汽车车辆驱动桥和差速器外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
附录
附录2 外文文献中文翻译
驱动桥和差速器
所有的汽车都装有不同类型的驱动桥和差速器来驱动汽车行驶。无论是前驱汽车，后驱汽车还是四轮驱动的汽车，对于将发动机的动力转化到车轮上差速器都是不可缺少的部件。
动力的传递
驱动桥必须把发动机的动力转一个直角后传递出去，但人对于前轮驱动汽车发动机输出的转矩与主减速器是在同一直在线的，但是发动机前置的后轮驱动的汽车发动机的动力必须以正确的角度传递出去，来驱动车轮。
图中所示是齿轮驱动的过程，即由一个相对小的齿轮驱动一个大齿轮（主动齿轮和从动齿轮），从动锥齿轮和差速器壳连接在一起，在半轴的根部有一对带有内花键的半轴齿轮，半轴齿轮和半轴通过花键来连接在一起。当差速器壳旋转时，就驱动内部的半齿轮转动从而使半轴转动，将转矩传给车轮。后驱动桥
后轮驱动的车辆大多是卡车，大型轿车和大部分跑车。典型的后轮驱动的车辆使用前置发动机和变速箱总成将转矩传输到后轮驱动桥。多驱动桥汽车中，在贯通式驱动桥的布置中，各桥的传动轴布置在同一纵向铅垂平面内，并且各驱动桥不是分别用自己的传动轴与分动器直接联接，而是位于分动器前面的或后面的各相邻两桥的传动轴，是串联布置的。汽车前后两端的驱动桥的动力，是经分动器并贯通中间桥而传递的。其优点是，不仅减少了传动轴的数量，而且提高了各驱动桥零件的相互通用性，并且简化了结构、减小了体积和质量。
一些车辆不是这个典型的例子。如老式的保时捷或大众汽车引擎在汽车后面，是后轮驱动。这些车辆使用的后方安装驱动桥与半轴来驱动车轮。另外，一些车辆是前置引擎，后桥与传动轴连接发动机来驱动车轮。
差速器
为了消除由于左右车轮在运动学上的不协调而产生左右车轮外径不同或滚动半径不相等而要求车轮行程，汽车左右驱动轮间都装有差速器，后者保证了汽车驱动桥两侧车轮在行程不等时具有以不同速度旋转的特性，从而满足了汽车行驶运动学要求。
防滑差速器主要可分为两大类：
（1）强制锁止式在普通差速器上增加强制锁止机构，当发生一侧车轮打滑时，驾驶员可通过电动、气动或机械的方式来操纵锁止机构，拨动啮合套将差速器壳与半轴锁成一体，从而暂时失去差速的作用。这种方式结构比较
简单，但必须由驾驶员进行操作，并在良好路面上停止锁止，恢复差速器的作用。
（2）自锁式在差速器中安装粘性硅油联轴节或摩擦离合器，当发生一侧车轮打滑时，两侧半轴出现转速差，联轴节或离合器就自动发生摩擦阻力，使另一侧车轮得到一定的扭矩而驱动汽车继续行驶。当两侧车轮没有转速差时，摩擦阻力消失，自动恢复差速器的作用。这种方式结构比较复杂，但不需要驾驶员进行操作。目前已越来越多地在汽车上得到应用。防滑差速器不仅用于左右车轮间的差速器，也用于全轮驱动汽车的轴间差速器中。
主减速比
驱动桥都有一定得主减速比，这个数字（通常是一个整数和一个小数）实际上是主减速器主动齿轮与从动齿轮的关系。例如，如果主减速比为 4.11则说明从动齿轮的齿数是主动齿轮齿数的4.11倍，换句话说就是主动齿轮轴转动4圈车轮才转动1圈。
主减速器的作用是降低从传动轴传来的转速，从而增大扭矩。主减速器的减速比，对汽车的动力性能和燃料经济性有较大的影响。一般来说，主减速比越大，加速性能和爬坡能力较强，而燃料经济性比较差。但如果过大，则不能发挥发动机的全部功率而达到应有的车速。主减速比越小，燃料经济性较好，但加速性和爬坡能力较差。
附录1 外文文献原文
Drive axle/differential
All vehicles have some type of drive axle/differential assembly incorporated into the driveline. Whether it is front, rear or four wheel drive, differentials are necessary for the smooth application of engine power to the road.
