2018届北京市各高中各校高三英语试卷题型分类专题汇编--阅读理解D篇--学生版(已校对珍藏版)

第二部分阅读理解（共两节，40分）

第一节（共15小题；每小题2分;：共30分）

阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。

D

Robert F. Kennedy once said that a country’s GDP measures “everything except that which makes life worthwhile”. With Britain voting to leave the European Union, and GDP already predicted to slow as a result, it is now a timely moment to assess what he was referring to.

The question of GDP and its usefulness has annoyed policymakers for over half a century. Many argue that it is a flawed concept It measures things that do not matter and misses things that do. By most recent measures, the UK’s GDP has been the envy of the Western world, with record low unemployment and high growth figures. If everything, was going so well, then why did over 17 million people vote for Brexit, despite the warnings about what it could do to their country’s economic prospects?

A recent annual study of countries and their ability to convert growth into well-being sheds some light on that question. Across the 163 countries measured, the UK is one of the poorest performers in ensuring that economic growth is translated into meaningful improvements for its citizens. Rather than just focusing on GDP, over 40 different sets of criteria from health, education and civil society engagement have been measured to get a more rounded assessment of how countries are performing.

While all of these countries face their own challenges, there are a number of consistent themes. Yes, there has been a budding economic recovery since the 2008 global crash, but in key indicators in areas such as health and education, major economies have continued to decline. Yet this isn’t the case with all countries. Some relatively poor European countries have seen huge improvements across measures including civil society, income equality and the environment.

This is a lesson that rich countries can learn; When GDP is no longer regarded as the sole measure of a country’s success, the world looks very different.

So, what Kennedy was referring to was that while GDP has been the most common method for measuring the economic activity of nations, as a measure, it is no longer enough, It does not include important factors such as environmental quality or education outcomes — all things that

contribute to a person’s sense of well-being.

The sharp hit to growth predicted around the world and in the UK could lead to a decline in the everyday services we depend on for our well-being and for growth. But policymakers who refocus efforts on improving well-being rather than simply worrying about GDP figures could avoid the forecasted doom and may even see progress.

47. Robert F, Kennedy is cited because he .

A. praised the UK for its GDP

B. identified GDP with happiness

C. saw the problem with GDP

D. misinterpreted the role of GDP

48. Which of the following is true about the recent annual study?

A. It is sponsored by 163 countries.

B. It excludes GDP as an indicator.

C. Its criteria are questionable.

D. Its results are inspiring.

49. In the last two paragraphs, the author suggests that .

A. the UK is preparing for an economic boom

B. high GDP predicts an economic decline

C. it is essential to consider factors beyond GDP

D. it requires caution to handle economic issues

50. Which of the following is the best title for the text?

A. High GDP But Inadequate Well-being, a UK Lesson

B. GDP Figures, a Window on Global Economic Health

C. Robert F. Kennedy, a Terminator of GDP

D. Brexit, the UK’s Gateway to Well-being

第二部分阅读理解（共两节，40分）

第一节（共15小题；每小题2分;：共30分）

阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。

D

Imagine you re on the game show and you can choose between two prizes, a diamond or a bottle of water. Its an easy choice because the diamonds are clearly more valuable. Now imagine

being given the same choice again, only this time. you're dying of water in the desert. Do you choose differently? Why?

This is the paradox (悖论) of value famously described by the pioneering economist Adam Smith On the game show you were thinking about each item's exchange value. But in an emergency, like the desert situation, what matters more is their use value. And because we only get to choose one of the options, we also have to consider its opportunity cost. After al l, it doesn’t matter how much you could get from selling the diamond if you never make it out of the desert.

Most modern economists deal. with the paradox of value by attempting to unify these considerations on the concept of utility, how well something satisfies a person's wants or needs.Utility can apply to anything from the basic need for food, to the pleasure of hearing a favorite song.and will naturally vary for different people. and circumstances.

Now, imagine yourself back in the desert only this time you get offered a new diamond or a fresh bottle of water every five minutes. It is highly likely that you will first choose enough water to last the trip, and then as many diamonds as you can carry. This is because of something called marginal utility, and it means that when you choose between diamonds and water, you compare utility obtained from every additional bottle of water to every additional diamond. And you do this each time an offer is made. The first bottle of water is worth more to you than any amount of diamonds but eventually, after you have all the water you need, every additional bottle becomes a burden. And this plies to most things. The more of it you acquire, the less useful or enjoyable every additional bit becomes. This is the law of decreasing marginal utility.

Utility applies not just to buying things, but to all our decisions. And the intuitive(直觉的) way to maximize it and avoid decreasing returns is to vary the way we spend our time and resources. After our basic needs are met, we’d theoretically decide to invest in choices only to the point they’ re useful or enjoyable. Of course, how effectively any of us manage to maximize utility in real life is another mater. But it helps to remember that the ultimate source of value comes from us the needs we share, the things we enjoy and the choices we make.

