及物动词和不及物动词

简单的说,及物动词就是后面可以直接加宾语的词.比如说: eat apple, drink water...

不及物动词就不能直接加宾语,需要一个小介词的,比如: look at the picture, listen to me

在这里,AT 和TO 就是另加上去的那个小介词啦.什么叫及物动词呢，先把概念告诉大家，必须加宾语意思才完整的动词，就是及物动词。不及物动词，就是不必加宾语意思就完整的动词。举两个例子，“give”，I will give…，give的是什么呢，这不完整，说明give 是助动词，必须加宾语，可以说I will give you a book.这个give就是及物动词。接下来再举一例，“listen”，I am listening，意思完整，不用加宾语意思就完整，这个词就是不及物动词，不是说不及物动词就不能加宾语，也能加，但是加的时候要加一个介词，如listen to me，一定要加介词。

下面是一些用法:

1、及物动词后面必须接宾语的动词叫做及物动词。有的动词必须接一个宾语，有的必须接两个宾语。

单宾语

He is reading magazine.

他正在读一本杂志。

双宾语

Miss Zhang teaches us English.

张老师教我们英语。

复合宾语必须接一个宾语同时接一个补语

We often hear him sings in the park.

我们经常听到他在公园里唱歌。

2、不及物动词本身意义完整，后面不需要接宾语。

例如：The rain stopped.雨停了。

What happened yesterday?

昨天发生了什么？

注意：不及物动词没有被动语态。

3、实际上很多动词既是及物动词，又是不及物动词。我举一个例子，就说write。如I am writing.和I am writing a letter.在前一个句子write是不及物动词，在后一个句子write 是及物动词。又如，see是及物动词，但在特殊情况下如seeing is believing。根据其后是否带宾语，动词可分为及物动词(带宾语)和不及物动词(不带宾语)。如：When will he arrive? 他什么时候到？(arrive 不带宾语，为不及物动词)He reached Beijing yesterday. 他昨天到达北京。(reach 带了宾语，为及物动词)

有的动词既可用作及物动词也可用作不及物动词：The child is playing. 这小孩在玩。（不及物用法）The child is playing the piano. 这小孩在弹钢琴。（及物用法）

He is writing. 他在写字。（不及物用法）

He is writing a letter. 他在写信。（及物用法）

The boy is reading. 这男孩在阅读。（不及物用法）

The boy is reading a magazine. 这男孩在看杂志。（及物用法）

The train stopped.（火车停下了。）

这个stopped后面没有宾语，就是不及物动词。

The police stopped the car. (警察拦住了这辆汽车。)

这个stopped后面有宾语the car，就是及物动词

2.被动语态的基本结构：

主语+be +过去分词(+by+动作的发出者）

①一般现在时：am/is/are+过去分词

如：Trees are planted every year.

②现在进行时am/is/are+ being +过去分词

如：The road is being repaired.

③现在完成时have/has + been +过去分词

如：The work has been finished.

④一般过去时was/were + 过去分词

如：The story was told by him.

Many birds were killed last year.

⑤过去进行时was/were+ being + 过去分词

如：The new house was being painted when I got home.

⑥过去完成时had +been+ 过去分词

如：He told me that the work had been finished.

⑦一般将来时will +be + 过去分词

如：The problem will be discussed tomorrow.

⑧过去将来时would/should +be +过去分词

如He said that the Christmas tree would be put up soon.

⑨情态动词的被动语态

情态动词+ be +过去分词

如：The problem must be solved soon.

Children should be taught to love animals.

英语中及物动词有两种语态，即主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。被动语态由“助动词be+及物动词的过去分词”构成。助动词be有人称、时态和数的变化。

一、被动语态的用法：

1.一般现在时的被动语态构成：is / am / are + 及物动词的过去分词

Our classroom is cleaned everyday.

I am asked to study hard.

Knives are used for cutting things.

2.一般过去时的被动语态构成：was / were + 及物动词的过去分词

A new shop was built last year.

Dinosaur eggs were laid long long ago.

3.现在完成时的被动语态构成：has / have + been + 及物动词的过去分词

This book has been translated into many languages.

Many man-made satellites have been sent up into space by many countries.

4.一般将来时的被动语态构成：will+ be + 及物动词的过去分词

A new hospital will be built in our city.

Many more trees will be planted next year.

5.含有情态动词的被动语态构成：情态动词+ be + 及物动词的过去分词

Young trees must be watered often.

Your mistakes should be corrected right now.

The door may be locked inside.

