The Analytical Contribution of Some Eighth-Order Graphs Containing Vacuum Polarization Inse
基线8800PID可溶性有机物分析仪说明书
Baseline, the reference pointfrom which all things are measured.Baseline -™Model 8800 PIDV olatile Organic V apor AnalyzerA NALYZERThe Model 8800 PID is a member of the extraordinary Series 8800 family of gas analyzers. The Series 8800 is the candidate of choice whenever accurate,reliable hydrocarbon and VOC analysis is required. Series 8800 analyzers pro-vide nearly limitless flexibility and offer continuous, fully automated gas analysis over a broad range of concentrations.With an incredible dynamic range from 10 ppb to 1%, the Model 8800 PIDis designed to analyze hundreds ofvolatile organic compounds and various other gases. The analyzer has a generous complement of analog, digital, and logic output capabilities with room to expand.These features place the instrument well ahead of the competition in performance,automation, and configurability.The analyzer is based on a photoion-ization detector (PID) that delivers the sample gas to an ultraviolet light or lamp.The energy emitted by the lamp ionizes the targeted gases in the sample to a point where they can be detected by theinstrument and reported as aconcentration.Many chemicals can be detected by photoionization. Contact your sales representative for a complete listing.The Model 8800 PID is relatively humidity insensitive and can be con-figured with internal components for a single or multipoint analysis of non-condensing gas samples. The automatic calibration feature enhances the long-term analytical stability of the instrument.ApplicationsThe Model 8800 PID is designed tocontinuously monitor hundreds of volatile organic compounds and various other gases in a non-condensing sample stream.This extremely versatile instrument can be configured to support a variety of applica-tions, such as:•Industrial hygiene & safety monitoring •Fugitive emissions•Fenceline (perimeter) monitoring around industrial sites•Carbon bed breakthrough detection •Paint spray booth recirculated air •Solvent vapor monitoring for cleaning and degreasing processes•Low level VOC’s in a process using inert gasesFeatures•VOC detection from sub-ppm to 10,000ppm levels•Automatic calibration at user-defined intervals•Virtual analog ranges programmable from 1.0 ppm - 1% full scale•Programmable relays for alarms, events and diagnostics•Remote operation via RS-485, RS-232•Back-pressure regulator with sample bypass system ensures fast response•Internal multipoint sampling option •Discrete, multilevel concentration & fault alarms•Quick connect terminal block for electrical connectionsP.O. Box 649, Lyons, CO 80540In the continental United States, phone 800.321.4665, or fax 800.848.6464, toll free.Worldwide, phone 303.823.6661 or fax 303.823.5151•URL:•E-mail:****************************Represented by:Baseline -Baseline -Model 8800 PIDV olatile Organic V apor AnalyzerSpeci cationsS AMPLING Internal, single or multipoint modules, with or without sample pump(s),for prefiltered (≤ 0.1 microns), non-condensing samplesC ALIBRATION Programmable automatic, or manual (with internal selection valves)D ETECTORPhotoionization detector (PID)Lamp Energies: 10.6 eV (life span > 6000 hrs), 11.7 eV (life span ≈ 140 hrs).MDQMinimum detectable quantity: < 0.1 ppm (as isobutylene), < 0.1 ppm (as benzene).Q UENCHING Signal quenching due to moisture: < 30% at 95% R.H. and 23° Celsius.R ANGEAnalogVirtual range with software selectable endpoints provides full-scale ranges from 1.0 ppm – 1% (as isobutylene)Digital Display auto-ranges from 1.0 ppm to 1% (as isobutylene)L INEARITY Linear range: 0 – 10,000 ppm (isobutylene). Accurate to ± 1 ppm or ±15% of reading, whichever is greater.D RIFTSample dependent. Zero: < 0.1 ppm (as isobutylene) over 24 hours.Span: 100 ppm isobutylene, < 3 % over 24 hours.R ESPONSE T IME Isobutylene: < 6 Seconds to 90% of final readingA LARMSMultilevel concentration, average concentration and faultAudible Horn:Sounducer,**********************************/disabledfor keypad input, fault, and alarms.O UTPUTAnalog1 (standard) to 15 analog 0-20 mA or 4-20 mA loop power supplied, iso-lated outputs or optional 0-1V , 0-5V or 0-10V isolated outputs. Selectable for concentration, temperature or flow (fuel, air or sample).DigitalStandard: RS-485 output (RS-232 option)R ELAYS 5 (standard) to 15 programmable (Latched/Not, NO/NC) contact closures (1A@30V max). Selectable for: alarm thresholds or events (calibration,fault, or sample location).P HYSICALDimensions: 19.00" W x 8.75" H x 16.00" D (48.26 cm W x 22.23 cm H x 40.64 D). Nominal weight: 30 lb (13.64 kg).C ONFIGURATION Bench-top or rack-mount (19" panel)D ISPLAY Digital vacuum fluorescent, 20 characters x 2 lines P OWER90-120 V AC or optional 210-230 VAC, 50/60HzO PERATING C ONDITIONSTemperature: 32-104 °F (0-40 °C). Humidity: 0-95%, non-condensing.G AS S PECIFICATIONSSpan Isobutylene, or as required by applicationConnections 1/4" O.D. Tube fitting connectors (1/8", 4 mm, and other options)Options & AccessoriesS AMPLERSInternal multipoint modules, available in 4-point or 8-point configurations,with or without internal sample pump(s)E NCLOSURES General purpose, X-purged or Z-purged Expansion BoardsAnalog Provides 4 or 10 additional programmable 4-20 mA outputs, with sampleread & holdRelay Provides up to 10 additional programmable relays C ALIBRATION G AS Zero and span gases for a variety of applicationsI NSTRUMENT C ONSOLEThe Series 8800 frontpanel features a bright vacuum fluorescent display and keypad. Mostoperating parameters are setvia the keypad.The display identifies all sample locations and specifies the unit of concentration & reference equivalent.Flashing alarm codes report the active alarm location, while flashing fault codes report lamp ortemperature anomalies.。
了不起的女性英文作文
了不起的女性英文作文示例1:Title: The Extraordinary Women: A Journey of Strength, Resilience, and ImpactIn the vast tapestry of human history, women have played pivotal roles, defying stereotypes, breaking barriers, and shaping the world around us. From trailblazers in science to everyday heroes in their communities, they have exhibited an indomitable spirit that transcends boundaries. This essay will delve into the accomplishments and contributions of these remarkable women, highlighting their resilience, courage, and the profound impact they have had on society.Firstly, let's look at some of the extraordinary female figures who have made their mark in the realm of science. Marie Curie, the Polish-French physicist and chemist, was a pioneer in radioactivity, discovering both polonium and radium. Her relentless pursuit of knowledge and groundbreaking discoveries earned her two Nobel Prizes, defying societal norms that often confined women to domestic spheres. Her legacy continues to inspire generations of scientists, reminding us of the power of determination and intellectualcuriosity.Another inspiring figure is Ada Lovelace, an English mathematician known for her work on Charles Babbage's analytical engine. She is recognized as the first computer programmer, envisioning the potential of computers far beyond mere calculation, foreshadowing the digital revolution. Lovelace's visionary thinking showcases the intellectual prowess of women and their ability to shape technological advancements.Moving from the scientific to the political arena, we find Indira Gandhi, India's first and only female Prime Minister. Her leadership during times of crisis, such as the Bangladesh Liberation War and Operation Blue Star, demonstrated strength and resilience in the face of adversity. Gandhi's unwavering commitment to her country's welfare and her ability to unite a diverse population are testaments to the power of women's leadership.In the realm of art, Frida Kahlo, the Mexican painter, captivated the world with her deeply personal and emotive works. Through her paintings, she explored themes of pain, identity, and cultural heritage, challenging gender norms and societal expectations.Kahlo's artistic genius not only brought attention to the plight of women but also paved the way for future generations of artists to express themselves freely.The list goes on, with women like Malala Yousafzai, a Pakistani activist for female education and the youngest Nobel laureate, showing the world the power of voice and the importance of education for all. Her courage in standing up against the Taliban's ban on girls' education is a testament to the indomitable spirit of many women worldwide.As we reflect on these extraordinary women, it is crucial to recognize the systemic barriers they faced and continue to face. Despite these challenges, they persevered, breaking down stereotypes and inspiring countless others to follow in their footsteps. Their achievements remind us that gender does not limit a person's potential, and that women's contributions are just as essential to the progress of humanity.In conclusion, the women mentioned above and countless others are living proof of the incredible power and resilience of the feminine spirit. They have defied expectations, made groundbreakingcontributions, and left a lasting impact on our world. It is our duty to honor their legacies by continuing to empower and uplift women, ensuring that their voices are heard and their talents are fully realized. For it is through the collective strength of all women that we can create a more equitable and inclusive society, where everyone has the opportunity to shine.中文翻译：题目：非凡女性：力量、韧性和影响力的旅程在人类历史的广阔画卷中，女性扮演着至关重要的角色，她们挑战刻板印象，突破障碍，塑造我们周围的世界。
建议研究自然科学的英语作文
建议研究自然科学的英语作文英文回答：Natural science, an empirical discipline concerned with the study of the natural world through observation and experimentation, offers an invaluable domain for fostering critical thinking, problem-solving skills, and a profound appreciation for the intricacies and wonders of our universe. Here are some compelling reasons why I enthusiastically recommend delving into the realm ofnatural science studies:Cultivation of Critical Thinking: Natural science inquiry profoundly strengthens critical thinking abilities. By meticulously observing phenomena, analyzing data, and formulating hypotheses, students learn to approach problems systematically, evaluate evidence objectively, and draw informed conclusions based on empirical evidence.Development of Problem-Solving Skills: The nature ofnatural science inherently involves problem-solving. Students actively engage in designing experiments, interpreting results, and seeking innovative solutions to scientific queries. This process enhances their analytical abilities, creativity, and capacity to tackle complex problems with confidence.Appreciation for the Natural World: Natural science studies foster a deep appreciation for the natural world. Students gain an understanding of ecological interconnections, the intricate mechanisms underlying biological processes, and the awe-inspiring phenomena that shape our planet. This appreciation cultivates an environmental consciousness and inspires responsible actions towards preserving our ecosystems.Preparation for Future Endeavors: Natural science education provides a solid foundation for various career paths, including research, medicine, engineering, biotechnology, and environmental science. The analytical and problem-solving skills acquired through scientific studies are highly valued in diverse professional fields.Contribution to Scientific Advancement: By pursuing natural science studies, students actively participate in the collective pursuit of knowledge. Their inquisitive minds, observations, and experimental contributions potentially advance scientific understanding and technological progress, ultimately benefitting society as a whole.中文回答：自然科学是一个实证学科，通过观察和实验来研究自然世界，它为培养批判性思维、解决问题的能力以及对我们宇宙的错综复杂性和奇观的深刻理解提供了一个宝贵的领域。
SystemStabilityTests
System Suitability Tests For Quantitative Chromatographic Methods1. IntroductionDespite the importance of the system suitability test to ensure the performance of the analytical system, in many cases this is overlooked by scientists when they develop analytical methods. This article will summarize the strategy used to develop a sound system suitability test. In addition, different approaches to set suitable limits will be discussed.2. DefinitionThe purpose of the system suitability test is to ensure that the complete testing system (including instrument, reagents, columns, analysts) is suitable for the intended application. The USP Chromatography General Chapter states:"System suitability tests are an integral part of gas and liquid chromatographic methods. They are used to verify that the resolution and reproducibility of the chromatographic system are adequate for the analysis to be done. The tests are based on the concept that the equipment, electronics, analytical operations and samples to be analyzed constitute an integral system that can be evaluated as such."3. System Suitability, Operational Qualification And Data Acceptance Criteria3.1 Operational Qualification (OQ)Within the analytical community, system suitability is sometimes confused with the operational qualification performed during instrument IQ/OQ/PQ. Operational qualification is used to demonstrate that all components of the instrument, and/or the complete instrument system, are meeting performance standards (i.e., specifications). The testing methodology for operational qualification is specific to instrumental performance. In order to ensure that the chromatographic system is tested in a manner not affected by the analytical method, the system is usually qualified in a well-controlled environment. Therefore, the analytical HPLC column is removed in order to remove it’s contribution to the variability of the system, and a simple mobile phase should be used in the OQ of HPLC systems.However, unlike operational qualification, the system suitability test is method specific. The system, which should already be qualified during IQ/OQ/PQ, is tested using the test conditions described in the method. Operational qualification focuses on the analytical instrument performance. System suitability, however, encompasses the complete testing system including instrument, reagents, columns and analysts.3.2 Data Acceptance CriteriaIn some analytical methods, there are data acceptance criteria that describe the criteria used to accept or reject analytical data. For example, if multiple sample preparations are prepared from a homogeneous sample composite, the precision among the replicate results (e.g. %RSD) may be used to determine the acceptability of the results. Higher than expected variability among sample replicates may indicate possible preparation error or instrumental error, therefore the results would not be acceptable.Even though part of the system suitability tests may be performed during the analysis (see more discussion later), system suitability is generally tested before proceeding with the actual sample analysis. On the other hand, data acceptability criteria are limits used to evaluate the sample results after the sample analysis.4. Evolution Of System SuitabilitySimilar to the analytical method development, the system suitability test strategy should be revised as the analysts develop more experience with the assay. In general, consistency of system performance (e.g., replicate injections of the standard) and chromatographic suitability (e.g. tailing factor, column efficiency and resolution of the critical pair) are the main components of system suitability.4.1 Early Stage Of Method DevelopmentDuring the early stage of the method development process some of the more sophisticated system suitability tests may not be practical due to the lack of experience with the method. In this stage, usually a more "generic" approach is used. For example, evaluation of the tailing factor to check chromatographic suitability, and replicate injections of the system suitability solution to check injection precision may be sufficient for an HPLC impurities assay.In the early method development, it may be useful to perform some additional system suitability tests to evaluate the system performances under different method conditions. This information will help to develop an appropriate system suitability test strategy in the future.4.2 As The Method MaturesAs more experience is acquired for this method, a more sophisticated system suitability test may be necessary. For an HPLC impurities method intended to be stability indicating, a critical pair for resolution determination should be identified. The critical pair is defined as the two peaks with the least resolution in the chromatographic separation. Generally, a minimum resolution limit is defined for the critical pair to ensure that the separations of all other impurities are acceptable. All critical factors that will significantly impact the method performance will need to be identified. Therefore, if the resolution test results exceed the acceptance limit, the critical factors can be adjusted to optimize the system performance.If % organic in the mobile phase has a significant impact on the resolution of the critical pair, organic composition in the mobile phase can be adjusted within a predetermined range to achieve the acceptable resolution. Therefore, system suitability strategy not only consists of the tests and limits, but also the approach used to optimize system performance when the original test result exceeds the limit.In addition, if the method demands high method sensitivity (e.g. to analyze very low impurity levels), a detector sensitivity solution may be required to demonstrate suitable signal-to-noise from the HPLC system. These system suitability tests, combined with the typical replicate injections of the standard solution, may be used to demonstrate the system