practical design for transferring signals between clock domains
大学英语大学四级模拟410
大学四级模拟410Part Ⅰ WritingDirections:For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay "An Outing". You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below.1、你们班级组织了一次春游活动，请根据以下要求就这次春游活动的情况作一简要的描述：1．此次春游活动你们班级作了哪些准备工作；2．这次春游的行程及活动情况介绍；3．这次春游活动给你带来了什么收获。
An OutingPart Ⅱ Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning) Directions:In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on Answer Sheet 1.For questions 1 ～ 7, markY (for YES) if the statement agrees with the information given in the passage;N (for NO) if the statement contradicts the information given in the passage;NG (for NOT GIVEN) if the information is not given in the passage.For questions 8 ～ 10, complete the sentences with the information given in the passage.The Name GameEach year, business executives around the world struggleto find original and catchy names for their companies and their companies' products, According to business experts, these decisions are among the most important decisions that firms ever make. A name is the first point of contact that a company has with the world, and it can be an effective marketing tool. And respected names have value. When a company is sold, there is often a fee for transferring the company name to the new owners. The rights to the names Indian Motorcycles and Pan Am Airlines were sold years after those companies went bankrupt. Names are so important that some companies hire special naming firms that develop a list of names, test them at focus groups, screen them to be sure they are available, and then trademark the final selections. But how do firms decide on names?Ways of playing the name gameSome companies cheese straightforward names. These may include the name or names of the founders (Proctor & Gamble, Hewlett Packard), the place where they first did business (Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing, Mutual of New York), or their primary products (General Electric, General Motors). To make a straightforward name memorable, though, is a challenge.Some companies are mainly identified by initials.International Business Machines is almost universally called IBM, American Telephone and Telegraph has become AT&T, and Kentucky Fried Chicken has consciously chosen to be known as KFC. In some cases, though, it is not exactly clear what the initials stand for. The computer company NBI's initials stand for "Nothing But Initials." Or take the case of IKEA, the Swedish design firm: The initials IK come from the name of the founder, Ingvar Komrat. The E comes from the name of his family farm,Elmtaryd, and the A comes from the nearby town of Agunnaryd. Some firms create names by a process called "morpheme (词素)construction," first shortening and then fusing parts of the company's full names. For example, United Information Systems is generally referred to as Unisys and Federal Express as FedEx. FedEx saved money with its new name too: the shorter name cost $1,000 less to paint on each of the company's 10,000 trucks. Some companies use unusual spellings of common names: Cingular for Singular, Citibank for City Bank, and Sunkist for Sun Kissed.Some companies choose names that are inspired by other company names. According to the founder of the Carnation evaporated-milk company, the name for his product was suggested, strangely enough, by a brand of cigars known as Carnations. Steve Jobs, founder of Apple Computers, was a Beatles fan, and he named his company after Apple Records, the label founded by the Beatles. This "borrowing" is perfectly legal as long as the two companies are not in the same line of business. (Reportedly, Steve Jobs had to sign an agreement not to produce records.) However, in some cases, company lawyers have said that use of their name, or even part of their name, results in "dilution" of the strength of that name, and they have sued other companies to prevent this. Toys-R-Us, for example, has tried to protect the "R-Us" portion of their name even when it has been applied to completely different products, such as cheese or flowers or guns, and McDonald's has tried to prevent companies from using the "Mc" prefix that has been used for many of their products.Some firms have chosen names that have nothing to do with their business. Apple is not in the fruit business; it makescomputers. Red pepper does not sell spices; it sells software. Domino's has nothing to do with games; it makes pizza. A number of companies have chosen off-the-wall or playful names for their products. There are those naming experts who warn against this, saying that consumers will not take these seriously, and in the case of Boo. com, they may have been fight: This women's fashion company went bankrupt in no time. However, Monster. com, Google, and yahoo have succeeded despite — or maybe because of—their unusual names.Some corporations have turned to other languages for names.A company or product name may come from Latin (Amphion multimedia, Oreo cookies), Spanish (EI Pollo Loco fast food restaurants, Fuego technology), Danish (Haagen-Dazs ice cream), or Hawaiian (Akamai internet technology). Other companies borrow from mythology: Nike shoes, Ajax cleanser, and Midas mufflers (围巾)are all named after figures in classical myths.Some names are totally invented. One