Your homework can be handed in tomorrow.

6.现在进行时的被动语态构成：am / is / are + being + 及物动词的过去分词

Uncle Wang is mending my bike now.→

My bike is being repaired by Tom now.

They are planting trees over there. →

Trees are being planted over there by them.

7.不定式的被动语态：to + be + 及物动词的过去分词

There are two books to be read. → There are twenty more trees to be planted.

二、怎样把主动语态改成被动语态?

把主动语态改为被动语态非常简单，可以遵循以下几个步骤：

1.先找出谓语动词；

2.再找出谓语动词后的宾语；

3.把宾语用作被动语态中的主语；

4.注意人称、时态和数的变化。

例：1. Bruce writes a letter every week. →A letter is written by Bruce every week. 2. Li Lei mended the broken bike this morning.→The broken bike was mended by Li Lei this morning.3.He has written two novels so far.→Two novels have been written by him so far.4.They will plant ten trees tomorrow.→Ten trees will be planted by them tomorrow.5.Lucy is writing a letter now.→A letter is being written by Lucy now.6.You must lock the door when you leave.→the door must be locked when you leave.三、使用被动语态应注意的几个问题：

1.不及物动词无被动语态。

What will happen in 100 years.

The dinosaurs disappeared about 65 million years ago.

2.有些动词用主动形式表示被动意义。This pen writes well.This new book sells well.

3.感官动词或使役动词使用省略to的动词不定式，主动语态中不带to ，但变为被动语态时，须加上to 。例：make somebody do somethin g→somebody+ be +made to do something

see somebody do something→somebody +be +seen to do something

A girl saw my wallet drop when she passed by.→My wallet was seen to drop by a girl when she passed by.

The boss made the little boy do heavy work.→The littl e boy was made to do heavy work by the boss.

4.如果是接双宾语的动词改为被动语态时，直接宾语(物)作主语，那么动词后要用介词，这个介词是由与其搭配的动词决定。

He gave me a book.→A book was given to me by him.

He showed me a ticket.→A ticket was shown to me by him.

My father bought me a new bike. →A new bike was bought for me by my father.

5.一些动词短语用于被动语态时，动词短语应当看作一个整体，而不能丢掉其中的介词或副词。We can’t laugh him. →He can’t be laugh by us.

He listens to the radio every day. →The radio is listened to by him every day.

The nurse is taking care of the sick man. →The sick ma n is being taken care of by the nurse.

2.被动语态的基本结构：主语be 过去分词( by 动作的发出者）①一般现在时：am/is/are 过去分词如：Trees are planted every year. ②现在进行时am/is/are being 过去分词如：The road is being repaired.

③现在完成时have/has been 过去分词如：The work has been finished. ④一般过去时

was/were 过去分词如：The story was told by him. Many birds were killed last year. ⑤过去进行时was/were being 过去分词如：The new house was being painted when I got home. ⑥过去完成时had been 过去分词如：He told me that the work had been finis hed. ⑦一般将来时will be 过去分词如：The problem will be discussed tomorro w. ⑧过去将来时would/should be

过去分词如：He said that the Christmas tree would b e put up soon. ⑨情态动词的被动语态情态动词be 过去分词如：The problem must be solved soon. Children should be taught to love anim als.

一、语态概述

我吃了一个苹果，那现在苹果怎样了？苹果被我吃了。正如汉语中的被字句，英语中的“被字句”我们称之为被动语态。英语中有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。英语的语态是通过动词形式的变化表现出来的。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者。巧记为：主动、主动、主去动。例如：Many people speak English. 谓语：speak的动作是由主语many people来执行的。

被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者，即行为动作的对象。巧记为：被动、被动、主被动。例如：English is spoken by many people.主语English是动词speak的承受者。

例如：He opened the door.他开了门。(主动句) The door was opened.门被开了。(被动句)

二、被动语态的构成

被动语态由“be＋及物动词的过去分词”构成。不及物动词本身没有被动语态。

及物动词---本身意义不完整，后必须带宾语，有些还可以带双宾。

不及物动词---本身意义完整，不需要带宾语，如带宾语必须通过介词。

人称、数和时态的变化是通过be的变化表现出来的。

三．被动语态的句型

肯定句：主语+be+动词过去分词

否定句：主语+be+not+动词过去分词

一般疑问句：Be+主语+动词过去分词

特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+be+主语+动词过去分词

四．各种时态的被动语态

一般现在时：am／is／are＋动词过去分词

Cars are made by them.