Powerflow
The drive axle must transmit power through a 90° angle. The flow of power in conventional front engine/rear wheel drive vehicles moves from the engine to the drive axle in approximately a straight line.
However, at the drive axle, the power must be turned at right angles (from the line of the driveshaft) and directed to the drive wheels.
This is accomplished by a pinion drive gear, which turns a circular ring gear. The ring gear is attached to a differential housing, containing a set of smaller gears that are splined to the inner end of each axle shaft. As the housing is rotated, the internal differential gears turn the axle shafts, which are also attached to the drive wheels. Rear-wheel drive
Rear-wheel-drive vehicles are mostly trucks, very large sedans and many sports car and coupe models. The typical rear wheel drive vehicle uses a front mounted engine and transmission assemblies with a driveshaft coupling the transmission to the rear drive axle. Drive in through the layout of the bridge, the bridge drive shaft arranged vertically in the same vertical plane, and not the drive axle shaft, respectively, in their own sub-actuator with a direct connection, but the actuator is located at the front or the back of the adjacent shaft of the two bridges is arranged in series. Vehicle before and after the two ends of the driving force of the drive axle, is the sub-actuator and the transmission through the middle of the bridge. The advantage is not only a reduction of the number of drive shaft, and raise the driving axle of the common parts of each other, and to simplify the structure, reduces the volume and quality.
Some vehicles do not follow this typical example. Such as the older Porsche or Volkswagen vehicles which were rear engine, rear drive. These vehicles use a rear mounted transaxle with halfshafts connected to the drive wheels. Also, some vehicles were produced with a front engine, rear transaxle setup with a driveshaft connecting the engine to the transaxle, and halfshafts linking the transaxle to the drive wheels.
Gear ratio
The drive axle of a vehicle is said to have a certain axle ratio. This number (usually a whole number and a decimal fraction) is actually a comparison of the number of gear teeth on the ring gear and the pinion gear. For example, a 4.11 rear means that theoretically, there are 4.11 teeth on the ring gear for each tooth on the pinion gear or, put another way, the driveshaft must turn 4.11 times to turn the wheels once. The role of the final drive is to reduce the speed from the drive shaft, thereby increasing the torque. Lord of the reduction ratio reducer,
a driving force for car performance and fuel economy have a greater impact. In general, the more reduction ratio the greater the acceleration and climbing ability, and relatively poor fuel economy. However, if it is too large, it can not play the full power of the engine to achieve the proper speed. The main reduction ratio is more Smaller ，the speed is higher, fuel economy is better, but the acceleration and climbing ability will be poor【14】.
机械毕业设计英文外文翻译403驱动桥和差速器
