明十三陵的风水术(图)

明十三陵的风水术（图）
明十三陵的风水术（图）1、明十三陵大区风水总览图
2、明长陵落脉图
3、明长陵落脉、结穴及水法图尽管风水的内容越来越复杂，其中不乏荒诞无稽的说教和蛊惑人心的骗局，但在它的合理思想指导下，在中国历史上确曾出现过许多优秀的建筑作品。

北京昌平明十三陵和皖南徽州地区的村镇就是其中的典范。

十三陵始建于永乐七年（1409年）。

为了求得吉祥的墓地，明成祖命江西风水师在昌平境内找到了这一片山地，经朱棣亲自踏勘确认后并封为“天寿山”。

以后的十二代明朝皇帝也相继把陵墓建造在这里，在具体确定他们的墓址时，都有风水师参与其间。

十三陵所处的地形是北、东、西三面环山，南面开敞，山间众溪汇于陵前河道后，向东南奔泻而去。

陵前6公里处神道两侧有两座小山，东为“龙山”，西为“虎山”，符合东青龙、西白虎的四灵方位格局，用风水理论来衡量，天寿山山势延绵，“龙脉”旺盛，陵墓南面而立，背后主峰耸峙，左右“护砂（山）”环抱，向南远处一直伸展至北京小平原，前景开阔。

陵墓的“明堂”（基址）平坦宽广，山上草木丰茂，地脉富有“生气”，无疑是一处天造地设的帝陵吉壤。

人们由大红门一路向内，可以领略到各陵建筑和雄伟山势和谐统一结合在一起所产
生的感人效果。

明十三陵地形和帝陵分布示意图<span
style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
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2006<span style="font-family:宋
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mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">年11<span
style="font-family:宋
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mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin ">月来自韩国的葬礼文化访问团到北京参观，特地前往北京昌平凤凰山陵园考察风水。

<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
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minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-f ont:minor-latin">明十三陵作为国家级的旅游景点
<span style="font-family:宋
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mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin ">风景确实好作为皇家陵墓缺者甚多
<span style="font-family:
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style="font-family:宋
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mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin ">龙的形与势俱佳，但山体裸露，何以聚气。

葬书云：“<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
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显然，山必有郁郁葱葱的树木和茂盛的杂草，由表而及里，得知其龙脉必有旺盛之“<span
style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
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山有五不可葬者：“<span style="font-family:宋
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ont:minor-latin">气因土行而石山不可葬”<span
style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-f ont:minor-latin">也。

明十三陵的天寿山，山体无土裸露，水由土聚，气随水生，山形陡立，何以聚土，五百年前也不见得树木茂盛。

<span style="font-family:
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">葬书”<span style="font-family:宋
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mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:
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<span style="font-family:
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mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin ">葬书”<span style="font-family:宋
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ont:minor-latin">风水之法得水为上”<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-f ont:minor-latin">明十三陵的水来至坐山天寿山，水源太短，查看下游的老河床有十多米宽，五百多年前春季的桃花水和汛期雨季，水流还是非常大的，且水流缓慢，因地势平坦。

<span style="font-family:宋
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mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin ">十三陵是一个天然具有规格的山区，其山属太行余脉，西通居庸，北通黄花镇，南向昌平州，不仅是陵寝之屏障，实乃京师之北屏。

<span style="font-family:宋
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mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin ">明末清出著名学者顾炎武曾写诗描述这里的优胜形势：“<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
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minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-f ont:minor-latin">群山自南来，势，若蛟龙翔；东趾踞卢龙，西脊驰太行；后尻坐黄花（指黄花镇），前面临神京；中有万年宅，名曰康家庄；可容百万人，豁然开明堂。

”<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
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在中国传统风水学说的指导下，十三陵从选址到规划设计，都十分注重陵寝建筑与大自然山川、水流和植被的和谐统一，追求形同“<span style="font-family:宋
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style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
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<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
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<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
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mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">明十三陵，既是一个统一的整体，各陵又自成一个独立的单位，陵墓规格大同小异。

每座陵墓分别建于一座山前。

陵与陵之间少至半公里，多至八公里。

除思陵偏在西南一隅外，其余均成扇面形分列于长陵左右; <span style="font-family:宋
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”<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
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(<span style="font-family:
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mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin ">若平民用之有余，帝王之葬用之不足矣。

(<span style="font-family:宋
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minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-f ont:minor-latin">十三陵风水为何难保大明昌盛？
<span style="font-family:宋
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mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin ">十三陵始建于永乐七年（1409<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
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mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">年）。

为了求得吉祥的墓地，明成祖命江西风水师在昌平境内找到了这一片山地，经朱棣亲自踏勘确认后并封为“<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
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以后的十二代明朝皇帝也相继把陵墓建造在这里，在具体确定他们的墓址时，都有风水师参与其间。

<span style="font-family:宋
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mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin ">十三陵所处的地形是北、东、西三面环山，南面开敞，山间众溪汇于陵前河道后，向东南奔泻而去。

陵前6<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
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minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-f ont:minor-latin">旺盛，陵墓南面而立，背后主峰耸峙，左右“<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-f ont:minor-latin">护砂（山）”<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-f ont:minor-latin">环抱，向南远处一直伸展至北京小平原，前景开阔。