advantage for a corporation in making up a name is that this name is then the unambiguous(独有的)property of the company, and it is easy to trademark. Some of these coined names, while not real words, are suggestive of actual words. For example, Nyquil, a brand of cough medicine meant to be taken at night, suggests the words night and tranquil. Aleve, a pain medicine, is reminiscent of the word relieve, and Acura is similar to the word accurate. Other coined names are completely meaningless: Exxon, Kodak, Xerox, and SONY are examples of successful names of this type. Not all coined names are well liked. The famed entrepreneur Donald Tramp once said that the corporate name Allegis sounded like "a world class disease." That's because the names of somany diseases — arthritis(关节炎), encephalitis(脑炎) — end in-is.Tips on naming Mix-upsChoosing good names becomes more difficult when a firm markets internationally. Today, through the Internet, even small businesses often do business in several countries. Sometimes the leap from one language to another can be positive; the Chinese pictogram for the sounds of the name Coca-Cola contains the words for "delicious" and "leisure." More often, though, a problem occurs. The classic example of an international naming gaffe(失策)is that of the General Motors car called the Nova. Named for an exploding star, the Nova was a reliable ear, but its sales were never brisk in Spanish-speaking countries. This was supposedly because Nova could be read as no va in Spanish, meaning "It does not go." In German, the word mist means dirt or manure, so Country Mist makeup and the nasal(鼻子的)spray Primatene Mist had to be renamed for the German market. A food company literally made a big mistake when it named a burrito (面卷饼) Burrada. (Burrada means "big mistake" in Spanish. ) Bran Buds, a type of breakfast cereal, sounds like "burnt farmers" in Swedish, and the word Dainty, the name of a type of soap, sounds like the word for "aloof" in Finnish and like the word for "stupid" in Farsi. Firms and products from English-speaking countries are not the only ones with problematic names: Bimbo(外表美丽但智慧贫乏的女子) bread from Spain, Zit (小脓包)soft drinks from Greece, Creap(讨厌的人)coffee creamer from Japan, Swine(猪)chocolates from China, and Pocari Sweat sports drink from Japan may do well in their regional markets, but would probably not be verysuccessful in English-speaking countries. The name of the Japanese computer maker Toshiba sounds like "tou-chu-ba" to speakers of Mandarin Chinese. This phrase means "Let's steal it.”The lessons from naming mix-ups is that global marketers mast do their homework. They must make sure that the names they choose are easy to pronounce and that they do not have any negative linguistic or cultural meanings in the target language. For large international businesses — in fact, for any company of any size —playing the name game is a serious business.2、Indian Motorcycles and Pan Am Airlines went bankrupt because they changed their company names.3、Focus groups play the most decisive role in naming a company.4、Kentucky Fried Chicken has tried to prevent other companies from using the initials KFC.5、If one company makes an automobile called The Chancellor, another company might legally make a stereo speaker called The Chancellor.6、Despite its unusual names, Boo. com has been quite successful in the field of women's fashion.7、Donald Trump disliked the name Allegis because it reminded him of the name of a disease.8、The Chinese pictogram for the brand Coca-Cola has negative associations.9、It becomes increasingly difficult for companies to name themselves if ______.10、The Nova car didn't sell well in Spanish-speaking countries because Nova could be read as no va meaning "______" in Spanish.11、In naming mix-ups, the global marketers must make sure that in the target language the names they choose are easy to pronounce and ______ are avoided.Part Ⅲ Listening ComprehensionSection ADirections: In this section, you will hear 8 short conversations and 2 long conversations. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the question will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices markedA.,B.,C. andD., and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.Questions 11 to 18 are based on the conversation you have just heard.12、A. The man thinks the children should have a play room.B. The woman hasn't made up her mind.C. The man objects to the expense.D. The woman wants to compromise.13、A. He can talk without preparing. B. He can speak standing up.C. He likes to talk without thinking.D. He talks with his toes.14、A. At 10, 00. B. At 9:00. C. At9:15. D. At 9:30.15、A. His father is sick. B. He doesn't like school.C. He causes a lot of trouble.D. He's a poor student.16、A. The weather. B. About the hotel.C. The price of the plane fare.D. The cooking facilities.17、A. Watching a movie. B. In line at a museum.C. in line outside a movie house.D. In the subway.18、A. Because the planes turn sharply. B. Because it is 22 miles.C. Because there are no signs.D. Because of driving conditions.19、A. Building an office complex. B. Buildinga clubhouse.C. Building a private residence.D. Building an apartment house.Questions 19 to 22 are based on the conversation you have just heard.20、A. Because his father has suddenly had a heart attack.B. Because