
英语四级语法第二讲

第二讲定语从句、状语从句和名词从句

三.定语从句

定语从句在四级英语测试中占有一定的比重,大约在词汇语法题的7。4,平均每次都有一题,实际测试中有时多达三道题,如1996年6月,98年6月和2000年6月都有三倒考查定语从句的题。在我们讲四级英语测试对定语从句的考查之前,先让我们看以下几题:

Test yourself

1)Living in the central Australian desert has its problems,____ obtaining water is not the least。(1998。1)A。for which B。to which C。of which D。in which

2)A survey was carried out on the death rate of new-born babies in that region,____were surprising。(1999。1)

A。as results B。which results C。the results of it D。the results of which

3)We need a chairman ____。(1998。6)

A。for whom everyone has confidence B。in whom everyone has confidence

C。who everyone has confidence of D。whom everyone has confidence on

4)The British are not so familiar with different cultures and other ways of doing things,___ is often the case in other countries。(1998。6)

A。as B。what C。so D。that

5)The course normally attracts 20 students per year,____ up to half will be from overseas。(1998。6)

A。in which B。for which C。with which D。of whom

6)Beer is the most popular drink among male drinkers,____overall consumption is significantly higher than that of women。(2000。6)

A。whose B。which C。that D。what

7)We were struck by the extent ____ which teacher‘s decisions served the interests of the school rather than those of the children。(1996。6)

A。to B。for C。in D。with

8)Melted iron is poured into the mixer much ____ tea is poured into a cup from a teapot。(1996。6)

A。in the same way like B。in the same way which

C。in the same way D。in the same way as

9)I‘ve never been to Beijing,but it is the place ____。(1999。6)

A。where I‘d like to visit B。in which I‘d like to visit

C。I most want to visit D。that I want to visit it most

10)___ might be expected,the response to the question was very mixed。(1996。6)

A。As B。That C。It D。What

A.参考答案:1)C 2)D 3)B 4)A 5)D 6)A 7)A 8)D 9)C 10)A

B.评析

从以上各题可以看出,定语从句的考查还是集中在关系词的选择,与1,2,3级不同,四级考试中的定语从句虽然也有关系词最一般的用法,但更多的是对特殊关系词的考查。总的说来有以下几点需要注意①关系词的使用一看先行词,二看关系词在从句中的作用,在此基础上熟记几个常用的固定句式,如:the same … as

such … as

当看到先行词前有the same 或such修饰时,可直接从选项中找as,选择就变得比较简单,如8。在这种情况下,考生用不着考虑先行词是人还是物。如

Our company won‘t employ such graduates as you recommend。

I‘m determined to buy such a flat as you are now living in。

②上面有两道题涉及到关系词在句中做定语。同学们应该熟悉关系词做定语时的各种变体。

做定语的关系词可有以下变体,试比较:

the office whose windows are broken

the office, the windows of which are broken

the office of which the windows are broken

上面的2)题就属于the windows of which这种形式。

先行词是人时,同样也可有这三种形式,如:

the professor whose car was stolen

the professor the car of whom was stolen

the professor of whom the car was stolen

当然考试中也有最一般形式的考查,如上面的6),只要能够看出关系词做定语修饰overall consumption 就不难判断答案为whose。

③注意"介词+ which/whom"的结构做关系词

从四级考试对定语从句的测试来看,主要考查的是介词的选择。"介词+ which/whom"主要有以下几种情况

A.介词是句中短语搭配的一部分,如3)。表示"信任某人"要用have confidence in somebody,所以做定语,应该用a chairman in whom …has confidence。

B."部分+ of + 整体名词"的结构,该结构,做关系词也就是"部分名词+ of which/whom"的结构。

该结构的使用应注意两点,一是注意定语从句与并列句的分别,如:

He invited two scientists to his birthday party,many of _____ were his old classmates。

A。whom B。them C。which D。that

这里很自然地会有many of whom 与many of them的选择。

二是注意该结构可以有变体,即"of whom/which + 部分名词",上面的5)题就是一例,可以写成up to half of whom。

C.另一种介词是表示最高级范围的介词,四级考题中已经有两个这种考题,如上面的1)题,其实该句表示的是obtaining water is not the least of its problems,所以用of which,2000年6月又有一道与此基本完全相同的题:

Living in the western part of the country has its problems,____ obtaining fresh water is not the least。

A。with which B。for which C。of which D。which (2000。6)

D.更多的是看关系词与先行词之间的关系,如:

He has composed many pieces of music popular with young people,of which this is an example。

这里用of which因为,正常的结构是an example of the music。

E.有时介词与先行词构成短语,如7)题,to which源于to …extent的短语搭配。1997年1月也有一道题考查该短语搭配。

It is useful to be able to predict the extent ________which a price

change will affect supply and demand。

A。from B。with C。to D。for (1997。1)

④注意as引导的非限制性定语从句的用法

as引导非限制性定语从句时,可置于句首,也可置于句尾,表示"正如……"。如上面的4)和10)两题。

一般as引导定语从句时,其先行词为整个主句。which引导非限制性定语从句,其先行词也可以是主句或主句中的一部分。但,as从句表示的行为经常是在主句行为之前,而which引导的定语从句表示的却在主句之后,表示连续发生的事情或结果等。如:

He promised to help me,which he did。

He was often late for work,which cost him his job。

⑤注意先行词为时间、地点或原因时,关系词的选用。如果用when,where 或why,关系词在从句中应该是做状语,否则的话则应该用which/that等。如上面9)中,先行词在从句中visit的宾语,关系词不能用where,而只能是that/which。再如:

I will never forget the days that I spent with my friends in the country。

⑥关系词做代替的成分在从句中不能再次出现。

9)I‘ve never been to Beijing,but it is the place ____。(1999。6)

A。where I‘d like to visit B。in which I‘d like to visit

C。I most want to visit D。that I want to visit it most

⑦注意定语从句与同位语从句的区别。如:

There are signs ____ restaurants are becoming more popular with families。

A。that B。which C。in which D。whose (2000。6)

由于signs与后面的restaurants没有修饰和被修饰关系,所以whose不对,如果是定语从句,关系词代替signs,而从句中不需要该词。所以这里不是定语从句而是同位语从句,从句表示sign的内容。