一般过去时：was／were＋动词过去分词

The MP3 was bought by my father.

一般将来时：will/shall/be going to be＋动词过去分词

The bridge will be completed in ten days.

现在进行时：am／is／are being＋动词过去分词

Is the bike being mended now?

过去进行时：was／were being＋动词过去分词

The dinned was being cooked.

现在完成时：have／has been＋动词过去分词

The meeting has been put off.

过去完成时：had been＋动词过去分词

Many old houses had been pulled down by the end of last year.

过去将来时：would/should/be going to be＋动词过去分词

Trees would be cut down.

注：被动语态没有完成进行时，也没有将来进行时，如果有这类时态的主动结构，要变为被动结构，可用完成时态和一般时态。

如: We have been discussing the problem for two days.→The problem has been discussed for two days.

We will be discussing it tomorrow.→It will be discussed tomorrow.

五、含有情态动词的被动语态

含有情态动词的主动句变成被动句时，由“情态动词＋be＋过去分词”构成，原来带to的情态动词变成被动语态后“to”仍要保留。歌诀是：情态动词变动，情态加be加“过分”。例如：

we can repair this watch in two days. →This watch can be repaired in two days.

We must finish this work soon. →This work must be done soon.

We have to clean the classroom. →The classroom has to be cleaned by us.

六、被动语态的用法

(1)不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁。

Some new computers were stolen last night. 一些新电脑在昨晚被盗了。(不知道电脑是谁偷的) This book was published in 1981.这本书出版于1981年。（没有必要或说出出版者）

(2)强调动作的承受者，而不强调动作的执行者。

The window was broken by mike.窗户是迈克打破的。

This book was written by Lun Xun.这本书是他写的。

(3) 为了更好地安排句子。

The well-known person got on the bus and was immediately recognized by people. （一个主语就够了）

(4) 被动语态还可以用于新闻报道中，为了体现新闻的客观性。

(5) 在科技文献中，为了客观描述事情以及一些过程，常用被动语态。七、主动语态变被动语态的方法

1.把主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语。

2.把主动语态的谓语变为被动语态的谓语。

3.把主动语态的主语变为被动语态的by短语。（①by短语可以省。②by短语后跟代词的宾格。）

主变被解题步骤

1. 找宾语----即动作的承受者

2. 判断宾语的单复数----即be动词的单复数.

3. 判断动词的时态----即be动词的时态.

4. 修改谓语的形式----即原句动词改为过去分词

5. 修改原句的主语----即by+ 宾语（原主语）.

They make shoes in that factory.

Shoes are made by them. （主变宾,宾变主, 谓动be done 时不变,人称、数、格随着变）

八、主动语态变被动语态需要注意的几个问题.

（1）时态保持一致。

I have repaired my computer.---My computer has been repaired.

（2）如果要说出动作的执行者，并且这个执行者可以作主动语态中主语时，就用by短语，如果后面的词表示地点，不是动作的执行者，就用in短语。

It is made by us. It is made in Wuhan.

(3)主动句的主语是代词的主格形式，变成被动句by的宾语时要用其宾格形式。

He cleaned the car. →The car was cleaned by him.

(4)否定句的被动语态中，not放在第一个助动词或情态动词之后。

You should not blame me. →I should not be blamed by you.

(5)疑问句的被动语态，用be动词的对应形式代替do

Does she drive this car? →Is this car driven by her?

(6)祈使句的被动语态形式为Let +宾语（承受词）+be+动词过去分词

Open the door please. →Let the door be opened please.

(7)主动语态中有反身代词，变被动语态形式为“主动语态主语+be+动词过去分词”

Tom hurt himself. →Tom was hurt.

(8)主语时no one ,nobody,变为被动语态时，句子结构变为否定式，by短语变为by anyone或by anybody

No one can solve the problem. →The problem can’t be solved by anyone.

（9）谓语为动词短语的被动语态不能丢掉动词短语的介词或副词。

His best friend often looks after him. --He is often looked after by his best friend.

(10)主动句中有一些动词如buy,send,give,show,offer,tell,lend,teach等，带有双宾语，一个是直接宾语（指物），另一个是间接宾语（指人），主动语态变为被动语态时，可以把间接宾语变成主语，保留直接宾语，也可以把直接宾语变为主语，保留间接宾语，但此时一般在间接宾语前加一个介词。

My father gave me a book.

→(1)I was given a book by my father. →(2) A book was given to me by my father.

She showed me some photos.