his wife has been behaving strangely.C. Bemuse his mother is still unhappy about his father's death.D. Because his daughter is all alone in a very big apartment by the sea.21、A. They moved in a cottage by the sea. B. They lived in a cottage by the river.C. They went to see their friends abroad.D. They gotannoyed with each other.22、A. Only two years after his retirement. B. Only three years after his retirement.C. Only one year after his retirement.D. Only four years after his retirement.23、A. The cottage is too big for her. B. She is not rich enough to pay all the bills.C. She gets annoyed with David.D. No family is near her.Questions 23 to 25 are based on the conversation you have just heard.24、A. When she was working in a department store.B. When she was working for a painting house.C. When she was working in a taxi company.D. When she was working as an actress in Hollywood.25、A. Because she couldn't stand the paint and therefore couldn't do the job any more.B. Because she got up late and therefore wasn't in time for work.C. Because she was not strong enough to do physical work.D. Because she felt bored and didn't show due enthusiasm.26、A. She made good tips.B. She was fined because she drove desperately.C. She hit a pole and was fired again.D. Her passenger was badly hurt in an accident. Section BDirections: In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices markedA.,B.,C. andD.. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the center.Passage OneQuestions 26 to 28 are based on the passage you have just heard.27、A. Food processing. B. Environmental protection.C. Shopping habits.D.Over-packaging problems.28、A. They help people save time on housework. B. They go into the garbage heap.C. They are harmful to the environment.D. They make products more expensive.29、A. Take their bags to the grocery store. B. Buy things that are over-packaged.C. Not buy cloth towels.D. Not throw away their cloth towel.Passage TwoQuestions 29 to 32 are based on the passage you have just heard.30、A. One needs to be careful with his goals. B. Sleepwalkers lack goals for success.C. Success is impossible without a goal.D. One'sgoal in life is difficult to find.31、A. Acquiring a true sense of responsibility. B. Focusing on the desire to fulfill.C. Getting ready for the worst.D. Imagining objects to obtain and process.32、A. Because he was thought to be aware of countless plane crashes.B. Because he was believed to have liked bus-reading.C. Because he was thought to be nervous about flying.D. Because he was believed not to be able to pilot a plane.33、A. It is essential to be positive about one's goal.B. It is important to score goals in life.C. It is essential to try to be a good loser.D. It is not important to keep one's goal in mind.Passage ThreeQuestions 33 to 35 are based on the passage you have just heard,34、A. Gold was discovered.B. The Transcontinental Railroad was completed.C. The Golden Gate Bridge was constructed.D. Telegraph communications were established with the East.35、A. Two million. B. Three million.C. Five million.D. Six million.36、A. Nineteen million dollars. B.Thirty-two million dollars.C. Thirty-seven million dollars.D.Forty-two million dollars.Section CDirections: In this section, you will hear a passage three times. When the passage is read for the first time, you should listen carefully for its general idea. Then listen to the passage again. When the passage is read for the second time, you are required to fill in the blanks numbered from 36 to 43 with the exact words you have just heard. For blanks numbered 44 to 46 you are required to fill in missing information. For these blanks, you can either use the exact words you have just heard or write down the main points in pour own words. Finally, when the passage is read for the third time, you should check what you have written.George Daniels lives in London. He is a watchmaker. His work continues the 37 of the English watchmakers of the 18th and 19th 38 . Today that practice is almost dead. Daniels is the only man in the world who 39 his own watches, makes all the parts himself, and then puts them together.A Daniels watch is the 40 of his hands alone. One of his watches, which is now in an American 41 , took 3,500 hours to 42 . He usually makes one watch a year. Each one is written "Daniels, London", and costs about $10,000. Of course, they are not 43 watches-they are very beautiful and will last at least three centuries.George Daniels has always been 44 by clocks and watches. When he was five, he used to take his father's clock to pieces, and put it back together again. 45 . After he had left the army, he became a professional watch- repairer. 46 .He is now internationally famous and many people would like him to make watches for them. Must of them will bedisappointed. He chooses his customers very carefully indeed. " 47 " he says,"47 "Part Ⅳ Reading Comprehension (Reading in Depth)Section ADirections:In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the center. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than onceNew thinking about the newborn's brain, feelings and behavior are changing the way we look at parenting. Bookstore shelves are 48 with titles purporting (声称) to help you make your baby smarter, happier, healthier, stronger,better-behaved and everything else you can imagine in what I call a shopping-cart approach to infant development. But experts are now beginning to look more broadly, in an integrated 49 , at the first few months of a baby's life. And so should you.Psychological theorists are moving away from focusing on single areas such as 50 development, genetic inheritance, cognitive(认知的) skills or emotional 51 , which give at best a limited view of how babies develop. Instead, they are attempting to synthesize(合成) and 52 all the separate pieces of the infant-development puzzle. The results so far have been enlightening (启迪意义的), and are beginning to suggestnew ways of parenting.The most important of the emerging findings is that the key to stimulating emotional and 53 growth in your child is your own behavior-what you do, what you don't do, how you scold, how you reward and how you show affection. If the baby's brain is the hardware, then you, the parents, provide the software. When you understand the hardware (your baby's brain), you will be better able to design the software (your own behavior) to 54 baby's well-being.The first two years of life are critical inthis 55 because that's when your baby is building the mental foundation that will dictate his or her behavior through adulthood. In the first year alone, your baby's brain grows from about 400g to a stupendous (惊人的，巨大的) 1000g. While this growth and development is in part predetermined by genetic force, exactly how the brain grows is dependent upon emotional 56 , and that involves you. "The human cerebral cortex (脑皮层) adds about 70% of its final DNA content after birth," reports Allan N. Schore, Ph. D., assistant clinical professor of psychiatry and bio-behavioral sciences at UCLA Medical School, "and this expanding brain is 57 influenced by early environmental enrichment and social experiences. "A. identified I) characteristicB. intellectual J) physicalC. specifically K) crucialD. crammed L) attachmentE. directly M) fashionF. promote N) interactionG. decrease O) integrateH) regardSection BDirections: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices markedA.,B.,C. andD.. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the center.Passage OneThree centuries ago the French mathematician Rene Descartes predicted that it would never be possible to make a machine that thinks as humans do. In 1950, the British mathematician and computer pioneer Alan Turing declared that one day there would be a machine that could copy human intelligence in every way and prove it by passing a specialized test. In this test, a computer and a human hidden from view would be asked random same questions. If the computer were successful, the questioner would be unable to differ the machine from the person by the answers.Inspired by Turing's theory, the first conference on AI(人工智能) was held at Dartmouth College in New Hampshire in 1956. Soon afterwards an AI laboratory was started at Massachusetts Institute of Technology by John McCarthy and Marvin Minsky, two of the nation's leading Al supporters. McCarthy also invented the Al computer language, Lisps but by the early 1990s AI itself had not been achieved. However, logic programs called expert systems allow computers to "make decisions" by interpreting data and selecting from among alternatives. Technicians can run programs used in complex medical diagnosis, language translation, mineral exploration, and even computer design.Machinery can do better than humans physically. So can computers do mental functions in limited areas—notably in the speed of mathematical calculations. For example, the fastest computers developed are able to perform roughly 10 billion calculations per second. But making more powerful computers will probably not be the way to create a machine capable of passing the Turing test. Computer programs operate according to set procedures, or logic steps, called algorithms(运算法则). In addition, most computers do serial processing; operations of recognition and computation are performed one at a time. The brain works in a manner called parallel processing, performing operations at the same time. To achieve simulated parallel processing, some super-computers have been made with multiple processors to follow several algorithms at the same time.Critics of the approach insist that solving a computation does not indicate understanding something a person who solved a problem would have. Human reasoning is not based solely on rules of logic. It involves perception, awareness, emotional preferences, values, evaluation experience, the ability to generalize and weigh options, and more. Some supports of AI have, therefore, suggested that computers should be patterned after the human brain, which essentially consists of a network of nerve cells.By the early 1990s, the closest m Al was a special silicon chip built to behave like a human brain cell. It was modeled after the internal workings of neurons (神经细胞) in the human brain context. Unlike the conventional silicon chip, which works in digital mode, the new silicon chip works in analog mode, much the way a human brain cell works.58、According to Turing, a computer can prove to have human-like intelligence in a special test if ______.A. the computer gives better answersB. the questioner fails to give identical questionsC. the questioner can't tell between the answers of a person and a