附录A 英文文献 Drive axle/differential All vehicles have some type of drive axle/differential assembly incorporated into the driveline. Whether it is front, rear or four wheel drive, differentials are necessary for the smooth application of engine power to the road. Powerflow The drive axle must transmit power through a 90°angle. The flow of power in conventional front engine/rear wheel drive vehicles moves from the engine to the drive axle in approximately a straight line. However, at the drive axle, the power must be turned at right angles (from the line of the driveshaft) and directed to the drive wheels. This is accomplished by a pinion drive gear, which turns a circular ring gear. The ring gear is attached to a differential housing, containing a set of smaller gears that are splined to the inner end of each axle shaft. As the housing is rotated, the internal differential gears turn the axle shafts, which are also attached to the drive wheels. Fig 1 Drive axle
汽车专业毕业设计外文翻译
On the vehicle sideslip angle estimation through neural networks: Numerical and experimental results. S. Melzi,E. Sabbioni Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing 25 (2011)：14~28 电脑估计车辆侧滑角的数值和实验结果 S.梅尔兹,E.赛博毕宁 机械系统和信号处理2011年第25期：14~28
摘要 将稳定控制系统应用于差动制动内/外轮胎是现在对客车车辆的标准（电子稳定系统ESP、直接偏航力矩控制DYC）。这些系统假设将两个偏航率(通常是衡量板)和侧滑角作为控制变量。不幸的是后者的具体数值只有通过非常昂贵却不适合用于普通车辆的设备才可以实现直接被测量,因此只能估计其数值。几个州的观察家最终将适应参数的参考车辆模型作为开发的目的。然而侧滑角的估计还是一个悬而未决的问题。为了避免有关参考模型参数识别/适应的问题,本文提出了分层神经网络方法估算侧滑角。横向加速度、偏航角速率、速度和引导角,都可以作为普通传感器的输入值。人脑中的神经网络的设计和定义的策略构成训练集通过数值模拟与七分布式光纤传感器的车辆模型都已经获得了。在各种路面上神经网络性能和稳定已经通过处理实验数据获得和相应的车辆和提到几个处理演习(一步引导、电源、双车道变化等)得以证实。结果通常显示估计和测量的侧滑角之间有良好的一致性。 1 介绍 稳定控制系统可以防止车辆的旋转和漂移。实际上，在轮胎和道路之间的物理极限的附着力下驾驶汽车是一个极其困难的任务。通常大部分司机不能处理这种情况和失去控制的车辆。最近,为了提高车辆安全，稳定控制系统(ESP[1,2]; DYC[3,4])介绍了通过将差动制动/驱动扭矩应用到内/外轮胎来试图控制偏航力矩的方法。 横摆力矩控制系统（DYC）是基于偏航角速率反馈进行控制的。在这种情况下,控制系统使车辆处于由司机转向输入和车辆速度控制的期望的偏航率[3,4]。然而为了确保稳定，防止特别是在低摩擦路面上的车辆侧滑角变得太大是必要的[1,2]。事实上由于非线性回旋力和轮胎滑移角之间的关系，转向角的变化几乎不改变偏航力矩。因此两个偏航率和侧滑角的实现需要一个有效的稳定控制系统[1,2]。不幸的是,能直接测量的侧滑角只能用特殊设备(光学传感器或GPS惯性传感器的组合)，现在这种设备非常昂贵,不适合在普通汽车上实现。因此, 必须在实时测量的基础上进行侧滑角估计，具体是测量横向/纵向加速度、角速度、引导角度和车轮角速度来估计车辆速度。 在主要是基于状态观测器/卡尔曼滤波器(5、6)的文学资料里, 提出了几个侧滑角估计策略。因为国家观察员都基于一个参考车辆模型,他们只有准确已知模型参数的情况下，才可以提供一个令人满意的估计。根据这种观点,轮胎特性尤其关键取决于附着条件、温度、磨损等特点。 轮胎转弯刚度的提出就是为了克服这些困难,适应观察员能够提供一个同步估计的侧滑角和附着条件[7,8]。这种方法的弊端是一个更复杂的布局的估计量导致需要很高的计算工作量。 另一种方法可由代表神经网络由于其承受能力模型非线性系统，这样不需要一个参
驱动桥外文翻译
驱动桥设计 随着汽车对安全、节能、环保的不断重视，汽车后桥作为整车的一个关键部件，其产品的质量对整车的安全使用及整车性能的影响是非常大的，因而对汽车后桥进行有效的优化设计计算是非常必要的。 驱动桥处于动力传动系的末端，其基本功能是增大由传动轴或变速器传来的转矩,并将动力合理地分配给左、右驱动轮，另外还承受作用于路面和车架或车身之间的垂直力力和横向力。驱动桥一般由主减速器、差速器、车轮传动装置和驱动桥壳等组成。 驱动桥作为汽车四大总成之一，它的性能的好坏直接影响整车性能，而对于载重汽车显得尤为重要。驱动桥设计应当满足如下基本要求： 1、符合现代汽车设计的一般理论。 2、外形尺寸要小，保证有必要的离地间隙。 3、合适的主减速比，以保证汽车的动力性和燃料经济性。 4、在各种转速和载荷下具有高的传动效率。 5、在保证足够的强度、刚度条件下，力求质量小，结构简单，加工工艺性 好，制造容易，拆装，调整方便。 6、与悬架导向机构运动协调，对于转向驱动桥，还应与转向机构运动协调。智能电子技术在汽车上得以推广使得汽车在安全行驶和其它功能更上一层楼。通过各种传感器实现自动驾驶。除些之外智能汽车装备有多种传感器能充分感知交通设施及环境的信息并能随时判断车辆及驾驶员是否处于危险之中，具备自主寻路、导航、避撞、不停车收费等功能。有效提高运输过程中的安全，减少驾驶员的操纵疲劳度，提高乘客的舒适度。当然蓄电池是电动汽车的关键，电动汽车用的蓄电池主要有：铅酸蓄电池、镍镉蓄电池、钠硫蓄电池、钠硫蓄电池、锂电池、锌—空气电池、飞轮电池、燃料电池和太阳能电池等。在诸多种电池中，燃料电池是迄今为止最有希望解决汽车能源短缺问题的动力源。燃料电池具有高效无污染的特性，不同于其他蓄电池，其不需要充电，只要外部不断地供给燃料，就能连续稳定地发电。燃料电池汽车(FCEV)具有可与内燃机汽车媲美的动力性能，在排放、燃油经济性方面明显优于内燃机车辆。