suitability for this method.4.3 Long Term System Suitability StrategyDuring the final stage of method development, there is a need to define the long-term strategy for system suitability requirements, and the practicalities for all laboratories using this method. If the system suitability test involves the use of any reference sample (i.e. isolated and characterized impurity), the laboratory needs to have enough supply of this reference sample to complete the system suitability test. However, maintaining the supply of this reference sample in the long term is usually not an easy task. If the reference sample is a degradation product of the drug substance, it is desirable to generate the reference sample in-situ by artificially degrading the drug substance in order to streamline the method. Therefore, extensive investigations must be done to evaluate the best approach to generate the reference sample, and to identify the critical factors needed to ensure that the degradation process is reproducible.5. How To Set LimitsNumerous approaches can be used to set limits for system suitability tests. This depends on the experience with the method, material available and personal preference. During method development, it may be useful to perform some system suitability tests with no acceptance limit. Firstly, it is premature to set any limit during the very early stage of method development. Secondly, since experimental conditions will be varied intentionally during method development, collecting system suitability data in these experiments will help the analyst to evaluate the impact of results generated under different method conditions. This information will be used to set appropriate system suitability limits in the future.5.1 Default Values from Regulatory GuidelinesThere are numerous guidelines which detail the expected limits for typical chromatographic methods. In the current FDA guidelines on "Validation of Chromatographic Methods" , the following acceptance limits are proposed as initial criteria:These suggested limits may be used as a reference to set up the initial system suitability criteria in the early method development process.5.2 Method Validation ResultsMaking use of the method validation results is yet another approach. During the robustness testing of method validation, critical method parameters such as mobile phase composition, column temperature are varied to mimic the day-to-day variability. Therefore, the system suitability results from these robustness experiments should reflect the expected range for the system suitability results. As a result, the limits for system suitability tests can be determined from these experiments.This is a very effective approach since the required system suitability results can be generated during method validation, and no special study is required. However, these results only reflect the expected performance of the system, but not necessarily the minimum "performance standard" for acceptable results. For example, the minimum resolution of the critical pair from method validation may be 3.5; however, a resolution of 2.0 may still be acceptable as long as they are baseline resolved, and all other chromatographic parameters remain acceptable.5.3 Simulated ConditionsIdeally the analyst should observe the results from a "deteriorating" system and determine the situations under which the results are no longer acceptable. One way to simulate the deterioration of the system is to use an old or artificially degraded column in the analysis. Typically, a column can be degraded artificially by numerous injections or heating at extreme pH conditions. These old columns will provide the information about the changesin separation, peak shape and the impact of results from the less-than-ideal chromatography. If the results are adversely affected by the changes in column performance (e.g. unacceptable precision of results due to overlapping peaks), the system suitability results from these experiments will help to determine the limits for system suitability criteria.This approach facilitates the investigation of the worst case scenario, which reflects minimum performance standard used to ensure that the chromatography is not adversely affected.6. Points Of Consideration6.1 Retention TimeInstrumental factors affecting retention time include dwell volume, flow rate and column temperature. The analyst should therefore expect retention time to vary in different instruments. However, in most cases, change in retention time has no direct impact on the results. As a result, it is not advisable to use retention time (or retention time window) as part of the system suitability criteria. If the analyst would like to demonstrate suitable retention characteristics in the analysis, relative retention or capacity factor may be acceptable.6.2 Equivalent ColumnMost of the analytical methods allow equivalent columns to be used to ensure that the analyst is not restricted to a particular column brand or supplier. One good way to determine the equivalence of columns from different suppliers is to allow alternate columns to be used as long as they pass system suitability criteria. Before this strategy can be used, the system suitability tests should be developed to ensure that different aspects of the column performance are covered. For example, in addition to the resolution and column efficiency tests, a qualitative comparison of the impurity profile and retention order with the results from the reference column may be required.6.3 Quality Control SampleThe use of a quality control sample is strongly recommended in the system suitability strategy. Unlike most of the other system suitability tests that focus on sample analysis, results generated for the quality control sample can be used to demonstrate the suitability of the complete analytical system including sample preparation and sample analysis.6.4 System Suitability during the AnalysisHistorically, system suitability tests were completed before proceeding with sample analysis. However, in order to ensure that the system performance is consistent throughout, additional system suitability tests may be performed during the analysis. For example, if the method has very demanding detector sensitivity requirement, the detector sensitivity solution may need to be analyzed before and after the run to ensure satisfactory detector performance throughout the analysis.7. ConclusionDetermination of system suitability parameters and limits will depend upon where the method is in the method development process. The criteria to be used for system suitability tests at each stage of method development will vary with the requirements of the method and its intended application.。
土壤系统中溶质运移研究
土壤系统中溶质运移研究博士研究生：石 辉学科、专业：土壤学研究方向：土壤溶质运移导 师：邵明安研究员为了满足日益增长的人口对粮食的需求，农用化学物质被广泛使用，这些物质可通过各种渠道进入土壤，因此研究土壤中农用化学物质的迁移、转化对于防止环境污染和促进农业持续发展有着重要的意义。
本文在对土壤溶质运移理论分析的基础上，采用土柱实验、田间实验以及计算机模拟研究土壤系统中溶质的运移过程，得到以下主要结论：1．通过分析土壤溶质运移与化学色谱之间的相似性，利用化学色谱理论分析了土壤溶质穿透曲线的形状，以及塔板理论模拟溶质运移的穿透曲线。
发现穿透曲线的形状主要由溶质在固体土粒与溶液中浓度的吸附等温线来决定，对于凸型分配函数，表现为前缘陡峭、后缘“拖尾”的“拖尾”型穿透曲线；对于凹型分配函数，表现为前缘“伸舌”、后缘陡峭的“伸舌”型穿透曲线。
对于非反应型溶质理论上应当保持对称的高斯型穿透曲线，但在实际土壤中由于不动水体的存在，穿透曲线也表现出前缘陡峭、后缘拖尾的“拖尾”型穿透曲线。
根据塔板理论认为土柱由理想形态的一系列小塔板所组成，忽略弥散作用，利用质量守恒定律可得到描述溶质运移的塔板模型]21)2e x p (21[210N M M e r f c N N M M e r f c c c ++-= （1）该模型与溶质运移的CDE 方程解具有一定的相似性，但由于忽略了弥散作用，其估计 浓度低于CDE 方程。
2．研究表明，在一般情况解析解第二项的贡献较小（<4%），可以省略。
对CDE 方程 省略第二项后的解析解进行了详细分析，通过误差函数的逆运算得到下述公式D utx Ce arcerf t 2)21(-=- （2） 对于穿透曲线则有tD uD L22-=ξ （3）这样可利用ζ与t 线形关系的斜率、截距估计CDE 参数D 、R 值。
实验结果证实该方 法与常用CXTFIT 拟合结果一致。
当Ce 按照边界层定义一个固定值时，式（2）则为边界 层与时间的关系。
AnalyticalExposition分析说明
Analytical ExpositionAn analytical exposition is a type of spoken or written text that is intended to persuade the listeners or readers that something is the case. To make the persuasion stronger, the speaker or writer gives some arguments as the fundamental reasons why something is the case. This type of text can be found in scientific books, journals, magazines, newspaper articles, academic speech or lectures, research report etc. Analytical expositions are popular among science, academic community and educated people. The generic structure of analytical exposition usually has three components:(1) Thesis,(2) Arguments and(3)Reiteration or conclusion.A.Generic Structure of Analytical Exposition1. Thesis : Introduces the topic and shows speaker o r writer’s position;Outlines of the arguments are presented.2. Arguments : It consists about Point and ElaborationPoint, states the main argumentElaboration, develops and supports each point of argument3. Conclusion : Reiteration (restatement), restat es speaker or writer’s positionB. Generic Features of Analytical Exposition1.An analytical exposition focuses on generic human and non human participants.2.It uses mental processes. It is used to state what the writer or speaker thinks orfeels about something. For example: realize, feel etc.3.It uses emotive and evaluative words4.It often needs material processes. It is used to state what happens, e.g. ….haspolluted… etc.5.It usually uses Simple Present Tense and Present Perfect Tense.6.Enumeration is sometimes necessary to show the list of given arguments: Firstly,secondly …, Finally, etc.Now look the sample of analytical exposition below!Corruption and Indonesian CultureThesis:Corruption has happened for many years and today it becomes a bad culture in Indonesia for three reasonsArgument 1:Most adult Indonesian or foreigners have known and admitted that corruptions happen in many places. The daily newspapers, news programs on TV and radio have reported corruptions are done everywhere, almost in all departments or public services of this country. Corruptions happen in health, education departments and banks. When we manage to get some documents in public service offices, we usually need much money to pay. Manipulations happen everywhereArgument 2:The actions to eliminate corruption are weak. The ever stronger culture seems not to come to an end when the responsible institutions who have to reinforce the justice today commit corruption. This is the worst. Corruptions happen in police department, courts where judges, public prosecutors, lawyers make deals to do corruption. All of us also heard in the end of 2004, Probosutejo reported that he had bribed the Supreme Court, or called Mahkamah Agung which becomes the highest level where the justice can be obtained. Perhaps you have to try to come to the local courts and see what happen there. You will see practices of bribery and other kinds of corruption. Therefore, we can say that corruptions becomes our culture. Do you like it?Argument 3:The citizens have no goodwill to fight against the corruption. They create the situations in which people have opportunities to do corruptions. The citizens like to break the rules because they are not disciplined. For example, in the street when they drive a car or ride motorcycle, they do not have the driving license or necessary documents. Then, they are caught by the local policemen. To avoid more difficulties, they like to bribe the officer. The officer let them go then. In other words, the citizens and officers are the same, doing corruption together. If only the people were critical, disciplined, and obey the rules, and willing to report any wrong behaviors, this country will not be number one corrupting country in the world.Reiteration/ conclusion:Conclusion Based on the reasons, we can conclude that corruption is becoming a bad culture in Indonesia if it is not ended soon by all of us. It seems that there must be more severe penalty for the Corruptors. Do we still care about the future of this country? Written by CahyonoMore information:1.Emotive language adds strong description to the facts and so help to create anextremely subjective tone of the text. It plays a role in persuading the readerstoward the writer’s opinion e.g. Most adult Indonesian,2.Evaluative language is another way to persuade people agree with the writer’sopinion e.g. This is the worst, It’s true, It’s important, It’s clear, I believe, It isobvious that etc.Hortatory ExpositionA Hortatory exposition is a type of spoken or written text that is intended to explain the listeners or readers that something should or should not happen or be done. To strengthen the explanation, the speaker or writer needs some arguments as the fundamental reasons of the given idea. In other words, this kind of text can be called as argumentation. Hortatory exposition text can be found in scientific books, journals, magazines, newspaper articles, academic speech or lectures, research report etc. Hortatory expositions are popular among science, academic community and educated people. The generic structure of Hortatory exposition usually has three components: (1) Thesis, (2) Arguments and (3) Recommendation.A.Generic Structure of Hortatory Exposition1. Thesis : Statement or announcement of issue concern2. Arguments : Reasons for concern that will lead to recommendation3. Recommendation : Statement of what should or should not happen or be done based on the given argumentsB.Generic Features of Hortatory Exposition1.A Hortatory exposition focuses on generic human and non human participants, except for speaker or writer referring to self.2.It uses mental processes. It is used to state what the writer or speaker thinks or feels about something. For example: realize, feel etc.3.It often needs material processes. It is used to state what happens, e.g. ….has polluted… etc.4.It usually uses Simple Present Tense and Present Perfect Tense.5.Enumeration is sometimes necessary to show the list of given arguments: Firstly, secondly …, Finally, etc.Now read this text of Hortatory Exposition!A Campaign of the Importance of ReadingThesis:Reading habit is poor among Indonesians because most people haven’t realized the importance of readingArgument 1Reading is important to transform knowledge and technology. By reading, one knows the world. He or she will understand what he doesn’t see by himself or herself. The lines of the paragraphs in an article contain pieces of knowledge. The knowledge is needed to improve the quality of human’s life. Technology t ransformation from other country can only be done by reading a lot various sources of literature. Valuable books in libraries and bookstores mean nothing if they are not read.Argument 2Realizing the importance of reading will make someone motivated to read. When we know that something is very important because it can give us valuable information, we will try to get or do the thing. For example, a businessman who always follows latest information or news, will know what to do in his/ her business. He will make a good decision to make a transaction. Most people in all developed countries have realized the importance or reading and they have good reading habits. In bus and train stations, vehicles, waiting rooms, parks, people like reading. They enjoy reading which gives them valuable knowledge and inspiration.Argument 3A good understanding toward the importance of reading can be achieved by well organized and effective campaign. To plant an understanding in a generation’s minds is not an easy job. It needs a hard work from all components of the nation, especially the government. A serious campaign which is organized by the central and local government can help common people wake up and stand to face the real competition. The campaign can be done through various kinds of mass media such as TV, radio, booklets, bulletins, newspapers, magazines. It can also be conducted by teachers, parents and all people who care.RecommendationTherefore, a nation-wide effective campaign of the importance of reading by all components of the nation should be done, facilitated by the government, to face the tighter competition. The world has forced globalization. Those people with little knowledge will be left behind. To speed up the better change in this country, a good reading habit is really important.Written by Cahyono KDRead this text of Hortatory exposition!CorruptionThesis(Announcement of issue concern)Do you know what the meaning of corruption is? What is the relation between money and corruption? Well, corruption is common everywhere in the world, even in the UnitedStates. It’s just a matter of intensity. However, it is quite shocking when one reliable survey claims Jakarta as the most corrupt place in Indonesia.Argument 1The survey has made me sad, actually, because I stay and earn a living here in the capital. As most people know, Tanjung Priok port smuggling is not a new thing at all. Entrepreneurs who want to minimize their tax payments tend to do such a thing more often. They even bribe the officials.Argument 2Well, I think the measures taken so far to overcome the problem by punishing the corruptors is still not far enough. We have to prevent the younger generations from getting a bad mentality caused by corruption.RecommendationI believe we should start at the earliest stages in school and I think everyone should be involved in the effort to eradicate corruption. We must not make any distinction. Adapted from: The Jakarta Post, February 2005。
药学英语药学英语20
What is Analytical Science?
❖ The above description of analytical chemistry provides an overview of the discipline of analytical chemistry.
❖ There have been various attempts to define the discipline more specifically 具体地.
❖ One suggestion is that we use the term analytical science and technology.
❖ The Federation of European Chemical Societies held a contest to define analytical chemistry and the following suggestion by K. Cammann was selected.
❖ This term is used in a National Science Foundation report from workshops on “Curricular 课程的 Developments in the Analytical Sciences.”
❖ Even this term falls short of recognition of the role of instrumentation 仪 器 development and application.