computerD. the questioner can't find the person hidden by the computer59、What significance did Turing's theory have on the development of Al?A. It started the research on Al.B. It established the expert system.C. It taught technicians how to use complicated programs.D. It invented the Al computer language.60、In what way is the computer superior to the human brain?A. It is capable of passing the Turing test.B. It is more logical.C. It docs better on the Turing test.D. It can perform several operations at the same time.61、Which of the following is the way that a computer does its processing?A. Recognition and computation separately.B. Recognition and computation at the same time.C. Computation followed by checking.D. Recognition, reasoning and then computation.62、Critics of Al would probably agree with the statement that ______.A. logic plays the most important part in human reasoningB. fast computation shows the ability of understandingC. the new silicon chip is working in the way that humanbrain worksD. reasoning is something too complicated to be copied by the computerPassage TwoSome people believe that international sport creates goodwill between the nations and that if countries play games together they will learn to live together. Others say that the opposite is true: that international contests encourage false national pride and lead to misunderstanding and hatred. There is probably some troth in both arguments, but in recent years the Olympic Games have done little to support the view that sports encourage international brotherhood. Not only was there the tragic incident involving the murder of athletes, but the Games were also ruined by lesser incidents caused principally by minor national contests.One country received its second-place medals with visible indignation after the hockey (曲棍球) final. There had been noisy scenes at the end of the hockey match, the losers objecting to the final decisions. They were convinced that one of their goals should not have been disallowed and that their opponents' victory was unfair. Their manager was in a rage when he said: "This wasn't hockey. Hockey and the International Hockey Federation are finished." The president of the Federation said later that such behavior could result in the suspension of the team for at least three years.The American basketball team announced that they would not yield first place to Russia, after a disputable end to their contest. The game had ended in disturbance. It was thought at first that the United States had won, by a single point, but it was announced that there were three seconds still toplay. A Russian player then threw the ball from one end of the court to the other, and another player popped it into the basket. It was the first time the U. S.A. had ever lost an Olympic basketball match. An appeal jury debated the matter for four and a half hours before announcing that the result would stand. The American players then voted not to receive the silver medals.Incidents of this kind will continue as long as sport is played competitively rather than for the love of the game. The suggestion that athletes should compete as individuals, or in non-national terms, might be too much to hope for. But in the present organization of the Olympics there is far too much that encourages aggressive patriotism.63、According to the author, recent Olympic Games have ______.A. created goodwill between the nationsB. bred only false national prideC. hardly showed any international friendshipD. led to regional conflicts and heated quarrels within courts64、What did the manager mean by saying, "... Hockey and the International Hockey Federation are finished" ?A. His team would no longer take part in international games.B. Hockey and the Federation are ruined by the unfair decisions.C. There should be no more hockey matches organized by the Federation.D. The Federation should be dissolved.65、The basketball example implied that ______.A. too much patriotism was displayed in the incidentB. the announcement to prolong the match was wrongC. the appeal jury was too hesitant in making the decisionD. the American team was right in receiving the silver medals66、The author gives the two examples in paragraph 2 and 3 to show ______.A. how false national pride led to undesirable incidents in international gamesB. that spokesmen have been more obedient than they used to beC. that competitiveness in the games discourages international friendshipD. that unfair decisions are common in Olympic Games67、What conclusion can be drawn from the passage?A. The organization of the Olympic Games must be improved.B. Athletes should compete as individuals in the Olympic Games.C. Sport should be played competitively rather than for the love of the game.D. International contests are liable for misunderstanding between nations.Part Ⅴ ClozeDirections:There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices markedA. ,B.,C. andD. on the right side of the paper. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre. It's easy to get hopping mad. Anything can set off anger—your spouse forgot to 68 the kids at school, your co-worker is。
设计与技术：图形产品Unit2：图形产品知识和理解说明书