毕业论文外文翻译-浅谈差速器
浅谈差速器 普通行星齿轮差速器由行星架（差速器壳），半轴齿轮等零件组成。它将发动机的动力，直接驱动差速器壳体内的轴，再由行星齿轮驱动左、右两半轴，并分别驱动左、右车轮。差速器的设计应满足：左半轴转速与右半轴转速之和等于两倍的行星架转速。当两侧车轮以纯滚动的形式做等距行驶时，会减少轮胎和路面的摩擦.差速器的这种调整是自动的，这里涉及到“最小能耗原理”，即地球上所有物体都倾向于耗能最小的状态。例如把一粒豆子放入一个碗内，豆子会自动停留在碗底，而不会留在碗壁，因为碗底是能量消耗最低的位置（位能），它会自动选择静止（动能最小）而不会不断地运动。同样的道理，汽车转弯时所有的驱动轮，左、右车轮与行星架的速度是相等的，而在汽车转弯时的三个平衡状态被破坏，导致内侧轮转速减小，横向轮RPM增加。 汽车差速器是驱动桥的主要部件。其功能是传递两侧半轴的动力，同时允许两半轴以不同的速度旋转，同时能够满足按照国家标准的自动的最低能量消耗的趋势，在转弯时自动接受转向半径来调整右轮转速，由于横向摩擦轮拖动现象，内侧车轮有滑动现象，现在两个驱动轮可以产生两个相反方向的附加力，因此符合最小的能源消耗原理, 这不可避免地导致了两侧车轮的速度差，从而摧毁了三个平衡关系，并通过半轴齿轮体现出来。迫使行星齿轮产生自转，使外侧半轴转速更快，内侧半轴减速，从而实现两侧车轮转速的差异。 如果任意一侧驱动轴上的驱动轮都使用一个整体的刚性连接，那么这两个轮子只能以相同的角度旋转。所以，当车辆的转向轮驱动时，由于外侧车轮比内侧车轮横过的距离大，将使外侧车轮在滚动的同时产生延迟，内侧车轮在滚动的同时产生滑动。即使车轮在凹凸不平的道路上跑直线，因为虽然道路是直，但轮胎滚动半径范围（轮胎制造误差，磨损不同，通过不均或气压不等所造成的车轮滑动）轮毂时，不仅会加剧轮胎的磨损滑动，增加动力性和燃油消耗，还能使车辆的转向困难，制动性能变得差.为了使车轮尽可能不会发生滑动的结构，必须保证车轮可以以不同的角度旋转。 轴间差速器：通常驾驶的轿车轮毂轴承支撑在主轴上，能够以任何角度旋转，驱动车轮分别与两根半轴刚性连接，在两根半轴之间有一个差速器，这种差速器称为轴间差速器。 如果使后轮轴成为一个整体，他将无法使两侧的车轮转速有差异，即不能做自动调整。为了解决这个问题，早在一百年前，法国雷诺汽车公司创始人路易斯·雷诺设计了一个差速器。 现代汽车上的差速器通常是根据其工作特性分为齿轮式差速器和限滑差速器两大类。 1.开模差速器 诺基开模差速器的结构是典型的行星齿轮组的结构，只有太阳轮和小齿轮环外
外文文献翻译：汽车的发展
The development of automobile As the world energy crisis and the war and the energy consumption of oil -- and are full of energy in one day someday it will disappear without a trace. Oil is not inresources. So in oil consumption must be clean before finding a replacement. With the development of science and technology the progress of the society people invented the electric car. Electric cars will become the most ideal of transportation. In the development of world each aspect is fruitful especially with the automobile electronic technology and computer and rapid development of the information age. The electronic control technology in the car on a wide range of applications the application of the electronic device cars and electronic technology not only to improve and enhance the quality and the traditional automobile electrical performance but also improve the automobile fuel economy performance reliability and emission spurification. Widely used in automobile electronic products not only reduces the cost and reduce the complexity of the maintenance. From the fuel injection engine ignition devices air control and emission control and fault diagnosis to the body auxiliary devices are generally used in electronic control technology auto development mainly electromechanical integration. Widely used in automotive electronic control ignition system mainly electronic control fuel injection system electronic control ignition system electronic control automatic transmission electronic control ABS/ASR control system electronic control suspension system electronic control power steering system vehicle dynamic control system the airbag systems active belt system electronic control system and the automatic air-conditioning and GPS navigation system etc. With the system response the use function of quick car high reliability guarantees of engine power and reduce fuel consumption and emission regulations meet standards. The car is