资料1

Components (语言成分) may appear unforegrounded from the standpoint of the standard language, or from the standpoint of the poetic canon.... We can think that they are backgrounded. The background(后置) includes the norm of the standard language and the traditional esthetic canon(准则).
• foregrounding[aktu alisace]
• 突出、凸显、治愈前景、前景化
•来自百度文库automatization
• • 自动化，机械化。 动作或形式由于可感觉性减退 而成为习惯或管理是所处的无 意识状态。自动化使得人们对 外在事物熟视无睹，感受变得 习以为常，尝试感受的丰富性、 生动性和诗意性，结果使得生 活就消失了，变得什么都不是 了。(Wang, 2006:314)
• 雷纳.韦勒克在他的《近代文学批评史》一书中说道： “穆卡洛夫斯基的《书面与诗歌语言》为下述观点辩 护：诗歌语言是语言范围之内的一种特殊语言，而且 有其自身的权利与规范。他在演讲中主张不同“功能” 语言之间的鲜明界限，他的设想主要是为了诗歌免遭 语法作家们强加的条条框框，他们是根据正确性和不 受外来语和新词侵蚀的纯洁性的规范来判断的。不过 这篇演讲也充当了一个武器作用，捍卫这样一种诗歌 观念：诗歌没有任何义务讲究可理解性，逻辑性或者 社会关联意义。”
• To "foreground" is to bring something into the highest prominence, to make it dominant in perception.
Foregrounding is the opposite of automatization, that is, the deautomatization of an act; the more it is foregrounded, the more completely conscious does it become.
Poetic language is thus not a brand of the standard. This is not to deny the close connection between the two, which consists in the fact that, for poetry, the standard language is the background against which is reflected the esthetically intentional distortion of the linguistic components of the work, in other words, the intentional violation of the norm of the standard. The violation of the norm of the standard, its systematic violation, is what makes possible the poetic utilization of language; without this possibility there would be no poetry. （p14）
3. Conclusion • Jan Mukarovsky has formulated his basic literary idea of foregrounding by introducing two types of language: standard language and poetic Language.
Standard Language and Poetic Language
Jan Mukarovsky
吴晓丽 11050201017
1. About the writer
• • • Jan Mukařovský (11 November 1891, Písek – 8 February 1975, Prague) was a Czech literary and aesthetic theorist. He was professor at the Charles University of Prague. He is well known for his association with early structuralism as well as with the Prague Linguistic Circle, and for his development of the ideas of Russian formalism. Mukařovský had a profound influence on structuralist theory of literature.
（1）The similarities between standard language and poetic language. • The answer is No. • It is because that a poem always includes all the forms of the given language---often of different developmental phases thereof. Ex. Slang poems • Poetic language finally also has some of its own lexicon and phraseology as well as some grammatical forms...(p13) • poetisms(诗歌专用语)
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My understanding is that the poets try their best to make their foregrounding maximum and they don't need to make poem perceivable and logical. Their job is to violate the rule of standard language for if they always keep the rules of the standard language, the poem will not exist anymore. All in all, they try to creates somethings new by following the way of foregrounding or deautomatization. This is the way of new style of poem has been created. No one can use the rule of standard language to judge it as wrong for it is violate the creation itself. We can see if a poet realizes the maximum of foregrounding, his job is already finished and we should pay attention to the process of making a poem and to find the charm which is brought by foregrounding. It is the charm of poem.
（1）The similarities between standard language and poetic language.
Is poetic language a special brand of the standard, or is it an independent formation?(p13)
The foregrounding consists of two types of gradation of components: superordination（主导因素） subordination. （从属因素）
• The superordination is also called domination and gives direction of foregrounding to other components. • • The dominant is the focusing component of foregrounding. • Sometimes allegory becomes dominant, sometimes symbols and sometimes form is dominant. • Dominant motions, rules, determine and transform the remaining automatized component to achieve its maximum foregrounding.
How to make foreground maximum?
• Can we foreground all the components of a poem?
A simultaneous general foregrounding would thus bring all the components into the same plane and so become a new automatization.
2. Outline of this article
（1）The similarities between standard language and poetic language. （2）The differences between standard language and poetic language.
（2）The diffirences between standard language and poetic language.
• The function of poetic language consists in the maximum of foregrounding of the utterance.
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The standard language to Mukarovsky is the language of everyday communication so it is a rule bound, practical and automatized.
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The poetic language, on the other hand is a deviated use of the standards language where the differences are foregrounded. Therefore, it is boundless, literary and deautomatized. However the foregrounding of the poetic language is possible as there is the standard language at the background. In this sense both the language are interrelated and essential in literary creation. In other words, the poetic language plays the role of foregrounding and the standard language plays the site of back grounding.