时间是本质：对迈克尔曼《社会权力来源》的一个评论
Time is of the Essence:Remarks on Michael Mann’s The Sources of Social PowerI would like to begin this commentary on Michael Mann’s (b.1942) work by focusing upon his critical engagement with Theda Skocpol in the second volume of The Sources of Social Power, his magnum opus and one of the most ambitiously conceived sociological treatises of the last few decades. The object of this engagement is post-revolutionary France. In Mann’s view, while it is indisputable that French revolutionaries modernized and bureaucratized state administration, this does not mean that the size or scope of total administration increased at all. Also, the performance of the revolutionary state was far from the image of efficiency it projected of itself. For instance, its fiscal record was pathetic; it was unable to collect more than 10% of the taxes it demanded. For most of the nineteenth century, France had not one administration but several ministries, in which personal discretion prevailed over the abstractness and universality one associates with modern bureaucracy. Mann writes: ‘So the French Revolution, like the American, promised more bureaucracy than it delivered. (…) Skocpol and Tilly emphasize bureaucratization and state power; I emphasize their limits’’ (Mann 1993, p. 463).Enlightening as this critical remark certainly is about Michael Mann’s relative positioning within the sub-field of historical-comparative sociology, it tells us little about his position within social theory more generally. For that, which is the aim of this paper, the relevant comparison is not with Skocpol, Tilly, or the later Giddens, who can all be said to illustrate the recent empirical turn in social theory, but with Talcott Parsons, the single most influential post-war American sociologist whose structural-functionalism reigned supreme practically until the early-1970s.Mann’s lifelong aim has been to produce a theory with a degree of abstractness and generality equivalent to Parsons’s structural functionalism. Unlike Parsons, however, Mann rejects a conception of human societies as social systems founded upon on shared beliefs and expectations. Mann’s alternative consists in claiming that society is not a totality, neither is it a system. Instead, he offers us an analytical point of entry to deal with the ‘impure’ and ‘promiscuous’’ (1993, p. 10) complexity of social life in the form of a model of the overlapping and intersecting networks of power that constitute society. Mann distinguishes four sources of social power: ideological, economic, military, and political power (IEMP). Unlike Parsons’s AGIL model, Mann’s IEMP model does not refer to an abstract social system divided into sub-systems or dimensions. Rather, it is a formalization of the major social networks present in concrete human societies from the beginning of historical records to the present. Let us now see in further detail how Mann conceptualizes the sources of social power and their institutional forms. This will be followed by a brief analysis of two books in which he applies this ‘developmental account of an abstraction, power’ (Mann 1986, p. 538), to concrete historical phenomena such as fascism and ethnic cleansing. I conclude with a brief discussion of some of the questions raised by Mann’s studies of the key category of events.The starting assumption of Mann’s IEMP model is that social life can best be conceived of as a drama in which social actors struggle, sometimes to the death, to control ideological, economic, military, and political power organizations. The exercise of general power over a territory is made through a combination of four specific types of power. ‘Ideological power’ refers to the social power that the control of an ideology brings to those groups and individuals who monopolize it. Mann has This text builds upon and expands the discussion of Michael Mann’s work in Baert & Silva, 2010: 170-181.two distinct examples in mind here; religions and secular ideologies such as liberalism, socialism, and nationalism. The importance of these meaning-producing movements lies in their ability to control a crucial human need, namely to find meaning in life, be it in a religious ritual or in a political rally. ‘Economic power’ is particularly important as it concerns the need to produce in order to subsist. No human society can survive for very long without extracting, transforming, distributing, and consuming natural resources. The struggle for the control of economic power is thus a crucial feature of social life. Going beyond Marx, Mann argues that the organizational forms of economic power include not only social classes, but also social sections and segments. For instance, any given social class is composed of several sections (say, a skilled trade), whereas a segment is here used as a group whose members are drawn from several classes (say, the social segment‘patron-client’ includes members of at least two different social classes). Mann’s analysis is thus more fine-grained than conventional social class analysis, dealing better with the multi-causal and multi-level character of most social phenomena.‘Military power’ refers to how the modern nation-state has a monopoly of violence. This source of social power is relatively recent. Until the nineteenth century, armies were often controlled by noblemen as in the Middle Ages), or had substantial autonomy from the political power. So general power is exercised through a combination of all four types, which enjoy relative autonomy from each other. The last type, ‘political power’, refers to the power exerted by the state (on his theory of the state, see also Mann 1988). The regulation of the nation-state's territory by a central administrative bureaucracy has proved to be an essential ingredient in modern human history.Mann labels his theory of the state as ‘institutional statism’, a part of his more general ‘organizational materialism’ (Mann 1993, p. 52). His theory of the state comes in two stages. First, Mann tries to provide an institutional definition of the state. In order to do so, he reinterprets Weber’s conception of the state from a neo-institutionalist perspective. He is thus able to identify several organized actors in domestic and foreign policy, the two main areas of state intervention. Second, by resorting to a functionalist analysis, he seeks to counter the tendency of institutionalist analysis to proliferate organizational complexity. He does this by developing a polymorphous theory of ‘higher-level state crystallizations’’ (Mann 1993, p. 54). What does this mean? The idea is that every state is polymorphous, i.e., it is composed of multiple institutions. Over time, these institutions tend to crystallize. Thus realist scholars tend to claim that modern states have crystallized into security-pursuing states, whereas Marxists usually argue that they have crystallized as capitalist states. Mann’s approach offers a synthesis of these perspectives. In his view, there are four basic ‘higher-level crystallizations’ –‘capitalist, militarist, representative, and national’ (Mann 1993, p. 81) – none of which has ever enjoyed hegemonic status.Mann has recently applied this social theoretical framework to the analysis of concrete historical phenomena. In the 2004 Fascists, the book whose translation into Portuguese has brought us here together today, Mann offers an exemplary combination of historical in-depth research and general social-scientific analysis. He comes very close to actually bridging the gap between history and sociology. First, he engages in a comparison of the trajectories of fascist movements in Germany, Italy, Spain, Austria, Hungary, and Romania. Second, he provides insightful single country inter-regional comparisons. Third, he combines these with analyses of the successive phases of the developmental process of each fascist movement (Mann 2004, pp. 1-30). Mann is thus able to make a relevant contribution to the literature on authoritarian regimes. He shows that in all six cases there is a prevalent core fascist constituency, i.e., a social basis of support that made it possible for fascist regimes toemerge and consolidate. Rather than being supported by the lower middle class, as it is usually assumed, Mann demonstrates that a heterogeneous social set comprising soldiers, veterans, civil servants, teachers, and members of an ethnic majority living in a disputed territory provided fascism with its social basis of support. Furthermore, Mann shows that in Nazi Germany a segment of civil society (namely, small-town, Protestant, middle-class associations) provided key support to Hitler’s regime. (Mann 2004, pp. 177-206). This finding seems to confirm Jeffrey Alexander’s thesis in Real Civil Societies on the ambivalent character of civil society, while crucially questioning the pervasive assumption in so many neo-Tocquevillian empirical political science studies of ‘trust’ and ‘social capital’, according to which civic participation is necessarily connecte d with liberal democracy. What Mann’s Fascists shows us is that it is not. Civic participation does not necessarily promote liberal democracy; it can, and often does, promote authoritarianism.Another application of his social theory is The Dark Side of Democracy, a monumental study of ethnic cleansing first published in 2005. Oddly enough, however, Mann’s analysis of ethnic cleansing is not limited to democratic regimes, either in formation or established. Most of the book is not about democracies at all. Mann discusses at length the Armenian genocide, the Holocaust, the communist cleansing, the former Yugoslavia, and Rwanda. Contrary to what is suggested by the title, ethnic cleansing emerges not as the dark side of democracy but of nationalism. This incongruity, however, should not discourage readers. The Dark Side of Democracy is, beyond doubt, the single best work by a historical sociologist on ethnic cleansing available today. Mann begins by identifying a set of necessary conditions for ethnic cleansing to occur (Mann 2005, pp. 1-33). These include: 1) a divided elite from which a segment becomes radicalized; 2) a core constituency composed chiefly of young males, which is mobilized in support of the radical segment of the elite; 3) several ethnic groups, with competing claims on territory and the state; 4) a crisis situation that dramatically enhances a sense of insecurity amongst the elite. Generalizing from several case studies, Mann suggests that typically ethnic cleansing occurs when three factors come together: there is a radicalized segment of the elite, it is in control of the state, and it mobilizes its social support to carry out the killings in response to the intensification of the crisis situation. Mann is thus rejecting two established explanations of ethnic cleansing, that it requires massive social support and that is a state-planned endeavour. On the contrary, he claims, murderous ethnic cleansing, a distinctively modern phenomenon, has been the work of a relative few and it is far from being a carefully implemented state policy planned long in advance.What these works demonstrate is Mann’s singular ability to move back and forth between the explanation of particular historical events, and the explanation of macro-historical units of analysis such as societies or civilizations. To a large extent, this ability stems from what William Sewell has aptly described as Mann’s: ‘eventful conception of temporality’ (2005, p. 121). There are three reasons for this. First, Mann’s analyses clearly e mphasize the interconnectedness of social temporalities and social space. In other words, his sensitivity to historical events goes hand-in-hand with a conception of social space as constituted by multiple, overlapping networks, rather than social systems. Second, by adopting a long-term perspective, he is able to reconfigure the very notion of event. Events are no longer confined to episodic, short-term changes – processes that mark decisive breaks with history and bring about deep and irreversible structural transformations. Even if these processes lasted for centuries, they are nevertheless to be understood as events. Third, his eventful sociology forces us to reconsider the directionality of historical change. In particular, I find especially relevant the way Mann is able to undercut the dichotomy between evolutionary teleology and the all-too common denial that historical directionality is an issue at all. He does so by emphasizing the interconnectedness of individual agentsand structural patterns of change. In their ‘attempt to control the world and increase their rewards within it by setting up power organizations of varying but patterned types and strengths’, Mann tells us in his characteristic style, ‘real men and women impose patterns’. These ‘power struggles are the principal patternings of history, but their outcomes have often been close-up’ (1986, p. 532). Mann undercuts the dichotomy between evolutionary teleology and the denial of historical directionality by reconciling historical development(indeed, one of Mann’s central questions relates to how power resources develop), with an appreciation of the role of historical contingency.Despite the criticisms that have been levelled at Michael Mann’s work in and beyond sociology departments over the years, I confess that I am very much taken by this kind of approach. Why? Because we seldom find anyone so seriously engaged in reconnecting social scientific explanation, the sacrosanct aim of 'numbers-and-maths' social scientists, and macro-history, commonly thought to be the natural turf of humanist-inclined historians. Time and again, Mann has shown that this separation is not a necessity, but a choice. For this reason alone, if no other, Michael Mann’s historically-minded macro-sociology has much to commend it.Filipe Carreira da SilvaCambridge, EnglandJune 2, 2012ReferencesBaert, P. & F.C. Silva. 2010. Social Theory in the Twentieth Century and Beyond. Cambridge: Polity.Mann, M. 1986. The Sources of Social Power. Volume I. A History of Power from the Beginning to A.D. 1760. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Mann, M. 1988. States, War and Capitalism. Oxford: Blackwell.Mann, M. 1993. The Sources of Social Power. Volume II. The Rise of Classes and Nation-states, 1760-1914. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Mann, M. 2004. Fascists. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Mann, M. 2005. The Dark Side of Democracy: Explaining Ethnic Cleansing. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Sewell, W. 2005. The Logics of History. Social Theory and Social Transformation. Chicago: Chicago University Press.。
analytical的用法 (2)
analytical的用法IntroductionAnalytical skills are highly sought after in today's competitive job market. Employers value individuals who can think critically, solve problems, and make informed decisions. In this article, we will explore the various ways analytical skills can be applied in different scenarios.I. Understanding Analytical SkillsAnalytical skills refer to the ability to collect and analyze information, identify patterns, draw conclusions, and present findings effectively. These skills are crucial in a wide range of fields including finance, project management, marketing, data analysis, and more. Let's now delve into some practical applications of analytical skills.II. Financial AnalysisFinancial analysis requires strong analytical skills to evaluate a company's financial performance and make informed investment decisions. An analyst needs to interpret financial statements, assess trends in revenue and expenses, analyze market conditions, and forecast future outcomes. With solid analytical abilities, one can accurately assess a company's financial health and recommend appropriate actions for improvement.III. Problem SolvingProblem-solving is a fundamental application of analytical skills in various life situations. By breaking down complex problems into manageable parts, individuals with good analytical skills can identify root causes and propose effective solutions. Analytical thinking involves careful evaluation of alternatives based on available data and logical reasoning to choose the best possible option.IV. Data AnalysisIn the digital era, data is abundant and complex. Analyzing vast amounts of data requires exceptional analytical skills to identify trends and patterns that can inform decision-making processes. Whether it is in marketing research or scientific studies, using statistical methods and data visualization tools enables analysts to extract meaningful insights from raw data sets.V. Strategic PlanningStrategic planning involves setting goals, formulating strategies, making resource allocation decisions, and evaluating performance indicators towards achieving organizational objectives. Analytical thinking plays a vital role in each step of the strategic planning process - from conducting industry analysis to identifying competitive advantages and determining target markets.VI. Risk AssessmentAnalytical skills are crucial in assessing and managing risks effectively. By analyzing potential risks and their potential impact, one can develop risk mitigation strategies to protect organizations from unexpected events. A good risk analyst evaluates the likelihood of various scenarios, evaluates potential consequences, and designs proactive measures to minimize negative impacts.VII. Decision MakingMaking informed decisions is a critical task that relies heavily on analytical skills. Analyzing available information, evaluating alternatives, weighing pros and cons, and considering long-term implications are essential steps in making sound decisions. Effective decision-makers demonstrate strong analytical skills to assess the feasibility and potential outcomes of each option.VIII. Continuous ImprovementAnalytical thinking also plays a significant role in continuous improvement efforts within organizations. By collecting data on existing processes or products, analyzing performance metrics, identifying areas for improvement, and implementing changesbased on evidence-based analysis, individuals can drive innovation and enhance overall organizational efficiency.ConclusionIn conclusion, analytical skills are versatile tools that find applications across various disciplines within both personal and professional spheres. From financial analysis to problem-solving, data analysis to strategic planning, risk assessment to decision-making, proficient use of analytical skills allows individuals to navigate complex challenges successfully. Developing and honing these skills is crucial for career growth and ensuring success in today's dynamic world.。
thesis的英文名词解释
thesis的英文名词解释Thesis: Unveiling the Epitome of Academic InquiryIntroductionIn the realm of academia, the term "thesis" holds an esteemed position, symbolizing the culmination of scholarly rigor, in-depth research, and critical analysis. Universally acknowledged as a prerequisite for the successful completion of undergraduate, postgraduate, and doctoral degrees, the thesis represents the pinnacle of academic achievement. This article delves into the various dimensions of the thesis, shedding light on its multifaceted nature and emphasizing its significance within the academic community.1. Defining the ThesisAt its core, a thesis is an extended written discourse that serves as a comprehensive exploration of a specific research question or hypothesis. It embodies the culmination of a student's academic journey, allowing individuals to showcase their mastery of a subject matter within a particular field of study. A thesis encompasses numerous elements, such as literature review, methodology, data analysis, and conclusion; often accompanied by substantiating evidence and scholarly references.2. Research and AnalysisThe research process is the foundation upon which a thesis is built. Students engage in an extensive literature review, scouring academic databases, journals, and books to identify gaps in knowledge and contribute novel insights to the chosen field. With gathered information, researchers employ critical and analytical thinking skills to examine the existing body of knowledge and formulate research questions. These questions guide the data collection process, helping to refine and answer the central thesis question.3. Data Collection and Analysis TechniquesThe chosen methodology determines the data collection techniques employed within a thesis. Whether quantitative, qualitative, or a combination of both, researchers adopt methodologies that best suit their research aims and objectives. Surveys, interviews, experiments, observations, and content analysis are just a few examples of the strategies employed to acquire pertinent data. Thorough data analysis techniques, such as statistical analysis or thematic coding, allow for the identification of trends, patterns, and correlations, enabling researchers to draw meaningful inferences and conclusions.4. Structure and OrganizationA well-crafted thesis adheres to a logical structure and organization, facilitating the reader's comprehension and engagement. Typically, a thesis comprises the following sections: introduction, literature review, methodology, results/findings, discussion, and conclusion. Each section serves a distinct purpose, guiding the reader through a coherent and systematic exploration of the research question. Furthermore, within each section, clear and concise subheadings help delineate the flow of ideas and arguments, ensuring clarity and coherence.5. Intellectual Contribution and OriginalityOne of the primary objectives of a thesis is to provide an intellectual contribution to the chosen field of study. Students are encouraged to identify gaps in existing knowledge and devise novel approaches to solving complex problems. Originality, creativity, and critical thinking are highly valued, as students are expected to go beyond mere regurgitation of established theories and instead present fresh perspectives and innovative ideas. By doing so, students contribute to the expanding body of knowledge in their respective fields.6. Demonstrating Proficiency in Academic WritingAn important aspect of a thesis is the demonstration of proficiency in academic writing. Students are expected to uphold high standards of scholarly writing by employing appropriate language, adhering to referencing conventions, and demonstrating clarity of thought. An effective thesis showcases the ability to communicate complexconcepts and findings concisely, engaging the reader and conveying the essence of the research.ConclusionThe thesis represents a significant milestone in one's academic journey, encapsulating the challenging endeavor of conducting extensive research, analyzing data, and making original contributions to a given field of study. It embodies the culmination of years of academic training, critical thinking, and intellectual exploration. The thesis goes beyond being a mere requirement for academic degrees; rather, it stands as a testament to an individual's determination, knowledge acquisition, and passion for knowledge dissemination.。
AuthorshipCoauthorshipGuidelinesPOLICY
Authorship/Coauthorship Guidelines(from HR Policy Manual)POLICY:208.1Authorship Philosophy. The appropriate recognition of authorship is integral to the intellectual integrity of research carried out at IFPRI. Authorship of research is often animportant component of staff work plans and can be an important factor in appointmentrenewal and promotion. At IFPRI, multiple authorship is appreciated and no specialrecognition for single authorship is given in performance assessment. Special attention toinclusion of developing-country research partners that have substantially contributed alongthe lines mentioned below is called for at the Institute.Members of a research team are expected to discuss the issue of authorship beforeresearch is undertaken and written up. This discussion should lead to a clear understandingof planned research outputs, the allocation of tasks, and what is required of co-authors oneach paper. It is the explicit responsibility of the project leader to develop a work plan thatreflects this.Credit for authorship should be based on the criteria described below. Project leadersshould be cognizant of the value that IFPRI places on meaningful collaboration, including co-authorship, with researchers in developing countries. Senior researchers should remembertheir responsibility to help junior researchers develop professionally; providingopportunities for co-authorship is one means of achieving this. The allocation of tasks andauthorship may well change as a project unfolds. When this occurs, the project leadershould meet with the team to discuss and reallocate tasks and authorship as needed. 208.2Criteria for Authorship. Given the variety of research produced at IFPRI, there can be no single formula that determines what constitutes a substantive contribution.Substantive contributions to the following represent activities that merit consideration ofco-authorship or some form of attribution: (a) Defining the research question to beaddressed; (b) the development of: theoretical models; conceptual frameworks; datacollection instruments or questionnaires or methodologies; analytical techniques;mathematical or statistical programs; (c) the collection of data, including – but not limited to– new information such as that obtained from a quantitative or qualitative survey or thecollation of data found in secondary sources; (d) analysis of these data; (e) interpretation offindings, broadly defined so as to include insights based on theory or knowledge of the localcontext; or (f) writing the paper.It remains a collegial judgment call whether a strong contribution to one of the above orsome contributions across several of the above establishes consideration of co-authorship.If two of the above are covered, this typically establishes a case for co-authorship. Inaddition to these activities, co-authorship requires that an individual explicitly approves theversion to be published.Authorship is not justified solely because someone has provided funding, conductedinterviews, offered logistical and administrative support, submitted a few comments orsuggestions, or provided general supervision of a research group. Honorary authorship isunacceptable.Individuals who have contributed to the work but are not authors should be mentioned inthe “Acknowledgements”, where their contribution is described (e.g., they wereenumerators, managed surveys, reviewed or edited the paper, provided guidance onstatistical analysis, supervised the research, or provided funding). Whenever possible, IFPRIstaff should acknowledge the source of the funding for the research, including contributionsof unrestricted donors.208.3 Resolution of Authorship Disputes. Disputes should initially be handled informally within the project team. If not resolved satisfactorily within the project team, the DivisionDirector(s) will meet with the project team to air, address and attempt to mediate theauthorship dispute. If desired by any of the parties, the Head of Human Resources willfacilitate the mediation, chairing the meeting, but not taking part in the judging of the issue.If the authorship dispute remains unresolved, the Director General will be the final arbiter.After consultation with the project team to review and discuss the issues, the DirectorGeneral will make the final decision. The Director General may appoint an ad hoccommittee to serve as advisors.。
analytical的用法总结大全
analytical的用法总结大全（学习版）编制人：__________________审核人：__________________审批人：__________________编制学校：__________________编制时间：____年____月____日序言下载提示：该文档是本店铺精心编制而成的，希望大家下载后，能够帮助大家解决实际问题。
文档下载后可定制修改，请根据实际需要进行调整和使用，谢谢!并且，本店铺为大家提供各种类型的经典范文，如英语单词、英语语法、英语听力、英语知识点、语文知识点、文言文、数学公式、数学知识点、作文大全、其他资料等等，想了解不同范文格式和写法，敬请关注!Download tips: This document is carefully compiled by this editor.I hope that after you download it, it can help you solve practical problems. The document can be customized and modified after downloading, please adjust and use it according to actual needs, thank you!In addition, this shop provides various types of classic sample essays, such as English words, English grammar, English listening, English knowledge points, Chinese knowledge points, classical Chinese, mathematical formulas, mathematics knowledge points, composition books, other materials, etc. Learn about the different formats and writing styles of sample essays, so stay tuned!analytical的用法总结大全analytical的意思analytical的简明意思adj. 分析的；解析的；善于解析的英式发音 [ˌænə'lɪtɪkl] 美式发音 [ˌænə'lɪtɪkl] analytical的具体用法用作形容词 adj.analytical是由动词analyse派生的形容词，基本意思是“分析的；分解的；分析法的”。
电化学分析---离子选择性电极
The equipment required for direct potentiometric measurement includes an ion-selective electrode (ISE), a reference electrode, and a potential-measuring device. Fig.1 shows a schematic diagram of an electrochemical cell for potentiometric measurement.