47. Water is more valuable in the desert situation in paragraph l because_________.

A. water tastes sweeter when you are thirsty

B. the sacrifice of your life is too heavy a price to pay

C. you can hardly tell whether the diamond is fake or not

D. you are not conscious enough to make a sensible choice due to thirsty

48. The are value of a thing indicate_________ .

A. what you could obtain for it at a later time

B. what we lose by giving up the other choice

C. how helpful the thing is in your current situation

D. how the value changes when the condition changes

49. What can you infer from the passage?

A. The value of a thing is decided by how useful it is.

B. The things that make you happy are the most valuable.

C. We are able to maximize utility if we know the paradox of value.

D. Only when one s basic needs are met will he pursue something enjoyable.

50. What is the best title of this passage?

A. Ways to Maximize Utility

B. The Paradox of Value

C. What Is Marginal Utility?

D. Diamond or Water?

第二部分阅读理解（共两节，40分）

第一节（共15小题；每小题2分;：共30分）

阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。

D

The broad definition of migration, “permanent change of residence”, usually includes a move across a city or a town. What we are concerned about is movement between nations, not internal migration within nations, although such movements often go beyond international movements in volume. Today, the motives of people who move short distances are very similar to those of international migrants.

Students of human migration speak of "push" and "pull" factors, which influence an individual’s decision to move from one place to another. Push factors are associated with the place of origin. A push factor can be as simple a matter as difficulty in finding a suitable job, or as painful as war, or severe famine (starvation).

Pull factors are those associated with the place of destination. Most often these are economic,

such as better job opportunities or the availability of good land to farm. The latter was an important factor in attracting settlers to the United States during the 19th century. In general, pull factors add up to an apparently better chance for a good life and material well-being than is offered by the place of origin. When there is a choice between several attractive potential destinations, the deciding factor might be a non-economic consideration such as the presence of relatives, friends, or at least fellow countrymen already established in the new place who are willing to help the newcomers settle in. Considerations of this sort lead to the development of migration flow.

Besides push and pull factors, there are what the sociologists cal l “intervening (干预) obstacles”. Even if push and(or) pull factors are very strong, they still may be outweighed by intervening obstacles, such as the distance of the move, the trouble and cost of moving, the difficulty of entering the new country, and the problems likely to be encountered on arrival.

The decision to move is also influenced by “personal factors” of the potential migrant. The same push-pull factors and obstacles operate differently on different people, sometimes because they are at different stages of their lives, or just because of their varying abilities and personalities. The prospect of packing up everything and moving to a new and perhaps very strange environment may appear interesting and challenging to an unmarried young man and rather difficult to a slightly older man with a wife and small kids. Similarly, the need to learn a new

language and customs may excite one person and frighten another.

Regardless of why people move, migration of large numbers of people causes conflict. The United States and other western countries have experienced adjustment problems with each new wave of immigrants. The newest arrivals are usually given the lowest-paid jobs and are hated by native people who may have to compete with them for those jobs. It has usually taken several decades for each group to be accepted into the mainstream of society in the host country.

67. Suppose Michael is thinking of migrating to a new place but he is faced with several choices of destinations, what may contribute to his final decision?

A. The people he knows.

B. Better job opportunities.

C. Good land to farm.

D. The distance travelled.

68. Why does the author compare an unmarried young man with an older man with a family? Because ________.

A. they differ in their abilities to learn a new language and customs

B. their abilities to compete for a better job or a better farm land are different

C. the older one is more likely to be accepted into the mainstream of the new society

D. different stages of lives will lead to their different decisions to migration

69. We can infer from the passage that ________.

A. pull factors may include one’s difficulty in finding a job or suffering from famine.

B. push-pull factors are so strong as to be more important than intervening factors.

C. new immigrants often need to suffer great hardships to fit in with the new environment.

D. the same push-pull factors may produce similar effect on people with different personalities.

70. The purpose of the passage is to discuss ________.

A. the problems of international migrants

B. the motives of international migrants

C. the migration problems inside the country

D. the adjustment problem among migrants

第二部分阅读理解（共两节，40分）

第一节（共15小题；每小题2分;：共30分）

阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。

D

Despite the anxiety that Jones’ Host—said by some to be the first digital novel—caused in 1993, publishers weren’t too concerned that e-books would one day replace printed books. However, that attitude was changed suddenly in 2007 when Amazon’s Kindle came onto the market, which led to e-book sales jumping up to 1,260%. Since then, e-books’ popularity has continued to steadily rise. The publishing industry seemed to have lost all possible ability to regain its position. Will printed books eventually become a thing of the past?

According to Mike Shatzkin, founder and CEO of the Idea Logical Company, printed books just for plain old reading will, in 10 years from now, be unusual. “Not so unusual that a kid will say, ‘Mommy, what’s that?’ but unusual enough that on the train you’ll see one or tw o people reading something printed, while everyone else is reading off of a tablet.” And Shatzkin believes