Analysis of Linear Triangular Elements for Convection-diffusion Problems by Streamline Diffusio

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超详细MIT线性代数公开课笔记_完整版

超详细MIT线性代数公开课笔记_完整版

列图像 Column Picture 在列图像中,我们将系数矩阵写成列向量的形式,则求解原方程变为寻找列向
量的线性组合(linear combination)来构成向量 b。
4
x
2 1
y
1 2
0 3
向量线性组合是贯穿本课程的重要概念。对于给定的向量 c 和 d 以及标量 x 和 y,我们将 xc+yd 称之为 c 和 d 的一个线性组合。
第 01 讲 行图像和列图像
Row picture & Column picture
线性方程的几何图像 The geometry of linear equations 线性代数的基本问题就是解 n 元一次方程组。例如:二元一次方程组 2x y 0 x 2y 3
写成矩阵形式就是
2 - 1
- 1x 2y
从几何上讲,我们是寻找满足如下要求的 x 和 y,使得两者分别数乘对应的列向
量之后相加得到向量
0 3
。其几何图像如下图。
2 蓝色为向量 - 1 ;
- 1
红色为向量
2 ;
可以看到当蓝色的向量乘以 1 与红色的
向量乘以 2(红色虚线)后做加法(首尾 0
相接)就可以得到绿色的向量 b= 3 ,
由此可得到方程的解 x=1,y=2。
0 3
其中
A=
-
2 1
-
1 2
被称为系数矩阵(coefficient
matrix)。
未知数向量通常记为
x=
x y
而等号右侧的向量记为 b。线性方程组简记为 Ax=b。
行图像 Row Picture
行图像遵从解析几何的描述,每个 方程在平面上的图像为一条直线。找到 符合方程的两个数组,就可以确定出 x-y 平面上的两个点,连接两点可以画 出该方程所代表的直线。两直线交点即 为方程组的解 x=1,y=2。

应变梯度理论有限元c0-1分片检...

应变梯度理论有限元c0-1分片检...

第44卷第4期2004年7月大连理工大学学报JOurnal Of Dalian University Of TechnOlOgyVOl .44,NO .4Jul =================================================================.2004文章编号:1000-8608(2004)04-0474-04收稿日期:2003-04-15;修回日期:2004-01-15.基金项目:国家自然科学基金资助项目(10172023).作者简介:陈万吉 (1941-),男,教授,博士生导师.应变梯度理论有限元:C 0-1分片检验及其变分基础陈万吉(大连理工大学工业装备结构分析国家重点实验室,辽宁大连116024)摘要:基于细观有限元弹性应变梯度理论,首次提出应变梯度有限元的C 0-1分片检验条件及其变分基础和一种构造应变梯度单元的方法.与常规的C 0分片检验和C 1分片检验不同,C 0-1分片检验要求检验函数为满足平衡方程的二次函数,并同时通过线性平面应力C 0分片检验和应变梯度常曲率的C 1分片检验.进一步提出一个平面18-D0F 三角形应变梯度单元(RCT9+RT9),算例表明该单元通过C 0-1分片检验,无伪零能模式,并有较高的精度.关键词:弹性应变梯度理论;平面18-D0F;三角形应变梯度单元;C 0-1分片检验中图分类号:0242.21文献标识码:A引言传统的弹性力学不考虑材料的微/细观结构,按均匀化假定,将材料从宏观假定开始一直延伸到微/细观乃至无限小并保持不变,这种理论被成功地用于宏观结构力学性能包括变形和应力的分析.事实上,材料的微/细观结构总是不均匀的,含有夹杂~缺欠~微裂纹或晶格存在,材料的不均匀性产生的尺度效应和与材料的破坏有关的变形局部化现象是传统的连续体力学不能解释和无法解决的问题.按连续统方法建立的细观材料偶应力/应变梯度理论,可显现材料的细观性能,反映材料的不均匀性产生的尺度效应和变形局部化现象,并可以与传统的弹性力学保持自然的衔接.偶应力/应变梯度理论不仅与材料的宏观参数有关,而且与材料新的细观参数有关.早在1909年COsserat 就建立了偶应力理论[1];后来,TOupin [2]~KOiter [3]和Mindlin [4]在本构方程中引入应变梯度,提出一种广义理论或称应变梯度理论;Aifantis [5]~Fleck 等[6]发展了塑性应变梯度理论.塑性应变梯度理论更能反映细观材料的尺度和变形局部化效应,近来,塑性应变梯度理论的研究很受重视.偶应力/应变梯度理论较传统的弹性力学更为复杂,有限元法仍然是有效的求解方法,而现有的有限元程序还不能求解这类问题.细观有限元模型可以分为偶应力型和应变梯度型,偶应力型单元的节点参数是线位移和旋转位移,应变梯度型是位移及其一阶导数,前者的节点参数少,有可能降低协调要求.细观有限元研究还有待深入,不仅是工程应用的需要,而且在对材料长度常数的识别中也要用到有限元分析,这对有限元的计算精度有很高的要求.1应变梯度理论基本方程几何方程:E zj =12(~z,j +~j,z )(1)本构方程:6zj =C zjkl (E kl -/2e2E kl )(2)式中:~z ~E zj ~6zj 分别为位移~应变~应力,2=82/8z 2+82/832+82/8z 2,C zjkl 为常规弹性常数,/e 为材料长度常数.记6(0)zj =C zjkl E kl ,m kzj =C zjmn /2e E mn,k ,m kzj,k =C zjkl /2e2E kl ,则平衡方程:(6(0)zj -m kzj,k ),j =0(3)边界力:t z=O(0)zj n j-n j m kzj,ku z=m kzj n k(4)偶应力理论是在本构方程中引入旋转变量E~zj= 12(M z,j-M j,z),即O zj=C zjkl(E kl-A2e2E~kl).2增强型C0-1分片检验对于含刚体模式而无多余零能模式的单元,由分片检验函数M=c0+c1x+c2y+c3x2+ c4xy+c5y2和U=Z0+Z1x+Z2y+Z3x2+Z4xy +Z5y2(c z~Z z为给定的常数,但是这个分片检验函数在单元内应预先满足齐次平衡方程),限定至少包含一个内点的由有限元分割的任意一小片的边界位移,由此求得的小片有限元解为检验函数的精确解,则称通过增强型C0-1分片检验.收敛的单元函数还要包含刚体模式而无伪零能模式和一定的连续性条件(下面的单体条件).对梯度应变部分,满足常梯度应变C1连续条件必然包含位移的二次项,这个检验函数求得的单元节点位移参数或小片边界位移参数,同时产生膜应力的线性应力,要求膜应力部分满足线性应力C0分片检验.C0-1分片检验与常规有限元法的C0分片检验及C1分片检验不同,C0-1分片检验是耦合型的分片检验.分别通过C0分片检验及C1分片检验的细观应变梯度有限元不一定能通过C0-1分片检验.3增强型C0-1分片检验的变分依据由单元内的分部积分公式,有V e (O(0)zj-m kzj,k),j M z dU=8V e(t z M z+u z n k M z,k)ds-V e(O(0)zj E zj+m kzj E zj,k)dU(5)式中:Mz为单元位移,可以是协调位移,也可以是不协调位移,对于不协调元需要在边界上用单元边界公共位移M~z 代替Mz;O0zj~m kzj为单元内的应力;t z~u z为对应O0zj~m kzj的单元边界力.对于基于位移法的有限元模型,为了能表达式(5)中的应变能,单元位移最低阶应当是二次,如果由此确定的单元内的应力满足平衡,即V e (O(0)zj-m kzj,k),j M z dU=0,则8V e(t z M z+u z n k M z,k)ds=V e(O(0)zj E zj+m kzj E zj,k)dU(6)由此,可以对分片检验条件C0-1给出一种力学解释:一个单元体内位移(协调/不协调)产生的应变与满足域内平衡的任意应力所做的内功等于单元边界上对应的边界力与单元边界公共位移所做的功.这是单元的内功和外功相等的条件,但单元的内位移和边界位移可以是不一致的.这也可以称为C0-1单体检验条件.显然,当式(5)中不含应变梯度项时,对应式(5)的单元位移最低阶是线性并应力自动满足平衡,得常规C0分片检验条件.418-DOF的梯度应变平面三角形单元(RCT9+RT9)建立一个通过C0-1分片检验的18-DOF梯度应变平面三角形的单元位移函数是很困难的.本文建议用2套函数分别考虑通过C0线性应力分片检验和通过C1常应力的分片检验,建立通过C0-1分片检验的18-DOF的平面梯度应变三角形单元.该单元函数将涉及3个三角形薄板单元函数(BCIZ~RT9和CT9单元),其中RT9单元函数用于计算应变梯度部分,由BCIZ和CT9组合的RCT9单元函数用于计算膜应力部分.4.19-DOF三角形薄板单元BCIZ单元函数具体公式为I0=Fg(7)其中,形函数F见文献7 .4.29-DOF三角形薄板单元RT9单元函数8具体公式为I0=I0+12(x2y2xy)(B c-B0)g(8)式中:B0=1A VeBdxdy,B是由I0求得的薄板单元的位移-应变矩阵;Bc g=R T c u~ds,R Tc=A2-Amm2Am2Am A2-m J2,u~=8I~8n8I~J8s,A~m是边界的法线方向余弦.8I~/8n按线性函数插值,8I~/8s按二次函数插值,经积分求得B c1=574第4期陈万吉:应变梯度理论有限元:C0-1分片检验及其变分基础/1m 1-/3m 31Z(/Z1y Z 1+/Z 3y 13)1Z(/Z 111Z +/Z 3131)/3m 3-/1m 11Z (m Z 1y Z 1+m Z 3y 13)1Z(m Z 111Z +m Z 3131)Z(m Z 1-m Z 3)/Z 111Z +/Z3131m Z 1y Z 1+m Z3y L J 13(9)式中:/z ~m z 是第z 边界的法线方向余弦;1zj =1z-1j ,y zj =y z -y j ,1z 和y z 是节点z 的坐标.边界位移的另一种选择是 w ~/ 1和 w ~/ 均按线性函数插值,得B %c1=1Zy Z 3 13Z 13Z y LJZ 3(1 )最后,由B c 和B %c 组合求得B c ,B c =B c +O(B c -B %c ).本文经过比较选O =-.Z 5(注意:用于求解薄板问题的原薄板单元RT9时O = .Z 5).经节点参数按w z -U z ,Uz 的转换求得用于计算应变梯度部分的RT9单元函数U 和U.4.39-DOF 三角形薄板单元CT9单元函数先假定w ^=3z=1N zwz+6j=4N jw j,其中Nz是用面积坐标L z 表示的形函数,例如,N 1=(ZL 1-1)L 1,N 4=4L 1L Z .单元边界位移按三次梁函数表示,消去边中点的位移,得单元函数w ^=Ng(11)其中N =(N 1N ZN 3),N j =(R j R 1jR yj );j =1,Z ,3(1Z )R 1= .5(m 1N 4/S 1-m 3N 6/S 3)+L 1R 11=- .1Z 5(m Z1N 4+m Z 3N 6)(13)R y1= .1Z 5(/1m 1N 4+/3m 3N 6)RCT9单元函数w 采用BCIZ 和CT9的组合,即w=w ^ +B(w -w ^ ).其中,w ~w ^分别为BCIZ 和CT9的单元函数,本文经过算例比较选择B =- .Z 5.经节点参数按w z -U z ,Uz 的转换求得RCT9单元函数U 和U.5算例5.1C 0-1分片检验计算结果表明,本文建立的18-DOF 单元(RCT9+RT9)通过C -1分片检验,无伪零能模式.能通过线性应力C 分片检验的单元还有LST,与RT9结合建立的单元可以通过C -1分片检验,但有7个伪零能模式.5.z孔边应力集中问题这是一个偶应力问题,可以用来检验尺度效应与单元精度.无限大弹性平板含半径为a 的圆孔,远处作用1方向的均匀分布力p.TUZ 4L4单元是Z 4-DOF 六节点三角形单元[9],其中,角节点参数为位移及其一阶导数,边中点为位移参数,单元内有4个内部参数,文献[9]仅对TUZ 4L4单元进行了C 分片检验(不是C -1分片检验),而且没有做特征值检验.计算结果见图1和表 1.TUZ 4L4单元计算的网格用了144 个单元,Z 983个节点.本文计算网格仅用了96个单元,117个节点,节点个数减少到原来的1/Z 5,可见本文的单元(RCT9+RT9)比TUZ 4L4单元精度高,而且也高于单元(BCIZ +RT9).孔的邻域内的应力分布也有改变,当/e /a = 1. ,u = .Z 5时,剪应力z 1y 经典弹性理论和偶应力的有限元结果见图Z.图1带圆孔方板孔边应力集中系数k 6(u = )Fig.1The st r ess c On ce n t ra ti On fa ct Or k 6On the bOundary Of the ci r c ular h Ol e (u = )表1带圆孔方板孔边应力集中系数k 6的计算结果(u = )T ab .1Num e r ic al r es ul ts Of the st r ess c On ce n t ra ti On fa ct Or k 6On the bOundary Of the ci r c ular h Ol e (u = )/e /a TUZ 4L4BCIZ +RT9RCT9+RT9EXA CT . 13. 3.197 3. 85 3. .1 Z.9 Z 3. 41Z.918Z.878 .1Z 5Z.849Z.977Z.84 Z.8Z 4 .167Z.758Z.834Z.7Z 3Z.7Z 9 .Z 5 Z.577Z.646Z.51 Z.545 .333Z.4Z Z Z.461Z.345Z.389 .5 Z.Z 1Z.Z 3Z.1Z 7Z.1691.1.91Z1.8991.8751.889674大连理工大学学报第44卷(a)经典理论的有限元结果(b)偶应力理论的有限元结果图2孔的邻域剪应力T :y (T :y S T y:)的分布(/e /a =1.0,u =0.25)Fig.2Results of the shear stress T :y (T :y S T y:)distribution in the vicinity of the hole (/e /a = 1.0,u =0.25)参考文献:[1]COSSERAT E,COSSERAT F.Theorie des CorpsDef ormables [M].Paris:Hermann et Fils,1909.[2]TOUPIN R A.Elastic materials With couple stresses[]].Arch Rational Mech Anal,1962,ll:385-414.[3]KOITER W T.Couple stresses in the theory ofelasticity,I andII[A].Proceedings of the KoninkliskeNederlandseAkademieVanW etenschappen (B )[C].[s l]:[s n],1964.17-44.[4]MIN DL IN R D .Microstructure in linear elasticity[]].Arch Rational Mech Anal,1964,l 6:51-78.[5]AIFANTIS E C.On the microstructural origin ofcertain inelastic models []].Trans A S M E J E ng Mater Tech,1984,l 06:326-330.[6]F L ECKNA,HUTCHINSON]W.Aphenomenological theory for strain gradient effects inplasticity []].J Mech Ph y s S olids,1993,4l:1825-1857.[7]B A Z E L E Y G P,CHEUN G Y K,IRONS B M,eta l .Triangular elements in bending conforming and non-conformingsolution[A].ProceedingsofConf erence Matri x Methods in S tr u ct u ral Mechanics [C].Ohio:Air Force Institute Technology,1965.547-576.[8]CHEUN GYK,CHENWan-j i.Refinednine-parameter triangular thin plate bending element by using refined direct stiffness method []].I nt J N u mer Methods E ng,1995,38(2):283-298.[9]SHU ]Y ,KIN G W E,F L ECK N A.Finiteelements for materials With strain gradient effects []].I nt J N u mer Methods E ng,1999,44(3):373-391.F inite element methods in strain gradient theor y :C 0-1patch test and its Variational basicCHENan -j i(State k ey lab .Of Str uct .An al .fOr l n d .Egu i p .,Dal i an Un i v .Of tech n Ol .,Dal i an 116024,Ch i n a )Abstract :B ased on finite element formulations for the theory in strain gradient elasticity ofmicrostructures,a convergence criterion for the C 0-1patch test and its variational basic are first introduced.The element displacement function should pass the C 1constant curvature patch test and the C 0linear stress patch test.The test displacement function for C 0-1patch test should be a complete second-order polynomial that satisfies the e g uilibrium e g uation.A neW approach to devising strain gradient finite elements that can pass the C 0-1patch test is proposed.18-D OF plane strain gradient triangular element (RCT9-RT9),Which can pass the C 0-1patch test and has no spurious Z ero energy modes,is proposed.Numerical e X amples are employed to e X amine the performances of the proposed element by carrying out the C 0-1patch test.The proposed element possesses higher accuracy compared With other strain gradient elements.Ke y W ords:theory of strain gradient elasticity ;plane 18-D OF ;triangular strain gradient element ;C 0-1patch test774第4期陈万吉:应变梯度理论有限元:C 0-1分片检验及其变分基础。