The composition of the membrane is designed to yield a potential that is primarily due to the ion of interest. The trick is to find a membrane that will selectively bind the analyte ions, leaving co-ions behind. Membrane materials that process different ion-recognition properties have thus been developed to impart high selectivity.
Ideally, the response of the ISE should obey equation :
EK （2.303RT / zi F） log ai
where E is the potential(V), R is the universal gas constant, T is the absolute temperature(K), zi and ai are ionic charge and activity, respectively, of the ion, and the constant K is an various factor which depends on the specific despotential of the ion-selective electrode that reflects the unequal distribution of the analyte ions across the boundary is generally monitored relative to the potential of a reference electrode.(why?) Since the potential of the reference electrode is fixed, the measured cell potential reflects the potential of the ISE, and can thus be related to the activity of the target ion.
传记英语作文
传记英语作文In the realm of computer science, the name Ada Lovelace is synonymous with innovation and foresight. Born in 1815 as the daughter of the famous poet Lord Byron, Ada was destined fora life of creativity and intellect. However, her pathdiverged from her father's poetic legacy, leading her to become the world's first computer programmer.Ada's early life was marked by a separation from her father and a rigorous education instilled by her mother, who soughtto cultivate her mathematical abilities. This foundation in mathematics would prove to be the cornerstone of her future achievements. Ada's interest in the sciences was furtherfueled by her friendship with Charles Babbage, amathematician and inventor who would become her mentor.Babbage's Difference Engine, an early mechanical calculator, and his Analytical Engine, a more complex and visionary machine, captivated Ada's imagination. She saw the potentialin these machines not just for computation but for creatingart and solving complex problems. Ada's most significant contribution came when she translated an article on the Analytical Engine by the Italian mathematician Luigi Menabrea. Her translation was accompanied by extensive notes, which included an algorithm to be processed by the AnalyticalEngine – the first algorithm intended to be carried out by a machine.Ada's vision extended beyond the mechanical; she foresaw the capability of machines to go beyond mere calculation, to manipulate symbols in accordance with rules and create complex designs. Her notes laid the groundwork for what we now know as computer programming. Tragically, Ada passed away at the young age of 36, but her legacy lived on.In the late 20th century, Ada's contributions were rediscovered, and she was recognized as a pioneer in thefield of computer science. Her work has inspired generations of women to pursue careers in technology and has cemented her place in history as a visionary thinker.Ada Lovelace's life story is a testament to the power of curiosity, education, and the pursuit of knowledge. Her foresight into the potential of computers has shaped the world we live in today, where technology is an integral part of our daily lives. As we continue to push the boundaries of what machines can do, we stand on the shoulders of giantslike Ada Lovelace, who dared to dream of a future where creativity and computation go hand in hand.。
analytical essay英语作文
analytical essay英语作文Title: The Importance of Analytical EssayIntroductionAnalytical essay is a type of academic writing that involves breaking down a topic or idea into its key components, analyzing them, and presenting them in a clear and cohesive manner. This type of essay requires critical thinking skills, attention to detail, and the ability to make connections between different aspects of a topic. In this essay, we will explore the importance of analytical essays in academic writing and how they can help students develop essential skills for success in their studies and beyond.Body1. Develop Critical Thinking SkillsAnalytical essays require students to critically analyze and evaluate information, arguments, and evidence. By engaging in this process, students can develop their critical thinking skills, which are essential for making informed decisions, solving problems, and understanding complex issues. Analytical essays challenge students to think critically about a topic, consider multiple perspectives, and form their own opinions based on evidence and logic.2. Enhance Writing and Communication SkillsAnalytical essays require students to present their ideas in a clear, concise, and organized manner. This type of writing helps students improve their writing and communication skills by teaching them how to structure their ideas, provide evidence to support their arguments, and make connections between different pieces of information. By practicing analytical writing, students can become more effective writers and communicators, which are valuable skills in both academic and professional settings.3. Encourage Research and Information LiteracyAnalytical essays often require students to conduct research, gather evidence, and cite sources to support their arguments. This process helps students develop their research and information literacy skills by teaching them how to find, evaluate, and use credible sources of information. Analytical essays also encourage students to engage with different perspectives, theories, and research findings, which can broaden their understanding of a topic and help them make more informed judgments.4. Foster Problem-Solving AbilitiesAnalytical essays challenge students to identify key issues, analyze complex problems, and propose solutions based on evidence and logic. By engaging in this process, students can develop their problem-solving abilities, which are essential for success in academic and professional settings. Analytical essays teach students how to break down complex problems into manageable components, consider different solutions, and evaluate their effectiveness. These problem-solving skills can help students tackle challenges in their studies, work, and everyday life.5. Promote Creativity and InnovationAnalytical essays can also promote creativity and innovation by encouraging students to think critically, explore different perspectives, and make connections between ideas. This type of writing challenges students to go beyond surface-level analysis and think deeply about a topic, leading to new insights, ideas, and solutions. Analytical essays can inspire students to think creatively, question assumptions, and approach problems from a fresh perspective, which can lead to new discoveries and innovations.ConclusionIn conclusion, analytical essays are important for developing critical thinking skills, enhancing writing and communication abilities, encouraging research and information literacy, fostering problem-solving abilities, and promoting creativity and innovation. By engaging in analytical writing, students can develop essential skills for success in their studies, work, and everyday life. Analytical essays challenge students to think critically, analyze information, and present their ideas in a clear and coherent manner. Overall, analytical essays are an invaluable tool for developing key skills and preparing students for the challenges and opportunities that lie ahead.。
美国GMP指南(英文)
GUIDELINE FORGOOD MANUFACTURING PRACTICESINSPECTIONSPAN AMERICAN NETWORK FOR DRUG REGULATORY HARMONIZATION WORKING GROUP ON GOOD MANUFACTURING PRACTICESMEMBERS*Justina Molzon*, Associate Director for International Programs, FDA/USA. Group CoordinatorArgentina: Carlos Chiale; Rodolfo Mocchetto*, Coordinator INAME/ANMATBrazil: Antonio Bezerra, Suzana Avila*, Inspección y Control de Medicamentos, ANVISACanada: France Dasereau, Stephen McCaul; Louise Jodoin*, Inspection Unit, Health CanadaChile: Magadalena Reyes*, Inspector GMP. Instituto de Salud Pública (ISP) Guatemala: Esmeralda Villagran; José Luis Aguilar; Norma de Pinto*, Jefe Monitoreo y Vigilancia de Medicamentos, Ministerio de SaludMexico: Rosa María Morales, Suleta García*, COFEPRISVenezuela: Elsa Castejón*, Asesora Dirección de Drogas y Cosméticos, Ministerio de Salud.ALIFAR: Miguel Maito, Gerente Laboratorios Farmacéuticos Argentina; Marisela Benaim*, CIFAR, VenezuelaFIFARMA, Marco Vega, QA/QC Manager, Lilly; Carmen Araujo, Laboratorios Elmor, Marisela Poot,* GSK Regulatory DirectorResource Persons:Rebecca Rodríguez, National Expert Drugs Investigator. FDA/USAMillie Barber, International Programa Manger, FDA/USASecretariatRosario D’Alessio, PAHO/WHOJuana M. De Rodriguez, PAHO-GuatemalaMiguel A. Lopez, PAHO-Venezuela*Current membersINTRODUCTIONThis Guideline for Good Manufacturing Practices Inspection for the pharmaceuticalindustry was prepared by the Working Group on Good Manufacturing Practices (WG/GMP), inMay 2003. The Guideline addresses the requirements of the WHO Technical Report onGood Manufacturing Practices # 32 and the particular considerations of all members of thegroup.The WG/GMP proposed a plan for Guideline validation, to the Steering Committee of thePan-American Network for Drug Regulatory Harmonization, which was approved and was developed in two parts:1. The Guideline was implementation in a pilot phase at volunteering pharmaceuticalindustry plants. PAHO/WHO Consultants, Drug Regulatory Officers and people from thepharmaceutical industry conducted the pilot implementation at several plants in differentcountries of the Americas Region. The guideline was later revised according to theircomments and suggestions regarding the contents and usefulness.2. The Guideline was published in the PAHO/WHO web page to promote participation anddiscussion by institutions and professional experts in this topic. This gave all those whowere interested, the opportunity to send suggestions, comments, or to simply give theiropinion. The Guideline remained in the web page since June 2004 in order to receivecomments and others input.Associations like (ALIFAR and FIFARMA) and countries (Argentina, Guatemala andVenezuela) also sent their comments.The GMP Working Group reviewed and analyzed all the comments received and preparedthis revised version of the Regional Guideline of GMP Inspection for the Americas, which is submitted for consideration to the IV Pan American Conference on Drug Regulatory Harmonization.Some of the advantages of the Guideline are:1. The guideline will help to establish the standards for GMP inspections;2. It will be more comprehensive than what is in place in the economic blocks (countries)and will send the message that countries need to work as a community to meetestablished standards; and therefore, improve the quality of pharmaceutical products;3. It will serve as a work model necessary for common criteria;4. It should not be used as a check list, but it should show principles important toconsider in association with an inspection;5. It can be used as a training document for GMP inspections; and6. It will be helpful to countries in educating inspectors with unified criteria.TABLE OF CONTENTSCHAPTER 1 (5)ADMINISTRATION AND GENERAL INFORMATION (5)CHAPTER 2 (8)PERSONNEL (8)CHAPTER 3 (10)PREMISES (10)GENERAL CONDITIONS (10)ANCILLARY AREAS (11)MAINTENANCE (12)CHAPTER 4 (13)WATER SYSTEMS (13)POTABLE WATER (13)PURIFIED WATER (14)WATER FOR INJECTION (17)CHAPTER 5 (21)STORAGE AREAS (21)CHAPTER 6 (29)RETURNED PRODUCTS (29)CHAPTER 7 (30)PRODUCTS RECALL (30)CHAPTER 8 (31)DOCUMENTATION (31)CHAPTER 9 (40)SAMPLING AREA (40)CHAPTER 10 (41)WEIGHING AREA (41)WEIGHING AREA (42)WEIGHING AREA (43)CHAPTER 11 (44)PRODUCTION (44)NON-STERILE PRODUCTS (44)PRODUCTION (53)SEGREGATED PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS (53)PRODUCTION (54)STERILE PRODUCTS (54)CHAPTER 12 (68)QUALITY CONTROL (68)CHAPTER 13 (78)QUALITY ASSURANCE (78)CHAPTER 14 (83)VALIDATION (83)CHAPTER 1REF:ADMINISTRATION AND GENERAL INFORMATIONWHO 321 What is the company's name?________________________________________________________________________2 What is the company's legal address?_______________________________________________________________________3 What is the manufacturing site’s address?______________________________________________________________________4 Does the company have authorization, according to the regulations of each country, at other address(es)(warehouses, quality control laboratory, etc.) which are under the company’s responsibility?If "YES", indicate which companies and provide their addresses._______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________5 Is there evidence of registration of the qualified person responsible by the Regulatory Authority?____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________6 Is the qualified person responsible, according to company's organization chart, present at the time of theinspection?YESPROVIDE INFORMATION REGARDING THIS PERSON (WHO RECEIVES THE INSPECTION)________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________NO7 Is there evidence of a license to operate issued by the Regulatory Authority?Indicate all authorized activities.______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________REF:ADMINISTRATION AND GENERAL INFORMATIONWHO 328 Does the company develop exclusively those production and quality control activities properly authorizedby the Regulatory Authority?YESNO9 Does the company manufacture dietary supplements?YESNO10 Does the company manufacture cosmetic products?YESNO11 Does the company manufacture veterinary products?YESNO12 Does the company manufacture reagents for “in vitro” diagnostic use?YESNO13 Does the company manufacture reagents for “in vivo” diagnostic use?YESNO14 Does the company manufacture other products not indicated above?YESIf “YES” indicate below__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________NO15 Does the company manufacture products with beta-lactam active ingredients (penicillins /cephalosporins)?YESIf "YES", indicate in which pharmaceutical dosage form__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________NO16 Does the company manufacture products with cytostatic / cytotoxic active ingredients?YESIf "YES", indicate in which pharmaceutical dosage form__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________NO17 Does the company manufacture products with hormone active ingredients?YESIf "YES", indicate in which pharmaceutical dosage form__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________NOREF:WHO 32ADMINISTRATION AND GENERAL INFORMATION17.1 Does the company manufacture products with corticosteroids active ingredients?YESIf "YES", indicate in which pharmaceutical dosage form__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________NO18 Does the company manufacture products with active ingredients from biological origin?YESIf "YES", indicate in which pharmaceutical dosage form__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________NO19 Does the company manufacture products with active ingredients from biotechnological origin?YESIf "YES", indicate in which pharmaceutical dosage form__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________NO20 Is there a list available of current licensed products? Attach the listYESNO21 Is there a list available of marketed products? Attach the listYESNO21.1 Do all marketed products and its pharmaceutical presentations have current (valid) license?YESNO22 Are the updated building schematics approved by the Regulatory Authority shown, if required?YESNO23 Section 8. Does the company have contract production activities? YESNO24Section 8 Is there documentation certifying registration/authorization of the third party contracted by the Regulatory Authority?YESNO25 Section 8.15 Is there batch documentation issued by the third party in charge of production? YESNO26 Section 8 Does the company act as a third party producer? YESNO27 Sections 8.1, 8.3, 8.12 and8.13 If the company produces by or for third parties, are there contracts that link the parties? YESNOCHAPTER 2PERSONNELREF:WHO 32YES NO1 Sections 10.1, 10.4, 10.11,10.23. Are there Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) related to personnel, including professional