→(1)I was shown some photos by her. →(2) Some photos were shown to me by her.

注意：有些双宾语动词，如do,pass,sell,send,sing，bring,write等，变为被动语态时，通常以直接宾

语作主语，保留间接宾语，其前面根据情况用介词to或for

She wrote me a letter. →A letter was written to me by her.

有些双宾语动词如answer,save,envy(羡慕)等，通常以间接宾语作被动语态主语，保留直接宾语。He answered me that question. →I was answered that question by him.

（11）主动语态若有复合宾语，（即句子结构为主语＋谓语＋宾语＋宾补），将主动句的宾语变为被动句的主语，宾补不变。They call him Louis. --He is called Louis.

Someone caught the boy smoking a cigarette. 可改为The boy was caught smoking a cigarette.

（12）主动语态句中使役动词和感官动词的宾语补足语为不带to的不定式，但变为被动语态时要加上to，这类的动词有make, have, let, notice，see，watch, look at, hear, listen to, feel help等。Mr. Lee made him wash the dishes. →He was made to wash the dishes.

I saw a boy cross the street . →A boy was seen to cross the street.

（13）非谓语动词的被动语态v.+ing 形式及不定式to do 也有被动语态(一般时态和完成时态) 。

例I don't like being laughed at in the public.

（14）It is said that+从句及其他类似句型

一些表示“据说”或“相信”的动词如believe, consider, expect, report, say, suppose, think等可

以用于句型“It＋be＋过去分词＋that从句”或“主语＋be＋过去分词＋to do sth.”。有：It is said that… 据说,It is reported that…据报道，It is believed that…大家相信，It is hoped that…大家希望，It is well known that…众所周知，It is thought that…大家认为，It is suggested that…据建议。

例It is said that the boy has passed the national exam. （＝The boy is said to have passed the national exam. ）

宾语从句用法详解

一.宾语从句的定义置于动词、介词等词性后面起宾语作用的从句叫宾语从句。宾语从句的语序必须是陈

述语序。谓语动词、介词、动词不定式，v.-ing形式后面都能带宾语从句。有些形容词（afraid,sure,glad 等）之后也可以带宾语从句。

二.宾语从句中引导词的用法在复合句中作主句的宾语，引导词有：连词：that (that 常可省略),whether, if代词：who, whose, what ,which副词：when ,where, how, why 等。（一）that引导的宾语从句（在非正式场合that可以省略）可跟that从句做宾语的动词有：say, think, insist, wish, hope, demand, imagine, wonder, know, suppose, see, believe, agree, admit, deny, expect, explain, order, command, feel, dream, suggest, hear, mean, notice, prefer, request, require, propose, declare, report 等。例句：The boy believes that he will travel through space to other planets.注意事项：当主句谓语动词是 think, believe, suppose, expect 等词，而宾语从句的意思是否定时，常把否定转移至

主句表示。

例句：I don’t think it is right for him to treat you like that.在以下情况中that不能省略

1.当句中的动词后接多于两个由that引导的宾语从句时，第一个that可省，但后面的that

不可省。

例句：He said (that) you were too young to understand the matter and that he was

asked not to tell you.

2.当主句的谓语动词与that宾语从句之间有插入语时，that一般不可省。

例句：Just then I noticed, for the first time, that our master was wearing his fine

green coat and his black silk cap.

3.当that从句是双宾语中的直接宾语时，that不可省。

例句：I can’t tel l him that his mother died.

注意事项：许多带复合宾语的句子，that引导的宾语从句经常移到句子后部，而用it作形式宾语。

例句：I find it necessary that we should do the homework on time.

（二）由whether,if 引导的宾语从句由whether(if)引导的宾语从句，实际上是一般疑问句演变而来的。意思是“是否”。宾语从句要用陈述句语序。一般说来，在宾语从句中whether与if可以互换使用，但在特殊情况下if与whether是不能互换的。例句：I wonder whether(if) they will come to our party.只能用whether，不能用if引导的宾语从句

1.在带to的不定式前

例句：We decided whether to walk there.

2.在介词的后面

例句：I’m thinking of whether we should go to see the film.

3.在动词后面的宾语从句时

例句：We discussed whether we had a sports meeting next week

4.直接与or not连用时

例句：I can’t say whether or not thet can come on time.

只能用if不能用whether引导的宾语从句

1.if引导条件状语从句，意为“如果”

例句：The students will go on a picnic if it is sunny.

2.if引导否定概念的宾语从句时

例句：He asked if I didn’t come to school yesterday.