中国科学英文版模板

中国科学英文版模板

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S.,CHENG DaiZhan3.Primary exploration of nonlinear information fusion control the ory WANG ZhiSheng,WANG DaoBo,ZHEN ZiYang4.Center-configur ation selection technique for the reconfigurable modular robot LIU J inGuo,WANG YueChao,LI Bin,MA ShuGen,TAN DaLong5.Stabilization of switched linear systems with bounded disturba nces and unobservable switchings LIU Feng6.Solution to the Generalized Champagne Problem on simultane ous stabilization of linear systems GUAN Qiang,WANG Long,XIA B iCan,YANG Lu,YU WenSheng,ZENG ZhenBing7.Supporting service differentiation with enhancements of the IE EE 802.11 MAC protocol: Models and analysis LI Bo,LI JianDong,R oberto Battiti8.Differential space-time block-diagonal codes LUO ZhenDong,L IU YuanAn,GAO JinChun9.Cross-layer optimization in ultra wideband networks WU Qi,BI JingPing,GUO ZiHua,XIONG YongQiang,ZHANG Qian,LI ZhongC heng10.Searching-and-averaging method of underdetermined blind s peech signal separation in time domain XIAO Ming,XIE ShengLi,F U YuLi11.New theoretical framework for OFDM/CDMA systems with pe ak-limited nonlinearities WANG Jian,ZHANG Lin,SHAN XiuMing,R EN Yong1.Fractional Fourier domain analysis of decimation and interpolat ion MENG XiangYi,TAO Ran,WANG Yue2.A reduced state SISO iterative decoding algorithm for serially concatenated continuous phase modulation SUN JinHua,LI JianDong,JIN LiJun3.On the linear span of the p-ary cascaded GMW sequences TA NG XiaoHu4.De-interlacing technique based on total variation with spatial-t emporal smoothness constraint YIN XueMin,YUAN JianHua,LU Xia oPeng,ZOU MouYan5.Constrained total least squares algorithm for passive location based on bearing-only measurements WANG Ding,ZHANG Li,WU Ying6.Phase noise analysis of oscillators with Sylvester representation for periodic time-varying modulus matrix by regular perturbations FAN JianXing,YANG HuaZhong,WANG Hui,YAN XiaoLang,HOU ChaoHuan7.New optimal algorithm of data association for multi-passive-se nsor location system ZHOU Li,HE You,ZHANG WeiHua8.Application research on the chaos synchronization self-mainten ance characteristic to secret communication WU DanHui,ZHAO Che nFei,ZHANG YuJie9.The changes on synchronizing ability of coupled networks fro m ring networks to chain networks HAN XiuPing,LU JunAn10.A new approach to consensus problems in discrete-time mult iagent systems with time-delays WANG Long,XIAO Feng11.Unified stabilizing controller synthesis approach for discrete-ti me intelligent systems with time delays by dynamic output feedbac k LIU MeiQin1.Survey of information security SHEN ChangXiang,ZHANG Hua ngGuo,FENG DengGuo,CAO ZhenFu,HUANG JiWu2.Analysis of affinely equivalent Boolean functions MENG QingSh u,ZHANG HuanGuo,YANG Min,WANG ZhangYi3.Boolean functions of an odd number of variables with maximu m algebraic immunity LI Na,QI WenFeng4.Pirate decoder for the broadcast encryption schemes from Cry pto 2005 WENG Jian,LIU ShengLi,CHEN KeFei5.Symmetric-key cryptosystem with DNA technology LU MingXin,LAI XueJia,XIAO GuoZhen,QIN Lei6.A chaos-based image encryption algorithm using alternate stru cture ZHANG YiWei,WANG YuMin,SHEN XuBang7.Impossible differential cryptanalysis of advanced encryption sta ndard CHEN Jie,HU YuPu,ZHANG YueYu8.Classification and counting on multi-continued fractions and its application to multi-sequences DAI ZongDuo,FENG XiuTao9.A trinomial type of σ-LFSR oriented toward software implemen tation ZENG Guang,HE KaiCheng,HAN WenBao10.Identity-based signature scheme based on quadratic residues CHAI ZhenChuan,CAO ZhenFu,DONG XiaoLei11.Modular approach to the design and analysis of password-ba sed security protocols FENG DengGuo,CHEN WeiDong12.Design of secure operating systems with high security levels QING SiHan,SHEN ChangXiang13.A formal model for access control with supporting spatial co ntext ZHANG Hong,HE YePing,SHI ZhiGuo14.Universally composable anonymous Hash certification model ZHANG Fan,MA JianFeng,SangJae MOON15.Trusted dynamic level scheduling based on Bayes trust model WANG Wei,ZENG GuoSun16.Log-scaling magnitude modulated watermarking scheme LING HeFei,YUAN WuGang,ZOU FuHao,LU ZhengDing17.A digital authentication watermarking scheme for JPEG image s with superior localization and security YU Miao,HE HongJie,ZHA NG JiaShu18.Blind reconnaissance of the pseudo-random sequence in DS/ SS signal with negative SNR HUANG XianGao,HUANG Wei,WANG Chao,L(U) ZeJun,HU YanHua1.Analysis of security protocols based on challenge-response LU O JunZhou,YANG Ming2.Notes on automata theory based on quantum logic QIU Dao Wen3.Optimality analysis of one-step OOSM filtering algorithms in t arget tracking ZHOU WenHui,LI Lin,CHEN GuoHai,YU AnXi4.A general approach to attribute reduction in rough set theory ZHANG WenXiuiu,QIU GuoFang,WU WeiZhi5.Multiscale stochastic hierarchical image segmentation by spectr al clustering LI XiaoBin,TIAN Zheng6.Energy-based adaptive orthogonal FRIT and its application in i mage denoising LIU YunXia,PENG YuHua,QU HuaiJing,YiN Yong7.Remote sensing image fusion based on Bayesian linear estimat ion GE ZhiRong,WANG Bin,ZHANG LiMing8.Fiber soliton-form 3R regenerator and its performance analysis ZHU Bo,YANG XiangLin9.Study on relationships of electromagnetic band structures and left/right handed structures GAO Chu,CHEN ZhiNing,WANG YunY i,YANG Ning10.Study on joint Bayesian model selection and parameter estim ation method of GTD model SHI ZhiGuang,ZHOU JianXiong,ZHAO HongZhong,FU Qiang。

线代名词中英文对照

线代名词中英文对照

《线性代数》英文专业词汇序号英文中文1LinearAlgebra线性代数2determinant行列式3row行4column列5element元素6diagonal对角线7principaldiagona主对角线8auxiliarydiagonal次对角线9transposeddeterminant转置行列式10triangulardeterminants三角行列式11thenumberofinversions逆序数12evenpermutation奇排列13oddpermutation偶排列14parity奇偶性15interchange互换16absolutevalue绝对值17identity恒等式18n-orderdeterminantsn阶行列式19evaluationofdeterminant行列式的求值20Laplace’sexpansiontheorem拉普拉斯展开定理21cofactor余子式22Algebracofactor代数余子式23theVandermondedeterminant范德蒙行列式24bordereddeterminant加边行列式25reductionoftheorderofadeterminant降阶法26methodofRecursionrelation递推法27induction归纳法28Cramer′s rule克莱姆法则29matrix矩阵30rectangular矩形的31thezeromatrix零矩阵32theidentitymatrix单位矩阵33symmetric对称的序号英文中文34skew-symmetric反对称的35commutativelaw交换律36squareMatrix方阵37amatrixoforder m×n矩阵m×n38thedeterminantofmatrixA方阵A的行列式39operationsonMatrices矩阵的运算40atransposedmatrix转置矩阵41aninversematrix逆矩阵42anconjugatematrix共轭矩阵43andiagonalmatrix对角矩阵44anadjointmatrix伴随矩阵45singularmatrix奇异矩阵46nonsingularmatrix非奇异矩阵47elementarytransformations初等变换48vectors向量49components分量50linearlycombination线性组合51spaceofarithmeticalvectors向量空间52subspace子空间53dimension维54basis基55canonicalbasis规范基56coordinates坐标57decomposition分解58transformationmatrix过渡矩阵59linearlyindependent线性无关60linearlydependent线性相关61theminorofthe k thorderk阶子式62rankofaMatrix矩阵的秩63rowvectors行向量64columnvectors列向量65themaximallinearlyindependentsubsystem最大线性无关组66Euclideanspace欧几里德空间67Unitaryspace酉空间序号英文中文68systemsoflinearequations线性方程组69eliminationmethod消元法70homogenous齐次的71nonhomogenous非齐次的72equivalent等价的73component-wise分式74necessaryandsufficientcondition充要条件75incompatiable无解的76uniquesolution唯一解77thematrixofthecoefficients系数矩阵78augmentedmatrix增广矩阵79generalsolution通解80particularsolution特解81trivialsolution零解82nontrivialsolution非零解83thefundamentalsystemofsolutions基础解系84eigenvalue特征值85eigenvector特征向量86characteristicpolynomial特征多项式87characteristicequation特征方程88scalarproduct内积89normedvector单位向量90orthogonal正交的91orthogonalization正交化92theGram-Schmidtprocess正交化过程93reducingamatrixtothediagonalform对角化矩阵94orthonormalbasis标准正交基95orthogonaltransformation正交变换96lineartransformation线性变换97quadraticforms二次型98canonicalform标准型99thecanonicalformofaquadraticform二次型的标准型100themethodofseparatingperfectsquares配完全平方法101thesecond-ordercurve二次曲线102coordinatetransformation坐标变换。