陵墓的“<span style="font-family:宋
体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-f ont:minor-latin">明堂”<span style="font-family:宋
体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-f ont:minor-latin">（基址）平坦宽广，山上草木丰茂，地脉富
有“<span style="font-family:宋
体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-f ont:minor-latin">生气”<span style="font-family:宋
体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-f ont:minor-latin">，无疑是一处天造地设的帝陵吉壤。

人们由大红门一路向内，可以领略到各陵建筑和雄伟山势和谐统一结合在一起所产生的感人效果。

<span style="font-family:宋
体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋
体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin ">明十三陵是中国明朝皇帝的墓葬群，坐落在北京西北郊昌
平区境内的燕山山麓的天寿山。

这里自永乐七年（1409<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-famil y:宋体;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:Ca libri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">）五月始作长陵，到明朝最后一帝崇祯葬入思陵止，其间230<span
style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-famil y:宋体;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:Ca libri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">多年，先后修建了十三座皇帝陵墓、七座妃子墓、一座太监墓。

共埋葬了十三位皇帝、二十三位皇后、二位太子、三十余名妃嫔、一位太监。

<span style="font-family:宋
体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋
体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin ">明十三陵坐落于天寿山麓。

总面积一百二十余平方公里。

距离北京约五十公里。

十三陵地处东、西、北三面环山的小盆地之中，陵区周围群山环抱，中部为平原，陵前有小河曲折蜿蜒，山明水秀，景色宜人。

<span style="font-family:宋
体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋
体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin ">十三座皇陵均依山而筑，分别建在东、西、北三面的山麓上，形成了体系完整、规模宏大、气势磅礴的陵寝建筑群。

明代术士认为，这里是"<span style="font-family:宋
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Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-famil y:宋体;
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mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">风水"<span
style="font-family:宋
体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋
体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin ">胜境，绝佳"<span style="font-family:宋
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mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">吉壤"<span
style="font-family:宋
体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋
体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin ">。

因此被明朝选为营建皇陵的"<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-famil y:宋体;
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mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">万年寿域"<span style="font-family:宋
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体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin ">。

该陵园建于1409<span style="font-family:宋
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Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-famil y:宋体;
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mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">～1644<span
style="font-family:宋
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体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin ">年，距今已有300<span style="font-family:宋
体;mso-ascii-font-family:
Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-famil y:宋体;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:Ca libri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">～500<span
style="font-family:宋
体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋
体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin ">多年历史。

陵区占地面积达40<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-f ont:minor-latin">平方公里，是中国乃至世界现存规模最大、帝后陵寝最多的一处皇陵建筑群。

<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:
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体;mso-ascii-font-family:
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mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:Ca libri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">明代时，于途中的沙河镇北，建有七孔石造"<span style="font-family:宋
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Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-famil y:宋体;
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mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">朝宗桥"<span
style="font-family:宋
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mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin ">。

在镇东，则筑有壮丽的"<span style="font-family:宋
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y:宋体;
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mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">巩华城"<span
style="font-family:宋
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mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin ">。

该城原为嘉靖皇帝祭陵时中途休息的行宫，现仅存遗址。

(<span style="font-family:宋
体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋
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mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin ">二) <span style="font-family:宋
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mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-f ont:minor-latin">明朝覆亡难道与十三陵风水有关?
<span style="font-family:宋
体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋
体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin ">风水，在我国是一个非常有诱惑力的话题。

在古代，特别是汉唐以后，上自帝王宫室、陵墓，下至官署、寺庙和民宅，在选址和营建过程中大多都深受风水理论的影响。

<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-f ont:minor-latin">最初，风水只是古人寻找墓地时使用。

它的理论大概是：葬地内有生气，生气可以带来福音。

而生气在地里是流动的，遇风吹就会失散，遇水流拦挡就会停止不动。

所以，古人寻找墓地，都是选择生气凝聚的地方，即风吹不到、有水流可以阻挡它流动的地方。

后来，人们将风
水概念扩大到城市、民居等领域。

为了加以区别，人们将风水划分为阴宅风水和阳宅风水两大类。

<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-f ont:minor-latin">明代帝陵的卜选，就是在阴宅风水术的指导下进行的。

卜选的方针是：四面有山，左右和前面有水；山水曲折变化；龙（陵后的山脉）、穴（陵墓中安放棺椁的地方）、砂（陵寝风水格局中龙以外的其他山脉）、水（河流）之间的相配关系，等等。

<span style="font-family:宋
体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋
体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin ">十三陵陵址的卜选最初始于明永乐年间，为了求得吉祥的墓地，明成祖命江西风水师廖均卿在昌平境内寻找墓地。

后来他在这一地区找到“<span style="font-family:宋
体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:
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体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
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minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-f ont:minor-latin">，叫黄土山，山前有龙虎二山，形成风水宝地。

经朱棣亲自踏勘确认后并封为“<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-f ont:minor-latin">天寿山”<span style="font-family:宋
体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
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minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-f ont:minor-latin">，并于1409<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-famil y:宋体;
mso-fareast-theme-font:mi。