⑧适当注意that和which的不同,什么情况下只能用that,什么情况下只能用which。

⑨注意从句与其它成分的区别,如下题:

As _________announced in today’s papers,the Shanghai Export Commodities Fair is also open on Sundays。A。being B。is C。to be D。been (1997。1)

这里涉及到从句与非谓语动词的区别,如果是非谓语动词的话,则是保留了连词的非谓语动词做状语,根据announce与句子主语之间的关系,应该什么都不填,这里还是定语从句。答案为B。

四、状语从句

状语从句也是四级词汇和句法部分考查的重点之一,95年至2000年6月共设考题20题,占10强。就状语从句而言,主要是根据主从句的关系判断连词的使用。因此,在准备状语从句时,主要任务是弄清楚各种状语从句的连词。

1.时间状语从句的连词

表示时间的连词有when,while,as,by the time,before,after,since,till/until,as soon as,有些名词短语也可以引导时间状语从句,如the moment,the instant,each time,有些是固定句型如:no sooner …than hardly/scarcely …when。在这些连词的使用中应注意

①as强调同时,也表示"一边……,一边……

while表示主句动作发生在从句的过程之中,要求从句谓语动词为状态动词或持续性动词,when的使用则比较简单,相当于汉语的"当……时候"。如:

Doing your homework is a sure way to improve your test scores,and this is especially true ____ it comes to classroom tests。

A。when B。since C。before D。after (1996。1)

四个选项都表示时间,但根据主从句间的关系可以判断答案为A。

②注意when的特殊句型

下列句型中when连接的不是时间状语从句,但考试中却常与其它时间状语从句的连词一块出题。

were/was doing something when …

were/was about to do something when …

had just done something when …

四级考题中不乏对上述结构的考查,如:

I had just started back for the house to change my clothes ___ I heard voices。

A。as B。when C。after D。while (1997。6)

I felt somewhat disappointed and was about to leave ___ something occurred which attracted my attention。

A。unless B。until C。when D。while (1996。1)

这类考题比较简单,只要同学们清楚这一句型,答案则自然可得。

③注意no sooner …than …。和hardly/scarcely …when句中的时态。

④注意not …until 中时间状语可以提前。如

____ quite recently,most mothers in Britain did not take paid work outside the home。

A。Before B。Until C。From D。Since (1995。6)

但只要同学们能够辨认not …until 的句法结构,答案也就显而易见。

比较常见的提前方式是将not until…。提至句首,后面用肯定形式,主谓倒装。本题可以改成,Not until quite recently did most mothers in Britain take paid work outside the home。这时,句子采用主谓倒装结构,应注意。

⑤在对名词短语做连词引导时间状语从句时,常与名词构成的其它短语相区别。如:

You see the lightening ___ it happens,but you hear the thunder later。

A。the instant B。for an instant C。on the instant D。in an instant (1997。1)

能够引导时间状语从句的是名词the instant,而不是由其构成的介词短语。

⑥注意含有时间状语从句的固定句型,如It won‘t be long before …和It is …since两类句型。It won‘t be long before可以有三个变体,即:It was (not)+ 一段时间+ before,It won‘t be + 一段时间+ before。如95年6月就有对此的考查:

Scientists say it may be five or ten years ____ it is possible to test this medicine on human patients。

A。since B。before C。after D。when

2.原因状语从句的连词

原因状语从句一般由because,since,as,now that,considering that,seeing that连接。对于表原

因连词本身的区别考查相对较少,主要是与其它状语从句连词的对比。如:

①____ you are leaving tomorrow,we can eat dinner together tonight。(1999。6)

A。For B。Since C。Before D。While

②____ that my head had cleared,my brain was also beginning to work much better。(1997。6)

A。For B。Now C。Since D。Despite

1)从以上两题可以看出,首先,同学们要根据主从句的语意关系,确定是什么状语从句,然后在进行选择。

2)注意连词的结构,如2)为Now that的搭配。

3)注意for,because,since/as的区别。一般说来,for不表示原因,其所连接的是并列句,是一种解释说明,尤其是当用结果来反证原因时。如:

He must have experienced something very unpleasant,for he looks so upset。

You must try to rid yourself of your carelessness,for it often leads to errors。

4)注意引导原因状语从句的还可以是considering/seeing that,其用法与since/as相同。如:Considering that he is only a beginner,it is understandable for him to make such mistakes。

Seeing that you have come,you may as well stay here for a few days。

3.条件状语从句的连词

涉及到条件状语从句的考查题很多,如时态,虚拟语气等。但从状语从句的概念来讲,这里我们所说的是条件状语从句性质的判断和连词的选择。要求同学们首先能理解主从句之间的关系,确定是条件状语从句,然后在根据各连词的特点进行选择。如:

①I am sure he is up to the job ____ he would give his mind to it。(1998。1)

A。if only B。in case C。until D。unless

②We’ll visit Europe next year _____ we have enough money。(1999。1)

A。lest B。until C。unless D。provided

③____ he works hard,I don’t mind when he finishes the experiment。(1998。1)

A。As soon as B。As well as C。As far as D。So long as

从以上考题来看,就条件状语从句而言,同学们应掌握以下几点:

1)unless与其它连词的差别,unless表示的是If …not …的意思。

2)if only或only if是一种强调的条件状语从句。根据if only 与unless肯定与否定条件的差别,可以判断①题答案为A。

3)provided (that)表示唯一的条件,相当于if and only if,on condition that,如②表示"明年只要有钱,我们就去欧洲。"

4)so/as long as表示条件时一般与其它类似短语一同考查,如③,四个短语都可以连接状语从句,但表达意思有别,考试的目的就是考查同学们对句子的理解能力。

5)另外注意,引导条件状语从句的还可以是suppose/supposing,in case,once等。

4.让步状语从句的连词

引导让步状语从句的连词很多,但结构差别比较大,比较容易掌握,同学们只要能掌握各连词的结构和语义特点,准确把握主从句的关系,让步状语从句则就不过是一块巧克力。先看一下下列各题:

①I’ve already told you that I’m going to buy it,___________。

A。however much it costs B。however does it cost much

C。how much does it cost D。no matter how it costs (1996。6)

