读书报告4土壤碳固定对全球气候变化和粮食安全的影响
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(A: Long-term no-till plots B: Agroforestry)
2.Soil Carbon Sequestration
•土壤无机碳的固定
The rate of SIC sequestration as secondary carbonates is low (5 to 150 kg C/ha per year) and is accentuated by biogenic processes and leaching of carbonates into the groundwater (11, 12), especially in soils irrigated with water containing low carbonates.
The depletion is exacerbated when the output of C exceeds the input and when soil degradation is severe.
当输出超过输入和土壤退化严重时土壤碳库的耗竭将加剧。
Severe depletion of the SOC pool degrades soil quality, reduces biomass productivity, and adversely impacts water quality, and the depletion may be exacerbated by projected global warming.
土壤有机碳的固定是由向土壤中增加高生物量，使土壤受到最小 的扰动，保持水土，提高土壤结构，增强土壤动物的种类和多样 性的活性，增强元素循环而实现的。 (Fig. 2, table S2)
Fig. 2.
具有高的土壤碳固定潜能的态系统 有:农田，放牧的草地，退化的或 沙漠化土地,灌溉的土壤放牧的草 地的生态系统的土壤碳固定潜力不 包括在全球的土壤碳固定中，这是 因为它部分的被覆盖在其它生态系 统下以及具有很大的不确定性。
(1).Agricultural chemicals
However, inputs are needed not for soil C sequestration per se, but for increasing food production and ensuring sustainable use of soil and water resources.
2.Soil Carbon Sequestration
Common RMPs that lead to SOC sequestration are mulch farming, conservation tillage, agroforestry and diverse cropping systems, cover crops (Fig. 3), and integrated nutrient management, including the use of manure, compost, biosolids, improved grazing, and forest management.
1.Background
The global soil carbon (C) pool of 2500 gigatons (Gt) includes about 1550 Gt of soil organic carbon (SOC) and 950 Gt of soil inorganic carbon (SIC). 25000亿吨的全球土壤碳库由15500亿吨的土壤有机碳和9500亿吨的 土壤无机碳组成。
然而输入不仅是为了土壤碳固定自身，也是增加了粮食生产，确保水土资 源使用的可持续。
(2).Nutrients required 养分需求
It is estimated that sequestration of 1 Gt of C in world soils would require 80 million tons (Mt) of N, 20 Mt of P, and 15 Mt of K. In comparison, the global fertilizer use in 2000 was 136 Mt (17).
土壤碳固定意味着将大气中的CO2转移到长期存在的土壤库中并安全 地储存它，因此使碳不能立即释放到大气中。因此土壤碳固定意味着 通过精确的土地使用和推荐的管理措施(RMPs)增加了土壤有机和无 机碳库的容量。
2.Soil Carbon Sequestration
The SOC sequestration is caused by those management systems that add high amounts of biomass to the soil, cause minimal soil disturbance, conserve soil and water, improve soil structure, enhance activity and species diversity of soil fauna, and strengthen mechanisms of elemental cycling (Fig. 2, table S2).
The SOC pool represents a dynamic equilibrium of gains and losses (Fig. 1). 土壤碳库处于收支动态平衡。
Fig. 1. Processes affecting soil organic carbon (SOC) dynamics.
(1).Agricultural chemicals 农化用品
Most RMPsIitnevomlve(1C-bKagse)d input.Need C (Kg)
N0Βιβλιοθήκη 86P2O5 K2O Lime Herbicides Fungicides Insecticides
0.17 0.12 0.36 4.7 5.2 4.9
土壤碳库的严重耗竭使得土壤质量退化，生物产量降低，影响水质量， 预测的全球变暖可能会加剧土壤碳库的耗竭。
The estimates of historic SOC loss range widely, from 44 to 537 Gt, with a common range of 55 to 78 Gt (3). 以往的土壤有机碳的损失量的估 算值变化范围广大约从440到 5370亿吨，而共识的损失量是 550到780亿吨。
2.Soil Carbon Sequestration
Carbon sequestration implies transferring atmospheric CO2 into long-lived pools and storing it securely so it is not immediately reemitted. Thus, soil C sequestration means increasing SOC and SIC stocks through judicious land use and recommended management practices (RMPs).
作为处于次要地位的碳酸盐，土壤无机碳的固定的速率是很低的(每年5到 150kgC/ha)，土壤无机碳作为生命必须的过程和碳酸盐向地下水的淋洗过 程被重视，(11,12)特别是在含有低碳酸盐的水中的土壤灌溉区。
3.Soil Carbon Sequestration for Mitigating Climate Change 土壤碳固定对气候变化的缓解
Estimates of the total potential of C sequestration in world soils vary widely from a low of 0.4 to 0.6 Gt C/year (9) to a high of 0.6 to 1.2 Gt C/year (13). Thus, the potential is finite in capacity and time. Nonetheless, soil C sequestration buys us time until the alternatives to fossil fuel take effect.
