Unit 3 Grammar-被动语态

(过去完成时had done也包括在内)。 例：1、主动：We have studied English for 3 years and on at the spare-time school. 被动：English has been studied for 3 years by us and on at the spare-time school. (have随新主语变为has) 我们已经在夜校里断断续续地学了三年英语了。 2、主动: They had produced 100 tractors by the end of last year. 被动: 100 tractors had been produced by the end of last year. 到去年年底我们已生产出一百台拖拉机。 3、主动：They have set up a power station in their home town. 被动：A power station has been set up in their home town. 他们的家乡建立了一座发电站。 4、主动：They have warned us to be careful of rats. 被动：We have been warned to be careful of rats by them. 他们已提醒我们要注意老鼠。 5、主动：People have piled plastic bags full of rubbish in streets. 被动: Plastic bags full of rubbish have been piled in streets. 人们把装满垃圾的塑料袋子堆放在街上。 6、主动：We have used nuclear energy to produce electricity. 被动：Nuclear energy has been used to produce electricity by us.
去时
现在完 have\has+V.p.p have\has+been+V(p.p)
成时
过去完 had+V.p.p
成时
had+beenபைடு நூலகம்V(p.p)
过去进 was\were+V.ing was\were+being+V(p.p)
行时
情态动 情态动词+V.
词
情态动词+be+V(p.p)
被动语态（一般现在时）
核能已被我们用来发电。 7、主动：No one has ever beaten him at tennis. 被动：He has never been beaten at tennis. 就网球来说还没有人是他的对手。 (No one涉及到全否定和部分否定问题，见否定一讲) The person who owns the gun may try to deny that he has used it. But anyone seeing the smoke knows the gun has just been fired. 有枪的人会极力否认他开了枪。但是任何看到枪烟(枪冒的烟)的 人都会知道刚才开了枪。 Today is Cilia's wedding day, she has just been married to Bob. 今天是西丽亚的新婚日，她刚刚和鲍勃结婚。 The subjects of these lectures have been announced by the lecture committee. 演讲委员会已宣布了这些讲演的题目。 过去完成时也是一样： 主动: Somebody had cleaned my shoes. 被动: My shoes had been cleaned by somebody. 有人已把我的鞋子擦了。 主动：When I returned I found that they had towed (toud) my car away, I asked why they had done this and they told me that it was because I had parked it under a "No Parking Sign". 被动：My car had been towed away. I asked why this had been done and told that ... it had been parked under a "No Parking Sign". 当我回来时，发现我的车被弄走了。我问他们为什么这么干。他 们告诉我说因为我把车于停在"禁止停车"的禁区。
被动： This speech was delivered by comrade Wang. (was delivered即一般过去时的被动态) 这篇讲演是王的发言。 There was a serious train accident near the border. Two people were killed and twelve were injured. 边境发生非常严重列车事故，两人死亡，十二人受伤。 A person who is truly honest is called a straight arrow. 直言不讳的人才是真正诚实的人。 A note was passed up to the speaker. 有人给讲演者递上来 一张纸条。 John was elected president of the class instead of Harry. 乔治被选为班长而代替了亨利。 Volcanoes are described as active, dormant or extinct. 火山被描述为活的，沉睡着的，或者死的。 The soldier was killed, but the train was saved. 这位战 士牺牲了，然而列车得救了。 He was thought to be clever but dishonest. 他被认为很聪 明但不诚实。（别人认为他很聪明但不诚实） The first zoological garden in the United States was established in 1874. 美国的第一个动物园是1874年建立的。 Families were often broken up; wives were taken away from their husbands and children from their parents. 家庭被拆散，妻儿被夺走。 The information is urgently needed. 急需这个资料。 Most environmental problems exist because adequate measures for preventing them were not taken in the past. 多 数环境污染问题的存在，是因为过去没有采取适当的保护措施。 完成时态have done，被动将been加中间。
TENSE 主动语态
被动语态
一般现 be+V.\V.s
在时
am\is\are+V(p.p)
一般将 will\be going will be +V(p.p)
来时 to+V.