3.引导状语从句even if（即使）和as if（好象）时

例句：He talks as if he has known all about it.

（三）连接代词和连接副词引导的宾语从句

这样的宾语从句实际上是由特殊疑问句变化而来的，宾语从句要用陈述句语序。用于这种结构的动词常常是：see, say, tell, ask, answer, know, decide, show, find out, imagine, suggest, doubt, wonder, discover, understand, inform, advise等。

英语中的连接代词有：who,whom,whose,which,what,在句中担任主语、宾语、定语或者表语。

例句：Can you tell me whom you are waiting for?

英语中的连接副词有：when,where,why,how，在句中担任状语的成分。

例句：None of us knows where these new parts can be bought.

三.宾语从句的语序

宾语从句的语序是陈述句语序即：连接代词/副词+主语+谓语+其他成分。例句如下：

1.I don’t kn ow what they are looking for.

2.Could you tell me when the train will leave?

3.Can you imagine what kind of man he is?

四.宾语从句的时态

1.主句是一般现在时，从句根据实际情况使用任何时态。

例句：The headmaster hopes everything goes well.

2.主句是过去时态，从句须用过去时态的某种形式。

例句：She was sorry that she hadn’t fini shed her work on time.

3.当宾语从句表示的是一个客观真理或者事实时，即使主句是过去时，从句也用一般现在时

态。

例句：The teacher told his class that light travels faster than sound.

五.宾语从句的特点

1.宾语从句可以作及物动词、介词及形容词的宾语。

2.宾语从句的语序一律用陈述句语序。

3.连接词that引导宾语从句在句中无词义，不充当句子成份，多数情况下可以省略。

4.whether 和 if 都可引导宾语从句，但 whether后可紧跟or not；whether从句可作介词

的宾语。

5.如果从句太长，可以用形式宾语it.

表语从句1、概述用作表语的从句叫作表语从句，它位于主句中的连系动词之后。引导表语从句的词有从属连词that、whether、as though(if)；关系代词who, what, which, whom, whose, whatever, whoever, whomever, whichever等；关系副词when, where, why, how, however, whenever, wherever等。可以接表语从句的连系动词由be, look, remain, seem等。That引导表语从句时，在口语中，间或可以省略。

The trouble is that we are short of m one y.困难是我们资金短缺。

That is why stone walls are used instead of fences around New England fields.这就是为什么在新英格兰用石头墙而不用栅栏的原因。

At that time, it seemed as if I couldn't think of the right word anyhow.当时,我似乎怎么也想不出一个恰当的字眼来。

2、由从属连词that，whether引导的表语从句。

that在引导表语从句时无词义，而whether有词义，意为、“是否”。这时主句的主语常常是些抽象名词，如question(问题)，trouble(麻烦)，problem(问题)，result(结果)，chance(可能性)，suggestion(建议)，idea(想法)，reason(理由)等。表语从句对主句主语进行说明、解释，使主语的内容具体化。

The trouble is (that) she has lost his money. 麻烦的事是他丢了钱。

The question is whether we need more ice cream.问题是我们是否还需要一些冰淇淋。

The problem was that it was too valuable for everyday use.问题是它作为日常之用太贵重了。

What she couldn’t understand was that fewer and fewer students showed interest in her lessons. 我们不能理解越来越少的学生对他的课不感兴趣。

3、由关系代词引导的表语从句。

关系代词who, what, which, whom, whose, whatever, whoever, whomever, whichever等引导表语从句，在句中作主语、宾语、表语，关系代词不能省略。

The question is which of us should go.问题是我们哪一个应该去。

The problem was who could do the work.问题是谁能做这项工作。

That's what he is worrying about.那就是他在担心的事。

That's what we should do.那是我们应该做的。

4、由关系副词引导的表语从句。

Go and get your coat. It's where you left it. 去把雨衣拿来。就在你原来放的地方。

I had neither a raincoat nor an umbrella. That’s why I got wet through. 我们既没伞也没雨衣，这是我们淋湿的原因。