②_______he does get annoyed with her sometimes。(2000。6)

A。Although much he likes her B。Much although he likes her

C。As he likes her much D。Much as he likes her

③____ the calculation is right,scientists can never be sure that they have included all variables and modeled them accurately。(1999。1)

A。Even if B。As far as C。If only D。So long as

④____ their differences,the couple were developing an obvious and genuine affection for each other。(1998。1)

A。But for B。For all C。Above all D。Except for

从以上四级真题我们可以看到对让步状语从句的考查特点:一是让步状语从句与其它状语从句的对比,如③,另一种是让步状语从句连词自身的结构功能,如①②两题。下面我们就一起来看让步状语从句的连词功能:

1)although/though连接让步状语从句,表示"尽管",从句用直陈语序,与汉语的结构类似。

2)as引导的让步状语从句要求用倒装结构,如②题。可提至句首的有名词、原形动词、副词、形容词等。可数名词单数形式不用冠词。如:

Child as he is,he behaves like a grown-up。

Fail as he did,he was not disappointed at all。

Much as I tried,I failed to persuade him。

3)No matter + 疑问词和疑问词+ ever引导让步状语从句,表示"不论谁""不论什么时间/地点/方式"等等,从句用直陈语序。由此可以判断上面①题答案为A。

4)For all表示让步时后面可以接从句,也可以接名词短语,后接名词时常与其它类似短语比较,如④。注意接从句:

For all that he has a master’s degree,I don‘t think he can outdo me in many aspects。

5)其它用来引导让步状语从句的还有whether …or,even if,even though,和"动词+ 疑问词+主语+情态动词",如:

Say what you will,he will turn a deaf ear。So it‘s better to keep silent。

Doubt whom you may,you shouldn’t doubt me。

5.方式状语从句的连词

相比之下,方式状语从句则简单了许多,四级考试中还从未涉及此项。用来表示方式的主要是as 和as if/though。如:

I have made the change as you suggested。

I remember the whole thing as if it happened only yesterday。

6.结果状语从句的连词

尽管这几年,四级考试中并没有考题涉及结果状语,同学们还是应该了解以下结果状语从句的一些用法。首先让我们先来熟悉一下结果状语从句所在句式:

1)so …that…/ such …。that

该句式中重要考查的是so和such的区别。应注意以下可能出现的结构:

so nice a boy that…

such a nice boy that…

so beautiful/diligent/carefully … that…

such (fine weather/great improvement)that…

2)so that

Everyone lend a hand,so that the sowing was done in time。

该句式中主要考查so that 与其它短语的区别,如:

I took no notice of him,___ he flew into a rage。

A。for that B。so that C。in that D。but that

由于so that也可以引导目的状语从句,同学们应特别注意从句中时态的运用。

3)so much so that

该结构用于形容词或副词之后,表示"到如此程度以致于"。如:

He was very weak,so much so that he could not walk。

I long to visit Beijing,so much so that I dream about it every night。

4)注意结果状语从句与too…to…, enough to…,so…as to结构的不同。

7.目的状语从句的连词

目的状语从句是比较常用的,也是比较简单的状语从句。就目的状语从句而言,第一,同学们应该清楚的是引导目的状语从句各连词所表达的语义差别,对于个别的状语从句中的时态要求应有所了解。具体测试中,主要是根据主从句的语意逻辑关系来判断从句的属性。如:

①I was advised to arrange for insurance ___ I needed medical treatment。

A。nevertheless B。although C。in case D。so that (1999。1)

②The man mad was put in the soft-padded cell lest he ___ himself。

A。injure B。had injured C。injured D。would injure (1998。1)

从这两题我们可以看出,

1)在解答状语从句的试题时,首先是判断主从句的逻辑关系,意思确定了,答案也就有了。如第一题,安排保险的目的是以防自己有朝一日需要医务治疗,而能表达这种目的含义的只有选项C。

2)注意状语从句中的时态,如lest后常用should + 原形动词,should可以省略,而第二题也正式对这一原则的考查。

3)注意其它表目的连词的用法,如for fear that表示"恐怕""以免"等:

The workers never complain though they are badly treated for fear that they might lose their job。

8.地点状语从句

表示地点的自然是where或wherever引导,要求同学们做到的就是在考试中能从上下文中看出从句表地点的特征。如:

①Although he knew little about the large amount of work done in the field,he succeeded ____ other more well -informed experimenters failed。(1998。1)

A。which B。that C。what D。where

②I have kept the portrait ___ I can see it every day,as it always reminds me of my university days in London。(1996。1)

A。which B。where C。whether D。when

这种地点状语从句一般是与定语从句相比较,如上面第一题,也可能与其它状语相比较,如第二题。

五、名词性从句

名词性从句包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句,在四级考试中所占比重不大,约4。7。在讲解名词性从句的考试方式和答题要素前,让我们先看以下几题:

Test Yourself

1)Although Anne is happy with her success she wonders _____ will happen to her private life。(2000。1)A。that B。what C. it D。this

2)We agreed to accept ____ they thought was not the best tourist guide。(2000。1)

A。whatever B。whomever C。whichever D。whoever

3)In some countries,____ is called "equality" does not really mean

equal rights for all people。

A。which B。what C。that D。one (1995。6)

4)When I try to understand ____ that prevents so many Americans from being as one might expect,it seems to me that there are two causes。(1998。1)

A。why it does B。what it does C。what it is D。why it is

5)They are teachers and don’t realize ____ to start and run a company。(1995。1)

A。what it takes B。what takes it C。what they take D。what takes them

6)By success I don‘t mean ____ usually thought of when that word is used。(1996。6)

A。what is B。that we C。as you D。all is

7)The mere fact _____ most people believe nuclear war would be madness does not mean that it will not occur。(1997。6)

A。what B。which C。that vD。why

8)There are signs ____ restaurants are becoming more popular with families。(2000。6)

A。that B。which C。in which D。whose

A.参考答案:1)B 2)D 3)B 4)C 5)A 6)A 7)C 8)A

B.评析

1)名词性从句的考查主要集中在两点,一是从句的语序为直陈语序,这一点在上面的5)题就有涉及。

2)另一点则是名词性从句的连词的选择,而其中以what的使用最为广泛,涉及what连词的占5/8。

3)连词what为缩合连词,相当于all that/ everything that等,而与之经常在同一题出现的which为疑问连词,表示"哪一个?"的概念,that做名词性从句的连词在从句中不做任何成分,也因此经常省略。在解这种题时一是看从句所表达的含义,最重要的是看连词在从句中是否做主语、宾语或表语。

4)注意whoever 与who的差别。whoever相当于anyone who,而who为疑问连词。但从四级考试来看,更倾向于whoever 与whatever,whichever等的比较。也就是说,测试倾向于句子的理解,而不只是语法规则的记忆。

5)除what以外,when,where,why也都可做缩合连词来用,考生也应引以注意,如:

I still remember when this used to be a small quiet village。

Is this where you and yours got robbed the other day?