Turn overInstructions • Use black ink or ball-point pen.• I f pencil is used for diagrams/sketches it must be dark (HB or B). Coloured pens,pencils and highlighter pens must not be used.• Fill in the boxes at the top of this page with your name,centre number and candidate number.• Answer all questions.• A nswer the questions in the spaces provided– there may be more space than you need .Information • The total mark for this paper is 80.• T he marks for each question are shown in brackets– use this as a guide as to how much time to spend on each question.• Q uestions labelled with an asterisk (*) are ones where the quality of yourwritten communication will be assessed– y ou should take particular care on these questions with your spelling, punctuationand grammar, as well as the clarity of expression.Advice • Read each question carefully before you start to answer it.• Try to answer every question.• Check your answers if you have time at the end.P44748A©2015 Pearson Education Ltd.6/5/6/5/4/4*P44748A0120*2*P44748A0220*3*P44748A0320*Turn over4*P44748A0420*5*P44748A0520*Turn over6*P44748A0620*7*P44748A0720*Turn over(iv) One method of transferring a single colour image onto the MDF jigsaw puzzle is screenprinting. Describe the process of screenprinting.(3)........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ (c) Using CAD when designing products can be quick and accurate.Describe two other benefits of using CAD for design work.(4)1 ...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................2 ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (d) Many products are now mass produced using CAM technology.Explain one effect on the workforce of using CAM to manufacture products.(2)................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................(Total for Question 11 = 19 marks)8*P44748A0820*9*P44748A0920*Turn overDesign idea 1(8)Design idea 2(8)(Total for Question 12 = 16 marks)10*P44748A01020*11*P44748A01120*Turn over(b ) Explain one reason why mass production is appropriate for producing burgerboxes.(2)................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................(c) Explain why the solid white board burger box is successful at meeting the following specification points. (i) Keeps the lid securely closed(2)................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ (ii) Gives information to the customer(2)................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................12*P44748A01220*13*P44748A01320*Turn over....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................(Total for Question 13 = 16 marks)14*P44748A01420*Paper insertOffset lithography is to be used for the colour printing of the DVD paper insert.advantage of using offset lithography for printing................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. quality control measure that is used in printing DVD paper inserts.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................15*P44748A01520* (iii ) Describe one situation where photocopying is a more suitable method forproducing DVD paper inserts.(2)..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (b) The DVD case is made from polypropyleneExplain one aesthetic property and one functional property of polypropylenewhen used for a DVD case.(4)Aesthetic property................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................Functional property................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................Turn over16*P44748A01620*17*P44748A01720* (e) Large wind farm installations are designed to help meet energy demand in the UK.Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of these installations.(6)................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................(Total for Question 14 = 19 marks)TOTAL FOR PAPER = 80 MARKS*18*P44748A01820*BLANK PAGE19*P44748A01920*BLANK PAGE20*P44748A02020*BLANK PAGE。
套磁信模板
在一个80后被房子绑架的时代，这些前90后以及90后，只好把自己的眼睛放到了海外，寄望于外面的天空给自己一个逃出**的机会。
因此只要是能让我们逃出这无望的循环的方法，都被人们无限的放大。
“留学”被放大，“富二代”被放大，“成名”被放大。
都TM被逼的！套磁本是一个结识对方的方式，但是现在也被无限的放大。
可以说这种方式在上世纪末，还算是一个申请的秘籍，但是慢慢的，当我们获得的信息信息越来越多的时候，也慢慢被人熟知。
其实现在国内的留学界还有很多错误的信息在蔓延，但是我们只有靠时间的积累来冲刷这些信息，大浪淘沙之后，才能有真相大白的一天，但是这一天什么时候能到来？由于某些不良留学中介的出现，使得这一天被大大推迟了。
至于套磁，很多留学中介也是大包大揽的，“帮”我们解决了，但是实际上很多都是用一些现成的模板，完全没有取得套磁的效果，甚至这些模板还会让导师讨厌我们，换句话说也就是取得了坏的结果。
那么，这些模板有没有用呢？其实作用还是有的，也就是这些套磁信模板可以让我们了解，到底怎样写套磁信，套磁信该是什么样的，为我们自己写套磁信指明一个方向。
因此今天无老师就为大家展示出一些套磁信的模板或者说样本。
【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【Dear Professor Smith:I am a college graduate from ABC University, with a degree in Computer Science, currently working full time as a computer programmer with Bank of China, but interested in applying for a Research Assistantship at your school. Dr. Song provided me with your e-mail address and suggested that I write you about a possible position.I attended the Special Class of Gifted Use at ABC University when I was 14 years old and earned my Bachelor’s Degree in computer science there in 1996. Since graduation, I have been working with the Technology Department, Bank of China. My responsibility at the Bank is to develop application software for internal usage and help managing the Bank’s database and network. I led or took part in several key projects such as Foreign Exchange Savings Accounts Networking System, the State Dragon Card Networking System and the Dragon Card-Stock Funds Transferring System. With my hardworking and continuous learning, I have gained tremendous