现在进 am\is\are+V.ing am\is\are+being+V(p.p)
行时
一般过 ①was\were②V.ed was\were+V(p.p)
将来进行无被动，shall (will) be doing,
现在完成进行同，have (has) been doing。
现、过进行be doing, 被动be加being done。
情、助、有、是妥安排，一律随新主语变。
否定助后加not，疑问一助置主前。 主语恰是疑问词，直陈语序主在前。 一般情助加be done，双宾多将间宾变。 复合宾语宾变主，宾补、主补相应变。 1.一般现在时 is\am\are+P.P(过去分词) 2.一般过去时 was\were+P.P 3.一般将来时 will be+P.P 4.现在进行时 is\am\are+being(固定不变)+P.P 5.过去进行时 was\were+being(固定不变)+P.P 6.现在完成时 have\has been+P.P 7.过去完成时 had been+P.P 第二句"be有人称、时、数变"即be有人称、时态和单、复数的变 化。"情助"是指情态动词和助动词must，may，can，shall，will等 一律随新主语(多是主动句中的宾语)来变化。"疑问一助置主前"是说 有两个助动词的话，应把主语放在第一助动词之后或把第一助动词置 于主语之前。下面详细举例说明之。 一般现、过用be done, be有人称、时、数变 例：1、主动：The children gave the foreign guests a warm welcome. 被动：The foreign guests were given a warm welcome by the children. 孩子们热烈地欢迎外宾。 2、主动：People regard him as brilliant. 被动：He is regarded as brilliant by people. 人们认为他很有才华。 以上两例都是一般时态用be done的例子，be有人称、时、数 变，第三人称foreign friends是复数，时态一般过去时，所以"be done"就是were given，而People regard him as brilliant一句， 被动后的"be done"就变成单数第三人称is regarded的形式了。
被动语态（Passive Voice）
语态是动词的一种形式，它表示主语和谓语的关系。语态有两种： 主动语态和被动语态。如果主语是动作的执行者，或者是说动作是由主 语完成的，要用主动语态；如果主语是动作的承受者，或者是说动作不 是由主语而是由其他人完成的，则用被动语态。
概述 在英语中的被动语态使用得比汉语要多，要普遍，许多课本及考 试乃至实际应用中都常常涉及到这个问题。一般说来，当强调动作承 受者，不必说出执行者或含糊不清的执行者时，多用被动语态。需要 注意的是，许多地方与汉语不同。注意：哪些汉语中没有"被……"的 意思，英语却应该用被动态。还要注意，英语的被动态往往由"by"引 出，而有用介词"by"的短语往往又不是被动语态，而是系表结构。还 有些特殊现象，如：known to man(人类......所知)，on foot步行 (美国人有时用by foot)，in carriage(乘四轮马车)等等。还有假主 动，真被动的十几个常用词的用法，以及so heavy to carry而不用 so heavy to be carried 等习惯用法。有关这类情况，做到心中有 数对全面掌握被动态，准确无误地解答习题非常关键，被动态必须涉 及的是动词的各种时态变化的问题。英语的时态本来很复杂，怎样记 住各自的被动形式呢? 首先要明确"将来进行无被动，现在完成进行 同"。这两种时态无被动形式。 另外，不及物动词带有同原宾语的动词，反身代词的动词和系动 词都无被动形式。即便如此，还有不定式，动名词，分词，以及它们 的复合结构的被动态，再加上情态动词，助动词以及它们的疑问式和 否定式从中掺杂，真是令人头痛，眼花缭乱。下面口诀就以动词do为 例，即do did过去式done过去分词，以口诀形式总结各种时态的被动 态.一定对你有所启示。 当然了，被动语态也可以概括为be done 被动语态各时态构成表
主动语态变被动语态时，主动语态句中的宾语变成被动语态句中
的主语，主动语态句中的主语成为被动语态句中的动作的发出者。
被动语态的口诀：
一般现、过用be +V.过去分词，be有人称、时、数变。
完成时态have(has) done，被动将been加中间。
一般将来shall (will) do，被动变do为be done。