6)名词性从句考查设疑的另一点就是从句与非从句的比较,如1)中是否可以用it 或this,3)中是否可以用one等。

7)同位语从句一般以that为连词者句多,如上面的7)8)两题。这类从句的特点是从句表示与其同位的名词的具体内容,连词that没有任何词汇意义,也没有任何句法功能。

本节分析了四级词汇/语法测试中对时态、语态、虚拟语气和各种从句的用法特点和解题规律。下一讲我们看一下英语中的非谓语动词、倒装、强调比较级等。

英语四级必看英语语法(全)

all the same 仍然,照样的as regards 关于,至于anything but 根本不as a matter of fact 实际上 apart from 除...外(有/无) as a rule 通常,照例 as a result(of) 因此,由于as far as ...be concerned 就...而言as far as 远至,到...程度as for 至于,关于 as follows 如下as if 好像,仿怫 as good as 和...几乎一样as usual 像平常一样,照例 as to 至于,关于all right 令人满意的;可以 as well 同样,也,还as well as 除...外(也),即...又

aside from 除...外(还有) at a loss 茫然,不知所措 at a time 一次,每次at all 丝毫(不),一点也不 at all costs 不惜一切代价at all events 不管怎样,无论如何at all times 随时,总是at any rate 无论如何,至少 at best 充其量,至多at first 最初,起先 at first sight 乍一看,初看起来at hand 在手边,在附近 at heart 内心里,本质上at home 在家,在国内 at intervals 不时,每隔... at large 大多数,未被捕获的 at least 至少at last 终于 at length 最终,终于at most 至多,不超过

at no time 从不,决不by accident 偶然 at one time 曾经,一度;同时at present 目前,现在 at sb’s disposal 任...处理at the cost of 以...为代价 at the mercy of 任凭...摆布at the moment 此刻,目前 at this rate 照此速度 at times 有时,间或back and forth 来回地,反复地 back of 在...后面before long 不久以后 beside point 离题的,不相干的beyond question 毫无疑问by air 通过航空途径by all means 尽一切办法,务必 by and by 不久,迟早by chance 偶然,碰巧

大学英语四级考试语法:—定语从句

大学英语四级考试语法:—定语从句 很多同学在大学英语四级考试中会存在一些误区,认为语法不那么重要,其实英 语语法是学习英语的指南,对我们帮助很大。以下是小编给大家整理的大学英语四级 考试语法:—定语从句,希望可以帮到大家 1、mary is a beautiful girl. 名词的扩展靠限定,最基本的就是在名词的前面增加一个形容词这样的定语,上 面的句子就是表语girl的前面加了一个形容词。显然,如果只是mary is a girl这样的 句子会让人觉得非常枯燥,没有什么意义,所传递的信息量极其有限。所以,名词前 面加定语,可以使被限定的名词更加生动,更加形象而富有生命。如果要对名词给出 更多限定,挖掘更多内部信息,我们可以在名词前面加多个定语来限定,如mary is a beautiful chinese girl. 放在名词前面起到限定作用的定语有很多种形式,形容词,名词,动词现在分词,动词过去分词等。虽然形式多样,但是这类定语还是比较好理解,只要顺着句子的顺序,就基本可以明白是怎么回事。 2、the computer that i bought yesterday works well. 有时候,我们需要对名词给出很多的说明,用大量的信息来限定名词。这时,如 果还是把长长的限定成分放在名词前面,就会头重脚轻,所以英语中会用跟在名词后 面的定语从句来限定前面的名词。根据定语的功能还可以分为限制性定语从句和非限 制性定语从句。两者的区别在于前者与被限定名词之间没有逗号,而后者则有逗号隔开;前者起到限定作用,不可或缺,后者起到补充作用,舍去后对剩余部分影响不大。 本句子通过“that i bought yesterday”这个that引导的定语从句,使得主语the computer得到限定而明确,是我昨天买的计算机而不是别的。如果明白了这个名词可 以通过后面加定语从句来扩展,我们的句子马上可以变得复杂起来,请看下例:another popular spectator sport, which is known as the sport of kings, is horse-racing, which is controlled by the jockey club. 译文:另一种以特大型运动著称的流行观赏运动是赛马,这种比赛由赛马总会控制。

英语四级语法题汇总

大学英语四级语法题大全 1、_____all our kindness to help her, Sara refused to listen. A.At B.In C.For D.On 2、____beforewe depart the day after tomorrow, we should have a wonderful dinner party. A.Had they arrived B.Would they arrive C.Were they arriving D.Were they to arrive 3、____ conflict among city-states caused the eventual decline of Greek civilization. A.Continuous B.Continual C.Constant D.Contrary 4、____ he's already heard the news. A.Chances are B.Chance is C.Opportunities are D.Opportunity is 5、____ his knowledge and academic background, he is basically stupid. A.But for B.According to C.For all D.Thanks to 6、____ man can now create radioactive elements, there is nothing he can do to reduce their radioactivity. A.As B.Whether C.While D.Now that

现代大学英语四级写作资料(1)