对称三角线性调频连续波信号的检测与参数估计

对称三角线性调频连续波信号的检测与参数估计
2. 2 分数阶傅立叶变换( FRFT) 估计信号初始频率
0 ≤ t < tm t m ≤ t < 2 t m
( 2)
ej2
Δ F π[ ( f c +Δ ) ( t- t ) + t F ( t- t ) 2 ] 2 m m m
0 其它值
s ( t) 为对称三角线性 FMCW 信号 , n ( t) 为高斯 噪声 。 信号 x ( t) 的模糊函数定义为 :
和调制带宽 傅立叶变换是一种线性算子 , 其作用可以看作 是在时频平面上信号从时间轴转动到频率轴 , 旋转
596
电 波 科 学 学 报
第 20 卷
π 了 的角度 。而分数阶傅立叶变换可以实现任意角 2 度的旋转 。信号的 FRF T 定义 [ 7 ] 为 : p X p ( u) = { FRF T [ x ( t) ]}
δ( 1 - u) α = 2 n π δ( t + u) α = ( 2 n + 1)π
( 7)
μ 在已知信号的调频率 μ 1 、 2 的情况下根据分数 阶傅立叶变换 ( FRF T) 的性质可以得到旋转角 : α μ α μ 由α = 1 = - arccot 1 , 2 = - arccot 2 = - α 1 。 π p , 则 FRF T 的阶数为 : p1 = - 2arccotμ 1 /π, p2 = 2 2arccotμ 根据所得到的阶数分别求出相 2 /π = - p1 。 应阶数的分数阶傅立叶变换 , 然后在相应分数阶域 上分别搜索最大值点对应的坐标 u1 、 u2 。则估计得 到的信号的初始频率分别为 : ( 8) f 01 = u1 csc ( p1π / 2) ( 9) f 02 = u2 csc ( p2π / 2) 图 2 给出了信号的分数阶 Fo urier 变换后与原 信号的时频关系图 。图中长虚线为分数阶 Fo urier 变换后的坐标轴 ,短虚线为信号的时频分布与频率 ) 即得 u0 轴相交的延长线 。由关系式 f 0 = u0 csc (α ) ,经分析得出如下结论 : 在分数阶域利 = f 0 sin (α ( 9 ) 估计得到的信号的初始频率为信 用关系式 ( 8) 、 号在原时频平面内沿时频分布直线与频率轴的交点 处的频率 。首次给出了这种关系 。

分块下三角阵 英语

分块下三角阵 英语

分块下三角阵英语Partitioned Lower Triangular MatricesMatrices are fundamental mathematical objects that find applications in various fields, including linear algebra, computer science, physics, and engineering. Among the different types of matrices, lower triangular matrices hold a special place due to their unique structure and properties. In this essay, we will delve into the concept of partitioned lower triangular matrices, exploring their characteristics, applications, and the underlying mathematical principles.A lower triangular matrix is a square matrix in which all the elements above the main diagonal are zero. In other words, the non-zero elements are concentrated in the lower triangular portion of the matrix. Formally, a matrix A = [a_ij] is said to be lower triangular if a_ij = 0 for all i < j, where i and j represent the row and column indices, respectively.Partitioned lower triangular matrices are a generalization of thisconcept, where the matrix is divided into smaller submatrices, each of which is also lower triangular. This partitioning can be achieved by grouping the rows and columns of the original matrix into blocks or submatrices. The resulting partitioned matrix maintains the overall lower triangular structure, with the submatrices satisfying the same property.One of the key advantages of partitioned lower triangular matrices is their ability to simplify complex computations and facilitate efficient matrix operations. By exploiting the lower triangular structure, various algorithms and numerical methods can be optimized, leading to improved computational performance and reduced memory requirements.For instance, in the context of solving systems of linear equations, partitioned lower triangular matrices can be used to implement efficient algorithms, such as the Gaussian elimination method or the LU decomposition. These techniques leverage the lower triangular structure to reduce the computational complexity and improve the numerical stability of the solution process.Another important application of partitioned lower triangular matrices lies in the field of control theory and systems engineering. In the analysis and design of linear dynamical systems, the state-space representation of the system often involves matrices with apartitioned lower triangular structure. This structure can be exploited to study the stability, controllability, and observability of the system, as well as to design optimal control strategies.Furthermore, partitioned lower triangular matrices find applications in the analysis of graph-theoretic structures, such as social networks, transportation networks, and communication networks. The lower triangular structure can be used to model and analyze the relationships and dependencies between different entities or nodes in these networks, enabling the study of network dynamics, centrality measures, and community detection.In the realm of numerical linear algebra, partitioned lower triangular matrices play a crucial role in the development and implementation of efficient numerical algorithms. For instance, in the context of iterative methods for solving large-scale linear systems, the lower triangular structure can be exploited to design preconditioners that accelerate the convergence of the iterative process.The mathematical properties of partitioned lower triangular matrices are also of great interest. These matrices exhibit specific characteristics that can be leveraged in various theoretical and computational contexts. For example, the product of two partitioned lower triangular matrices is also a partitioned lower triangular matrix, which is a fundamental property that underpins many algorithmsand matrix operations.Additionally, the eigenvalues of a partitioned lower triangular matrix are closely related to the eigenvalues of its diagonal submatrices. This property can be utilized in the analysis of the spectral properties of these matrices, with applications in areas such as numerical linear algebra, control theory, and graph theory.In conclusion, partitioned lower triangular matrices are a fascinating and versatile concept in linear algebra, with a wide range of applications across various scientific and engineering disciplines. Their unique structure and properties enable the development of efficient computational algorithms, the analysis of complex systems, and the exploration of intricate mathematical relationships. As the field of matrix computations continues to evolve, the study of partitioned lower triangular matrices will undoubtedly remain an active and important area of research.。

外文翻译原文--多边形孔周边应力场的分布

外文翻译原文--多边形孔周边应力场的分布

E-mail address: dss_iit@ 0020-7403/$ - see front matter & 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. /10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2012.09.009
a r t i c l e i n f o
Article history: Received 11 February 2012 Received in revised form 27 August 2012 Accepted 12 September 2012 Available online 12 October 2012 Keywords: Complex variable Cauchy’s integral Stress concentration factor Isotropic plates Stress functions Biaxial loading
abstract
General solutions for determining the stress distribution around holes in an infinite plate subjected to arbitrary biaxial in-plane loadings at infinity, are obtained using Muskhelishvili’s complex variable method. The stress functions are obtained by evaluating Cauchy’s integral for the given boundary conditions. The generalized formulation thus obtained is coded and numerical results are presented for triangular, square, pentagonal, hexagonal, heptagonal and octagonal cut-out. The effect of the hole geometry and loading pattern on the stress concentration factor is studied. For some of the cases, plane stress finite element models are prepared in ANSYS and results are compared with present method. & 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

abaqus单元形状 -回复

abaqus单元形状 -回复

abaqus单元形状-回复关于Abaqus单元形状的主题,我会为您写一篇1500-2000字的文章,逐步解释和回答。

第一步:什么是Abaqus单元形状?Abaqus是一种广泛使用的有限元分析软件,用于求解各种力学问题。

在Abaqus中,单元是将连续物体离散化为有限数量的小元素,以便进行数值计算。

而Abaqus单元形状是用来描述这些小元素的几何形状的参数。

第二步:Abaqus中有哪些常见的单元形状?Abaqus提供了许多不同类型的单元形状,以适应各种分析需要。

其中一些常见的单元形状包括:1. 线性单元(Linear Elements):包括线段单元和梁单元,用于描述长度方向上的变形。

2. 三角单元(Triangular Elements):包括平面应力、平面应变和轴对称三角单元,用于描述平面或轴对称的应力应变分布。

3. 四边形单元(Quadrilateral Elements):包括平面应力、平面应变和轴对称四边形单元,用于描述平面或轴对称的应力应变分布。

4. 四面体单元(Tetrahedral Elements):用于描述三维体积的变形和应力应变状态。

5. 六面体单元(Hexahedral Elements):用于描述立体的变形和应力应变状态。

这只是Abaqus中的一小部分单元形状,实际上还有其他更多的单元可供选择,以满足不同的分析需求。

第三步:如何选择合适的Abaqus单元形状?选择合适的Abaqus单元形状是非常重要的,它直接影响到分析结果的准确性和计算效率。

以下是一些指导原则来帮助您选择合适的Abaqus单元形状:1. 确定问题的维度:根据问题的维度选择相应的单元形状。

例如,对于平面应力问题,可以选择平面应力三角单元或平面应力四边形单元。

2. 考虑几何形状:单元形状应尽可能符合实际几何形状。

如果问题的几何形状是复杂的,可以选择更具柔性的单元形状,如六面体单元。

3. 考虑应变梯度:单元形状应能够准确地描述应变的变化。

线性代数常用单词词组中英对照

线性代数常用单词词组中英对照

IndexEEconomics 经济学435,439 Eigencourse 457,458Eigenvalue 特征值283,287,374,499 Eigenvalue changes 特征值变换439Eigenvalues of 的特征值284,294,300 Eigenvalues of 的特征值297Eigenvalues of 的特征值362Eigenvector basis 基底的特征向量399Eigenvectors 特征向量283,287,374Eigshow 290,368Elimination 消元法45-66,83,86,135 Ellipse 椭圆290,346,366,382 Energy 能量343,409Engineering 工程409,419Error 误差211,218,219,225,481,483 Error equation 误差方程477Euler angles 欧拉角474Euler’s formula 欧拉公式311,426,430,497Even 偶数113,246,258,452 Exponential 指数的314,319,327FHilbert space 希尔伯特空间447,449Hooke’s Law 虎克定律410,412 Householder reflections 镜像变换237,469,472 Hyperplane 超平面30,42IIll-conditioned matrix 病态矩阵371,473,474 Imaginary 虚数289Independent 独立的26,27,134,168,200,300 Initial value 初值313Inner product 内积11,56,108,448,502,506 Input and output basis 基底输入输出399Integral 积分24,385,386Interior point method 内点法445Intersection of spaces 交空间129,183Inverse matrix 逆矩阵24,81,270Inverse of的逆82Invertible 可逆的86,173,200,248 Iteration 迭代481,482,484,489,492 JJacobi 雅可比481,483,485,489 Jordan form 约当型356,357,358,361,482 JPEG 364,373KKalman filter 卡尔曼滤波器93,214Kernel 核377,380Kirchhoff’s Laws 基尔霍夫定律143,189,420,424-427 Krylov 克雷洛夫491,492Lnorm 和范数225,480Lagrange multiplier 拉格朗日乘子445Lanczos method 兰索斯方法490,492LAPACK 线性代数软件包98,237,486Leapfrog method 跳步法317,329Least squares 最小平方218,219,236,405,408,453 Left nullspace左零空间184,186,192,425Left-inverse 左逆的81,86,154,405Length 长度12,232,447,448,501 Line 线34,40,221,474Line of springs 线弹簧411Linear combination 线性组合1,3Linear equation 线性方程23Linear programming 线性规划440Linear transformation 线性变换44,375-398Linearity 线性关系44,245,246Linearly independent 线性独立26,134,168,169,200 LINPACK 线性系统软件包465Loop 环路307,425,426Lower triangular 下三角9598,100,474Lucas numbers 卢卡斯数306MMaple 38,100Mathematica 38,100MATLAB 17,37,237,243,290,337,513 Matrix(see full page 570) 矩阵22,384,387Matrix exponential 矩阵指数314,319,327Matrix multiplication 矩阵乘法58,59,67,389Matrix notation 矩阵记号37Matrix space 矩阵空间121,122,175,181,311 Matrix 矩阵-1,2,-1 matrix -1,2,-1矩阵106,167,261,265,349,374,410,480Adjacency, 邻接矩阵74,80,311,369All-ones 全1矩阵251,262,307,348 Augmented 增广矩阵60,84,155Band 带状矩阵99,468,469。