qualification, training?2Section 10.3.Is there an updated organization chart of the company? Attach copy3 Section 10.3 Is there a description of the responsibilities and functions of production and quality control personnel?4 Section 10.6. Are the responsibilities of production and quality control personnel independent of each other?5 Section 10.7. Are there trained personnel for the supervision of production and quality control activities?6 Section 10.12. Is there a program for training new employees on GMP, including specific training appropriate to the duties assigned to them?6.1 Section 10.4,10.12. Is there a program for continuous training on GMP for all staff, including specific training appropriate to the duties assigned to them?6.2Section 10.12Are records kept?7 Section 10.15,10.23 Is there a SOP dealing with the use of proper clothing for other persons who enter production areas (technical service/maintenance, cleaning personnel, quality control inspectors, quality assurance inspectors, and visitors)?8 Section 10.23 Are there visible written instructions and/or diagrams for the right use of clothing in the change rooms and other areas where they are required?9 Section 10.16 Are the personnel required to undergo a medical examination prior to being employed (including sensitivity test to beta-lactam substances, if required)?10Section 10.1Are the personnel subject to periodic medical examinations, at least once a year?10.1Sections 10.18,10.19.Are the personnel required to report health problems?11 Section 10.16,10.18 Is there a procedure to prevent any person who has an apparent illness from entering areas in which they may adversely affect the quality of the product or affect their own health?12 Section 10.22 Is smoking, eating, drinking and chewing prohibited in production, storage and laboratory areas?REF:WHO 32PERSONNEL YES NO13Section 10.17Are the personnel instructed to wash their hands before entering production areas?13.1 Section 10.17 Are there signs posted outlining mandatory hand washing before exiting, in change rooms and washrooms?14Section 10.21.Are the personnel using the appropriate uniform for the specified area?12.1Section 11.12.Are the uniforms clean and in good condition?CHAPTER 3PREMISESGENERAL CONDITIONSREF:WHO 32YES NO1Section11.1Is the building exterior in good conditions?2 Section 11.2. Are there any sources of environmental contamination in the area surrounding the building?2.1Section11.2.If "YES", are protective measures undertaken?3 Section 11.2. Are the free and non-productive areas belonging to the company in good clean and orderly conditions?4 Section 11.2. Are the roads leading to the building tarred and/or built so that dust from the road is not a source of contamination inside the plant?5 Section 11.6 Is there any protection against the entry of rodents, insects, birds and other animals?6Section14.46(f)Is there a written pest control program with its respective records?7Section14.46(f)Is there a SOP for pest control?7.1 Does the SOP indicate the substances used for pest control?7.2 Does the Regulatory Authority authorize the used substances?8 Section 4.1 Does the SOP ensure the avoidance of contamination of starting materials, packaging materials, in process-products and finished products with rodenticides and/or fumigant agents?9 Sections 11.1;11.2and 11.21 Is the flow of personnel and materials such that they prevent product contamination?10 Are corridors free of in-transit materials?11 Sections 11.5 and 11.26 Are air conditioning and/or ventilation systems for each area in accordance with the operation to be carried out?WHO 32GENERAL CONDITIONSYES NO12Section11.5.Are visible electric installations in good conditions?13 Section 12.4. Are water, gases, electricity, steam, compressed air and other gas pipelines identified?14 Does the company comply with the national legislation on fire control andprevention?15 Sections 13.38 13.39 Are there SOPs for waste classification and treatment? Are they followed (or complied with)?16Sections13.38 and13.39Is waste treatment undertaken in the premises?16.1 Sections 13.38 and 13.39 If "YES", is there a specific area for waste treatment, completely separated from manufacturing areas?REF:WHO 32 ANCILLARY AREAS YES NO 1Section11.8.Are there general change rooms in the plant?2 Section 11.8. Are toilets, change rooms and showers separated from manufacturing areas?Are they of easy access, and in good condition with respect to cleanliness, sanitation, order and conservation?Are they adequate for the number of users?3 Section 11.7 Are the dining room, social areas and cafeteria (rest and snacks) separated from production areas?4 Sections 10.21 and 10.23. Are plant staffs (temporary and permanent) provided with proper working clothes for each area, including protective coverings to avoid direct contact with products and to protect themselves?5 Are there SOP’s for washing uniforms separately depending on the type of area(sterile, non sterile, maintenance, special products)?6 Is there a laundry area for uniforms which is separate from production areas?7 If an outside laundry facility is used, are personnel and the person responsibleinstructed about the corresponding SOP?7.1 Are there instruction records?WHO 32 ANCILLARY AREAS YES NO7.2 Is this outside laundry facility periodically audited?7.3 Are there audit records?REF:WHO 32 MAINTENANCE YES NO 8Section11.9.Are the maintenance areas physically separated from production areas?9 Is there a SOP of the use, cleaning and maintenance of different servicegenerated equipment?10 Are there preventive maintenance programs for equipment and critical supportsystems?Are performance records for this preventive maintenance program kept?11 Sections 18.18 and 12.11 Is equipment identified as out-of-service or in reparation identified as such? Are they removed from production areas as soon as possible?12 Section 14.46 (c) Is there a preventive maintenance program for the premises?Are there performance records for this preventive maintenance program?13Section14.47 (c)Are records of the usage of critical equipment showed?14 Section 12.1 Is there a preventive maintenance program for quality control equipment? Is there a performance record for this preventive maintenance program?REF:WHO 32 GENERAL SERVICES YES NO15Section15.11Is there a pure steam generator, if necessary?16Section15.11Is there a compressed air generator free of oil, if necessary?17 Sections 15.17Is there an electricity generator for the maintenance of critical systems and processes to be used in case of problems with the electricity supply occur?18Section11.2Are the system generators for different services separated from production areas?19 Do they use gases that will be in direct contact with products?19.1 Are gas piping and valves in good conditions and are they dedicated for each gas?CHAPTER 4 WATER SYSTEMSREF: WHO 32POTABLE WATERYes No NA What is the source of water used in the company?Public Network?Artesian Well, semiartesian well?1Others?2 If necessary, is any treatment for making water potable undertaken before the water isstored?2.1 Does the selected treatment assure potability, according to each country’s requirements?3 Are the system schematics shown?Are the distribution network layouts shown?Are the sampling points shown?4 Does the company have water tanks?4.1 What materials is the water tanks made of?5 Are the cleaning and disinfecting procedures for water and cistern tanks documented?Does the procedure include a justifiable frequency and sampling points?5.1 Are performance records shown?6 Are physicochemical tests of potable water undertaken?Are physicochemical tests of potable water recorded?Indicate frequency7 Is potable water used as a source of purified water or water for injection production?8 Is microbiological control of potable water undertaken?Is microbiological control of potable water recorded?Indicate frequency9 Is potable water used for the initial washing of equipment and tools?10 Is the visible piping used for the transportation of potable water maintained in goodconditions?WHO 32 POTABLE WATER Yes No NA11 Is there a preventive maintenance program that includes the potable water system?Is there a performance record for this preventive maintenance program?REF:WHO 32 PURIFIED WATER Yes No NA1 Is the purified water used, produced by the company?Which is the system used to obtain purified water?Ionic exchange resins?Reverse Osmosis?Distillation?2Others (specify which)?3 Section 17.33 Are the system schematics shown?Are the distribution network layouts shown? Are the sampling points shown?4Section17.33What is the production capacity in liters/hour?4.1 What is the average consumption?5Section14.35Are there written procedures for the operation of the system?7Section17.33Is the purified water stored?7.1 What is the reservoir capacity?7.2 Is the reservoir constructed of sanitary type material?8 If purified water remains stored longer than 24 hours, is there any treatment to preventmicrobiological contamination?8.1Section17.33Does the selected treatment prevent microbiological contamination?9 Are the pipes and valves used to distribute purified water made of sanitary material?10Section15.21Are the visible piping used in water distribution maintained in good conditions?11Sections15.2117.42Is the distribution system of purified water sanitized?WHO 32 PURIFIED WATER Yes No NA 11.1 Is there a SOP for the sanitation of purified water storage and distribution system?11.2 What is the sanitation method used?11.3 In the case of an open distribution system that is not used in 24 hours or more, issanitation undertaken the day before its use?11.4 Are records kept?11.5 In the case of chemical sanitation, are sanitizing agent residues tested?11.6 Arethererecords?12 Is there any type of filter in the distribution system?12.1 In the case that filters exist, are they sanitized?12.2 Are the filter sanitation records shown?12.3 Are the filter replacement records shown?12.4 In the case of open distribution system not used in 24 hours or more, is sanitation donethe day before its use?13 Is any other system, to reduce bacterial burden from purified water, used in thedistribution system?Which type?14 Is the purified water used as a raw material to manufacture non-parenteral products?15 Is the purified water used for washing production equipment and utensils?15.1 Is the purified water used for the final rinse of the equipment used in the manufacture ofnon-parenteral products?15.2 Is the purified water used for the final rinse of the equipment used in the manufacture ofnon-parenteral products?16 Is a non-continuous purified water production system used?16.1 Section 17.42 Does each batch or production day release, by Quality control, undergo physicochemical test established official pharmacopoeias or by alternative validated methods?16.2Section17.42Are microbiological controls undertaken on the day of use?16.3 Is an action limit established?16.4 Is the action limit no more than 100 cfu / mL?WHO 32 PURIFIED WATER Yes No NA 16.5 When the action limit is exceeded, is an investigation always undertaken to ensurequality of the batches of products made with such water?16.6 Is the documentation shown?17 Is a continuous system of purified water production used?17.1Section17.42Is there a continuous monitoring of the quality of the purified water?17.2 Is there an automatic system to prevent use of the purified water, if this is out ofspecifications?17.3 If there is an automatic system, is this checked to verify that it is functioning properly?17.4 Are physicochemical analyses undertaken daily or with an established frequencyaccording to the procedures established by current editions of official pharmacopoeias orby alternative validated methods?17.5 Are microbiological analysis undertaken on the days of use or with an establishedfrequency which is properly validated?17.6 Is an action limit established?17.7 Is the action limit no more than 100 cfu / mL?17.8 When the action limit is exceeded, is an investigation always undertaken to ensurequality of the batches of product made with that water?17.9 Is the documentation shown?18Section17.42Are the sampling points rotated to cover all points of use?19 Is there a SOP for sampling?20 If the water that feeds the system is chlorinated, is there a system to remove thechlorine?21 Are ionic exchange resins used?21.1 Section 17.42 Is there a SOP that considers the criteria to follow for the regeneration of resins and the frequency of regeneration?21.2Section17.42Are records kept?22 Are there SOPs for the sanitation of the purified water system?22.1 What is the sanitation system used?WHO 32 PURIFIED WATER Yes No NA 22.2 What is the sanitation frequency?22.3 Are records kept?23 Is there a preventive maintenance program that includes the components of the purifiedwater system?23.1 Are records kept?REF:WHO 32 WATER FOR INJECTION Yes No NA1 Which treatment system is used to get Water for Injection?2 Section 17.33Are system schematics shown?Are distribution network layouts shown? Are sampling points shown?3Section14.35Are there written procedures for the operation of the system?4Section17.33What is the production capacity in liters/hour?4.1 What is the average consumption?5 If a reverse osmosis system is used:5.1 Is a two-steps system or double osmosis system used on line?5.2 Is the water that feeds the system pre-treated?5.3 What is the pre-treatment system?5.4 Is the system sanitized?5.4.1 What is the sanitation frequency?5.4.2 Are records kept?5.5 In case that chemical sanitation is undertaken, are sanitizing agent residuesinvestigated?5.5.1 Are records kept?6 If distillation is used:6.1 Is the water that feeds the system pre-treated?WHO 32 WATER FOR INJECTION Yes No NA6.2 Which is the pre-treatment system?____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________7 Is there a storage tank for the Water used for injection?7.1 Is the tank made of sanitary material?7.2 What is its capacity?7.3 Does it have a hydrophobic vent absolute filter?7.4 Are periodic integrity tests undertaken?7.5 Are records kept?8 Are pipes used in the distribution of Water for Injection up to the point of use?8.1 Are pipes made of sanitary material?8.2 Is there any type of heat exchanger in the system?8.3 If “YES", are there guarantees that the heat exchanger is not a source of contamination?9 Is there a SOP for the sanitation of the water storage and distribution system?9.1 What is the sanitation method used?9.2 What is the sanitation frequency?9.3 Are records kept?9.4 In case of chemical sanitation, is the existence of sanitizing agent residues investigated?9.5 Are records kept?9.6 If sanitation is thermal, is it undertaken periodically by a fluent steam circulation?9.7 Are records kept?10 Section 17.33 If water is not used the same day of its production, is the water maintained above 80 °C or below 4º and with constant recirculation through a loop up to points of use?11 If recirculation is below 4o C, ¿are additional precautions taken to prevent access ofmicrobial contaminants and its proliferation?WHO 32 WATER FOR INJECTION Yes No NA 11.1 What are those precautions?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________11.2 Do the storage and recirculation of the water at this temperature ensure its qualityaccording to its use?12 If the water is produced by reverse osmosis, is there any system to maintain its quality?13 If the company manufactures parenteral products, does it use water for injections as araw material?14 If the company manufactures parenteral products, does it use water for injections for thefinal rinse of equipments and components used in manufacturing?15 Is a non-continuous and non-recirculated production system of Water for injection used?15.1 If this is the case: is water used only during the day of its production?15.2 Is water disposed at end of the day of its production?15.3 Is each batch released by Quality control by physicochemical and bacterial endotoxinstests according to the procedures established by current editions of officialpharmacopoeias or by alternative methods validated?15.4 Are microbiological tests of each batch undertaken?15.5 Is an action limit established?15.6 Is action limit no more than 10 cfu /100mL ?15.7 When the action limit is exceeded, is an investigation of the system always undertaken?15.8 Is the investigation report shown?15.9 Are measures undertaken?15.10 What measures are undertaken?16 Is there a continuous system of for the production of water for injections used?Is there a continuous monitoring of the water quality?16.1Section17.4216.2 Is there an automatic system to prevent the use of the water for injections, if it is out ofspecifications?。