大学英语四级写作资料 一、大学英语四级考试大纲(2006 修订版)对写作的要求 写作选用考生所熟悉的题材。考生根据规定的题目和所提供的提纲、情景、图片或图表等,写出一篇不少于120词的短文。写作要求是思想表达准确、意义连贯、无严重语法错误。考试时间30分钟。 写作部分要求考生用英语进行短文写作,思想表达准确、意义连贯、无重大语法错误。写作部分考核的技能是: A.思想表达 1.表达中心思想 2.表达重要或特定信息 3.表达观点、态度等 B.篇章组织 4.围绕所给的题目叙述、议论或描述,突出重点 5.连贯地组句成段,组段成篇 C.语言运用 6.运用恰当的词汇 7.运用正确的语法 8.运用合适的句子结构 9.使用正确的标点符号 10.运用衔接手段表达句间关系(如对比、原因、结果、程度、目的等) D.写作格式 11.运用正确的符合英语表达习惯的写作格式 大学英语四级考试写作部分要求考生达到《教学要求》中的一般要求,即“能完成一般性写作任务,能描述个人经历、观感、情感和发生的事件等,能写常见的应用文,能就一般性话题或提纲在半小时内写出至少120词的短文,内容基本完整,用词恰当,语意连贯。能掌握基本的写作技能。” 二、四级考试写作评分标准 (1)本题满分为15分。 (2)阅卷标准共分四等:2分、5分、8分、11分及14分。各有标准样卷1-2份。 (3)阅卷人根据阅卷标准,对照样卷评分,若认为与某一分数(如8分)相似,即定为该分数(即8分); 若认为稍优或稍劣于该分数,则可以加一分(即9分)或减一分(即7分)。但不得加或减半分。(4)评分标准 ?2分:条理不清,思路紊乱,语言支离破碎或绝大部分句子均有错误,且多数为严重错误。 ?5分:基本切题。思想表达不清楚,连贯性差。有较多的严重语法错误。 ?8分:基本切题。思想表达清楚,文章尚连贯,但语法错误较多,其中有一些是严重错误。 ?11分:切题。思想表达清楚,文字连贯,但有少量语法错误。 ?14分:切题。思想表达清楚,文字通顺,连贯性较好,基本上无语法错误。仅有个别小错误。 ?注:白卷、所写内容与题目毫不相关或只有几个孤立的词而无法表达思想,则给0分。 (5)字数不足应酌情扣分。 题目中给出主题句、起始句和结束句,均不得记入所写字数。 只写一段者:0-4分;只写两段者,0-9分(指规定三段的作文) (6)各档作文相当于百分制的得分,列表如下,称为得分率。其中9分的得分率为60分(相当于百分制的60分)。

英语四级语法全

四级语法 一:时态:所谓的"时态",就是时间+状态。谓语动词的时态见下表: 1.主动形式 过去 现在 将来 过去将来 2.被动形式 过去 现在 将来 过去将来 时。 时间状语从句当中的时态: 一般过去时 所有的过去 用 一般现在时 表示 现在和将来 现在完成时 现在完成和将来完成 一.非谓语动词 一.不定式: 一)不定式的常考形式: 一般 did do will/shall do should/would do 进行 was/were doing am/is/are doing will/shall be doing / 完成 had done have/has done will/shall have done should/would have done 用于虚拟语气 完成进行 had been doing have/has been doing / / 一般 was/were given am/is/are given will/shall be given should/would be given 进行 was/were being given am/is/are being given / / 完成 had been given have/has been given will/shall have been given should/would have been given 完成进行 / / /

1)一般形式:He decided to work harder in order to catch up with the others. 被动形式: He preferred to be assigned some heavier work to do. 语法功能:表示与谓语动词同步发生 2)完成形式:He pretended not to have seen me. 被动形式:The book is said to have been translated into many languages. 语法功能:表示发生在谓语动词之前 二)不定式常考的考点: 1)不定式做定语----将要发生 2)不定式做状语----目的 3)不定式充当名词功能---To see is to believe. 三)不定式的省略 1)感官动词 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel + do 表示动作的完整性,真实性; + doing表示动作的连续性,进行性 I saw him work in the garden yesterday. 昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。(强调"我看见了"这个事实) I saw him working in the garden yesterday. 昨天我见他正在花园里干活。(强调"我见他正干活"这个动作) 感官动词后面接形容词而不是副词:The cake tastes good; It feels comfortable. 2) 使役动词 have bid make let 等词后不定式要省略但同1)一样被动以后要还原to I ‘d like to have John do it. I have my package weighed. Paul doesn’t have t o be made to learn. 3) help help sb do help sb to do help do help to do 四)有些动词后只跟不定式如: want,wish,hope,manage,promise,refuse,pretend,plan, offer,decide,agree,expect allow sb to do, cause sb to do , permit sb to do, enable sb to do force sb to do. be more likely to do love to do warn sb to do be able to do be ambitious to do. begin to do . start to do 五) 有的时候to后面要接-ing形式 accustom (oneself) to; be accustomed to; face up to; in addition to; look forward to; object to; be reduced to; resign oneself to; be resigned to; resort to; sink to; be used to; be alternative to; be close/closeness to; be dedication/dedicated to; be opposition/opposed to; be similarity/similar to.

大学英语四六级语法精讲课程讲义

A.从介词开始到其后跟的名词结束 B.从介词开始到动名词结束 C.从介词开始到动名词的宾语结束2018年12月大学英语四六级语法精讲课程讲义 一、识别句子成分必须记住的原理 1.衡量是否是一个句子的标准:是否有动词,有动词就是句子,反之不是句子。 2.英语构句原则规定:一个简单句中只能有一个谓语动词 3.长难句的构成:主句、从句、介词短语、非谓语动词 (1)主句的辨识:谓语动词 (2)从句的辨识:连词+与之匹配的谓语动词 (3)介词短语: (4)非谓语动词:4.衡量长难句划分是否正确的标准:整个句子中谓语动词的个数比连词多一个 5.长难句划分方法:连动切割法 ·连动切割法:将句子中的所有连词和动词(连词、动词的排列不分先后)作为切割长难句的基 础,断开主句和从句。 ·长难句划分的具体步骤: 【第一步】断开主句和从句 通读整个句子找出所有的连词或动词,并将连词和动词匹配起来(主要是针对从句而 言,主句不存在连词,从句连词和动词的匹配遵守就近原则),然后再给动词匹配主 语(主句的主语在谓语之前找;从句的主语在连词和与之匹配的谓语动词中间找,如 果它们中间没有任何词语,那么连词本身就是这个从句的主语。) 动名词(doing ) 动词不定式(to do ) 现在分词(doing ) 过去分词(done )