矩阵专业词汇英文对照

矩阵专业词汇英文对照

矩阵专业词汇英文对照向量代数(向量( vector )),(向量的长度(模)),(零向量(zero vector )),(负向量),(向量的加法(addition)),(三角形法则),(平行四边形法则),(多边形法则),(减法),(向量的标量乘积(scalar multiplication)),(向量的线性运算),线性组合( linear combination),线性表示,线性相关(linearly dependent ),线性无关( linearly independent ),(原点( origin)),(位置向量(position vector )),(线性流形( linear manifold ))(,线性子空间( linear subspace ));基( basis ),仿射坐标( affine coordinates),仿射标架( affine frame ),仿射坐标系(affine coordinate system ),(坐标轴( coordinate axis )),(坐标平面),(卦限( octant )),(右手系),(左手系),(定比分点);(线性方程组( system of linear equations )),(齐次线性方程组( system of homogeneous linear equations )),(行列式(determinant));维向量,向量的分量( component ),向量的相等,和向量,零向量,负向量,标量乘积,维向量空间( vector space),自然基,(行向量( row vector )),(列向量(column vector ));单位向量( unit vector ),直角坐标系( rectangular coordinate system ),直角坐标( rectangular coordinates ),射影( projection ),向量在某方向上的分量,(正交分解),(向量的夹角),内积(inner product ),标量积( scalar product ),(数量积),(方向的方向角),(方向的方向余弦);外积(exterior product),向量积(cross product),(二重外积);混合积(mixed product,scalar triple product)行列式(映射( mapping)),(象( image)),(一个原象( preimage )),(定义域( domain)),(值域( range )),(变换( transformation)),(单射( injection)),(象集),(满射( surjection)),(一一映射,双射(bijection )),(原象),(映射的复合,映射的乘积),(恒同映射,恒同变换(identity mapping)),(逆映射( inverse mapping ));(置换(permutation)),(阶对称群( symmetric group )),(对换(transposition)),(逆序对),(逆序数),(置换的符号(sign )),(偶置换( even permutation)),(奇置换( odd permutation ));行列式( determinant),矩阵(matrix ),矩阵的元( entry ),(方阵( square matrix )),(零矩阵( zero matrix)),(对角元),(上三角形矩阵(upper triangular matrix )),(下三角形矩阵(lower triangular matrix )),(对角矩阵( diagonal matrix )),(单位矩阵( identity matrix )),转置矩阵( transpose matrix ),初等行变换( elementary row transformation),初等列变换( elementary column transformation );(反称矩阵( skew-symmetric matrix ));子矩阵( submatrix ),子式( minor ),余子式( cofactor),代数余子式(algebraic cofactor),(范德蒙德行列式( Vandermonde determinant));(未知量),(方程的系数( coefficient)),(常数项(constant )),(线性方程组的解(solution)),(系数矩阵),(增广矩阵( augmented matrix )),(零解);子式的余子式,子式的代数余子式线性方程组与线性子空间(阶梯形方程组),(方程组的初等变换),行阶梯矩阵(row echelon matrix),主元,简化行阶梯矩阵( reduced row echelon matrix),(高斯消元法( Gauss elimination )),(解向量),(同解),(自反性(reflexivity)),(对称性(symmetry )),(传递性( transitivity)),(等价关系( equivalence));(主变量),(自由位置量),(一般解),(齐次线性方程组的秩(rank ));向量组线性相关,向量组线性无关,线性组合,线性表示,线性组合的系数,(向量组的延伸组);线性子空间,由向量组张成的线性子空间;基,坐标,(自然基),线性子空间的维数(dimension),向量组的秩;(解空间),齐次线性方程组的基础解系(fundamental system of solutions );(导出组),线性流形,(方向子空间),(线性流形的维数),(方程组的特解);(方程组的零点),(方程组的图象),(平面的一般方程),(平面的三点式方程),(平面的截距式方程),(平面的参数方程),(参数),(方向向量);(直线的方向向量),(直线的参数方程),(直线的标准方程),(直线的方向系数),(直线的两点式方程),(直线的一般方程);(平面束( pencil of planes))矩阵的秩与矩阵的运算线性表示,线性等价,极大线性无关组;(行空间,列空间),行秩( row rank ),列秩(column rank ),秩,满秩矩阵,行满秩矩阵,列满秩矩阵;线性映射(linear mapping),线性变换( linear transformation ),线性函数( linear function);(零映射),(负映射),(矩阵的和),(负矩阵),(线性映射的标量乘积),(矩阵的标量乘积),(矩阵的乘积),(零因子),(标量矩阵( scalar matrix )),(矩阵的多项式);(退化的( degenerate )方阵),(非退化的( non-degenerate)方阵),(退化的线性变换),(非退化的线性变换),(逆矩阵(inverse matrix )),( 可逆的( invertible),(伴随矩阵(adjoint matrix ));(分块矩阵( block matrix )),(分块对角矩阵(block diagonal matrix));初等矩阵( elementary matrix),等价( equivalent );(象空间),(核空间(kernel )),(线性映射的秩),(零化度(nullity ))。

线性代数英文单词

线性代数英文单词

线性代数英语词汇大集合========================================================================= Aadjont(adjugate) of matrix A A 的伴随矩阵augmented matrix A 的增广矩阵Bblock diagonal matrix 块对角矩阵block matrix 块矩阵basic solution set 基础解系CCauchy-Schwarz inequality 柯西- 许瓦兹不等式characteristic equation 特征方程characteristic polynomial 特征多项式coffcient matrix 系数矩阵cofactor 代数余子式cofactor expansion 代数余子式展开column vector 列向量commuting matrices 交换矩阵consistent linear system 相容线性方程组Cramer's rule 克莱姆法则Cross- product term 交叉项DDeterminant 行列式Diagonal entries 对角元素Diagonal matrix 对角矩阵Dimension of a vector space V 向量空间V 的维数Eechelon matrix 梯形矩阵eigenspace 特征空间eigenvalue 特征值eigenvector 特征向量eigenvector basis 特征向量的基elementary matrix 初等矩阵elementary row operations 行初等变换Ffull rank 满秩fundermental set of solution 基础解系Ggrneral solution 通解Gram-Schmidt process 施密特正交化过程Hhomogeneous linear equations 齐次线性方程组Iidentity matrix 单位矩阵inconsistent linear system 不相容线性方程组indefinite matrix 不定矩阵indefinit quatratic form 不定二次型infinite-dimensional space 无限维空间inner product 内积inverse of matrix A 逆矩阵JKLlinear combination 线性组合linearly dependent 线性相关linearly independent 线性无关linear transformation 线性变换lower triangular matrix 下三角形矩阵Mmain diagonal of matrix A 矩阵的主对角matrix 矩阵Nnegative definite quaratic form 负定二次型negative semidefinite quadratic form 半负定二次型nonhomogeneous equations 非齐次线性方程组nonsigular matrix 非奇异矩阵nontrivial solution 非平凡解norm of vector V 向量V 的范数normalizing vector V 规范化向量Oorthogonal basis 正交基orthogonal complemen t 正交补orthogonal decomposition 正交分解orthogonally diagonalizable matrix 矩阵的正交对角化orthogonal matrix 正交矩阵orthogonal set 正交向量组orthonormal basis 规范正交基orthonomal set 规范正交向量组Ppartitioned matrix 分块矩阵positive definite matrix 正定矩阵positive definite quatratic form 正定二次型positive semidefinite matrix 半正定矩阵positive semidefinite quadratic form 半正定二次型Qquatratic form 二次型Rrank of matrix A 矩阵A 的秩r(A )reduced echelon matrix 最简梯形阵row vector 行向量Sset spanned by { } 由向量{ } 所生成similar matrices 相似矩阵similarity transformation 相似变换singular matrix 奇异矩阵solution set 解集合standard basis 标准基standard matrix 标准矩阵Isubmatrix 子矩阵subspace 子空间symmetric matrix 对称矩阵Ttrace of matrix A 矩阵A 的迹tr ( A )transpose of A 矩阵A 的转秩triangle inequlity 三角不等式trivial solution 平凡解Uunit vector 单位向量upper triangular matrix 上三角形矩阵Vvandermonde matrix 范得蒙矩阵vector 向量vector space 向量空间WZzero subspace 零子空间zero vector 零空间==============================================================================向量:vector 向量的长度(模):零向量: zero vector负向量: 向量的加法:addition 三角形法则:平行四边形法则:多边形法则减法向量的标量乘积:scalar multiplication 向量的线性运算线性组合:linear combination 线性表示,线性相关(linearly dependent),线性无关(linearly independent),原点(origin)位置向量(position vector)线性流形(linear manifold)线性子空间(linear subspace)基(basis)仿射坐标(affine coordinates),仿射标架(affine frame),仿射坐标系(affine coordinate system)坐标轴(coordinate axis)坐标平面卦限(octant)右手系左手系定比分点线性方程组(system of linear equations齐次线性方程组(system of homogeneous linear equations)行列式(determinant)维向量向量的分量(component)向量的相等和向量零向量负向量标量乘积维向量空间(vector space)自然基行向量(row vector)列向量(column vector)单位向量(unit vector)直角坐标系(rectangular coordinate system),直角坐标(rectangular coordinates),射影(projection)向量在某方向上的分量,正交分解,向量的夹角,内积(inner product)标量积(scalar product),数量积,方向的方向角,方向的方向余弦;二重外积外积(exterior product),向量积(cross product),混合积(mixed product,scalar triple product)==================================================================================(映射(mapping)),(象(image)),(一个原象(preimage)),(定义域(domain)),(值域(range)),(变换(transformation)),(单射(injection)),(象集),(满射(surjection)),(一一映射,双射(bijection)),(原象),(映射的复合,映射的乘积),(恒同映射,恒同变换(identity mapping)),(逆映射(inverse mapping));(置换(permutation)),(阶对称群(symmetric group)),(对换(transposition)),(逆序对),(逆序数),(置换的符号(sign)),(偶置换(even permutation)),(奇置换(odd permutation));行列式(determinant),矩阵(matrix),矩阵的元(entry),(方阵(square matrix)),(零矩阵(zero matrix)),(对角元),(上三角形矩阵(upper triangular matrix)),(下三角形矩阵(lower triangular matrix)),(对角矩阵(diagonal matrix)),(单位矩阵(identity matrix)),转置矩阵(transpose matrix),初等行变换(elementary row transformation),初等列变换(elementary column transformation);(反称矩阵(skew-symmetric matrix));子矩阵(submatrix),子式(minor),余子式(cofactor),代数余子式(algebraic cofactor),(范德蒙德行列式(Vandermonde determinant));(未知量),(系数矩阵),(方程的系数(coefficient)),(常数项(constant)),(线性方程组的解(solution)),(增广矩阵(augmented matrix)),(零解);子式的余子式,子式的代数余子式===================================================================================线性方程组与线性子空间(阶梯形方程组),(方程组的初等变换),行阶梯矩阵(row echelon matrix),主元,简化行阶梯矩阵(reduced row echelon matrix),(高斯消元法(Gauss elimination)),(解向量),(同解),(自反性(reflexivity)),(对称性(symmetry)),(传递性(transitivity)),(等价关系(equivalence));(齐次线性方程组的秩(rank));(主变量),(自由位置量),(一般解),向量组线性相关,向量组线性无关,线性组合,线性表示,线性组合的系数,(向量组的延伸组);线性子空间,由向量组张成的线性子空间;基,坐标,(自然基),向量组的秩;(解空间),线性子空间的维数(dimension),齐次线性方程组的基础解系(fundamental system of solutions);(平面束(pencil of planes))(导出组),线性流形,(方向子空间),(线性流形的维数),(方程组的特解);(方程组的零点),(方程组的图象),(平面的一般方程),(平面的三点式方程),(平面的截距式方程),(平面的参数方程),(参数),(方向向量);(直线的方向向量),(直线的参数方程),(直线的标准方程),(直线的方向系数),(直线的两点式方程),(直线的一般方程);=====================================================================================矩阵的秩与矩阵的运算线性表示,线性等价,极大线性无关组;(行空间,列空间),行秩(row rank),列秩(column rank),秩,满秩矩阵,行满秩矩阵,列满秩矩阵;线性映射(linear mapping),线性变换(linear transformation),线性函数(linear function);(零映射),(负映射),(矩阵的和),(负矩阵),(线性映射的标量乘积),(矩阵的标量乘积),(矩阵的乘积),(零因子),(标量矩阵(scalar matrix)),(矩阵的多项式);(退化的(degenerate)方阵),(非退化的(non-degenerate)方阵),(退化的线性变换),(非退化的线性变换),(逆矩阵(inverse matrix)),(可逆的(invertible),(伴随矩阵(adjoint matrix));(分块矩阵(block matrix)),(分块对角矩阵(block diagonal matrix));初等矩阵(elementary matrix),等价(equivalent);(象空间),(核空间(kernel)),(线性映射的秩),(零化度(nullity))==================================================================================== transpose of matrix 倒置矩阵; 转置矩阵【数学词汇】transposed matrix 转置矩阵【机械专业词汇】matrix transpose 矩阵转置【主科技词汇】transposed inverse matrix 转置逆矩阵【数学词汇】transpose of a matrix 矩阵的转置【主科技词汇】permutation matrix 置换矩阵; 排列矩阵【主科技词汇】singular matrix 奇异矩阵; 退化矩阵; 降秩矩阵【主科技词汇】unitary matrix 单式矩阵; 酉矩阵; 幺正矩阵【主科技词汇】Hermitian matrix 厄密矩阵; 埃尔米特矩阵; 艾米矩阵【主科技词汇】inverse matrix 逆矩阵; 反矩阵; 反行列式; 矩阵反演; 矩阵求逆【主科技词汇】matrix notation 矩阵符号; 矩阵符号表示; 矩阵记号; 矩阵运算【主科技词汇】state transition matrix 状态转变矩阵; 状态转移矩阵【航海航天词汇】torque master 转矩传感器; 转矩检测装置【主科技词汇】spin matrix 自旋矩阵; 旋转矩阵【主科技词汇】moment matrix 动差矩阵; 矩量矩阵【航海航天词汇】Jacobian matrix 雅可比矩阵; 导数矩阵【主科技词汇】relay matrix 继电器矩阵; 插接矩阵【主科技词汇】matrix notation 矩阵表示法; 矩阵符号【航海航天词汇】permutation matrix 置换矩阵【航海航天词汇】transition matrix 转移矩阵【数学词汇】transition matrix 转移矩阵【机械专业词汇】transitionmatrix 转移矩阵【航海航天词汇】transition matrix 转移矩阵【计算机网络词汇】transfer matrix 转移矩阵【物理词汇】rotation matrix 旋转矩阵【石油词汇】transition matrix 转换矩阵【主科技词汇】circulant matrix 循环矩阵; 轮换矩阵【主科技词汇】payoff matrix 报偿矩阵; 支付矩阵【主科技词汇】switching matrix 开关矩阵; 切换矩阵【主科技词汇】method of transition matrices 转换矩阵法【航海航天词汇】stalling torque 堵转力矩, 颠覆力矩, 停转转矩, 逆转转矩【航海航天词汇】thin-film switching matrix 薄膜转换矩阵【航海航天词汇】rotated factor matrix 旋转因子矩阵【航海航天词汇】transfer function matrix 转移函数矩阵【航海航天词汇】transition probability matrix 转移概率矩阵【主科技词汇】energy transfer matrix 能量转移矩阵【主科技词汇】fuzzy transition matrix 模糊转移矩阵【主科技词汇】canonical transition matrix 规范转移矩阵【主科技词汇】matrix form 矩阵式; 矩阵组织【主科技词汇】stochastic state transition matrix 随机状态转移矩阵【主科技词汇】fuzzy state transition matrix 模糊状态转移矩阵【主科技词汇】matrix compiler 矩阵编码器; 矩阵编译程序【主科技词汇】test matrix 试验矩阵; 测试矩阵; 检验矩阵【主科技词汇】matrix circuit 矩阵变换电路; 矩阵线路【主科技词汇】reducible matrix 可简化的矩阵; 可约矩阵【主科技词汇】matrix norm 矩阵的模; 矩阵模; 矩阵模量【主科技词汇】rectangular matrix 矩形矩阵; 长方形矩阵【主科技词汇】running torque 额定转速时的转矩; 旋转力矩【航海航天词汇】transposed matrix 转置阵【数学词汇】covariance matrix 协变矩阵; 协方差矩阵【主科技词汇】unreduced matrix 未约矩阵; 不可约矩阵【主科技词汇】receiver matrix 接收机矩阵; 接收矩阵变换电路【主科技词汇】torque 传动转矩; 转矩; 阻力矩【航海航天词汇】pull-in torque 启动转矩; 输入转矩, 同步转矩, 整步转矩【航海航天词汇】parity matrix 奇偶校验矩阵; 一致校验矩阵【主科技词汇】bus admittance matrix 母线导纳矩阵; 节点导纳矩阵【主科技词汇】matrix printer 矩阵式打印机; 矩阵形印刷机; 点阵打印机【主科技词汇】dynamic matrix 动力矩阵; 动态矩阵【航海航天词汇】connection matrix 连接矩阵; 连通矩阵【主科技词汇】characteristic matrix 特征矩阵; 本征矩阵【主科技词汇】regular matrix 正则矩阵; 规则矩阵【主科技词汇】flexibility matrix 挠度矩阵; 柔度矩阵【主科技词汇】citation matrix 引文矩阵; 引用矩阵【主科技词汇】relational matrix 关系矩阵; 联系矩阵【主科技词汇】eigenmatrix 本征矩阵; 特征矩阵【主科技词汇】system matrix 系统矩阵; 体系矩阵【主科技词汇】system matrix 系数矩阵; 系统矩阵【航海航天词汇】recovery diode matrix 恢复二极管矩阵; 再生式二极管矩阵【主科技词汇】inverse of a square matrix 方阵的逆矩阵【主科技词汇】torquematic transmission 转矩传动装置【石油词汇】torque balancing device 转矩平衡装置【航海航天词汇】torque measuring device 转矩测量装置【主科技词汇】torque measuring apparatus 转矩测量装置【航海航天词汇】torque-tube type suspension 转矩管式悬置【主科技词汇】steering torque indicator 转向力矩测定仪; 转向转矩指示器【主科技词汇】magnetic dipole moment matrix 磁偶极矩矩阵【主科技词汇】matrix addressing 矩阵寻址; 矩阵寻址时频矩阵编址; 时频矩阵编址【航海航天词汇】stiffness matrix 劲度矩阵; 刚度矩阵; 劲度矩阵【航海航天词汇】first-moment matrix 一阶矩矩阵【主科技词汇】matrix circuit 矩阵变换电路; 矩阵电路【计算机网络词汇】reluctance torque 反应转矩; 磁阻转矩【主科技词汇】pull-in torque 启动转矩; 牵入转矩【主科技词汇】induction torque 感应转矩; 异步转矩【主科技词汇】nominal torque 额定转矩; 公称转矩【航海航天词汇】phototronics 矩阵光电电子学; 矩阵光电管【主科技词汇】column matrix 列矩阵; 直列矩阵【主科技词汇】inverse of a matrix 矩阵的逆; 逆矩阵【主科技词汇】lattice matrix 点阵矩阵【数学词汇】lattice matrix 点阵矩阵【物理词汇】canonical matrix 典型矩阵; 正则矩阵; 典型阵; 正则阵【航海航天词汇】moment matrix 矩量矩阵【主科技词汇】moment matrix 矩量矩阵【数学词汇】dynamic torque 动转矩; 加速转矩【主科技词汇】indecomposable matrix 不可分解矩阵; 不能分解矩阵【主科技词汇】printed matrix wiring 印刷矩阵布线; 印制矩阵布线【主科技词汇】decoder matrix circuit 解码矩阵电路; 译码矩阵电路【航海航天词汇】scalar matrix 标量矩阵; 标量阵; 纯量矩阵【主科技词汇】array 矩阵式组织; 数组; 阵列【计算机网络词汇】commutative matrix 可换矩阵; 可交换矩阵【主科技词汇】标准文档实用文案。