化学化工专业英语
1 CHEMISTRY AND CHEMISTWithout chemistry our lives would beunrecognisable, for chemistry is at work all aroundus. Think what life would be like without chemistry- there would be no plastics, no electricity and noprotective paints for our homes. There would be no synthetic fibres to clothe us and no fertilisers to help us produce enough food. We wouldn‟t be able to travel because there would be no metal, rubber or fuel for cars, ships and aeroplane. Our lives would be changed considerably without telephones, radio, television or computers, all of which depend on chemistry for the manufacture of their parts. Life expectancy would be much lower, too, as there would be no drugs to fight disease.Chemistry is at the forefront of scientific adventure, and you could make your own contribution to the rapidly expanding technology we are enjoying. Take some of the recent academic research: computer graphics allow us to predict whether small molecules will fit into or react with larger ones - this could lead to a whole new generation of drugs to control disease; chemists are also studying the use of chemicals to trap the sun‟s energy and to purify sea water; they are also investigating the possibility of using new ceramic materials to replace metals which can corrode.Biotechnology is helping us to develop new sources of food and new ways of producing fuel, as well as producing new remedies for the sick. As the computer helps us to predict and interpret results from the test tube, the speed, accuracy and quality of results is rapidly increasing - all to the benefit of product development.It is the job of chemists to provide us with new materials to take us into the next century, and by pursuing the subject, you could make your positive contribution to society.Here are some good reasons for choosing chemistry as a career.Firstly, if you have an interest in the chemical sciences, you can probably imagine taking some responsibility for the development of new technology. New ideas and materials are constantly being used in technology to improve the society in which we live. You could work in a field where research and innovation are of primary importance to standards of living, so you could see the practical results of your work in every day use.Secondly, chemistry offers many career opportunities, whether working in a public service such as a water treatment plant, or high level research and development in industry. Your chemistry-based skills and experience can be used, not only in many different areas within the chemical industry, but also as the basis for a more general career in business.1 As a qualification, chemistry is highly regarded as a sound basis for employment.You should remember that, as the society we live in becomes more technically advanced, the need for suitably qualified chemists will also increase. Although chemistry stands as a subject in its own right, it acts as the bond between physics and biology. Thus, by entering the world of chemistry you will be equipping yourself to play a leading role in the complex world of tomorrow.Chemistry gives you an excellent training for many jobs, both scientific and non-scientific. To be successful in the subject you need to be able to think logically, and be creative, numerate, and analytical. These skills are much sought after in many walks of life, and would enable you to pursue a career in, say, computing and finance, as well as careers which use your chemistry directly.Here is a brief outline of some of the fields chemists work in:Many are employed in the wealth-creating manufacturing industries - not just oil, chemical and mining companies, but also in ceramics, electronics and fibres. Many others are in consumer based industries such as food, paper and brewing; or in service industriessuch as transport, health and water treatment.In manufacturing and service industries, chemists work in Research and Development to improve and develop new products, or in Quality Control, where they make sure that the public receives products of a consistently high standard.Chemists in the public sector deal with matters of public concern such as food preservation, pollution control, defence, and nuclear energy. The National Health Service also needs chemists, as do the teaching profess ion and the Government‟s research and advisory establishments.Nowadays, chemists are also found in such diverse areas as finance, law and politics, retailing, computing and purchasing. Chemists make good managers, and they can put their specialist knowledge to work as consultants or technical authors. Agricultural scientist, conservationist, doctor, geologist, meteorologist, pharmacist, vet ... the list of jobs where a qualification in chemistry is considered essential is endless. So even if you are unsure about what career you want to follow eventually, you can still study chemistry and know that you‟re keeping your options open.What Do Chemistry Graduates Do?Demand for chemists is high, and over the last decade opportunities for chemistry graduates have been increasing. This is a trend that is likely to continue. Chemistry graduates are increasingly sought after to work in pharmaceutical, oil, chemical, engineering, textile and metal companies, but the range of opportunities also spans the food industry, nuclear fuels, glass and ceramics, optical and photographic industries, hospitals and the automotive industry. Many graduates begin in scientific research, development and design, but over the years, about half change, into fields such as sales, quality control, management, or consultancy. Within the commercial world it is recognised that, because of the general training implicit in a chemistry course, chemistry graduates are particularly adaptable and analytical - making them attractive to a very broad spectrum of employers. There has been a growth of opportunity for good chemistry graduates to move into the financial world, particularly in accountancy, retail stores, and computer software houses.（Summarized from: A brief of the Royal Society of Chemistry,1992）2 NOMENCLATURE OF INORGANICCOMPOUNDSNaming elementsThe term element refers to a pure substance with atoms all of a single kind. At present 107 chemical elements are known. For most elements the symbol is simply the abbreviated form of the English name consisting of one or two letters, for example:oxygen = O nitrogen = N magnesium = MgSome elements, which have been known for a long time, have symbols based on their Latin names, for example:iron = Fe (ferrum) copper = Cu (cuprum) lead = Pb (Plumbum)A few elements have symbols based on the Latin name of one of their compounds, the elements themselves having been discovered only in relatively recent times1, for example: sodium = Na (natrium = sodium carbonate)potassium = K (kalium = potassium carbonate)A listing of some common elements may be found in Table 1.Naming Metal Oxides, Bases and SaltsA compound is a combination of positive and negative ions in the proper ratio to give a balanced charge and the name of the compound follows from names of the ions, for example, NaCl, is sodium chloride; Al(OH)3is aluminium hydroxide; FeBr2is iron (II) bromide or ferrous bromide; Ca(OAc)2is calcium acetate; Cr2(SO4)3is chromium (III) sulphate or chromic sulphate, and so on. Table 3 gives some examples of the naming of metal compounds. The name of the negative ion will need to be obtained from Table 2.Negative ions, anions, may be monatomic or polyatomic. All monatomic anions have names ending with -ide. Two polyatomic anions which also have names ending with -ide are the hydroxide ion, OH-, and the cyanide ion, CN-.Many polyatomic anions contain oxygen in addition to another element. The number of oxygen atoms in such oxyanions is denoted by the use of the suffixes -ite and -ate, meaning fewer and more oxygen atoms, respectively. In cases where it is necessary to denote more than two oxyanions of the same element, the prefixes hypo- and per-, meaning still fewer and still more oxygen atoms, respectively, may be used, for example,hypochlorite ClO-Chlorite ClO2-chlorate ClO3-perchlorate ClO4-Naming Nonmetal OxidesThe older system of naming and one still widely used employs Greek prefixes for both the number of oxygen atoms and that of the other element in the compound 2. The prefixes used are (1) mono-, sometimes reduced to mon-, (2) di-, (3) tri-, (4) tetra-, (5) penta-, (6) hexa-, (7) hepta-, (8) octa-, (9) nona- and (10) deca-. Generally the letter a is omitted from the prefix (from tetra on ) when naming a nonmetal oxide and often mono- is omitted from the name altogether.The Stock system is also used with nonmetal oxides. Here the Roman numeral refers to the oxidation state of the element other than oxygen.In either system, the element other than oxygen is named first, the full name being used, followed by oxide 3. Table 4 shows some examples.Naming AcidsAcid names may be obtained directly from a knowledge of Table 2 by changing the name of the acid ion (the negative ion ) in the Table 2 as follows:The Ion in Table 2Corresponding Acid-ate-ic-ite-ous-ide-icExamples are:Acid Ion Acidacetate acetic acidperchlorate perchloric acidbromide hydrobromic acidcyanide hydrocyanic acidThere are a few cases where the name of the acid is changed slightly from that of the acid radical; for example, H2SO4 is sulphuric acid rather than sulphic acid. Similarly, H3PO4 is phosphoric acid rather than phosphic acid.Naming Acid and Basic Salt and Mixed SaltsA salt containing acidic hydrogen is termed an acid salt.A way of naming these salts is to call Na 2HPO4disodiumhydrogen phosphate and NaH2PO4sodium dihydrogenphosphate. Historically, the prefix bi- has been used innaming some acid salts; in industry, for example, NaHCO3 iscalled sodium bicarbonate and Ca(HSO3)2 calcium bisulphite.Bi(OH)2NO3, a basic salt, would be called bismuthdihydroxynitrate. NaKSO4, a mixed salt, would be calledsodium potassium sulphate.3 NOMENCLATURE OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDSA complete discussion of definitive rules of organic nomenclature would require more space than can be allotted in this text. We will survey some of the more common nomenclature rules, both IUPAC and trivial.AlkanesThe names for the first twenty continuous-chain alkanes are listed in Table 1.Alkenes and AlkynesUnbranched hydrocarbons having one double bond are named in the IUPAC system by replacing the ending -ane of the alkane name with -ene. If there are two or more double bonds, the ending is -adiene, -atriene, etc.Unbranched hydrocarbons having one triple bond are named by replacing the ending -ane of the alkane name with -yne. If there are two or more triple bonds, the ending is -adiyne, -atriyne etc. Table 2 shows names for some alkyl groups, alkanes, alkenes and alkynes.The PrefixesIn the IUPAC system, alkyl and aryl substituents and many functional groups are named as prefixes on the parent (for example, iodomethane). Some common functional groups named as prefixes are listed in Table 3.In simple compounds, the prefixes di-, tri-, tetra-, penta-, hexa-, etc. are used to indicate the number of times a substituent is found in the structure: e.g., dimethylamine for (CH3)2NH or dichloromethane for CH2Cl2.In complex structures, the prefixes bis-, tris-, and tetrakis- are used: bis- means two of a kind; tris-, three of a kind; and tetrakis-, four of a kind. [(CH3)2N]2is bis(dimethylamino) and not di(dimethylamino).Nomenclature Priority of Functional GroupsIn naming a compound, the longest chain containing principal functional group is considered the parent. The parent is numbered from the principal functional group to the other end, the direction being chosen to give the lowest numbers to the substituents. The entire name of the structure is then composed of (1) the numbers of the positions of the substituts (and of the principal functional group, if necessary); (2) the names of the substituts;(3) the name of the parent.The various functional groups are ranked in priority as to which receives the suffix name and the lowest position number1.A list of these priorities is given in Table 4.*-CKetonesIn the systematic names for ketones, the -e of the parent alkane name is dropped and -one is added. A prefix number is used if necessary.In a complex structure, a ketone group my be named in IUPAC system with the prefix oxo-. (The prefix keto- is also sometimes encountered.)AlcoholsThe names of alcohols may be: (1) IUPAC; (2) trivial; or, occasionally, (3) conjunctive. IUPAC names are taken from the name of the alkane with the final -e changed to -ol. In the case of polyols, the prefix di-, tri- etc. is placed just before -ol, with the position numbers placed at the start of the name, if possible, such as, 1,4-cyclohexandiol. Names for some alkyl halides, ketones and alcohols are listed in Table 5.EthersEthers are usually named by using the names of attached alkyl or aryl groups followed by the word ether. (These are trivial names.) For example, diethyl ether.In more complex ethers, an alkoxy- prefix may be used. This is the IUPAC preference, such as 3-methoxyhexane. Sometimes the prefix- oxa- is used.AminesAmines are named in two principal ways: with -amine as the ending and with amino- as a prefix. Names for some ethers and amines can be found in Table 6.Carboxylic AcidsThere are four principal types of names for carboxylic acids: (1) IUPAC; (2)trivial;(3)carboxylic acid; and (4)conjunctive. Trivial names are commonly used.AldehydesAldehydes may be named by the IUPAC system or by trivial aldehyde names. In the IUPAC system, the -oic acid ending of the corresponding carboxylic acid is changed to -al, such as hexanal. In trivial names, the -ic or -oic ending is changed to -aldehyde, such as benzaldehyde. Table 7 gives a list of commonly encountered names for carboxylic acids and aldehydes.Esters and Salts of Carboxylic AcidsEsters and salts of carboxylic acids are named as two words in both systematic and trivial names. The first word of the name is the name of the substituent on the oxygen. The second word of the name is derived from the name of the parent carboxylic acid with the ending changed from -ic acid to -ate.AmidesIn both the IUPAC and trivial systems, an amide is named by dropping the -ic or -oic ending of the corresponding acid name and adding -amide, such as hexanamide (IUPAC) and acetamide (trivial).Acid AnhydridesAcid anhydrides are named from the names of the component acid or acids with the word acid dropped and the word anhydride added, such as benzoic anhydride.The names for some esters, amides and anhydrides are shown in Table 8.Acid HalidesAcid halides are named by changing the ending of the carboxylic acid name from -ic acid to -yl plus the name of the halide, such as acetyl chloride.Some names of aryl compounds and aryls are as follows:benzenephenylbenzylarylbenzoic acid4. Introduction to Chemistry Department of FloridaUniversityProgram of StudyThe Department of Chemistry offers programs of study leading to the M.S. and Ph.D. degrees. Students may elect studies in analytical, inorganic, organic, and physical chemistry. Specialty disciplines, such as chemical physics and quantum, bioorganic, polymer, radiation, and nuclear chemistry, are available within the four major areas.The M.S. and Ph.D. degree requirements include a course of study, attendance at and presentation of a series of seminars, and completion and defense of a research topic worthy of publication1. Candidates for the Ph.D. degree must also demonstrate a reading ability of at least one foreign language and show satisfactory performance on a qualifying examination. The M.S. degree is not a prerequisite for the Ph.D. degree. A nonthesisdegree program leading