practical experiences and knowledge in my field and also learned to be an excellent team player and a good communicator. I am quite proficient in Unix operating system, Windows NT, computer programming (using C/C++/ESQL C, and Visual Basic), and Informix database system. In addition, I have had solid hands-on experience in TCP/IP network design and implementation.As stated earlier, I have always been interested in both computer science and biology as both disciplines are at the forefront of rapid development. Health Informatics seems a perfect subject for me as I can learn more about the healthcare discipline while using my skills in computer, especially in database and network, to make contribution to health informatics. I am convinced that with my strong technical background, diligence and intelligence, and my enthusiasm for health informatics, I will be an excellent student in this field and a good Research Assistant to you.I would greatly appreciate it if you would grant me an opportunity for application. You may reply to me through this email address. Thank you very much for your consideration.Sincerely yours,Mei Wong 】】】】】】】】】】】】】】】】】】】】】】】】】】】】】】【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【Knowing where one is heading during navigation brings assured happiness. As a student majoring in Computer Software, I began my odyssey four years ago. Now, after the initial mysticism wasgradually unveiled, my curiosity remains the same. Indeed, having entered this splendid computer world, I am more than greedy for something new.From the beginning of my study, my endeavor was fixed on the underlying branches of Computer Science, particularly System Software develop ment. Novel applications on other’s platform may be fruitful, but I think it’s more appealing to act as an independent “manager”. In fact, mathematics, OS, DBMS and modern compiler are all the examples, any breakthrough of which would push forward the whole industry. Individuality is achieved in this unique position.My paces toward this goal are always steady. As mathematics permeates to the every corner of Computer Science, I am eager to see how it functions. I took courses offered by the Mathematics Department including Mathematical Analysis and Advanced Algebra. The curriculum also covered Discrete Mathematics, Probability & Statistics and Theoretical Computer Science. As supplement to my scope of knowledge, I learn by myself Combination Mathematics and the Science of Programming. This really made a hard period of time, but the harvest was rewarding. I come to understand that even the most irrelevant software disciplines have the origins in common.The importance of Fractured Geometry in Computer Graphics is already obvious. What if a step furthers toward TSP or Bin Packing? Immeasurable. Then came my favorite topics: Operating System, Compiler and Database. I worked hard and derived bits of my own insight. In fact, I was greatly encouraged to find some of my ideas successfully implemented in the corresponding course projects. My final grade is straight “As” in these coursed. In short, although my experience in Computer Science is still limited, I believe its depth is well accessible. As my advisor, Prof. Fang Yu, put it figuratively in one of his lectures: “ It makes no difference whether a hunter captures 5 or 7 rabbits. What counts is he knows how to use his gun.”I think I can be the qualified shooter now. in my undergraduate years, I have earned various kinds of scholarships, among which were “Peking University Fellowship” and “Excellent Academic Scholarship”. My overall GPA ranks upper 10% among 48 students of the same grade. Because of my satisfactory performance, I was granted the honor of entering the graduate program at Peking University directly, waived of the admission test. In retrospect, my workload is always heavy but it is worth my time of effort. Presently, I have both adequate theoretical understanding and rich programming experience. READY I AM.Of all the sub-areas of Computer Science, my major interest is parallel processing and the related compiler construction. The terminology of parallel processing came to me when I read an artic 】】】】】】】】】】】】】】】】】】】】】】】】【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【Dear #######:Thank you again for your email. From the sounds of your scores and grades, you should have no problem entering Princeton. I am quite familiar with the program that you are in and have had several close friends that have been there at Beijing University. In fact, ####### was in graduate school with me and she was in the accelerated program. She has done extremely well in the . and after graduation went on to do some first rate science at a university in California. Since 2001 is your target date, I can begin to arrange funding for a research assistantship for you. These are nicer than teaching assistantships because they allow you to focus only on your research. Naturally, you will not be obligated to accept should you find other options. However, I believe that you will be most welcomed here in my group.You had asked about some of my publications, if you send me your address I can send preprints. They may take some time to get to China. You can find some of our work listed on our web site under my cv. This is an incomplete list but the PRL of last year