第三章 抗原

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第三章 (Antigen)抗原



1. Concept (概念) 2. Foreigness and specificity (异物性和 特异性) 3. Antigen and immune response (抗原 和免疫反应) 4. Types (类型) 5. Non specific immunostimulants (非 特异性免疫激活)
of the immune system permits it to distinguish subtle differences among antigens(专一性).
antibody/antigen receptor antigen
A B
A B C
C
Structrual basis:epitope (表位)
ability to induce a humoral and/or cell mediated immune response. (免疫原性是能够诱导体液或细胞介导的免疫反应)
*
* Antigenicity (抗原性/免疫反应性)-- Antigenicity is the ability to combine specifically with the final products of the above responses (i.e., antibodies and/or cell-surface receptors), also called immunoreactivity. (抗原性是是指抗原分
大,免疫原性越强
3) Chemical composition and complexity
All four levels of protein organization—primary, secondary,tertiary, and quaternary—contribute to the structural complexity of a protein and hence affect its immunogenicity.
Cross Reaction
common epitopes
Ag1
A corresponding antibody (++++) similar epitopes
Ag2
B cross reaction(+++)
Ag3
C cross reaction(++)
Ag4
D no response(—)
共同抗原表位与交叉反应
抗原分子存在的能TCR/BCR或抗体Fab片段特异性结合的特殊化学基团, 是免疫应答特异性的物质基础。
antigen
antigenic molecule of antigen 5~15 amino-acid residue 5~7 polysaccharides or nucleotide
Antigenic valence (抗原结合价): epitope number. 是指能够与抗体分子结合的决定簇数目。
Chemical complexity contributes to immunogenicity
2) Molecular size:naive antigen
The most active immunogens tend to have a molecular mass of 100,000 daltons (Da). Generally, substances with a molecular mass less than 5000–10,000 Da are poor immunogens.分子量越
immunogenicity


heterogeneity (异种物质)
allotype (同种异体)

self-components (自身物质)
corneal tissue and sperm (角膜组织和精子)
2)Specificity(特异性):The antigenic specificity
1. What is antigen?
Substances that can stimulate the immune system to response and be recognized by the immunoglobulin receptor of B cells, or by the Tcell receptor when complexed with MHC, are called antigens.
1.共同表位:共同表位(common epitope) 指不同抗原之间含有的相同或相似的抗原表位。 2.交叉反应:交叉反应(cross-reaction)指 抗体或致敏淋巴细胞对具有相同或相似表位的不 同抗原均具有的反应(交叉结合)。
3. Antigen and immune response (1)Antigen (2)Host (3)Routes of administration (进入途径)
两种物种生物系统分类距离越远,之间的结构差异性和 抗原性越强
the closer the weaker mouse itself weak
different strain mouse
mouse antigen dog plants
microorganisms
strong
Foreignness:The nature of the antigen
only sequential epitopes
(1)构象决定簇 :构象决定簇 (conformational determinant)由空间 构象形成的决定簇,序列上不连续。 (2)顺序决定簇:顺序决定簇 (sequence determinant),又称线性决 定簇(linear determinant),序列相连 续的氨基酸肽片段构成的决定簇。
that are antigenic but not immunogenic.

Carrier(载体): Chemical coupling of a hapten to a large protein, called a carrier, yields an immunogenic hapten-
2.2 Type of the epitope
nonsequential epitopes (非线性表位)
conformational determinants (构象表位)
sequential epitopes (线性表位)
B-cell epitopes:
T-cell epitopes:
can contain sequential or nonsequential amino acids.
Landsteiner
2.4 hapten — carrier effect:
B cell Th cell conjugate
hapten + carrier
complete antigen
combine
induce antibody
2.5 Common antigen epitope and cross-reaction
1) Foreignness (异物性):the greater the phylogenetic distance between two species, the greater the structural (and therefore the antigenic) disparity between them.
B cell
Ag T cell
antibody
effective T cell


能够刺激机体免疫系统产生反应,并能够被B 细胞的免疫球蛋白受体识别,或被T细胞受体MHC复合体识别的物质。 刺激机体产生免疫应(应是指抗原刺激机体产 生免疫应答产物--抗体或免疫效应细胞)答 (答是指相应抗原与免疫应答产物结合并将其 排除体外)的物质。 抗原主要指病原微生物及其代谢产物以及抗 毒素血清和药物等。根据来源可分为外来抗原 和自身抗原。
(1) Physico-chemical property of antigen
1) Chemical property
√ protein,complicated polysaccharides √ DNA,histone
X simple polysaccharides?,fat,monosaccharide
4) Conformation :denature lost immunogenicity ?
5) Accessibility (易接近) : the ability that BCR/TCR to bind
6) Physical state: polymerization > morphon (多聚体优于单体) particulate antigen > soluble antigen (微粒优于溶 解性抗原)
epitope A
antibody A
antibody A antibody B antibody A antibody C
Antigen A
epitope B
Antigen B epitope A antibody B
epitope C
cross-reaction common epitope:same or similar determinants
carrier conjugate.

Tolerogen(耐受原): induce the body tolerant to a specific ant): induce hypersensitivity.
半抗原 + 蛋白质(载体) = 完全抗原
2. The foreignness and the Specificity (异物性和特异性)
2.1 Epitope (抗原表位)
Epitope: or antigenic determinant (抗原决定基/簇), epitopes are the immunologically active regions of an immunogen that bind to antigen-specific membrane receptors on lymphocytes or to secreted antibodies.
子与免疫应答产物(抗体或免疫效应细胞)发生特异性结合的性质。 )
免疫原性
T 致敏T细胞
Ag
B 浆细胞
抗体
免疫原性示意图
抗原性
T
致敏T细胞
Ag
B 浆细胞
抗体
抗原性(免疫反应性)示意图
Others:

complete Ag / immunogen (完全抗原): both properties hapten / incomplete Ag(半抗原): Small organic molecules
途径:皮内、皮下、肌肉、静脉、腹腔、呼吸道和口服免疫应答水平依 次降低。 (1)剂量 1)剂量不足或过多均不引起免疫应答。 2)重复进入引起强免疫应答。
intracutaneous injection (皮内注射) strong
(2)Host
1) Genetic factor : everyone has his unique MHC 2) Age, gender, health
(3)Route of administration
1) Immunogen dosage, immune method, immune times
Key points:

Induce the immune response (诱 导免疫反应) Combine the response product(结 合应答产物)


Two properties (特性):
Immunogenicity (免疫原性)-- Immunogenicity is the
B-cell epitopes
T-cell epitopes
free peptides
TCR-peptide-MHC trimolecular complexes
BCR recognition
TCR recognition
2.3 antigen epitope and antigen specificity
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