有限元法PPT课件

有限元法PPT课件
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有限元法
左图所示,为分析齿轮上一个齿内的应力分布,可分析图中所示的一个平面截面内位移分布.作为近似解,可以先求出图中各三角形顶点的位移.这里的 三角形就是单元,其顶点就是节点。
从物理角度理解, 可把一个连续的齿形截面单元之间在节点处以铰链相链接,由单元组合而成的结构近似代替原连续结构,在一定的约束条件下,在给定的载荷作用下,就可以求出各节点的位移,进而求出应力.
一.Abaqus公司简介
公司
’00 ’01 ’02 ’03 ’04 ‘05 ’06 ‘07
18%
18%
20%
SIMULIA公司(原ABAQUS公司)成立于1978年,全球超过600名员工,100% 专注于有限元分析领域。 全球28个办事处和9个代表处 业务迅速稳定增长,是当前有限元软件行业中唯一保持两位数增长率的公司。 2005年5月ABAQUS加入DS集团,将共同成为全球PLM的领导者
Where :
Displacement interpolation functions (位移插值函数)
13.3 Approximating Functions for Two-Dimensional Linear Triangular Elements (二维线性三角形单元的近似函数)
node (节点)
element(单元)

triangular form线性代数

triangular form线性代数

determinant 行列式system of linear equations 线性方程组system of homogeneous linear equations 齐次线性方程组solution set 解集singular 奇异行列式等于0nonsingular 非奇异interchanging 交换sign of the determinant 行列式的符号strictly triangular form 严格三角形式back substitution 回代Cross Product 交叉乘积、向量积Vandermonde determinant 范德蒙德行列式coefficient 方程的系数constant 常数项solution 线性方程组的解coefficient matrix 系数矩阵augmented matrix 增广矩阵pivotal row 枢轴行、主行nonzero entry 非零元lead variables 首变量free variables 自由变量echelon form 阶梯型row echelon form 行阶梯形型reduced row echelon form 最简化行阶梯型Gauss-Jordan Elimination 高斯-约旦消元法reduced row echelon matrix 最简化行阶梯矩阵Overdetermined Systems 超定方程组Underdetermined Systems 欠定方程组scalar 标量elimination method 消元法Gaussian elimination 高斯消元法multiplicative inverse 倒数Cramer’s Rule 克莱姆法则matrix 矩阵Matrix Notation 矩阵符号n-tuple n阶、n维dimension 维、维度column(row) vector 列(行)向量Euclidean n-space 欧几里得空间elementary matrix 初等矩阵matrix entry 矩阵的元素zero matrix 零矩阵scalar multiplication 数乘scalar product 数积(行向量左乘列向量最终得到标量的操作)Symmetric matrix 对称矩阵Matrix Algebra 矩阵代数multiplicative inverse 矩阵逆运算premultiplying 左乘相当于实施行变换postmultiplying 右乘相当于实施列变换finite sequence 有限序列(次)trivial solution 平凡解Triangular Factorization 三角分解法unit lower triangular 单位下三角对角线元素皆为1的下三角LU Factorization LU分解将一个矩阵分解为一个单位下三角矩阵和一个上三角矩阵的乘积triangular matrix 三角矩主对角线上或下全为0的矩阵upper triangular matrix 上三角形矩阵主对角线(左往右)下全为0 lower triangular matrix 下三角形矩阵主对角线(左往右)上全为0 strictly lower triangular matrix 严格下三角主对角线全为0 diagonal matrix 对角矩阵diagonal entries 对角元identity matrix 单位矩阵transpose matrix 转置矩阵elementary row transformation 初等行变换elementary column transformation 初等列变换adjoint matrix 伴随矩阵skew-symmetric matrix 反称矩阵row equivalent 行等价algebraic cofactor 代数余子式。

固体力学英语词汇翻译(2)

固体力学英语词汇翻译(2)