The soil C pool is 3.3 times the size of the atmospheric pool (760 Gt) and 4.5 times the size of the biotic pool (560Gt, fig. S1).
土壤碳库的容量是大气碳库的3.3倍，是生物碳库的4.5倍。
全球土壤碳固定总的潜力的估算值是非常广泛的，从低的0.4 to 0.6 Gt C/year (9) 到高的0.6 to 1.2 Gt C/year (13)。 因此，这种固定的潜力在容量和时间上是有限的。尽管如此，直到 我们能找到化石燃料的替代品时，土壤碳固定为我们争取了时间。
Some issues related to this strategy are as follows:
Soil Carbon Sequestration Impacts on Global Climate Change and Food Security
土壤碳固定对全球气候变化和粮食安全的影响
R. Lal ,et al. 2004 Science 304, 1623
Tutor : Prof . ZHENG Speaker : DongXiaogang Date : 2012-05-10
据计算，世界土壤中10亿吨的碳固定需要8000万吨的N，2000万吨的P，1500万 吨的K。与此相比，2000年全球肥料的施用量为1.36亿吨（17）。
One ton of cereal residue contains 12 to 20 kg N, 1 to 4 kg P, 7 to 30 kg K, 4 to 8 kg Ca, and 2 to 4 kg Mg. Annually, 3 Gt of residues of grain crops are produced globally (table S3), which if recycled rather than removed for fuel and other uses, would improve soil quality and sequester C.
一吨的禾谷类作物残渣含有12到20Kg的N，1到4Kg的P，7到30Kg的 K,4到8Kg的Ca以及2到4Kg的Mg。每年全球有30亿吨的禾谷类作物 残渣被生产(table S3)，这些作物残渣如果是循环利用而不是用于燃料 和其它方面的使用，将提高土壤质量和固定碳。
(2).Nutrients required
Content
1.Background 2.Soil Carbon Sequestration 3.Soil Carbon Sequestration for Mitigating
Climate Change 4.Soil Carbon Sequestration and Global Food Security 5.Conclusions
通常导致土壤有机碳固定的RMPs措施是：覆盖农业，保护性耕作，混农林 和多样性种植系统(Fig. 3)，和包括由粪肥、堆肥、生物固体、改善的放牧 模式和林地管理的使用的综合养分管理。
Fig. 3. Important recommended management practices are no-till farming, cover crops, manuring and agroforestry.
2.Soil Carbon Sequestration
•土壤无机碳的固定
The rate of SIC sequestration as secondary carbonates is low (5 to 150 kg C/ha per year) and is accentuated by biogenic processes and leaching of carbonates into the groundwater (11, 12), especially in soils irrigated with water containing low carbonates.
The depletion is exacerbated when the output of C exceeds the input and when soil degradation is severe.
当输出超过输入和土壤退化严重时土壤碳库的耗竭将加剧。
Severe depletion of the SOC pool degrades soil quality, reduces biomass productivity, and adversely impacts water quality, and the depletion may be exacerbated by projected global warming.
土壤有机碳的固定是由向土壤中增加高生物量，使土壤受到最小 的扰动，保持水土，提高土壤结构，增强土壤动物的种类和多样 性的活性，增强元素循环而实现的。 (Fig. 2, table S2)
Fig. 2.
具有高的土壤碳固定潜能的态系统 有:农田，放牧的草地，退化的或 沙漠化土地,灌溉的土壤放牧的草 地的生态系统的土壤碳固定潜力不 包括在全球的土壤碳固定中，这是 因为它部分的被覆盖在其它生态系 统下以及具有很大的不确定性。
(1).Agricultural chemicals
However, inputs are needed not for soil C sequestration per se, but for increasing food production and ensuring sustainable use of soil and water resources.
2.Soil Carbon Sequestration
Common RMPs that lead to SOC sequestration are mulch farming, conservation tillage, agroforestry and diverse cropping systems, cover crops (Fig. 3), and integrated nutrient management, including the use of manure, compost, biosolids, improved grazing, and forest management.
1.Background
The global soil carbon (C) pool of 2500 gigatons (Gt) includes about 1550 Gt of soil organic carbon (SOC) and 950 Gt of soil inorganic carbon (SIC). 25000亿吨的全球土壤碳库由15500亿吨的土壤有机碳和9500亿吨的 土壤无机碳组成。
然而输入不仅是为了土壤碳固定自身，也是增加了粮食生产，确保水土资 源使用的可持续。
(2).Nutrients required 养分需求
It is estimated that sequestration of 1 Gt of C in world soils would require 80 million tons (Mt) of N, 20 Mt of P, and 15 Mt of K. In comparison, the global fertilizer use in 2000 was 136 Mt (17).