【第二步】断开介词短语和非谓语动词 二、总结复习句子的主要成分 1、主语 (1)定义:主语是动作的发出者。 (2)位置:在谓语动词之前。 (3)什么可以充当主语: 2、谓语 (1)定义:述说主语的动作或状态。 (2)位置:在主语之后。(3)什么可以充当谓语:实意动词。 3、宾语 (1)定义:(2)位置: (3)什么可以充当宾语:4、表语 (1)定义:表述主语的身份特征,性质状态的 (2)位置:在系动词之后 (3)什么可以充当表语: A.名词: B.代词: C.介词短语: D.非谓语动词: E.句子:A.动作的承受者B.介词所联系的对象,即介词宾语(简称介宾) A.名词: B.代词: C.介词短语: D.非谓语动词: E.句子: A.名词: B.代词: C.形容词 D.介词短语: E.非谓语动词: F.句子:A.在谓语动词之后B.在非谓语动词之后C.在介词之后

英语四级考试必备基础语法知识

英语四级考试必备基础语法知识 动词时态 1)现在完成进行时态 (have/has been + -ing 分词构成): 动作或状态从过去某时开始,继续到现在,可能继续下去,也可能刚刚结束. I’ve been writing letters for an hour. I’ve been sitting in the garden. 2)过去完成进行时(由had been + ing分词构成): 过去某个时刻以前一直在进行的动作 I’d been working for some tim e when he called. We had been waiting for her for two hours by the time she came. 3)将来完成进行时: 将来某个时刻以前一直在进行的动作. By next summer, he will have been working here for twenty years. In another month’s time she’ll have been studying here for three years. 4)将来完成时(由shall/will have + 过去分词构成): 将来某时已发生的事. I shall have finished this one before lunch. They’ll have hit the year’s target by the end of October. 动词语态 可以有两种被动结构的类型,例如: He was said to be jealous of her success. It was said that he was jealous of her success. 能同时适用于上述两个句型的主动词通常都是表示“估计”,“相信”等意义的动词,常见的有assume,believe,expect,fear,feel,know,presume,report,say,suppose,understand等. It is supposed that the ship has been sunk. The ship is supposed to have been sunk. 担当be supposed to 与不定式的一般形式搭配时往往表示不同的意义.例如: Why are you driving so fast in this area? You are supposed to know the speed to know the speed limit. (你应该晓得速度限制) 双宾语及宾补结构的被动语态 双宾语结构的被动语态: 双宾语结构变为被动语态时,可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语,另一个宾语仍然保留在谓语后面,但多数是把间接宾语变为主语. He was asked a number of questions at the press conference.

大学英语四级语法全集下载-NJP(免费完美版)

中学英语语法网络图全集 中学英语语法网络图 一.名词 I. 名词的种类: 专有名词普通名词 国名.地名.人名, 团体.机构名称可数名词不可数名词 个体名词集体名词抽象名词物质名词 II. 名词的数: 1. 规则名词的复数形式: 名词的复数形式,一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es。现将构成方法与读音规则列表如下: 规则例词 1 一般情况在词尾加-s map-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days 2 以s, x, ch, sh结尾的名词后加-es class-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches, dis h-dishes 3 以-f或-fe结尾的词变-f和-fe为v再加-es leaf-leaves, thief-thieves, knife-kniv es, loaf-loaves, wife-wives 加-s belief-beliefs, chief-chiefs, proof-proofs, roof-roofs, gulf-gulfs 4 以辅音字母加y结尾的名词,变y为i加-es party-parties, family-families, stor y-stories, city-cities 5 以元音字母加y结尾的名词,或专有名词以y结尾的,加-s toy-toys, boy-boy s, day-days, ray-rays, Henry-Henrys 6 以辅音字母加-o结尾的名词一般加-es hero-heroes, Negro-Negroes, potato-po tatoes, tomato-tomatoes 不少外来词加-s piano-pianos, photo-photos, auto-autos, kilo-kilos, solo-solos 两者皆可zero-zeros/zeroes, volcano-volcanoes/ volcanos

英语四级语法全

四级语法 一:时态:所谓的"时态",就是时间+状态。谓语动词的时态见下表: 1.主动形式 2.被动形式 CET-4 常考的三种时态:过去完成时;将来完成时;(现在/过去)完成进行时。 时间状语从句当中的时态: 一般过去时 所有的过去 用 一般现在时 表示 现在和将来 现在完成时 现在完成和将来完成 一.非谓语动词 一.不定式: 一)不定式的常考形式: 1) 一般形式:He decided to work harder in order to catch up with the others. 被动形式: He preferred to be assigned some heavier work to do. 语法功能: 表示与谓语动词同步发生 过去 现在 将来 过去将来 一般 did do will/shall do should/would do 进行 was/were doing am/is/are doing will/shall be doing / 完成 had done have/has done will/shall have done should/would have done 用于虚 拟语气 完成进行 had been doing have/has been doing / / 过去 现在 将来 过去将来 一般 was/were given am/is/are given will/shall be given should/would be given 进行 was/were being given am/is/are being given / / 完成 had been given have/has been given will/shall have been given should/would have been given 完成进行 / / /