to the M.S.T. degree is offered for teachers.Students are encouraged to begin their research shortly afterselecting a research director, who is the chairman of the supervisorycommittee that guides the student through a graduate career.Research FacilitiesThe chemistry department occupies 111,000 square feet of space in four buildings: Leigh Hall, the Chemical Research Building, Bryant Hall, and the Nuclear Science Building. Plans for a 65,000-square-foot addition to Leigh Hall are being prepared. A new central science library is located near the chemistry facilities. The University library system holds more than 2.2 million volumes.The major instrumentation includes ultraviolet-visible, infrared, fluorescence, Roman, nuclear magnetic resonance, electron spin resonance, X-ray, ESCA, and mass spectrometers. Many are equipped with temperature-control and Fourier-transform attachments, and some have laser sources. Data-storage and data-acquiring minicomputers are interfaced to some of the instruments, such as the recently constructed quadrupole resonance mass spectrometer. The chemistry department has V AX-11/780 and V AX-11/750 computers as well as multiple terminals connected to IBM machines in the main computer centre on campus.The departmental technical services include two well-equipped stockrooms and glassblowing, electronics, and machine shops to assist in equipment design, fabrication, and maintenance.Financial AidMost graduate students are given financial support in the form of teachingand research assistantships. Stipends range from $9400 - 11,000 for the1986-87 calendar year. State residents and assistantship holders pay in-statefees of about $1400 per calendar year. A limited number of full orsupplemental fellowships are available for superior candidates.Cost of StudyIn 1985-86, in-state students paid a registration fee of $48.62, per credit hour for each semester, out-of-state students paid an additional $ 94.50 ($ 143.12 per credit hour each semester). A small increase in fees is expected for 1986-87.5 ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTIONWith the coming of the Industrial Revolution the environmentalpollution increased alarmingly. Pollution can be defined as an undesirablechange in the physical, chemical, or biological characteristics of the air, water,or land that can harmfully affect health, survival, or activities of humans orother living organisms. There are four major forms of pollution - waste onland, water pollution (both the sea and inland waters), pollution of the atmosphere and pollution by noise.Land can be polluted by many materials. There are two major types of pollutants: degradable and nondegradable. Examples of degradable pollutantsare DDT and radioactive materials. DDT can decompose slowly buteventually are either broken down completely or reduced to harmless levels. For example, it typically takes about 4 years for DDT in soil to be decomposed to 25 percent of the original level applied. Some radioactive materials that give off harmful radiation, such as iodine-131, decay to harmless pollutants. Others, such as plutonium-239 produced by nuclear power plants, remains at harmful levels for thousands to hundreds of thousands of years.Nondegradable pollutants are not broken down by natural processes. Examples of nondegradable pollutants are mercury, lead and some of their compounds and some plastics. Nondegradable pollutants must be either prevented from entering the air, water, and soil or kept below harmful levels by removal from the environment.Water pollution is found in many forms. It is contamination of water with city sewage and factory wastes; the runoff of fertiliser and manure from farms and feed lots; sudsy streams; sediment washed from the land as a result of storms, farming, construction and mining; radioactive discharge from nuclear power plants; heated water from power and industrial plants; plastic globules floating in the world‟s oceans; and female sex hormones entering water supplies through the urine of women taking birth control pills.Even though scientists have developed highly sensitive measuringinstruments, determining water quality is very difficult. There are a largenumber of interacting chemicals in water, many of them only in trace amounts.About 30,000 chemicals are now in commercial production, and each yearabout 1,000 new chemicals are added. Sooner or later most chemicals end up in rivers, lakes, and oceans. In addition, different organisms have different ranges of tolerance and threshold levels for various pollutants. To complicate matters even further, while some pollutants are either diluted to harmless levels in water or broken down to harmless forms by decomposers and natural processes, others (such as DDT, some radioactive materials, and some mercury compounds) are biologically concentrated in various organisms1.Air pollution is normally defined as air that contains one or more chemicals in high enough concentrations to harm humans, other animals, vegetation, or materials. There are two major types of air pollutants. A primary air pollutant is a chemical added directly to the air that occurs in a harmful concentration. It can be a natural air component, such as carbon dioxide, that rises above its normal concentration, or something not usually found in the air,such as a lead compound. A secondary air pollutant is a harmful chemical formed in the atmosphere through a chemical reaction among air components.We normally associate air pollution with smokestacks and cars, but volcanoes, forest fires, dust storms, marshes, oceans, and plants also add to the air chemicals we consider pollutants. Since these natural inputs are usually widely dispersed throughout the world, they normally don‟t build up to harmful levels. And when they do, as in the case of volcanic eruptions, they are usually taken care of by natural weather and chemical cycles2.As more people live closer together, and as they use machines to produce leisure, they find that their leisure, and even their working hours, become spoilt by a byproduct of their machines – namely, noise,The technical difficulties to control noise often arise from the subjective-objective nature of the problem. You can define the excessive speed of a motor-car in terms of a pointer reading on a speedometer. But can you define excessive noise in the same way? You find that with any existing simple “noise-meter”, vehicles which are judged to be equally noisy may show considerable difference on the meter.Though the ideal cure for noise is to stop it at its source, thismay in many cases be impossible. The next remedy is to absorb iton its way to the ear. It is true that the overwhelming majority ofnoise problems are best resolved by effecting a reduction in thesound pressure level at the receiver. Soft taped music in restaurantstends to mask the clatter of crockery and the conversation at thenext table. Fan noise has been used in telephone booths to maskspeech interference from adjacent booths. Usually, the problem is how to reduce the sound pressure level, either at source or on the transmission path.6 ANALYTICAL INSTRUMENT MARKETThe market for analytical instruments is showing a strength only dreamed about as little as five years ago. Driven by the need for greater chemicalanalysis coming from quality control and government regulation, arobust export market, and new and increasingly sophisticatedtechniques, sales are increasing rapidly1.The analytical instrument business' worldwides sales arenearly double their value of five years ago, reaching $ 4.1 billion in1987. Such growth is in stark contrast to the doldrums of severalyears ago when economic recession held back sales growth to littleor nothing. In recent years, the instrumentation market hasrecovered, growing at nearly 9% per year, and it‟s expected t o continue at this rate at least until the 1990. With sales increases exceeding inflation, the industry has seen the real growth demonstrating the important role of chemical instrumentation in areas such as research and development, manufacturing, defense, and the environment in a technologically advancingworld2.Chromatography is the fastest-growing area, comprising 40%, or $ 1.5billion, in 1987 world sales. Chromatographic methods are used extensively inindustrial labs, which purchase about 70% of the devices made, for separation,purification, and analysis. One of the biggest words in all forms of chromatography is “biocompatibility.” Biocompatible instruments are designed to have chemically inert, corrosion-resistant surfaces in contact with the biological samples.Gas Chromatography sales are growing at about the same rate as the instrument market.Some of the newest innovations in GC technology are the production of more instruments with high-efficiency, high-resolution capillaries and supercritical fluid capability.Despite having only a 3% share of the GC market, supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) has attracted a great deal of attention since its introduction around 1985 and production of the first commercial instrument around 1986. SFC, which operates using asupercritical fluid as the mobile phase, bridgesthe gap between GC and HPLC. The use ofthese mobile phases allows for higherdiffusion rates and lower viscosities thanliquids, and a greater solvating powerthan gases.Another area showing tremendous growth is ion chromatography (IC). From growth levels of 30% per year in the U.S. and similar levels worldwide, the rate is expected to drop slightly but remain high at 25%. The popularity of IC has been enhanced through extending its applicability from inorganic systems to amino acids and other biological systems by the introduction of biocompatible instruments.Mass spectrometry (MS) sales have been growing about 12% annually. Sales have always been high, especially since MS is the principal detector in a number of hyphenated techniques such as GC-MS, MS-MS, LC-MS, and GC-MS accounts for about 60% of MS sales since it is used widely in drug and environmental testing. Innovations in interface technology such as inductively coupled plasma/MS, SFC/MS, and thermospray or particle beam interfaces for LC-MS have both advanced the technology and expanded the interest in applications. Recent MS instruments with automated sampling and computerized data analysis have added to the attractiveness of the technique for first time users.Spectroscopy accounts for half of all instrument sales and is the largest overall category of instruments, as the Alpert & Suftcliffe study shows. It can be broken down evenly into optical methods and electromagnetic, or nonoptical, spectroscopies. These categories include many individual high-cost items such as MS, nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometers, X-ray equipment, and electron microscopy and spectroscopy setups. Sales of spectroscopic instruments that are growing at or above the market rate include Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), Raman, plasma emission, and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometers. Others have matured and slowed down in growth, but may still hold a large share of the market.The future of analytical instrumentation does not appear to be without its new stars as there continue to be innovations and developments in existing technology. Among these are the introduction of FT Raman, IR dichroism, IR microscopy, and NMR imaging spectrometers. Hyphenated and automated apparatus are also appearing on the market more frequently. New analytical techniques like capillary electrophoresis, gel capillary electrophoresis, scanning tunneling microscopy for the imaging of conducting systems, atomic force microscopy for the imaging of biological systems, and other techniques for surface and materials analysis are already, or may soon be, appearing as commercialized instruments. And, if the chemical industry continues to do well in the next few years, so too will the sales of analytical instrumentation.The effect of alcohol have both medical and medicolegal implications. The estimationof alcohol in the blood or urine is relevant when the physician needs toknow whether it is responsible for the condition of the patient. From themedicolegal standpoint the alcohol level is relevant in cases of suddendeath, accidents while driving, and in cases when drunkenness is thedefense plea. The various factors in determining the time after ingestion showing maximum concentration and the quality of the alcohol are the weight of the subject,。
黄河淤积泥沙性质分析及水热固化泥沙初探
·442·材料导报2010年5月第24卷专辑15黄河淤积泥沙性质分析及水热固化泥沙初探。
冉献强1，景镇子1，潘晓辉1，鲁磊1，前田浩孝2，石田秀辉2(1 同济大学材料科学与T程学院，上海200092；2日本东北大学环境科学研究科，仙台980 8579)摘要为了综合利用黄河淤积泥沙，分析了泥沙粒度、矿物和化学组成、重金属溶出浓度。
通过对黄河下游泥沙进行水热固化，初步探讨了添加物对固化样品强度的影响以及其硬化机理。
结果表明，黄河上、中、下游以及表层和下层(1m)泥沙的粒度细且均一、组分亦无大的变化，泥沙重金属的溶出浓度满足国家土壤环境标准。
水热固化样品抗弯强度可达17MPa，固化体强度增加的主要原因是托勃莫来石晶相的生成。
关键词黄河淤积泥沙水热同化托勃莫来石建筑材料中图分类号：TU521．j 文献标识码：AAnalysis of P rop ert ies of the Yellow River Silt and Primary Investiga tio n o nHydrothermally Solid i fy in g SiltR A N X ia nq ia n91，J IN G Zhen zil，PAN Xia ohui l，L U Leil，M A ED A Hir otak a2。
ISHI DA Hidek i2(1 Sc ho ol of Material Science and Enginee rin g，Ton裔i Uni v er si t y，Sh an g ha i200092；2 G raduat eSchool of Env ir on me nt al St ud ie s，To ho ku University，Sendai 980 8579)Abst rac t In or der t o utiliz e the Yell ow Ri ve r sediments．silt js c h ar ac te r iz ed b y in st r um en ts for silt pro per—ties．The silt in the lo wer reaches of t h e Yellow Ri ver is also sol id i fi ed usi ng hydr o th er m al proc es si ng me th od，a nd i n—v es t i ga t e d the effect of a d d it i o n c o n t e nt o n flexural str e ng t h of solidified bodies a n d its harde ni n g mechanism．Theanalytical results sh ow that the particle size，chemical and mineralogical c om po si ti on s of the silt in the uppe r，mi ddl eand I o w e r r ea ch es of the Yel lo W Riv er almost the same a nd the amount of h e a v y metals dissolved from the silt i Sbelow th e regulatory levels for the enviro nm en ta l qu al i t y s t a nd a r d s for soi ls of C hi na．Th e flexural strength of soli dif ie dsamples reaches 17MPa．The strength dev e lo p m en t is s h o w n t o depend o n the for m a ti o n of tobe rm or it e，an d the m o r et he tobermorite，the h i gh e r th e strength．K e y w o rd s the Yellow River，s ilt，hyd roth erma l sol idif ied，tob ermo rite，bu ild ing ma te r i a ls黄河淤积泥沙用作生产建筑材料，一方面可以缓解甚至1／6tTJ。
On the asymptotic expansion of the solutions of the separated nonlinear Schroedinger equati