essential to modern traffic tools. And electric cars bring us infinite joy will give us the physical and mental relaxation. Take for example automatic transmission in road can not on the clutch can achieve automatic shift and engine flameout not so effective improve the driving convenience lighten the fatigue strength. Automatic transmission consists mainly of hydraulic torque converter gear transmission pump hydraulic control system electronic control system and oil cooling system etc. The electronic control of suspension is mainly used to cushion the impact of the body and the road to reduce vibration that car getting smooth-going and stability. When the vehicle in the car when the road uneven road can according to automatically adjust the height. When the car ratio of height low set to gas or oil cylinder filling or oil. If is opposite gas or diarrhea. To ensure and improve the level of driving cars driving stability. Variable force power steering system can significantly change the driver for the work efficiency and the state so widely used in electric cars. VDC to vehicle performance has important function it can according to the need of active braking to change the wheels of the car car motions of state and optimum control performance and increased automobile adhesion controlling and stability. Besides these appear beyond 4WS 4WD electric cars can greatly improve the performance of the value and ascending simultaneously. ABS braking distance is reduced and can keep turning skills effectively improve the stability of the directions simultaneously reduce tyre wear. The airbag appear in large programs protected the driver and passengers safety and greatly reduce automobile in collision of drivers and passengers in the buffer to protect the safety of life. Intelligent electronic technology in the bus to promote safe driving and that the other functions. The realization of automatic driving through various sensors. Except some smart cars equipped with multiple outside sensors can fully perception of information and traffic facilities
驱动桥5000字外文翻译文献
As the bearing cage rotates, read the value 7. indicated on the scale. Preload normally is specified as torque re-8. quired to rotate the pinion bearing cage, so take a reading only when the cage is rotating. Starting torque will give a false reading. To calculate the preload torque, measure the 9. diameter of the bearing cage where the cord was wound. Divide this dimension in half to get the radius. 10. U se the following procedure to calculate the bearing preload torque:Standard. Pull (lb) 3 radius (inches) 5 preload (lb-in.)or Preload (lb-in.) 3 0.113 (a conversion constant) 5 preload (N .m) Install the yoke, flat washer, and nut. Tighten 6. the nut snugly. Tap the end of the input shaft lightly to seat the bearings. Measure the input shaft endplay again with 7. the dial indicator. If endplay is still incorrect, repeat steps 3 through 7. With the endplay correct, seal the shim pack 8. to prevent lube leakage. Then torque the i nput shaft nut and cover capscrews to the correct value. 