大学英语四级语法考点透析

第一章动词的时与体(Tense & Aspect) 时(tense)是个语法范畴,它是表示时间区别的动词形式。英语动词只有“现在时”和“过去时”,而没有“将来时”(在英语中,表示“将来”手段多种多样,但没有一种独特的、能与“现在时”和“过去时”平起平坐的专一表示“将来”的动词形式----“将来时”)。 体(aspect)也是一个语法范畴,它表示动作或过程在一定时间内处于何种状态的动词形式。英语有进行体(progressive aspect)和完成体(perfective aspect)。进行体是由助动词be的一定形式加主动词的-ing 分词构成;完成体由助动词have的一定形式加主动词的-ed分词构成。 现在时和过去时既可以单独使用,也可以和进行体或完成体结合使用,也可以同时与完成体和进行体结合使用。这样,英语的限定动词词组便有8种时、体形式。它们分别是:一般现在时(simple present)、一般过去时(simple past)、现在进行体(present progressive)、过去进行体(past progressive)、现在完成体(present perfective)、过去完成体(past perfective)、现在完成进行体(present perfective progressive)、过去完成进行体(past perfective progressive)。在这一章中,我们单独挑出完成体来加以详述。 1.1 必须使用完成体的结构 1)It (This, This evening, yesterday...) is (was, will be) first (second, third...) time (day, month…)…结构中的分句,要求用完成体。 Is this the first time you've been to Beijing? This was the first time he had been to Beijing. This is the eighth month that I have been out of work.. This was the eighth month that I had been out of work. This is the second time that the goods produced by our factory have been shown in the International Exhibition. This was the second time that the goods produced by our factory had been shown in the International Exhibition. 2)在no sooner…than, hardly/barely/scarcely…when,等的句型中,主句要用过去完成体。 He had no sooner seen me than he left the room. No sooner had he seen me than he left the room. The helicopter had hardly landed when the waiting crowd ran toward it. Scarcely had I seen the lightning when I heard a clap of thunder. 3)将来完成体用来表示在将来某一时间以前已经完成或一直持续的动作。经常与before+将来时间或by+将来时间连用,也可与before或by the time引导的现在时的分句连用。 I will have finished all the work by the time you are back this evening. I am sure he will have left Paris by this time tomorrow. I hope we will have got all the information before you come tomorrow. By the time you get to New York, I _______for London. (2002年1月) A) would be leaving B) am leaving C) have already left D) shall have left 本题时间状语为by+将来时间,考察将来完成体用法,应选择D)。 By the time he arrives in Beijing, we ________here for two days.(2001年6月) A) have been staying B) have stayed C) shall stay D) will have stayed 将来完成体用来可以表示在将来某一时间以前一直持续的动作,本句话的意思是:我们将在这里呆两天,因此谓语动词用将来完成体,答案为D)。 1.2 现在完成体与现在完成进行体 现在完成进行体兼有现在完成体和现在进行体二者基本特点。由于它有现在完成体的特点,所以它

大学英语四级常考语法总结

大学英语四级常考语法总结 一、虚拟语气。应着重复习能引起虚拟语气的某些介词、介词短语和连词(如lest, in case, otherwise等);一部分表示建议、主张、命令等概念的词语,由于本身隐含说话人的主观愿望,其后的主语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句往往采用“should+动词原形”;虚拟倒装句;在would rather, wish, as if, it’s time that等句型中使用适当形式表达主观愿望;混合虚拟句。 二、独立主格题。一般说来,在句子中没有连接词的情况下,逗号是无力连接两个句子的,其中一个分句要么是非谓语形式,要么是独立主格结构。两种结构都做状语,不同的是独立主格结构有自己的逻辑主语。 三、时态。英语中共有16个时态。四级考试中出现最多的是将来完成时、现在完成时、过去完成时和完成进行时。 四、名词性从句。形容词性的定语从句是考核的重点,用什么引导词,引导词前面的介词形式,引导词在从句中做什么成分,从句的语序等均有可能成为考点。此外,主语从句、同位语从句、宾语从句也应适当复习。 五、主谓一致。这类考题灵活性大,需要根据实际情况判断谓语动词的单复数形式。一部分具有生命意义的集合名词做主语时谓语动词多采用复数形式,如people, poultry, militia等;用and连接的成分表单一概念时谓语动词用单数;就近原则:主语中含有某些连词(如as well as, besides, in addition to等)时,谓语动词的数同第一个主语保持一致。

六、倒装结构。分为全部倒装和部分倒装。那些否定词(组)、介词短语能引起倒装句,部分倒装和全部倒装有和区别,as在倒装结构中的用法及意义等等,都是考生应当重视的地方。 七、非谓语动词。①根据非谓语动词同其所修饰的名词或逻辑主语的一致关系,确定使用主动语态或被动语态,然后考虑采用现在分词、现在分词被动式或过去分词;②非谓语动词同主句谓语动词动作发生的先后关系。动作正在进行的用现在分词进行式,同时发生或不分先后发生的用现在现在分词一般式或过去分词;在主句谓语动词之前发生的用现在分词完成式、不定式完成式;发生在主句谓语动词之后的多用不定式一般式;③表状态多用分词,表目的多用不定式。

英语四级语法大全

语法大全之目录 1.名词 2.冠词和数词 3.代词 4.形容词和副词 5.动词 6.动名词 7.动词不定式 8.特殊词精讲 9.分词 10.独立主格 11.动词的时态 12.动词的语态 13.句子的种类 14.倒装 15.主谓一致 16.虚拟语气 17.名词性从句 18.定语从句 19.状语从句 20.连词 21.情态动词 1. 名词 名词可以分为专有名词(Proper Nouns)和普通名词(Common Nouns),专有名词是某个(些)人,地方,机构等专有的名称,如Beijing,China等。普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词,如:book,sadness等。普通名词又可分为下面四类: 1)个体名词(Individual Nouns):表示某类人或东西中的个体,如:gun。 2)集体名词(Collective Nouns):表示若干个个体组成的集合体,如:family。 3)物质名词(Material Nouns):表示无法分为个体的实物,如:air。 4)抽象名词(Abstract Nouns):表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念,如:work。 个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算,称为可数名词(Countable Nouns),物质名词和抽象名词一般无法用数目计算,称为不可数名词(Uncountable Nouns)。归纳一下,名词的分类可以下图表示:_______________________________________ ||专有名词|| | 名|| 个体名词|| |||| 可数名词| ||| 集体名词|| ||普通名词||| | 词|| 物质名词||

大学英语四级考试语法指导

大学英语四级考试语法指导 名词性从句中的虚拟语气 第一节:宾语从句(Subordinate Clasue)中的虚拟语气 一、在动词wish后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气 在动词wish后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气,常省去宾语从句的引导词that。 一)、对现在情况的虚拟(与现在的事实相反): 从句用过去式或过去进行式(时间上是同时的)。其句子结构为:宾语从句的谓语be和were(was),实义动词用过去式。例: 1. I wish (that可省略,下同)I knew the answer to the question.(wish, 动词过去式knew)我希望知道这个答案。(事实上是不知道) 2. I wish it were spring in my hometown all the year around.(wish, were)但愿我的家乡四季如春。(事实上不可能) 3. I wish I were a bird.(wish, were)但愿我是只小鸟。(事实上不可能) 4. When she was at the party,she wished she were at home.(wished,过去虚拟动词were)(事实上并不在家) 5. Now that he is in China, he wishes he understood Chinese.(wishes,过去虚拟动词understood)