a r X i v :n l i n /0012025v 3 [n l i n .S I ] 10 M a y 2001On the Asymptotic Expansion of the Solutions of the Separated Nonlinear Schr¨o dinger EquationA.A.Kapaev,St Petersburg Department of Steklov Mathematical Institute,Fontanka 27,St Petersburg 191011,Russia,V.E.Korepin,C.N.Yang Institute for Theoretical Physics,State University of New York at Stony Brook,Stony Brook,NY 11794-3840,USAAbstractNonlinear Schr¨o dinger equation with the Schwarzian initial data is important in nonlinear optics,Bose condensation and in the theory of strongly correlated electrons.The asymptotic solutions in the region x/t =O (1),t →∞,can be represented as a double series in t −1and ln t .Our current purpose is the description of the asymptotics of the coefficients of the series.MSC 35A20,35C20,35G20Keywords:integrable PDE,long time asymptotics,asymptotic expansion1IntroductionA coupled nonlinear dispersive partial differential equation in (1+1)dimension for the functions g +and g −,−i∂t g +=12∂2x g −+4g 2−g +,(1)called the separated Nonlinear Schr¨o dinger equation (sNLS),contains the con-ventional NLS equation in both the focusing and defocusing forms as g +=¯g −or g +=−¯g −,respectively.For certain physical applications,e.g.in nonlin-ear optics,Bose condensation,theory of strongly correlated electrons,see [1]–[9],the detailed information on the long time asymptotics of solutions with initial conditions rapidly decaying as x →±∞is quite useful for qualitative explanation of the experimental phenomena.Our interest to the long time asymptotics for the sNLS equation is inspired by its application to the Hubbard model for one-dimensional gas of strongly correlated electrons.The model explains a remarkable effect of charge and spin separation,discovered experimentally by C.Kim,Z.-X.M.Shen,N.Motoyama,H.Eisaki,hida,T.Tohyama and S.Maekawa [19].Theoretical justification1of the charge and spin separation include the study of temperature dependent correlation functions in the Hubbard model.In the papers[1]–[3],it was proven that time and temperature dependent correlations in Hubbard model can be described by the sNLS equation(1).For the systems completely integrable in the sense of the Lax representa-tion[10,11],the necessary asymptotic information can be extracted from the Riemann-Hilbert problem analysis[12].Often,the fact of integrability implies the existence of a long time expansion of the generic solution in a formal series, the successive terms of which satisfy some recurrence relation,and the leading order coefficients can be expressed in terms of the spectral data for the associ-ated linear system.For equation(1),the Lax pair was discovered in[13],while the formulation of the Riemann-Hilbert problem can be found in[8].As t→∞for x/t bounded,system(1)admits the formal solution given byg+=e i x22+iν)ln4t u0+∞ n=12n k=0(ln4t)k2t −(1t nv nk ,(2)where the quantitiesν,u0,v0,u nk and v nk are some functions ofλ0=−x/2t.For the NLS equation(g+=±¯g−),the asymptotic expansion was suggested by M.Ablowitz and H.Segur[6].For the defocusing NLS(g+=−¯g−),the existence of the asymptotic series(2)is proven by P.Deift and X.Zhou[9] using the Riemann-Hilbert problem analysis,and there is no principal obstacle to extend their approach for the case of the separated NLS equation.Thus we refer to(2)as the Ablowitz-Segur-Deift-Zhou expansion.Expressions for the leading coefficients for the asymptotic expansion of the conventional NLS equation in terms of the spectral data were found by S.Manakov,V.Zakharov, H.Segur and M.Ablowitz,see[14]–[16].The general sNLS case was studied by A.Its,A.Izergin,V.Korepin and G.Varzugin[17],who have expressed the leading order coefficients u0,v0andν=−u0v0in(2)in terms of the spectral data.The generic solution of the focusing NLS equation contains solitons and radiation.The interaction of the single soliton with the radiation was described by Segur[18].It can be shown that,for the generic Schwarzian initial data and generic bounded ratio x/t,|c−xthese coefficients as well as for u n,2n−1,v n,2n−1,wefind simple exact formulaeu n,2n=u0i n(ν′)2n8n n!,(3)and(20)below.We describe coefficients at other powers of ln t using the gener-ating functions which can be reduced to a system of polynomials satisfying the recursion relations,see(24),(23).As a by-product,we modify the Ablowitz-Segur-Deift-Zhou expansion(2),g+=exp i x22+iν)ln4t+i(ν′)2ln24t2] k=0(ln4t)k2t −(18t∞n=02n−[n+1t n˜v n,k.(4)2Recurrence relations and generating functions Substituting(2)into(1),and equating coefficients of t−1,wefindν=−u0v0.(5) In the order t−n,n≥2,equating coefficients of ln j4t,0≤j≤2n,we obtain the recursion−i(j+1)u n,j+1+inu n,j=νu n,j−iν′′8u n−1,j−2−−iν′8u′′n−1,j+nl,k,m=0l+k+m=nα=0, (2)β=0, (2)γ=0, (2)α+β+γ=ju l,αu k,βv m,γ,(6) i(j+1)v n,j+1−inv n,j=νv n,j+iν′′8v n−1,j−2++iν′8v′′n−1,j+nl,k,m=0l+k+m=nα=0, (2)β=0, (2)γ=0, (2)α+β+γ=ju l,αv k,βv m,γ,(7)where the prime means differentiation with respect toλ0=−x/(2t).Master generating functions F(z,ζ),G(z,ζ)for the coefficients u n,k,v n,k are defined by the formal seriesF(z,ζ)= n,k u n,k z nζk,G(z,ζ)= n,k v n,k z nζk,(8)3where the coefficients u n,k,v n,k vanish for n<0,k<0and k>2n.It is straightforward to check that the master generating functions satisfy the nonstationary separated Nonlinear Schr¨o dinger equation in(1+2)dimensions,−iFζ+izF z= ν−iν′′8zζ2 F−iν′8zF′′+F2G,iGζ−izG z= ν+iν′′8zζ2 G+iν′8zG′′+F G2.(9) We also consider the sectional generating functions f j(z),g j(z),j≥0,f j(z)=∞n=0u n,2n−j z n,g j(z)=∞n=0v n,2n−j z n.(10)Note,f j(z)≡g j(z)≡0for j<0because u n,k=v n,k=0for k>2n.The master generating functions F,G and the sectional generating functions f j,g j are related by the equationsF(zζ−2,ζ)=∞j=0ζ−j f j(z),G(zζ−2,ζ)=∞j=0ζ−j g j(z).(11)Using(11)in(9)and equating coefficients ofζ−j,we obtain the differential system for the sectional generating functions f j(z),g j(z),−2iz∂z f j−1+i(j−1)f j−1+iz∂z f j==νf j−z iν′′8f j−ziν′8f′′j−2+jk,l,m=0k+l+m=jf k f lg m,2iz∂z g j−1−i(j−1)g j−1−iz∂z g j=(12)=νg j+z iν′′8g j+ziν′8g′′j−2+jk,l,m=0k+l+m=jf kg l g m.Thus,the generating functions f0(z),g0(z)for u n,2n,v n,2n solve the systemiz∂z f0=νf0−z (ν′)28g0+f0g20.(13)The system implies that the product f0(z)g0(z)≡const.Since f0(0)=u0and g0(0)=v0,we obtain the identityf0g0(z)=−ν.(14) Using(14)in(13),we easilyfindf0(z)=u0e i(ν′)28n n!z n,4g0(z)=v0e−i(ν′)28n n!z n,(15)which yield the explicit expressions(3)for the coefficients u n,2n,v n,2n.Generating functions f1(z),g1(z)for u n,2n−1,v n,2n−1,satisfy the differential system−2iz∂z f0+iz∂z f1=νf1−z iν′′8f1−ziν′8g0−z(ν′)24g′0+f1g20+2f0g0g1.(16)We will show that the differential system(16)for f1(z)and g1(z)is solvable in terms of elementary functions.First,let us introduce the auxiliary functionsp1(z)=f1(z)g0(z).These functions satisfy the non-homogeneous system of linear ODEs∂z p1=iν4−ν′′4f′0z(p1+q1)−i(ν′)28−ν′g0,(17)so that∂z(q1+p1)=−(ν2)′′8z,p1(z)= −iνν′′8−ν′u′032z2,g1(z)=q1(z)g0(z),g0(z)=v0e−i(ν′)24−ν′′4v0 z+i(ν′)2ν′′4−ν′′4u0 ,v1,1=v0 iνν′′8−ν′v′0u n,2n −1=−2u 0i n −1(ν′)2(n −1)n −1ν′′u 0,n ≥2,v n,2n −1=−2v 0(−i )n −1(ν′)2(n −1)n −1ν′′v 0,n ≥2.Generating functions f j (z ),g j (z )for u n,2n −j ,v n,2n −j ,j ≥2,satisfy the differential system (12).Similarly to the case j =1above,let us introduce the auxiliary functions p j and q j ,p j =f jg 0.(21)In the terms of these functions,the system (12)reads,∂z p j =iνz(p j +q j )+b j ,(22)wherea j =2∂z p j −1+i (ν′)28−j −14(p j −1f 0)′8f 0+iν4−ν′′zq j −1−−ν′g 0+i(q j −2g 0)′′zj −1 k,l,m =0k +l +m =jp k q l q m .(23)With the initial condition p j (0)=q j (0)=0,the system is easily integrated and uniquely determines the functions p j (z ),q j (z ),p j (z )= z 0a j (ζ)dζ+iνzdζζζdξ(a j (ξ)+b j (ξ)).(24)These equations with expressions (23)together establish the recursion relationfor the functions p j (z ),q j (z ).In terms of p j (z )and q j (z ),expansion (2)readsg +=ei x22+iν)ln 4t +i(ν′)2ln 24tt2t−(18tv 0∞ j =0q j ln 24tln j 4t.(25)6Let a j (z )and b j (z )be polynomials of degree M with the zero z =0of multiplicity m ,a j (z )=M k =ma jk z k,b j (z )=Mk =mb jk z k .Then the functions p j (z )and q j (z )(24)arepolynomials of degree M +1witha zero at z =0of multiplicity m +1,p j (z )=M +1k =m +11k(a j,k −1+b j,k −1)z k ,q j (z )=M +1k =m +11k(a j,k −1+b j,k −1) z k.(26)On the other hand,a j (z )and b j (z )are described in (23)as the actions of the differential operators applied to the functions p j ′,q j ′with j ′<j .Because p 0(z )=q 0(z )≡1and p 1(z ),q 1(z )are polynomials of the second degree and a single zero at z =0,cf.(19),it easy to check that a 2(z )and b 2(z )are non-homogeneous polynomials of the third degree such thata 2,3=−(ν′)4(ν′′)2210(2+iν),(27)a 2,0=−iνν′′8−ν′u ′08u 0,b 2,0=iνν′′8−ν′v ′08v 0.Thus p 2(z )and q 2(z )are polynomials of the fourth degree with a single zero at z =0.Some of their coefficients arep 2,4=q 2,4=−(ν′)4(ν′′)24−(1+2iν)ν′′8u 0−ν(u ′0)24−(1−2iν)ν′′8v 0−ν(v ′0)22.Proof .The assertion holds true for j =0,1,2.Let it be correct for ∀j <j ′.Then a j ′(z )and b j ′(z )are defined as the sum of polynomials.The maximal de-grees of such polynomials are deg (p j ′−1f 0)′/f 0 =2j ′−1,deg (q j ′−1g 0)′/g 0 =72j′−1,anddeg 1z j′−1 α,β,γ=0α+β+γ=j′pαqβqγ =2j′−1. Thus deg a j′(z)=deg b j′(z)≤2j′−1,and deg p j′(z)=deg q j′(z)≤2j′.Multiplicity of the zero at z=0of a j′(z)and b j′(z)is no less than the min-imal multiplicity of the summed polynomials in(23),but the minor coefficients of the polynomials2∂z p j′−1and−(j−1)p j′−1/z,as well as of2∂z q j′−1and −(j−1)q j′−1/z may cancel each other.Let j′=2k be even.Thenm j′=min m j′−1;m j′−2+1;minα,β,γ=0,...,j′−1α+β+γ=j′mα+mβ+mγ =j′2 . Let j′=2k−1be odd.Then2m j′−1−(j′−1)=0,andm j′=min m j′−1+1;m j′−2+1;minα,β,γ=0,...,j′−1α+β+γ=j′mα+mβ+mγ =j′+12]p j,k z k,q j(z)=2jk=[j+12]z nn−[j+18k k!,g j(z)=v0∞n=[j+12]k=max{0;n−2j}q j,n−k(−i)k(ν′)2k2]k=max{0;n−2j}p j,n−ki k(ν′)2k2]k=max{0;n−2j}q j,n−k(−i)k(ν′)2kIn particular,the leading asymptotic term of these coefficients as n→∞and j fixed is given byu n,2n−j=u0p j,2j i n−2j(ν′)2(n−2j)n) ,v n,2n−j=v0q j,2j (−i)n−2j(ν′)2(n−2j)n) .(32)Thus we have reduced the problem of the evaluation of the asymptotics of the coefficients u n,2n−j v n,2n−j for large n to the computation of the leading coefficients of the polynomials p j(z),q j(z).In fact,using(24)or(26)and(23), it can be shown that the coefficients p j,2j,q j,2j satisfy the recurrence relationsp j,2j=−i (ν′)2ν′′2jj−1k,l,m=0k+l+m=jp k,2k p l,2l q m,2m++ν(ν′)2ν′′4j2j−1k,l,m=0k+l+m=jp k,2k(p l,2l−q l,2l)q m,2m,q j,2j=i (ν′)2ν′′2jj−1k,l,m=0k+l+m=jp k,2k q l,2l q m,2m−(33)−ν(ν′)2ν′′4j2j−1k,l,m=0k+l+m=jp k,2k(p l,2l−q l,2l)q m,2m.Similarly,the coefficients u n,0,v n,0for the non-logarithmic terms appears from(31)for j=2n,and are given simply byu n,0=u0p2n,n,v n,0=v0q2n,n.(34) Thus the problem of evaluation of the asymptotics of the coefficients u n,0,v n,0 for n large is equivalent to computation of the asymptotics of the minor coeffi-cients in the polynomials p j(z),q j(z).However,the last problem does not allow a straightforward solution because,according to(8),the sectional generating functions for the coefficients u n,0,v n,0are given byF(z,0)=∞n=0u n,0z n,G(z,0)=∞n=0v n,0z n,and solve the separated Nonlinear Schr¨o dinger equation−iFζ+izF z=νF+18zG′′+F G2.(35)93DiscussionOur consideration based on the use of generating functions of different types reveals the asymptotic behavior of the coefficients u n,2n−j,v n,2n−j as n→∞and jfixed for the long time asymptotic expansion(2)of the generic solution of the sNLS equation(1).The leading order dependence of these coefficients on n is described by the ratio a n2+d).The investigation of theRiemann-Hilbert problem for the sNLS equation yielding this estimate will be published elsewhere.Acknowledgments.We are grateful to the support of NSF Grant PHY-9988566.We also express our gratitude to P.Deift,A.Its and X.Zhou for discussions.A.K.was partially supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research under grant99-01-00687.He is also grateful to the staffof C.N.Yang Institute for Theoretical Physics of the State University of New York at Stony Brook for hospitality during his visit when this work was done. References[1]F.G¨o hmann,V.E.Korepin,Phys.Lett.A260(1999)516.[2]F.G¨o hmann,A.R.Its,V.E.Korepin,Phys.Lett.A249(1998)117.[3]F.G¨o hmann,A.G.Izergin,V.E.Korepin,A.G.Pronko,Int.J.Modern Phys.B12no.23(1998)2409.[4]V.E.Zakharov,S.V.Manakov,S.P.Novikov,L.P.Pitaevskiy,Soli-ton theory.Inverse scattering transform method,Moscow,Nauka,1980.[5]F.Calogero,A.Degasperis,Spectral transforms and solitons:toolsto solve and investigate nonlinear evolution equations,Amsterdam-New York-Oxford,1980.[6]M.J.Ablowitz,H.Segur,Solitons and the inverse scattering trans-form,SIAM,Philadelphia,1981.10[7]R.K.Dodd,J.C.Eilbeck,J.D.Gibbon,H.C.Morris,Solitons andnonlinear wave equations,Academic Press,London-Orlando-San Diego-New York-Toronto-Montreal-Sydney-Tokyo,1982.[8]L.D.Faddeev,L.A.Takhtajan,Hamiltonian Approach to the Soli-ton Theory,Nauka,Moscow,1986.[9]P.Deift,X.Zhou,Comm.Math.Phys.165(1995)175.[10]C.S.Gardner,J.M.Greene,M.D.Kruskal,R.M.Miura,Phys.Rev.Lett.19(1967)1095.[11]x,Comm.Pure Appl.Math.21(1968)467.[12]V.E.Zakharov,A.B.Shabat,Funkts.Analiz Prilozh.13(1979)13.[13]V.E.Zakharov,A.B.Shabat,JETP61(1971)118.[14]S.V.Manakov,JETP65(1973)505.[15]V.E.Zakharov,S.V.Manakov,JETP71(1973)203.[16]H.Segur,M.J.Ablowitz,J.Math.Phys.17(1976)710.[17]A.R.Its,A.G.Izergin,V.E.Korepin,G.G.Varzugin,Physica D54(1992)351.[18]H.Segur,J.Math.Phys.17(1976)714.[19]C.Kim,Z.-X.M.Shen,N.Motoyama,H.Eisaki,hida,T.To-hyama and S.Maekawa Phys Rev Lett.82(1999)802[20]A.R.Its,SR Izvestiya26(1986)497.11。
核磁共振氢谱法测定食用油中的脂肪酸含量
核磁共振氢谱法测定食用油中的脂肪酸含量杨登辉; 王鹤达; 江秀明; 向国强【期刊名称】《《河南工业大学学报（自然科学版）》》【年(卷),期】2019(040)005【总页数】5页(P13-17)【关键词】核磁共振氢谱; 食用油; 脂肪酸【作者】杨登辉; 王鹤达; 江秀明; 向国强【作者单位】河南工业大学化学化工与环境学院河南郑州450001【正文语种】中文【中图分类】TS2250 引言油脂广泛存在于自然界，在日常生活中也占有非常重要的地位。
食用油的主要营养成分是脂肪酸，主要由不饱和的油酸、亚油酸和亚麻酸与饱和的棕榈酸、硬脂酸构成。
脂肪酸对人体有着重要的影响，通常认为富含顺式单不饱和脂肪酸和多不饱和脂肪酸的脂质对健康有着积极的影响[1]。
脂肪酸含量的测定对油脂在饮食、食品工业中的应用以及食品质量控制具有重要意义。
测定油脂中脂肪酸组成及含量的国标方法主要为气相色谱法(GC)，将甘油三酯水解，然后将脂肪酸甲酯化，并利用气相色谱仪测定各类脂肪酸含量。
由于这种方法在前期样品制备中需要消耗大量的试剂，并且需要相对应脂肪酸甲酯的标准品，成本高昂且费时费力。
除色谱法外，目前有很多学者利用傅立叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)法进行脂肪酸含量的测定[2]，还有学者利用偏最小二乘法(PLS)建立光谱变量与脂肪酸含量之间的化学计量关系[3-4]，但是建立模型需要较大样本数据量，较为烦琐。
因此，寻找一种简便的脂肪酸含量检测方法显得尤为必要。
核磁共振(NMR)波谱技术具有简便、快速、几乎不需要进行前处理[5]等优势，已经用于油脂样品分析。
核磁共振氢谱(1H NMR)能够提供化合物分子中所有氢原子的信息，据此可计算对应结构在样品中的含量、研究油脂的稳定性[6]、鉴别油脂产地[7]、分析油脂组成成分[8-9]、探讨油脂氧化过程[10-12]等。
在油脂脂肪酸组成及含量分析中，因为1H NMR的共振峰强度与对应氢核的数量间存在线性关系，所以研究结果往往以各脂肪酸的摩尔百分含量表示，而不是质量百分含量[13-14]。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
9
27
3
18
2
a(µ4)[fig.2(c)] =
16 −
ζ
(3)
+
8
π2 + 943
3
135 162
ln r + 2 π4 − 2 ζ(3) − 5383 π2 + 57899
27 45
4050
9720
(5)
+ r2 − 8 ζ(3) − 26 π2 + 458 + O(r4 ln r) ,
3
105
We found convenient to express the results expanding them in the ratio of the electron and muon masses (me/mµ); for the sake of extensive numerical checks we have calculated the terms containing up to (me/mµ)16. Unfortunately the coefficient of each term becomes more and more cumbersome as the power of (me/mµ) increases, so that we will list here the terms of the expansions up to (me/mµ)2 only.
Of the above expressions, eqs.(3)-(11), only the leading terms of eq.(3) and eq.(6) were already worked out in analytical form using renormalization group techniques [3][5]. (1). An examination of eqs.(3)-(11) shows that the expressions of the contributions of the graphs containing only electron loops, eqs.(3),(6),(9) and (11), have a linear (me/mµ) term; the numerical values of the corresponding coefficients are respectively 6.41, -5.61, -0.44, -2.84. The (me/mµ) expansions of the contributions of the other graphs (containing also muon loops) begin with the (me/mµ)2 term.
1944
+ r2
−
14 135
π
4
−
1199 1080
ζ
(3)
−
64 27
π2
ln
2
+
9959 6075
π2
+
18367 1620
+ O(r3) ,
a(µ4)[fig.3(c)] =
−
3 4
ζ
(3)
+
1 2
π2
ln
2
−
5 12
π2
+
31 16
ln
r
+
3 2
ζ
2(3)
−
π 2 ζ (3)
ln 2
+
5 6
values
are ζ(2) = π2/6, ζ(3) = 1.202056903..., ζ(4) = π4/90, ζ(5) = 1.036927755...), a4 ≡
∞1
∞1
n=1 2nn4 = 0.517479061... , a5 ≡ n=1 2nn5 = 0.508400579... , and β2 is the Catalan
porta
Dipartimento di Fisica, Universita` di Bologna, and INFN, Sezione di Bologna,
Via Irnerio 46, I-40126 Bologna, Italy E-mail: laporta@bo.infn.it
The analytical expressions of the contributions to the muon anomaly of the graphs shown in figs.(2) and (3), accounting for the proper multiplicity factors, are (r ≡ me/mµ):
81
a(µ4)[fig.2(d)]
=
1 3
ln2
r
+
−
2 3
ζ (3)
+
5 4
ln r − 25 ζ(3) + 1 π2 + 509
18
18 432
+r
101 72
π3
β2
−
101 π4 72
ln
2
+
707 π2ζ(3) 144
+
9035 π4 6912
−
821 π3 432
− 5081 π2
648
(6)
constant
β2
≡
∞ n=0
(−1)n (2n + 1)2
=
0.915965594...
We note the appearance of transcendental constants β2 in eq.(6) and a5 in eq.(8) and
eq.(9); these constants appear for the first time in a contribution to the lepton anomaly.
2 ζ(3) − 4 π2 ln 2 + 10 π2 − 31
3
9
27 18
ln2 r + ln r
− 11 π4 162
+
32 9 a4
+ 4 ln4 2 + 8 π2 ln2 2 + 14 ζ(3) − 20 π2 ln 2 + 158 π2 − 115
27
27
3
9
81
18
+
32 9 a5
−
143 36
1 3
π2
−
119 36
ln
r
−
2 3
π2ζ
(3)
+
119 18 ζ(3)
−
1 9
π2
+
473 432
(7)
+ r2
4 3
π
2
−
115 9
ln r
+
8 9
π
2
−
893 108
+ O(r3) ,
a(µ4)[fig.2(f)] = ln r
14 π4 405
−
128 9 a4
+
16 π2 27
ln2
2
−
16 27
4
2 72
+56a4
+
14 3
π2
ln2
2
+
7 3
ln4
2
+
185 8
ζ (3)
−
39 4
π2
ln
2
+
57 8
π2
+ 35 + O(r3 ln r) . 3
4
Here
ζ (p)
is
the
Riemann
ζ -function
of
argument
p,
ζ (p)
≡
∞ n=1
1 np
,
(whose
first
arXiv:hep-ph/9306324v1 28 Jun 1993
DFUB 93-6 15 May 1993
The analytical contribution of some eighth-order graphs containing vacuum polarization insertions to the muon (g-2) in QED.
+ r2
16 −
ln3
r
−
38
ln2
r
+
8ζ(3) − 8 π2 − 22
ln r
3
3
3
+ 766 π4 2025
+
176 π2 135
ln2
2
−
1408 45 a4
−
176 135
ln4
2
−
3706 225
ζ
(3)
−
19 9
π2
−
31571 2700
+ O(r3) ,
a(µ4)[fig.2(e)] =
9
9
27 9
35
27
+ 967 + O(r3) , 315
a(µ4)[fig.2(b)] =
− 4 π2 + 119
9
27
ln2 r +
− 2 π2 + 61 27 81
ln r− 4 π4 + 13 π2 + 7627 45 27 1944
(4)