固体力学英语词汇翻译(2)固体力学英语词汇翻译(2)裂纹面 crack surface裂纹尖端 crack tip裂尖张角 crack tip opening angle, ctoa裂尖张开位移 crack tip opening displacement, ctod 裂尖奇异场 crack tip singularity field裂纹扩展速率 crack growth rate稳定裂纹扩展 stable crack growth定常裂纹扩展 steady crack growth亚临界裂纹扩展 subcritical crack growth裂纹[扩展]减速 crack retardation止裂 crack arrest止裂韧度 arrest toughness断裂类型 fracture mode滑开型 sliding mode张开型 opening mode撕开型 tearing mode复合型 mixed mode撕裂 tearing撕裂模量 tearing modulus断裂准则 fracture criterionj积分 j-integralj阻力曲线 j-resistance curve断裂韧度 fracture toughness应力强度因子 stress inteity factorhrr场 hutchion-rice-rosengren field守恒积分 coervation integral有效应力张量 effective stress teor应变能密度 strain energy deity能量释放率 energy release rate内聚区 cohesive zone塑性区 plastic zone张拉区 stretched zone热影响区 heat affected zone, haz延脆转变温度 brittle-ductile traition temperature剪切带 shear band剪切唇 shear lip无损检测 non-destructive ipection双边缺口试件 double edge notched specimen, den specimen单边缺口试件 single edge notched specimen, sen specimen三点弯曲试件 three point bending specimen, tpb specimen中心裂纹拉伸试件 center cracked teion specimen, cct specimen 中心裂纹板试件 center cracked panel specimen, ccp specimen 紧凑拉伸试件 compact teion specimen, ct specimen大范围屈服 large scale yielding小范围攻屈服 small scale yielding韦布尔分布 weibull distribution帕里斯公式 paris formula空穴化 cavitation应力腐蚀 stress corrosion概率风险判定 probabilistic risk assessment, pra损伤力学 damage mechanics损伤 damage连续介质损伤力学 continuum damage mechanics细观损伤力学 microscopic damage mechanics累积损伤 accumulated damage脆性损伤 brittle damage延性损伤 ductile damage宏观损伤 macroscopic damage细观损伤 microscopic damage微观损伤 microscopic damage损伤准则 damage criterion损伤演化方程 damage evolution equation损伤软化 damage softening损伤强化 damage strengthening损伤张量 damage teor损伤阈值 damage threshold损伤变量 damage variable损伤矢量 damage vector损伤区 damage zone疲劳 fatigue低周疲劳 low cycle fatigue应力疲劳 stress fatigue随机疲劳 random fatigue蠕变疲劳 creep fatigue腐蚀疲劳 corrosion fatigue疲劳损伤 fatigue damage疲劳失效 fatigue failure疲劳断裂 fatigue fracture疲劳裂纹 fatigue crack疲劳寿命 fatigue life疲劳破坏 fatigue rupture疲劳强度 fatigue strength疲劳辉纹 fatigue striatio疲劳阈值 fatigue threshold交变载荷 alternating load交变应力 alternating stress应力幅值 stress amplitude应变疲劳 strain fatigue应力循环 stress cycle应力比 stress ratio安全寿命 safe life过载效应 overloading effect循环硬化 cyclic hardening循环软化 cyclic softening环境效应 environmental effect裂纹片 crack gage裂纹扩展 crack growth, crack propagation 裂纹萌生 crack initiation循环比 cycle ratio实验应力分析 experimental stress analysis工作[应变]片 active[strain] gage基底材料 backing material应力计 stress gage零[点]飘移 zero shift, zero drift应变测量 strain measurement应变计 strain gage应变指示器 strain indicator应变花 strain rosette应变灵敏度 strain seitivity机械式应变仪 mechanical strain gage直角应变花 rectangular rosette引伸仪 exteometer应变遥测 telemetering of strain横向灵敏系数 travee gage factor横向灵敏度 travee seitivity焊接式应变计 weldable strain gage平衡电桥 balanced bridge粘贴式应变计 bonded strain gage粘贴箔式应变计 bonded foiled gage粘贴丝式应变计 bonded wire gage桥路平衡 bridge balancing电容应变计 capacitance strain gage补偿片 compeation technique补偿技术 compeation technique基准电桥 reference bridge电阻应变计 resistance strain gage温度自补偿应变计 self-temperature compeating gage 半导体应变计 semiconductor strain gage集流器 slip ring应变放大镜 strain amplifier疲劳寿命计 fatigue life gage电感应变计 inductance [strain] gage光[测]力学 photomechanics光弹性 photoelasticity光塑性 photoplasticity杨氏条纹 young fringe双折射效应 birefrigent effect等位移线 contour of equal displacement暗条纹 dark fringe条纹倍增 fringe multiplication干涉条纹 interference fringe等差线 isochromatic等倾线 isoclinic等和线 isopachic应力光学定律 stress- optic law主应力迹线 isostatic亮条纹 light fringe光程差 optical path difference热光弹性 photo-thermo -elasticity光弹性贴片法 photoelastic coating method光弹性夹片法 photoelastic sandwich method动态光弹性 dynamic photo-elasticity空间滤波 spatial filtering空间频率 spatial frequency起偏镜 polarizer反射式光弹性仪 reflection polariscope残余双折射效应 residual birefringent effect应变条纹值 strain fringe value应变光学灵敏度 strain-optic seitivity应力冻结效应 stress freezing effect应力条纹值 stress fringe value应力光图 stress-optic pattern暂时双折射效应 temporary birefringent effect脉冲全息法 pulsed holography透射式光弹性仪 tramission polariscope实时全息干涉法 real-time holographic interferometry 网格法 grid method全息光弹性法 holo-photoelasticity全息图 hologram全息照相 holograph全息干涉法 holographic interferometry全息云纹法 holographic moire technique全息术 holography全场分析法 whole-field analysis散斑干涉法 speckle interferometry散斑 speckle错位散斑干涉法 speckle-shearing interferometry, shearography 散斑图 specklegram白光散斑法 white-light speckle method云纹干涉法 moire interferometry[叠栅]云纹 moire fringe[叠栅]云纹法 moire method云纹图 moire pattern离面云纹法 off-plane moire method参考栅 reference grating试件栅 specimen grating分析栅 analyzer grating面内云纹法 in-plane moire method脆性涂层法 brittle-coating method条带法 strip coating method坐标变换 traformation of coordinates计算结构力学 computational structural mechanics加权残量法 weighted residual method有限差分法 finite difference method有限[单]元法 finite element method配点法 point collocation里茨法 ritz method广义变分原理 generalized variational principle最小二乘法 least square method胡[海昌]一鹫津原理 hu-washizu principle赫林格-赖斯纳原理 hellinger-reissner principle修正变分原理 modified variational principle约束变分原理 cotrained variational principle 混合法 mixed method杂交法 hybrid method边界解法 boundary solution method有限条法 finite strip method半解析法 semi-analytical method协调元 conforming element非协调元 non-conforming element混合元 mixed element杂交元 hybrid element边界元 boundary element强迫边界条件 forced boundary condition自然边界条件 natural boundary condition离散化 discretization离散系统 discrete system连续问题 continuous problem广义位移 generalized displacement广义载荷 generalized load广义应变 generalized strain广义应力 generalized stress界面变量 interface variable节点 node, nodal point[单]元 element角节点 corner node边节点 mid-side node内节点 internal node无节点变量 nodeless variable杆元 bar element桁架杆元 truss element梁元 beam element二维元 two-dimeional element一维元 one-dimeional element三维元 three-dimeional element轴对称元 axisymmetric element板元 plate element壳元 shell element厚板元 thick plate element三角形元 triangular element四边形元 quadrilateral element四面体元 tetrahedral element曲线元 curved element二次元 quadratic element线性元 linear element三次元 cubic element四次元 quartic element等参[数]元 isoparametric element超参数元 super-parametric element亚参数元 sub-parametric element节点数可变元 variable-number-node element 拉格朗日元 lagrange element拉格朗日族 lagrange family巧凑边点元 serendipity element巧凑边点族 serendipity family无限元 infinite element单元分析 element analysis单元特性 element characteristics刚度矩阵 stiffness matrix几何矩阵 geometric matrix等效节点力 equivalent nodal force节点位移 nodal displacement节点载荷 nodal load位移矢量 displacement vector载荷矢量 load vector质量矩阵 mass matrix集总质量矩阵 lumped mass matrix相容质量矩阵 coistent mass matrix阻尼矩阵 damping matrix瑞利阻尼 rayleigh damping刚度矩阵的组集 assembly of stiffness matrices 载荷矢量的组集 coistent mass matrix质量矩阵的组集 assembly of mass matrices单元的组集 assembly of elements局部坐标系 local coordinate system局部坐标 local coordinate面积坐标 area coordinates体积坐标 volume coordinates曲线坐标 curvilinear coordinates静凝聚 static condeation合同变换 contragradient traformation形状函数 shape function试探函数 trial function检验函数 test function权函数 weight function样条函数 spline function代用函数 substitute function降阶积分 reduced integration零能模式 zero-energy modep收敛 p-convergenceh收敛 h-convergence掺混插值 blended interpolation等参数映射 isoparametric mapping双线性插值 bilinear interpolation小块检验 patch test非协调模式 incompatible mode节点号 node number单元号 element number带宽 band width带状矩阵 banded matrix变带状矩阵 profile matrix带宽最小化 minimization of band width波前法 frontal method子空间迭代法 subspace iteration method宝岛优品—倾心为你打造精品文档行列式搜索法 determinant search method逐步法 step-by-step method纽马克法 newmark威尔逊法 wilson拟牛顿法 quasi-newton method牛顿-拉弗森法 newton-raphson method增量法 incremental method初应变 initial strain初应力 initial stress切线刚度矩阵 tangent stiffness matrix割线刚度矩阵 secant stiffness matrix模态叠加法 mode superposition method平衡迭代 equilibrium iteration子结构 substructure子结构法 substructure technique超单元 super-element网格生成 mesh generation结构分析程序 structural analysis program前处理 pre-processing后处理 post-processing网格细化 mesh refinement应力光顺 stress smoothing组合结构 composite structure固体力学英语词汇翻译(2) 相关内容:力学名词英语翻译固体力学英语词汇翻译(1)流体力学英语词汇翻译(2)流体力学英语词汇翻译(1)统计相关英语词汇核工业相关词汇的英语翻译数学常用英语词汇数学新词汇的中英翻译查看更多>> 数学物理英语词汇宝岛优品—倾心为你打造精品文档。

固体力学英语词汇翻译(2)

固体力学英语词汇翻译(2)

固体力学英语词汇翻译(2)裂纹面 crack surface裂纹尖端 crack tip裂尖张角 crack tip opening angle, ctoa裂尖张开位移 crack tip opening displacement, ctod 裂尖奇异场 crack tip singularity field裂纹扩展速率 crack growth rate稳定裂纹扩展 stable crack growth定常裂纹扩展 steady crack growth亚临界裂纹扩展 subcritical crack growth裂纹[扩展]减速 crack retardation止裂 crack arrest止裂韧度 arrest toughness断裂类型 fracture mode滑开型 sliding mode张开型 opening mode撕开型 tearing mode复合型 mixed mode撕裂 tearing撕裂模量 tearing modulus断裂准则 fracture criterionj积分 j-integralj阻力曲线 j-resistance curve断裂韧度 fracture toughness应力强度因子 stress intensity factorhrr场 hutchinson-rice-rosengren field守恒积分 conservation integral有效应力张量 effective stress tensor应变能密度 strain energy density能量释放率 energy release rate内聚区 cohesive zone塑性区 plastic zone张拉区 stretched zone热影响区 heat affected zone, haz延脆转变温度 brittle-ductile transition temperature剪切带 shear band剪切唇 shear lip无损检测 non-destructive inspection双边缺口试件 double edge notched specimen, den specimen 单边缺口试件 single edge notched specimen, sen specimen 三点弯曲试件 three point bending specimen, tpb specimen 中心裂纹拉伸试件center cracked tension specimen, cct specimen中心裂纹板试件 center cracked panel specimen, ccp specimen 紧凑拉伸试件 compact tension specimen, ct specimen大范围屈服 large scale yielding小范围攻屈服 small scale yielding韦布尔分布 weibull distribution帕里斯公式 paris formula空穴化 cavitation应力腐蚀 stress corrosion概率风险判定 probabilistic risk assessment, pra损伤力学 damage mechanics损伤 damage连续介质损伤力学 continuum damage mechanics细观损伤力学 microscopic damage mechanics累积损伤 accumulated damage脆性损伤 brittle damage延性损伤 ductile damage宏观损伤 macroscopic damage细观损伤 microscopic damage微观损伤 microscopic damage损伤准则 damage criterion损伤演化方程 damage evolution equation 损伤软化 damage softening损伤强化 damage strengthening损伤张量 damage tensor损伤阈值 damage threshold损伤变量 damage variable损伤矢量 damage vector损伤区 damage zone疲劳 fatigue低周疲劳 low cycle fatigue应力疲劳 stress fatigue随机疲劳 random fatigue蠕变疲劳 creep fatigue腐蚀疲劳 corrosion fatigue疲劳损伤 fatigue damage疲劳失效 fatigue failure疲劳断裂 fatigue fracture疲劳裂纹 fatigue crack疲劳寿命 fatigue life疲劳破坏 fatigue rupture疲劳强度 fatigue strength疲劳辉纹 fatigue striations疲劳阈值 fatigue threshold交变载荷 alternating load交变应力 alternating stress应力幅值 stress amplitude应变疲劳 strain fatigue应力循环 stress cycle应力比 stress ratio安全寿命 safe life过载效应 overloading effect循环硬化 cyclic hardening循环软化 cyclic softening环境效应 environmental effect裂纹片 crack gage裂纹扩展 crack growth, crack propagation 裂纹萌生 crack initiation循环比 cycle ratio实验应力分析 experimental stress analysis 工作[应变]片 active[strain] gage基底材料 backing material应力计 stress gage零[点]飘移 zero shift, zero drift应变测量 strain measurement应变计 strain gage应变指示器 strain indicator应变花 strain rosette应变灵敏度 strain sensitivity机械式应变仪 mechanical strain gage直角应变花 rectangular rosette引伸仪 extensometer应变遥测 telemetering of strain横向灵敏系数 transverse gage factor横向灵敏度 transverse sensitivity焊接式应变计 weldable strain gage平衡电桥 balanced bridge粘贴式应变计 bonded strain gage粘贴箔式应变计 bonded foiled gage粘贴丝式应变计 bonded wire gage桥路平衡 bridge balancing电容应变计 capacitance strain gage补偿片 compensation technique补偿技术 compensation technique基准电桥 reference bridge电阻应变计 resistance strain gage温度自补偿应变计 self-temperature compensating gage 半导体应变计 semiconductor strain gage集流器 slip ring应变放大镜 strain amplifier疲劳寿命计 fatigue life gage电感应变计 inductance [strain] gage光[测]力学 photomechanics光弹性 photoelasticity光塑性 photoplasticity杨氏条纹 young fringe双折射效应 birefrigent effect等位移线 contour of equal displacement暗条纹 dark fringe条纹倍增 fringe multiplication干涉条纹 interference fringe等差线 isochromatic等倾线 isoclinic等和线 isopachic应力光学定律 stress- optic law主应力迹线 isostatic亮条纹 light fringe光程差 optical path difference热光弹性 photo-thermo -elasticity光弹性贴片法 photoelastic coating method光弹性夹片法 photoelastic sandwich method动态光弹性 dynamic photo-elasticity空间滤波 spatial filtering空间频率 spatial frequency起偏镜 polarizer反射式光弹性仪 reflection polariscope残余双折射效应 residual birefringent effect应变条纹值 strain fringe value应变光学灵敏度 strain-optic sensitivity应力冻结效应 stress freezing effect应力条纹值 stress fringe value应力光图 stress-optic pattern暂时双折射效应 temporary birefringent effect脉冲全息法 pulsed holography透射式光弹性仪 transmission polariscope实时全息干涉法 real-time holographic interferometry网格法 grid method全息光弹性法 holo-photoelasticity全息图 hologram全息照相 holograph全息干涉法 holographic interferometry全息云纹法 holographic moire technique全息术 holography全场分析法 whole-field analysis散斑干涉法 speckle interferometry散斑 speckle错位散斑干涉法speckle-shearing interferometry,shearography散斑图 specklegram白光散斑法 white-light speckle method云纹干涉法 moire interferometry[叠栅]云纹 moire fringe[叠栅]云纹法 moire method云纹图 moire pattern离面云纹法 off-plane moire method参考栅 reference grating试件栅 specimen grating分析栅 analyzer grating面内云纹法 in-plane moire method脆性涂层法 brittle-coating method条带法 strip coating method坐标变换 transformation of coordinates计算结构力学 computational structural mechanics 加权残量法 weighted residual method有限差分法 finite difference method有限[单]元法 finite element method配点法 point collocation里茨法 ritz method广义变分原理 generalized variational principle最小二乘法 least square method胡[海昌]一鹫津原理 hu-washizu principle赫林格-赖斯纳原理 hellinger-reissner principle修正变分原理 modified variational principle约束变分原理 constrained variational principle混合法 mixed method杂交法 hybrid method边界解法 boundary solution method有限条法 finite strip method半解析法 semi-analytical method协调元 conforming element非协调元 non-conforming element混合元 mixed element杂交元 hybrid element边界元 boundary element强迫边界条件 forced boundary condition 自然边界条件 natural boundary condition 离散化 discretization离散系统 discrete system连续问题 continuous problem广义位移 generalized displacement广义载荷 generalized load广义应变 generalized strain广义应力 generalized stress界面变量 interface variable节点 node, nodal point[单]元 element角节点 corner node边节点 mid-side node内节点 internal node无节点变量 nodeless variable杆元 bar element桁架杆元 truss element梁元 beam element二维元 two-dimensional element一维元 one-dimensional element三维元 three-dimensional element轴对称元 axisymmetric element板元 plate element壳元 shell element厚板元 thick plate element三角形元 triangular element四边形元 quadrilateral element四面体元 tetrahedral element曲线元 curved element二次元 quadratic element线性元 linear element三次元 cubic element四次元 quartic element等参[数]元 isoparametric element超参数元 super-parametric element亚参数元 sub-parametric element节点数可变元 variable-number-node element 拉格朗日元 lagrange element拉格朗日族 lagrange family巧凑边点元 serendipity element巧凑边点族 serendipity family无限元 infinite element单元分析 element analysis单元特性 element characteristics刚度矩阵 stiffness matrix几何矩阵 geometric matrix等效节点力 equivalent nodal force节点位移 nodal displacement节点载荷 nodal load位移矢量 displacement vector载荷矢量 load vector质量矩阵 mass matrix集总质量矩阵 lumped mass matrix相容质量矩阵 consistent mass matrix阻尼矩阵 damping matrix瑞利阻尼 rayleigh damping刚度矩阵的组集 assembly of stiffness matrices 载荷矢量的组集 consistent mass matrix质量矩阵的组集 assembly of mass matrices单元的组集 assembly of elements局部坐标系 local coordinate system局部坐标 local coordinate面积坐标 area coordinates体积坐标 volume coordinates曲线坐标 curvilinear coordinates静凝聚 static condensation合同变换 contragradient transformation形状函数 shape function试探函数 trial function检验函数 test function权函数 weight function样条函数 spline function代用函数 substitute function降阶积分 reduced integration零能模式 zero-energy modep收敛 p-convergenceh收敛 h-convergence掺混插值 blended interpolation等参数映射 isoparametric mapping双线性插值 bilinear interpolation小块检验 patch test非协调模式 incompatible mode节点号 node number单元号 element number带宽 band width带状矩阵 banded matrix变带状矩阵 profile matrix带宽最小化 minimization of band width 波前法 frontal method子空间迭代法 subspace iteration method 行列式搜索法 determinant search method 逐步法 step-by-step method纽马克法 newmark威尔逊法 wilson拟牛顿法 quasi-newton method牛顿-拉弗森法 newton-raphson method 增量法 incremental method初应变 initial strain初应力 initial stress切线刚度矩阵 tangent stiffness matrix割线刚度矩阵 secant stiffness matrix模态叠加法 mode superposition method 平衡迭代 equilibrium iteration子结构 substructure子结构法 substructure technique超单元 super-element网格生成 mesh generation结构分析程序 structural analysis program 前处理 pre-processing后处理 post-processing网格细化 mesh refinement应力光顺 stress smoothing组合结构 composite structure。