现在他在中国,他希望能懂得中文。(事实上并不懂) 6. When we begin the trip, they will wish they were with us.(will wish,过去虚拟动词were)(事实上并不和我们在一起) 二)、对过去情况的虚拟(和过去的事实相反): 用wish表示对过去事情的遗憾。其句子结构为:宾语从句的谓语用过去完成时,或would, could, might+现在完成时。例: 1. I wish (that可省略,下同)I hadn't wasted so much time. 我后悔不该浪费这么多时间。(事实上已浪费了) 2. He wishes he hadn't lost the chance. 他真希望没有失去机会。(其实已失去) 3. We wished he had spoken to us. (wished,had + spoken)(事实上他并没同我们讲) 4. I wish you had called earlier. (wish, had + called)(事实上已迟了) 5. They will wish they had listened to us sooner. (will wish,had + listened)(事实上并不如此)

英语四级常用词汇句型语法知识汇总

一、100个高频词汇 1 accelerate vt. (使)加速,增速- 【例】accelerate the rate of economic growth - 加速经济增长- 【派】acceleration n. 加速accelerating a.加速的- 2 account n. 账户、考虑- 【考】take sth. into account 把…考虑在内- 3 accustom vt.使习惯- 【考】be accustomed to - 4 adapt vi. 适应- 【考】adapt to…适应- 5 adjust vi.适应- 【考】adjust to...适应…- 6 advocate vt. 宣扬- 7 affluent a.富裕的- 【派】affluence n.富裕- 8 annoy vt.使烦恼, 使恼怒- 【派】annoying a. 令人恼人的; - annoyance n. 烦恼; - ?annoyed a.颇为生气的- 9 ascribe vt.把…归咎于- 【考】ascribe..to 归因于- 10 assess vt.评估- 【派】assessment n. 评估- 11 assign vt.指派,选派;分配,布 置(作业)- 【派】assignment 作业- 12 assume vt.假象、假定- 13 attain vt.获得- 【考】attain one's ideal 达到理想 - 14 attribute vt. 把…归因于- 【考】attribute sth.? to 把...归咎 于- 15 attribute vt.归咎于- 【考】be attributed to? attribute sth. to …- 16 automatically ad. 自动地- 17 boost vt.提高,推动,使增长n. 推动,增长- 【例】boost the economy 推动经济增长- 【派】booster n.支持者,推动器- 18 brilliant a.光辉的、辉煌的- 【派】brilliance n. - 19 collaborate vi.合作- 【考】collaborate with. sb. - 20 comprehensive a. 综合的- 【考】综合性大学- 21 conscious a. 有意识的- 【考】be conscious of sth. 对…有 意识- 22 conserve vt.保存、节省-

英语四级语法总结

四级语法讲义 一:时态:所谓的"时态",就是时间+状态。谓语动词的时态见下表: 1.主动形式 2.被动形式 CET-4 常考的三种时态:过去完成时;将来完成时;(现在/过去)完成进行时。 时间状语从句当中的时态: 一般过去时所有的过去 用一般现在时表示现在和将来 现在完成时现在完成和将来完成 一.非谓语动词 一.不定式: 一)不定式的常考形式: 一般形式:He decided to work harder in order to catch up with the others. 被动形式: He preferred to be assigned some heavier work to do. 语法功能:表示与谓语动词同步发生 完成形式:He pretended not to have seen me. 被动形式:The book is said to have been translated into many languages. 语法功能:表示发生在谓语动词之前 二)不定式常考的考点: 1)不定式做定语----将要发生

2)不定式做状语----目的 3)不定式充当名词功能---To see is to believe. 三)不定式的省略 1)感官动词see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel + do表示动作的完整性,真实性; + doing 表示动作的连续性,进行性 I saw him work in the garden yesterday. 昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。(强调"我看见了"这个事实) I saw him working in the garden yesterday. 昨天我见他正在花园里干活。(强调"我见他正干活"这个动作) 2) 使役动词have bid make let 等词后不定式要省略但同1)一样被动以后要还原to I ‘d like to have John do it. I have my package weighed. Paul doesn’t have to be made to l earn. 3) help help sb do help sb to do help do help to do 四)有些动词后只跟不定式如: want,wish,hope,manage,promise,refuse,pretend,plan,offer,decide,agree,expect allow sb to do, cause sb to do , permit sb to do, enable sb to do force sb to do. be more likely to do love to do warn sb to do be able to do

英语四级语法总结

四级语法讲义 一:时态:所谓的"时态",就是时间+状态。谓语动词的时态见下表: 1.主动形式 2.被动形式 ? CET-4 常考的三种时态:过去完成时;将来完成时;(现在/过去)完成进行时。 ? 时间状语从句当中的时态: 一般过去时 所有的过去 用 一般现在时 表示 现在和将来 现在完成时 现在完成和将来完成 一.非谓语动词 一.不定式: 一)不定式的常考形式: 1) 一般形式:He decided to work harder in order to catch up with the others. 被动形式: He preferred to be assigned some heavier work to do. 语法功能: 表示与谓语动词同步发生 2) 完成形式:He pretended not to have seen me. 被动形式:The book is said to have been translated into many languages. 语法功能:表示发生在谓语动词之前 二)不定式常考的考点: 1)不定式做定语----将要发生 2)不定式做状语----目的 3)不定式充当名词功能---To see is to believe. 三)不定式的省略 1)感官动词 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel + do 表示动作的完整性,真实性; + doing 表示动作的连续性,进行性 过去 现在 将来 过去将来 一般 did do will/shall do should/would do 进行 was/were doing am/is/are doing will/shall be doing / 完成 had done have/has done will/shall have done should/would have done 用于 虚拟语气 完成进行 had been doing have/has been doing / / 过去 现在 将来 过去将来 一般 was/were given am/is/are given will/shall be given should/would be given 进行 was/were being given am/is/are being given / / 完成 had been given have/has been given will/shall have been given should/would have been given 完成进行 / / /

相关文档
最新文档