土壤碳固定意味着将大气中的CO2转移到长期存在的土壤库中并安全 地储存它，因此使碳不能立即释放到大气中。因此土壤碳固定意味着 通过精确的土地使用和推荐的管理措施(RMPs)增加了土壤有机和无 机碳库的容量。
2.Soil Carbon Sequestration
The SOC sequestration is caused by those management systems that add high amounts of biomass to the soil, cause minimal soil disturbance, conserve soil and water, improve soil structure, enhance activity and species diversity of soil fauna, and strengthen mechanisms of elemental cycling (Fig. 2, table S2).
The SOC pool represents a dynamic equilibrium of gains and losses (Fig. 1). 土壤碳库处于收支动态平衡。
Fig. 1. Processes affecting soil organic carbon (SOC) dynamics.
(1).Agricultural chemicals 农化用品
Most RMPsIitnevomlve(1C-bKagse)d input.Need C (Kg)
N0Βιβλιοθήκη 86P2O5 K2O Lime Herbicides Fungicides Insecticides
0.17 0.12 0.36 4.7 5.2 4.9
土壤碳库的严重耗竭使得土壤质量退化，生物产量降低，影响水质量， 预测的全球变暖可能会加剧土壤碳库的耗竭。
The estimates of historic SOC loss range widely, from 44 to 537 Gt, with a common range of 55 to 78 Gt (3). 以往的土壤有机碳的损失量的估 算值变化范围广大约从440到 5370亿吨，而共识的损失量是 550到780亿吨。
2.Soil Carbon Sequestration
Carbon sequestration implies transferring atmospheric CO2 into long-lived pools and storing it securely so it is not immediately reemitted. Thus, soil C sequestration means increasing SOC and SIC stocks through judicious land use and recommended management practices (RMPs).
作为处于次要地位的碳酸盐，土壤无机碳的固定的速率是很低的(每年5到 150kgC/ha)，土壤无机碳作为生命必须的过程和碳酸盐向地下水的淋洗过 程被重视，(11,12)特别是在含有低碳酸盐的水中的土壤灌溉区。
3.Soil Carbon Sequestration for Mitigating Climate Change 土壤碳固定对气候变化的缓解
Estimates of the total potential of C sequestration in world soils vary widely from a low of 0.4 to 0.6 Gt C/year (9) to a high of 0.6 to 1.2 Gt C/year (13). Thus, the potential is finite in capacity and time. Nonetheless, soil C sequestration buys us time until the alternatives to fossil fuel take effect.
The soil C pool is 3.3 times the size of the atmospheric pool (760 Gt) and 4.5 times the size of the biotic pool (560Gt, fig. S1).
土壤碳库的容量是大气碳库的3.3倍，是生物碳库的4.5倍。
全球土壤碳固定总的潜力的估算值是非常广泛的，从低的0.4 to 0.6 Gt C/year (9) 到高的0.6 to 1.2 Gt C/year (13)。 因此，这种固定的潜力在容量和时间上是有限的。尽管如此，直到 我们能找到化石燃料的替代品时，土壤碳固定为我们争取了时间。
Some issues related to this strategy are as follows:
Soil Carbon Sequestration Impacts on Global Climate Change and Food Security
土壤碳固定对全球气候变化和粮食安全的影响
R. Lal ,et al. 2004 Science 304, 1623
Tutor : Prof . ZHENG Speaker : DongXiaogang Date : 2012-05-10
据计算，世界土壤中10亿吨的碳固定需要8000万吨的N，2000万吨的P，1500万 吨的K。与此相比，2000年全球肥料的施用量为1.36亿吨（17）。
One ton of cereal residue contains 12 to 20 kg N, 1 to 4 kg P, 7 to 30 kg K, 4 to 8 kg Ca, and 2 to 4 kg Mg. Annually, 3 Gt of residues of grain crops are produced globally (table S3), which if recycled rather than removed for fuel and other uses, would improve soil quality and sequester C.
一吨的禾谷类作物残渣含有12到20Kg的N，1到4Kg的P，7到30Kg的 K,4到8Kg的Ca以及2到4Kg的Mg。每年全球有30亿吨的禾谷类作物 残渣被生产(table S3)，这些作物残渣如果是循环利用而不是用于燃料 和其它方面的使用，将提高土壤质量和固定碳。
(2).Nutrients required
Content
1.Background 2.Soil Carbon Sequestration 3.Soil Carbon Sequestration for Mitigating
Climate Change 4.Soil Carbon Sequestration and Global Food Security 5.Conclusions
通常导致土壤有机碳固定的RMPs措施是：覆盖农业，保护性耕作，混农林 和多样性种植系统(Fig. 3)，和包括由粪肥、堆肥、生物固体、改善的放牧 模式和林地管理的使用的综合养分管理。
Fig. 3. Important recommended management practices are no-till farming, cover crops, manuring and agroforestry.