24.5 A XLE ADJUSTMENTS AND CHECKS This section introduces the differential carrier adjust-ments, checks, and tests that the truck technician must be capable of performing; some have been r eferred to previously in the text. For the most part, the procedures described here are general in nature. The truck technician should refer to OEM service l iterature for specific procedures.PINION BEARING PRELOAD Most differential carriers are provided with a press-fit outer bearing on the drive pinion gear. Some older rear drive axles use an outer bearing, which slips over the drive pinion. The procedures for adjusting both types follow. Press-Fit Method Adjustment To adjust the pinion bearing preload using the press-fit method, use the following procedure: Assemble the pinion bearing cage, bearings, 1. spacer, and spacer washer (without drive pin-ion or oil seal). Center the bearing spacer and spacer washer between the two bearing cones (Figure 24–49). When a new gear set or pinion bearings are 2. used, select a nominal size spacer based on OEM specifications. If original parts are used, use a spacer removed during disassembly of the drive. Place the drive pinion and cage assembly in a 3. press, with the gear teeth toward the bottom.Apply and hold the press load to the pinion 4. bearing. As pressure is applied, rotate the bearing cage several times so that the bear-ings make normal contact. While pressure is held against the assembly, wind 5. a cord around the bearing cage several times.Attach a spring scale to the end of the cord 6. (Figure 24–50). Pull the cord with the scale on a horizontal line. FIGURE 24–49 Assembly of the pinion bearing cage. (Courtesy of Dana Corporation) FIGURE 24–50 Cage in press to check bearing p reload. Sleeve must apply
汽车车辆类驱动桥的设计外文文献翻译、外文翻译、中英文翻译
附录I Drive axle powertrain at the end of their basic function is to increase the transmission came from the drive shaft or torque, and a reasonable distribution of power to the left and right wheel, in addition to acting on the road and under the frame or body legislation between the vertical, longitudinal and lateral force. General from the main drive axle reducer, differential, gear wheels and drive axle housings and other components. The design of the Drive axle: Drive axle should be designed to meet the basic requirements are as follows: 1. Select the main reduction ratio should be able to ensure the car has the best power and fuel economy. 2. Smaller size, to ensure that the necessary ground clearance. 3. Gear and other pieces of the work of a smooth transmission,and small noise. 4. In a variety of speed and load with a high transmission efficiency. 5. In ensuring adequate strength and stiffness conditions, should strive for the quality of small, especially under the mass-spring should be as small as possible in order to improve vehicle ride comfort. 6. And suspension movement-oriented coordination of steering drive axle, but also with the coordination of steering movement. 7. The structure of simple, good processing, manufacturing, easy disassembly, to facilitate adjustment. Drive axle classification -1-
汽车保险中英文对照外文翻译文献