That is how mice ruin many stores of grain every year.那就是老鼠是怎样每年损害大量粮食的。

That is what he is worried about.那就是他所担心的。

5、由连词because，as if/as though等引导的表语从句。

It looked as if it was going to snow.看起来好像要下雪了。

That's because we never thought of it.这是因为我们从未想过此事。

It seems as if he didn’t know the answer.好像他不知道答案。

现在完成时讲解

1 构成方式构成：主语（第一、二人称单复数）＋have

主语（第三人称复数）＋have

主语（第三人称单数）＋has ＋过去分词

2 基本用法

1) 表示过去发生或已完成的某个动作对现在产生的影响或结果，强调的是这个影响或结果，常同already, just, yet等状语连用

例：I have just turned off the light. 我刚刚把灯关上。（结果是灯已经关上了）

She has lost her bike. 她把自行车丢了。（影响是他现在没有自行车骑了）

The rain has stopped now. 雨已经停了。（结果是我们可以出门了）

I have already read the book. 我已读过这本书了。（结果是已知道这本书的内容）

She has had a good education. 她受到过良好的教育。（影响是她文化水平高，有修养）

2) 表示开始于过去、持续到现在的动作或状态，并可能继续下去（也可能不继续下去），常同包括现在在内的时间状语连用，如：today, now, this week, this morning, these days, this afternoon, recently, so far等；也同“for+时间段”或“since＋时间点”的状语连用

例：We have had much snow this winter. 今年冬天多雪。

She has taught in the school for ten years. 她在这所学校教书已经10年了。

I haven't eaten anything since breakfast. 我从早饭起就一直没有吃东西。

We have been busy this morning. 今天上午我们一直很忙。

I have known her since we were children. 我从小就认识她。

I haven't seen John today. 我今天没有见到约翰。

It has rained a lot these days. 这些天多雨。

3) 表示从过去某一时间到说话时这段时间中反复发生的动作或多次动作的总和，常同频度副词always, often, seldom, never等连用

例：He has done a lot of work in the past two years. 在过去两年中他做了许多工作。

I have learned about two hundred English words this morning. 本月我学了大约200个英语单词。

I have been to the Great Wall twice. 我曾经去过长城两次

It has rained every day this week. 这个星

一、过去完成时的理解

正如我们不能将现在完成时简单地理解为现在已经完成的动作一样，过去完成时也不能简单地理解为过去已经完成的动作。但是，相对现在完成时来说，过去完成时的理解和用法要容易得多。因为过去完成时的本质用法只有五个字，那就是“过去的过去”——即过去完成时表示的是在“过去的过去”就已发生的情况或存在的状态。如何理解“过去的过去”呢？首先我们得确定一个过去时间作为参照点，在这个过去时间参照点之前的时间就是过去的过去。我们可以画出下面这样的图示来帮助理解：————过去的过去————过去（参照点）————现在————→

如果没有参照点，“去年”是过去，“前年”是过去，“10年前”也是过去，“100年前”也是过去，“100万年前”也是过去。但是，如果我们确定了一个参照点，情况就不同了——如果我们以“去年”为参照点，那么“去年的前一年”就成了过去的过去；又如我们说“他找到了他丢失的钱包”，其中“找到钱包”属于过去，以此为参照点，“丢失钱包”就属于过去的过去；再比如说“我昨天去朋友家玩，但当我到达时朋友外出了”，在这个句子中，“到达朋友家”为过去，以此为参照点，“朋友外出”就属于过去的过去。这样解释，你应该明白了吗？

二、过去完成的构成与用法

前面讲过，现在完成时的构成方法是“have / has +过去分词”，如果我们把其中的have / has

改为过去式，变成“had + 过去分词”，这就是过去完成时的构成方法。如：

When the doctor arrived the patient had died. 医生到时病人已死了。

根据句意可知，“医生到达”为过去发生的动作，故用一般过去时；而当医生到时病人已死了，所以“病人死”就是过去的过去发生的情况，故用过去完成时。

She told me she had been with IBM for five years. 她告诉我说，她在国际商用机器公司已工作5年了。

根据句意可知，“她告诉我”为过去发生的情况，用一般过去时；而“她在国际商用机器公司工作5年”显然是“她告诉我”之前的事情，即属于过去的过去，所以用过去完成时。

I woke up because I had had a bad dream. 我醒了，因为我做了个噩梦。

“我醒了”为过去发生的情况，用一般过去时；我为什么醒了呢？是因为我做了个噩梦，显然“做噩梦”发生在“醒”之前，也就是说发生在过去的过去时间里，所以“做噩梦”要用过去完成时。

When we got there the basketball match had already started. 我们到那里时，篮球赛已经开始了。

“我们到达那里”为过去发生的情况，故用一般过去时；而我们到那里时篮球赛已经开始了，这说明“篮球赛开始”发生在“我们到达那里”这一过去时间之前，即属于过去的过去，所以“篮球赛开始”要用过去完成时。