线性代数英文单词

线性代数英文单词

线性代数英语词汇大集合========================================================================= Aadjont(adjugate) of matrix A A 的伴随矩阵augmented matrix A 的增广矩阵Bblock diagonal matrix 块对角矩阵block matrix 块矩阵basic solution set 基础解系CCauchy-Schwarz inequality 柯西- 许瓦兹不等式characteristic equation 特征方程characteristic polynomial 特征多项式coffcient matrix 系数矩阵cofactor 代数余子式cofactor expansion 代数余子式展开column vector 列向量commuting matrices 交换矩阵consistent linear system 相容线性方程组Cramer's rule 克莱姆法则Cross- product term 交叉项DDeterminant 行列式Diagonal entries 对角元素Diagonal matrix 对角矩阵Dimension of a vector space V 向量空间V 的维数Eechelon matrix 梯形矩阵eigenspace 特征空间eigenvalue 特征值eigenvector 特征向量eigenvector basis 特征向量的基elementary matrix 初等矩阵elementary row operations 行初等变换Ffull rank 满秩fundermental set of solution 基础解系Ggrneral solution 通解Gram-Schmidt process 施密特正交化过程Hhomogeneous linear equations 齐次线性方程组Iidentity matrix 单位矩阵inconsistent linear system 不相容线性方程组indefinite matrix 不定矩阵indefinit quatratic form 不定二次型infinite-dimensional space 无限维空间inner product 内积inverse of matrix A 逆矩阵JKLlinear combination 线性组合linearly dependent 线性相关linearly independent 线性无关linear transformation 线性变换lower triangular matrix 下三角形矩阵Mmain diagonal of matrix A 矩阵的主对角matrix 矩阵Nnegative definite quaratic form 负定二次型negative semidefinite quadratic form 半负定二次型nonhomogeneous equations 非齐次线性方程组nonsigular matrix 非奇异矩阵nontrivial solution 非平凡解norm of vector V 向量V 的范数normalizing vector V 规范化向量Oorthogonal basis 正交基orthogonal complemen t 正交补orthogonal decomposition 正交分解orthogonally diagonalizable matrix 矩阵的正交对角化orthogonal matrix 正交矩阵orthogonal set 正交向量组orthonormal basis 规范正交基orthonomal set 规范正交向量组Ppartitioned matrix 分块矩阵positive definite matrix 正定矩阵positive definite quatratic form 正定二次型positive semidefinite matrix 半正定矩阵positive semidefinite quadratic form 半正定二次型Qquatratic form 二次型Rrank of matrix A 矩阵A 的秩r(A )reduced echelon matrix 最简梯形阵row vector 行向量Sset spanned by { } 由向量{ } 所生成similar matrices 相似矩阵similarity transformation 相似变换singular matrix 奇异矩阵solution set 解集合standard basis 标准基standard matrix 标准矩阵Isubmatrix 子矩阵subspace 子空间symmetric matrix 对称矩阵Ttrace of matrix A 矩阵A 的迹tr ( A )transpose of A 矩阵A 的转秩triangle inequlity 三角不等式trivial solution 平凡解Uunit vector 单位向量upper triangular matrix 上三角形矩阵Vvandermonde matrix 范得蒙矩阵vector 向量vector space 向量空间WZzero subspace 零子空间zero vector 零空间==============================================================================向量:vector 向量的长度(模):零向量: zero vector负向量: 向量的加法:addition 三角形法则:平行四边形法则:多边形法则减法向量的标量乘积:scalar multiplication 向量的线性运算线性组合:linear combination 线性表示,线性相关(linearly dependent),线性无关(linearly independent),原点(origin)位置向量(position vector)线性流形(linear manifold)线性子空间(linear subspace)基(basis)仿射坐标(affine coordinates),仿射标架(affine frame),仿射坐标系(affine coordinate system)坐标轴(coordinate axis)坐标平面卦限(octant)右手系左手系定比分点线性方程组(system of linear equations齐次线性方程组(system of homogeneous linear equations)行列式(determinant)维向量向量的分量(component)向量的相等和向量零向量负向量标量乘积维向量空间(vector space)自然基行向量(row vector)列向量(column vector)单位向量(unit vector)直角坐标系(rectangular coordinate system),直角坐标(rectangular coordinates),射影(projection)向量在某方向上的分量,正交分解,向量的夹角,内积(inner product)标量积(scalar product),数量积,方向的方向角,方向的方向余弦;二重外积外积(exterior product),向量积(cross product),混合积(mixed product,scalar triple product)==================================================================================(映射(mapping)),(象(image)),(一个原象(preimage)),(定义域(domain)),(值域(range)),(变换(transformation)),(单射(injection)),(象集),(满射(surjection)),(一一映射,双射(bijection)),(原象),(映射的复合,映射的乘积),(恒同映射,恒同变换(identity mapping)),(逆映射(inverse mapping));(置换(permutation)),(阶对称群(symmetric group)),(对换(transposition)),(逆序对),(逆序数),(置换的符号(sign)),(偶置换(even permutation)),(奇置换(odd permutation));行列式(determinant),矩阵(matrix),矩阵的元(entry),(方阵(square matrix)),(零矩阵(zero matrix)),(对角元),(上三角形矩阵(upper triangular matrix)),(下三角形矩阵(lower triangular matrix)),(对角矩阵(diagonal matrix)),(单位矩阵(identity matrix)),转置矩阵(transpose matrix),初等行变换(elementary row transformation),初等列变换(elementary column transformation);(反称矩阵(skew-symmetric matrix));子矩阵(submatrix),子式(minor),余子式(cofactor),代数余子式(algebraic cofactor),(范德蒙德行列式(Vandermonde determinant));(未知量),(系数矩阵),(方程的系数(coefficient)),(常数项(constant)),(线性方程组的解(solution)),(增广矩阵(augmented matrix)),(零解);子式的余子式,子式的代数余子式===================================================================================线性方程组与线性子空间(阶梯形方程组),(方程组的初等变换),行阶梯矩阵(row echelon matrix),主元,简化行阶梯矩阵(reduced row echelon matrix),(高斯消元法(Gauss elimination)),(解向量),(同解),(自反性(reflexivity)),(对称性(symmetry)),(传递性(transitivity)),(等价关系(equivalence));(齐次线性方程组的秩(rank));(主变量),(自由位置量),(一般解),向量组线性相关,向量组线性无关,线性组合,线性表示,线性组合的系数,(向量组的延伸组);线性子空间,由向量组张成的线性子空间;基,坐标,(自然基),向量组的秩;(解空间),线性子空间的维数(dimension),齐次线性方程组的基础解系(fundamental system of solutions);(平面束(pencil of planes))(导出组),线性流形,(方向子空间),(线性流形的维数),(方程组的特解);(方程组的零点),(方程组的图象),(平面的一般方程),(平面的三点式方程),(平面的截距式方程),(平面的参数方程),(参数),(方向向量);(直线的方向向量),(直线的参数方程),(直线的标准方程),(直线的方向系数),(直线的两点式方程),(直线的一般方程);=====================================================================================矩阵的秩与矩阵的运算线性表示,线性等价,极大线性无关组;(行空间,列空间),行秩(row rank),列秩(column rank),秩,满秩矩阵,行满秩矩阵,列满秩矩阵;线性映射(linear mapping),线性变换(linear transformation),线性函数(linear function);(零映射),(负映射),(矩阵的和),(负矩阵),(线性映射的标量乘积),(矩阵的标量乘积),(矩阵的乘积),(零因子),(标量矩阵(scalar matrix)),(矩阵的多项式);(退化的(degenerate)方阵),(非退化的(non-degenerate)方阵),(退化的线性变换),(非退化的线性变换),(逆矩阵(inverse matrix)),(可逆的(invertible),(伴随矩阵(adjoint matrix));(分块矩阵(block matrix)),(分块对角矩阵(block diagonal matrix));初等矩阵(elementary matrix),等价(equivalent);(象空间),(核空间(kernel)),(线性映射的秩),(零化度(nullity))==================================================================================== transpose of matrix 倒置矩阵; 转置矩阵【数学词汇】transposed matrix 转置矩阵【机械专业词汇】matrix transpose 矩阵转置【主科技词汇】transposed inverse matrix 转置逆矩阵【数学词汇】transpose of a matrix 矩阵的转置【主科技词汇】permutation matrix 置换矩阵; 排列矩阵【主科技词汇】singular matrix 奇异矩阵; 退化矩阵; 降秩矩阵【主科技词汇】unitary matrix 单式矩阵; 酉矩阵; 幺正矩阵【主科技词汇】Hermitian matrix 厄密矩阵; 埃尔米特矩阵; 艾米矩阵【主科技词汇】inverse matrix 逆矩阵; 反矩阵; 反行列式; 矩阵反演; 矩阵求逆【主科技词汇】matrix notation 矩阵符号; 矩阵符号表示; 矩阵记号; 矩阵运算【主科技词汇】state transition matrix 状态转变矩阵; 状态转移矩阵【航海航天词汇】torque master 转矩传感器; 转矩检测装置【主科技词汇】spin matrix 自旋矩阵; 旋转矩阵【主科技词汇】moment matrix 动差矩阵; 矩量矩阵【航海航天词汇】Jacobian matrix 雅可比矩阵; 导数矩阵【主科技词汇】relay matrix 继电器矩阵; 插接矩阵【主科技词汇】matrix notation 矩阵表示法; 矩阵符号【航海航天词汇】permutation matrix 置换矩阵【航海航天词汇】transition matrix 转移矩阵【数学词汇】transition matrix 转移矩阵【机械专业词汇】transitionmatrix 转移矩阵【航海航天词汇】transition matrix 转移矩阵【计算机网络词汇】transfer matrix 转移矩阵【物理词汇】rotation matrix 旋转矩阵【石油词汇】transition matrix 转换矩阵【主科技词汇】circulant matrix 循环矩阵; 轮换矩阵【主科技词汇】payoff matrix 报偿矩阵; 支付矩阵【主科技词汇】switching matrix 开关矩阵; 切换矩阵【主科技词汇】method of transition matrices 转换矩阵法【航海航天词汇】stalling torque 堵转力矩, 颠覆力矩, 停转转矩, 逆转转矩【航海航天词汇】thin-film switching matrix 薄膜转换矩阵【航海航天词汇】rotated factor matrix 旋转因子矩阵【航海航天词汇】transfer function matrix 转移函数矩阵【航海航天词汇】transition probability matrix 转移概率矩阵【主科技词汇】energy transfer matrix 能量转移矩阵【主科技词汇】fuzzy transition matrix 模糊转移矩阵【主科技词汇】canonical transition matrix 规范转移矩阵【主科技词汇】matrix form 矩阵式; 矩阵组织【主科技词汇】stochastic state transition matrix 随机状态转移矩阵【主科技词汇】fuzzy state transition matrix 模糊状态转移矩阵【主科技词汇】matrix compiler 矩阵编码器; 矩阵编译程序【主科技词汇】test matrix 试验矩阵; 测试矩阵; 检验矩阵【主科技词汇】matrix circuit 矩阵变换电路; 矩阵线路【主科技词汇】reducible matrix 可简化的矩阵; 可约矩阵【主科技词汇】matrix norm 矩阵的模; 矩阵模; 矩阵模量【主科技词汇】rectangular matrix 矩形矩阵; 长方形矩阵【主科技词汇】running torque 额定转速时的转矩; 旋转力矩【航海航天词汇】transposed matrix 转置阵【数学词汇】covariance matrix 协变矩阵; 协方差矩阵【主科技词汇】unreduced matrix 未约矩阵; 不可约矩阵【主科技词汇】receiver matrix 接收机矩阵; 接收矩阵变换电路【主科技词汇】torque 传动转矩; 转矩; 阻力矩【航海航天词汇】pull-in torque 启动转矩; 输入转矩, 同步转矩, 整步转矩【航海航天词汇】parity matrix 奇偶校验矩阵; 一致校验矩阵【主科技词汇】bus admittance matrix 母线导纳矩阵; 节点导纳矩阵【主科技词汇】matrix printer 矩阵式打印机; 矩阵形印刷机; 点阵打印机【主科技词汇】dynamic matrix 动力矩阵; 动态矩阵【航海航天词汇】connection matrix 连接矩阵; 连通矩阵【主科技词汇】characteristic matrix 特征矩阵; 本征矩阵【主科技词汇】regular matrix 正则矩阵; 规则矩阵【主科技词汇】flexibility matrix 挠度矩阵; 柔度矩阵【主科技词汇】citation matrix 引文矩阵; 引用矩阵【主科技词汇】relational matrix 关系矩阵; 联系矩阵【主科技词汇】eigenmatrix 本征矩阵; 特征矩阵【主科技词汇】system matrix 系统矩阵; 体系矩阵【主科技词汇】system matrix 系数矩阵; 系统矩阵【航海航天词汇】recovery diode matrix 恢复二极管矩阵; 再生式二极管矩阵【主科技词汇】inverse of a square matrix 方阵的逆矩阵【主科技词汇】torquematic transmission 转矩传动装置【石油词汇】torque balancing device 转矩平衡装置【航海航天词汇】torque measuring device 转矩测量装置【主科技词汇】torque measuring apparatus 转矩测量装置【航海航天词汇】torque-tube type suspension 转矩管式悬置【主科技词汇】steering torque indicator 转向力矩测定仪; 转向转矩指示器【主科技词汇】magnetic dipole moment matrix 磁偶极矩矩阵【主科技词汇】matrix addressing 矩阵寻址; 矩阵寻址时频矩阵编址; 时频矩阵编址【航海航天词汇】stiffness matrix 劲度矩阵; 刚度矩阵; 劲度矩阵【航海航天词汇】first-moment matrix 一阶矩矩阵【主科技词汇】matrix circuit 矩阵变换电路; 矩阵电路【计算机网络词汇】reluctance torque 反应转矩; 磁阻转矩【主科技词汇】pull-in torque 启动转矩; 牵入转矩【主科技词汇】induction torque 感应转矩; 异步转矩【主科技词汇】nominal torque 额定转矩; 公称转矩【航海航天词汇】phototronics 矩阵光电电子学; 矩阵光电管【主科技词汇】column matrix 列矩阵; 直列矩阵【主科技词汇】inverse of a matrix 矩阵的逆; 逆矩阵【主科技词汇】lattice matrix 点阵矩阵【数学词汇】lattice matrix 点阵矩阵【物理词汇】canonical matrix 典型矩阵; 正则矩阵; 典型阵; 正则阵【航海航天词汇】moment matrix 矩量矩阵【主科技词汇】moment matrix 矩量矩阵【数学词汇】dynamic torque 动转矩; 加速转矩【主科技词汇】indecomposable matrix 不可分解矩阵; 不能分解矩阵【主科技词汇】printed matrix wiring 印刷矩阵布线; 印制矩阵布线【主科技词汇】decoder matrix circuit 解码矩阵电路; 译码矩阵电路【航海航天词汇】scalar matrix 标量矩阵; 标量阵; 纯量矩阵【主科技词汇】array 矩阵式组织; 数组; 阵列【计算机网络词汇】commutative matrix 可换矩阵; 可交换矩阵【主科技词汇】标准文档实用文案。