汽车保险中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)
汽车保险 汽车保险是在事故后保证自己的财产安全合同。尽管联邦法律没有强制要求，但是在大多数州（新罕布什和威斯康星州除外）都要求必须购买汽车保险；在各个州都有最低的保险要求。在鼻腔只购买汽车保险的两个州，如果没有足够的证据表明车主财力满足财务责任法的要求，那么他就必须买一份汽车保险。就算没有法律规定，买一份合适的汽车保险对司机避免惹上官和承担过多维修费用来说都是非常实用的。 依据美国保险咨询中心的资料显示，一份基本的保险单应由6个险种组成。这其中有些是有州法律规定，有些是可以选择的，具体如下： 1.身体伤害责任险 2.财产损失责任险 3.医疗险或个人伤害保护险 4.车辆碰撞险 5.综合损失险 6.无保险驾驶人或保额不足驾驶人险 责任保险 责任险的投保险额一般用三个数字表示。不如，你的保险经纪人说你的保险单责任限额是20/40/10，这就代表每个人的人身伤害责任险赔偿限额是2万美元，每起事故的热身上海责任险赔偿限额是4万美元，每起事故的财产损失责任险的赔偿限额是1万美元。 人身伤害和财产损失责任险是大多数汽车保险单的基础。要求汽车保险的每个州都强令必须投保财产损失责任险，佛罗里达是唯一要求汽车保险但不要求投保人身伤害责任险的州。如果由于你的过错造成了事故，你的责任险会承担人身伤害、财产损失和法律规定的其他费用。人身伤害责任险将赔偿医疗费和误工工资；财产损失责任险将支付车辆的维修及零件更换费用。财产损失责任险通常承担对其他车辆的维修费用，但是也可以对你的车撞坏的灯杆、护栏、建筑物等其他物品的损坏进行赔偿。另一方当事人也可以决定起诉你赔偿精神损失。
驱动桥设计外文翻译
驱动桥设计外文翻译 驱动桥设计 随着汽车对安全、节能、环保的不断重视，汽车后桥作为整车的一个关键部件，其产品的质量对整车的安全使用及整车性能的影响是非常大的，因而对汽车后桥进行有效的优化设计计算是非常必要的。 驱动桥处于动力传动系的末端，其基本功能是增大由传动轴或变速器传来的转矩,并将动力合理地分配给左、右驱动轮，另外还承受作用于路面和车架或车身之间的垂直力力和横向力。驱动桥一般由主减速器、差速器、车轮传动装置和驱动桥壳等组成。 驱动桥作为汽车四大总成之一，它的性能的好坏直接影响整车性能，而对于载重汽车显得尤为重要。驱动桥设计应当满足如下基本要求: 1、符合现代汽车设计的一般理论。 2、外形尺寸要小，保证有必要的离地间隙。 3、合适的主减速比，以保证汽车的动力性和燃料经济性。 4、在各种转速和载荷下具有高的传动效率。 5、在保证足够的强度、刚度条件下，力求质量小，结构简单，加工工艺性 好，制造容易，拆装，调整方便。 6、与悬架导向机构运动协调，对于转向驱动桥，还应与转向机构运动协调。智能电子技术在汽车上得以推广使得汽车在安全行驶和其它功能更上一层楼。通过各种传感器实现自动驾驶。除些之外智能汽车装备有多种传感器能充分感知交通设施及环境的信息并能随时判断车辆及驾驶员是否处于危险之中，具备自主寻路、导航、避撞、不停车收费等功能。有效提高运输过程中的安全，减少驾驶员的操纵疲劳度，提高乘客的舒适度。当然蓄电池是电动汽车的关键，电动汽车用的蓄电池主
要有:铅酸蓄电池、镍镉蓄电池、钠硫蓄电池、钠硫蓄电池、锂电池、锌—空气电池、飞轮电池、燃料电池和太阳能电池等。在诸多种电池中，燃料电池是迄今为止最有希望解决汽车能源短缺问题的动力源。燃料电池具有高效无污染的特性，不同于其他蓄电池，其不需要充电，只要外部不断地供给燃料，就能连续稳定地发电。燃料电池汽车(FCEV)具有可与内燃机汽车媲美的动力性能，在排放、燃油经济性方面明显优于内燃机车辆。 这项发明通常涉及到多能源动力总成的车辆,以及,尤其是多能源动力总成,有多个电源包括电动马达来驱动的汽车轮子。混合动力电动动力系统已经被发展成为包括电机(IC)做内燃机引擎,自主经营的或者联合根据行驶条件下,国家费用的牵引电池,与电源,最有效地满足当前所产生的电力需求车辆操作。大部分电子混合动力汽车可以在市场上买到是前轮驱动车辆,只不过前轮带动起来的。混合动力电动动力系统被开发用于四轮驱动车,允许两个电机和引擎传送权力后方的驱动轮。当包装电动马达驱动后桥机组是较好的使用躺轴功率流,马达驱动单元被放在后桥中心线。这样的电的混合动力系统,然而,现在的包装设计很困难,特别是当副轴车辆传动是用来传输动力,纵向驱动轴后轴。需要混合动力电动存在的动力,在其中轴是靠电动机驱动的或的内燃机结合电机。以减少成本,电动机器将提供所有混合功能,包括电气能源的产生、电动汽车、电子发动机启动投放 提高发动机的功率,再生式制动。一个驱动器单位是混合动力电动汽车包括市场, 发动机,电动机器包括转子,副轴，齿轮组包括一个输入可驱动的连接到发动机和输出,用来传送之间权限投入与产出和生产第一速度微分导致一个录入速度超过每小时的速度输出,第一和第二驾车轴差动机构可驱动的连接到输出线时,因为传输功率和输出之间驾车轴,可驱动的行星齿轮装置连接到输出和转子,说之间权限传输转子和输出线,制作了第二速度微分导致转子速度超过速度输出。转矩反应为减速
机械毕业设计英文外文翻译399驱动桥
附录A 英文文献 Drive Axle All vehicles have some type of drive axle/differential assembly incorporated into the driveline. Whether it is front, rear or four wheel drive, differentials are necessary for the smooth application of engine power to the road. Powerflow The drive axle must transmit power through a 90°angle. The flow of power in conventional front engine/rear wheel drive vehicles moves from the engine to the drive axle in approximately a straight line. However, at the drive axle, the power must be turned at right angles (from the line of the driveshaft) and directed to the drive wheels. This is accomplished by a pinion drive gear, which turns a circular ring gear. The ring gear is attached to a differential housing, containing a set of smaller gears that are splined to the inner end of each axle shaft. As the housing is rotated, the internal differential gears turn the axle shafts, which are