线性代数课程专业词汇表

线性代数课程专业词汇表

线性代数课程专业词汇表英文单词或词组中文翻译书中出现页码Linear equation 线性方程 1Linear system(s) 线性方程组 1Consistent 有解 2Inconsistent 无解 2Solution set of linear system 线性方程组的解集合 2Equivalent systems 等价的线性方程组 3Row operations 行变换 5Strict triangularform 严格三角形式 5Back substitution 回代法 6Equivalent systems 等价的线性方程组 6Coefficientmatrix 系数矩阵 7Coefficientmatrix 系数矩阵 7Augmented matrix 增广矩阵 8Pivot 主元 8Free variables 自由未知量 14Lead variables 前变量 14Gaussian elimination 高斯消元法 15Overdetermined linear system 方程个数超过未知数个数的方程组15 Row echelon form 行阶梯形 15Underdetermined linear system 方程个数低于未知数个数的方程组17 Gauss-Jordan reduction 高斯 - 若当归纳法 18Reduced row echelon form 减少的行阶梯形 18Homogeneous linear system 齐次线性方程组 22Homogeneous system 齐次线性方程组 22nontrivial solution 非零解 22Trivialsolution 平凡解,全零解 22Matrix algebra 矩阵代数 30Scalars 常数 30Column vector(s) 列向量 31Euclidean n-space 欧几里得空间 31Row vector(s) 行向量 31Vector(s )向量 31Addition of matrices 矩阵加法 32Addition of matrices 矩阵加法 32Equality of matrices 矩阵相等 32Scalar multiplication for matrices 矩阵的数乘 32Scalar multiplication of matrices 矩阵的数乘 32Zero matrix 零矩阵 33Scalar product 内积 34Linear combination 线性组合 36Consistency Theorem 解的存在性定理37Multiplication of matrices 矩阵乘法 38Identity matrix 单位矩阵 47Inverse matrix 逆矩阵 48Invertible matrix 可逆矩阵 48Nonsingular matrix 非奇异矩阵 48Singular matrix 奇异矩阵 49Transpose of a matrix 矩阵的转置 49Transpose of matrix 矩阵的转置 49Symmetric matrix 对称矩阵 51Symmetric matrix 对称矩阵 51Adjacency matrix 邻接矩阵 52Graph(s) 图 52Angle between vectors 向量的夹角 56Markov chain(s ) Markov 链 57Elementary matrix 初等矩阵 62Row equivalent 行等价 64Row equivalent matrices 行等价矩阵 64Diagonal matrix 对角矩阵 67Lower triangular 下三角 67Triangular factorization 三角分解 67Triangular matrix 三角形矩阵 67Triangular matrix 三角形矩阵 67Upper triangular 上三角 67Upper triangular matrix 上三角矩阵 67LU factorization LU 分解 68Matrixfactorizations 矩阵分解 68Partitioned matrices 分块矩阵 72Vandermonde matrix 范德蒙矩阵 72Block multiplication 分块乘法 74Inner product 内积 78Determinant(s) 行列式 90Cofactor 代数余子式 93Minor 余子式 93Cofactor expansion 代数余子式展开 94Determinant of matrix 矩阵的行列式 95Skew symmetric 反对称 105Adjoint of a matrix 伴随矩阵 106Cramer’s rule 克莱姆法则 107Cryptography 密码学 108Addition of vectors 向量的加法 119Closure properties 封闭性 119Vector space 向量空间 119Zero vector 零向量 119C[a,b] 区间 [a,b] 上的连续函数 120Isomorphism between vector spaces 向量空间的同构123Subspace(s) 子空间 123Zero subsapce 零空间 125Nullspace 零化空间 127Nullspace of matrix 矩阵的零化空间 127Span 张成 128Spanning set 生成集 129Linearly dependent 线性相关 136Linearly independent 线性无关 136Basis 基 145Dimension 维数 147Finite dimensional 有限维 147Infinite dimensional 无限维 147Standard basis 标准基 150change of basis 基的变换 151Coordinate vector 坐标向量 152Transitionmatrix 过渡矩阵 155Coordinates 坐标 157Column space 列空间 162Column space of matrix矩阵的列空间 162Rank of a matrix 矩阵的秩 162Rank of matrix 矩阵的秩 162Row space 行空间 162Row space of matrix 矩阵的行空间 162Nullity 零化度 164Rank-Nullity Theorem Rank-Nullity 定理 164 Leftinverse 左可逆 170Right inverse 右逆 170Full rank 满秩 171Linear transformation(s) 线性变换 175 Linear operator 线性算子 176Image 象 181Kernel 核 181Contraction 收缩 192Dilation 扩张 192Similarity 相似性 199Similar matrices 相似矩阵 202Trace 迹 206Angle between vectors 向量的夹角 211 Euclidean length 欧几里得长度 211Distance in 2-space 2 维空间的距离 212 Cauchy-Schwarz inequality 柯西 - 施瓦兹不等式 213 Orthogonality 正交性 213Scalar projection 数量投影 214equation of plane 平面方程 215Nonmal vector 正规向量 215Angle between vectors 向量的夹角 216Pythagorean Law Pythagorean 定理 216Correlations相关 219Correlation matrix 相关矩阵 221Covariance 协方差 222Covariance matrix 协方差矩阵 222Factor analysis 因子分析 222Fundamental subspaces 基本子空间 227Range of a matrix 矩阵的值域 227Direct sum 直和 229Least squares problem(s) 最小二乘法问题 234Projection onto column space 列空间上的投射 236Normal equations 正规方程 237Inner product space 内积空间 245Length in inner product spaces 内积空间中的长度 246 Orthogonal set(s) 正交集合 255Orthonormal set(s) 标准正交集 255orthonormal basis 标准正交基 256Orthonormal basis 标准正交基 256Orthogonal matrices 正交矩阵 258Orthogonal matrix 正交矩阵 258Approximation of functions 函数的逼近 264Fouriercoefficients 傅里叶系数 266Fourier matrix 傅里叶矩阵 269Gram-Schmidt process Gram-Schmidt 过程 274Dimension Theorem 维数定理 283Orthogonal polynomials 正交多项式 283Hermite polynomials Hermite 多项式 287Jacobi polynomials Jacobi 多项式 287Lagrange’s interpolating formula Lagrange 插值公式 288 Gaussian quadrature 高斯求积 289Characteristic value(s) 特征值 301Characteristic vector 特征向量 301Eigenvalue 特征值 301Eigenvector 特征向量 301Characteristic equation 特征方程 302Characteristic polynomial 特征多项式 302Eigenspace 特征空间 302Nilpotent 幂零的 311Companion matrix 友矩阵 313Linear differential equations 线性微分方程 313Initial valueproblems 初值问题 314Diagonalizable matrix 可对角化的矩阵 326Distance in n-space n 维空间的距离 332Complex matrix 复矩阵 346Hermite matrix Hermite矩阵 346Unitary matrix 酉矩阵 347Unitary matrix 酉矩阵 347Normal matrices 正规矩阵 351Singular values 奇异值 356Conic sections 二次曲线部分 371Quadratic equation in n variables n 个变量的二次方程 376Quadratic form in n variables n 个变量的二次型 376 Definite quadraticform 定二次型 378Indefinite quadratic form 不定二次型 378Negative definite matrix 负定矩阵 378Negative definite quadratic form 负定二次型 378Negative semidefinite matrix 半负定矩阵 378Negative semidefinite quadratic form 半负定二次型 378 Positive definitematrix 正定矩阵 378Positive definite quadratic form 正定二次型 378Positive semidefinite matrix 半正定矩阵 378Positive semidefinite quadratic form 半正定二次型 378 Local maximum 极大值 382Local minimum 极小值 382Positive definitematrix 正定矩阵 384Leading principal submatrix 顺序主子矩阵 385Nonnegative matrix 非负矩阵 392Nonnegative vector 非负向量 392Positive matrix 正矩阵 392Positive matrix 正矩阵 392Reducible matrix 可约矩阵 394Frobenius theorem Frobenius 定理 395Absolute error 绝对误差 411Relative error 相对误差 411Back substitution 回代法 419QR factorization QR 分解 448。

THE QUALITY OF MESHES AND FEM COMPUTATIONS

THE QUALITY OF MESHES AND FEM COMPUTATIONS

3.1 Apriori error estimation Let us consider u 2 C 1 , for exam-
else
P2
h
2 2
h
P3x
1 ?
end if until finish.
Refine the mesh on information from the error estimator.
We can transform sparse matrix to band one nding suitable node numbering. However, minimization of the bandwidth r for general mesh is NP-complete problem. But for the structured meshes (i.e. meshes which are equivalent to index grids) the minimization of bandwidth is trivial Fied81]. The next bene t of the band matrix with minimal bandwidth is low memory demand. So, even if we use the iterative solvers, in the case of the large tasks the structured meshes are more suitable than general ones. Hence, it is shown in Kol94], Kol99], that the restrictions due to structured meshes concerning to the ability of the structured mesh to t the prescribed geometry, are not so severe as one can require.
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