also attached to the drive wheels. Rear-wheel drive Rear-wheel-drive vehicles are mostly trucks, very large sedans and many sports car and coupe models. The typical rear wheel drive vehicle uses a front mounted engine and transmission assemblies with a driveshaft coupling the transmission to the rear drive axle. Drive in through the layout of the bridge, the bridge drive shaft arranged vertically in the same vertical plane, and not the drive axle shaft, respectively, in their own sub-actuator with a direct connection, but the actuator is located at the front or the back of the adjacent shaft
汽车变速器设计外文翻译
汽车变速器设计 ----------外文翻译 我们知道，汽车发动机在一定的转速下能够达到最好的状态，此时发出的功率比较大，燃油经济性也比较好。因此，我们希望发动机总是在最好的状态下工作。但是，汽车在使用的时候需要有不同的速度，这样就产生了矛盾。这个矛盾要通过变速器来解决。 汽车变速器的作用用一句话概括，就叫做变速变扭，即增速减扭或减速增扭。为什么减速可以增扭，而增速又要减扭呢？设发动机输出的功率不变，功率可以表示为 N = w T，其中w是转动的角速度，T是扭距。当N固定的时候，w与T是成反比的。所以增速必减扭，减速必增扭。汽车变速器齿轮传动就根据变速变扭的原理，分成各个档位对应不同的传动比，以适应不同的运行状况。 一般的手动变速器内设置输入轴、中间轴和输出轴，又称三轴式，另外还有倒档轴。三轴式是变速器的主体结构，输入轴的转速也就是发动机的转速，输出轴转速则是中间轴与输出轴之间不同齿轮啮合所产生的转速。不同的齿轮啮合就有不同的传动比，也就有了不同的转速。例如郑州日产ZN6481W2G型SUV车手动变速器，它的传动比分别是：1档3.704:１；2档2.202:1；3档1.414:1；4档1:1；5档（超速档）0.802:1。 当汽车启动司机选择1档时，拨叉将1/2档同步器向后接合1档齿轮并将它锁定输出轴上，动力经输入轴、中间轴和输出轴上的1档齿轮，1档齿轮带动输出轴，输出轴将动力传递到传动轴上（红色箭头）。典型1档变速齿轮传动比是3:1,也就是说输入轴转3圈，输出轴转1圈。 当汽车增速司机选择2档时，拨叉将1/2档同步器与1档分离后接合2档齿轮并锁定输出轴上，动力传递路线相似，所不同的是输出轴上的1档齿轮换成2档齿轮带动输出轴。典型2档变速齿轮传动比是2.2:1，输入轴转2.2圈，输出轴转1圈，比1档转速增加，扭矩降低。
中英文文献翻译-驱动桥 微分
附录 (1)外文文献 Drive axle/differential All vehicles have some type of drive axle/differential assembly incorporated into the driveline. Whether it is front, rear or four wheel drive, differentials are necessary for the smooth application of engine power to the road. Powerflow See Figure 1 The drive axle must transmit power through a 90°angle. The flow of power in conventional front engine/rear wheel drive vehicles moves from the engine to the drive axle in approximately a straight line. However, at the drive axle, the power must be turned at right angles (from the line of the driveshaft) and directed to the drive wheels. This is accomplished by a pinion drive gear, which turns a circular ring gear. The ring gear is attached to a differential housing, containing a set of smaller gears that are splined to the inner end of each axle shaft. As the housing is rotated, the internal differential gears turn the axle shafts, which are also attached to the drive wheels.
汽车差速器中英文对照外文翻译文献
汽车差速器中英文对照外文翻译文献 Failure analysis of an automobile differential pinion shaftAbstract Differential is used to decrease the speed and to provide moment increase for transmitting the
coming from the engine to the wheels by turning it according to the suitable angle in vehicles and to provide that inner and outer
turn differently. Pinion gear and shaft at the entrance are manufactured as a single part whereas they are in different forms according to automobile
Mirror gear which will work with this gear should become familiar before the assembly. In case of any breakdown, they should be changed as
a pair. Generally, in these systems there are wear damages in gears. The gear inspected in this study has damage as a form of shaft