is there and the latest hasnt yet been released from the publishers.We have been doing some interesting things lately with topological defects on tube manifolds that you might like. We have recently imaged nanotubes which exhibit a change in chirality along the tube! Tunneling spectra show that this produces subtle changes in the LDOS as predicted in some of X. Blase’s work. We have also begun optical studies on individual nanotubes using near-field scanning optical microscopy and spectroscopy. We are particualry interested in how the surface plasmon resonances (governed by tube topology) effects the third order nonlinear susceptability in these objects. Thank you again for your interest in our group. May I suggest that we keep in contact over the year. Let me know your progress and I will try to help with the application procedures should you decide to join us.Sincerely**】】】】】】】】】】】】】】】】】】】】】】】【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【Dear Professor #######:Thank you very much for your kind reply. I am sorry that during the summer vacation I cannot read and reply your email in time.As stated in my first letter, my desired entrance date is in Fall of 2000. And I would like to provide my test scores. My TOEFL test score is 647 (Oct. 1997) with a TWE score of . My GRE test score is 2340 (Oct. 1996, V770 M800 A770). My GRE Subject score is 920 (Oct. 1998, Physics). And I will take the TSE test in the coming August. And my undergraduate and graduate GPA are both about in , about top 10%-20% in my class.I wish to make a note that during my undergraduate study I was quite young, and during my graduate study I take many efforts to study the basic courses in Physics by myself, which may be the reason my GPAs are not in the top 5%. But now I believe that I have been quite familiar in the knowledges of Physics, both the courses and the researches. So I hope that my test scores and grades are acceptable to Priceton with financial supports.As to the research, I am very glad to learn the research background you provided in your letter. I am quite familiar with the works of X. Blase published in PRL and APL. I also know that J-C Charlier is a famous specialist in this field. So perhaps I could do theoretical research works in your group. Also, I am very glad to know that you have the needed main instruments for carbon nanotubes in your group, so that both theoretical and experimental works can be done.I am puzzled at the “MRS meeting in Boston” you mentioned in your letter. What is the full-name of MRS? Is it a meeting specialized in nano-systems? I do research works on carbon nanotubes almost totally by myself, and perhaps are not familiar with such fixed terms. Would you please explain the contents of this meeting? Thanks. And you mentioned that your latest publications will come out in next months in PRL. Would you please send me the page number of this paper in PRL, and if possible, the full text of this paper? The journal PRL reaches to China very late, usually several months to half a year after published, and I don’t have the account to find the full-texts of PRL on-line.I am looking forward to receiving your warmhearted reply. Thanks.Yours sincerely###########】】】】】】】】】】】】】】】】】】】】】】】】【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【Dear ######:Thank you for the email and your interest in our research program.I am very intersted in your application and would like to hear more. Are you interested in Fall 2000 or fall 2001? Certianly for 2001 there should be no problem getting research support, provided that your test scores, grades, etc. are acceptable to the university. For 2000, it would be a little tougher because of the short notice, but might be arranged under special circumstances.You asked about the nature of research here. In the laboratory, students generally couple calculations with experiment. We specialize in spectroscopic determinations of transport and electronic structure using scanning probes (STM and NSOM). To gain a detailed understanding of this, ab initio calculations must be compared with data. We have worked closely with J-C Charlier in Belgium, A. Rubio in Spain, and X. Blase in France using a varietyof theoretical techniques including tight binding for structural information and LDA of DFT for electronics calcs.Our tunneling microscope is a low temperature Besoke design copied from the Julich group. We are capable of running at LHe temperatures for good energy resolution. We are in the process of constructing a near-field scanning optical microscope and a photon scanning tunneling microscope. These two new instruments should be on line around Dec.Our group focus is to understand the quantum dynamics and optical response of individual nano-systems like carbon nanotubes, B-doped nanotubes and filled nanotubes. Look for our latest publications coming out in the next months in PRL, JMR, and Advanced Materials. The entire group will also be at the MRS meeting in Boston.We would be pleased to consider your application for this year or next.########Professor of PhysicsPrinceton University 】】】】】】】】】】】】】】】】】】】】】】】】】】【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【Dear Professor ####:I am very sorry to bother you and send this e-mail, but I really wish to contact you. I am a graduate student majoring in Condensed Matter Physics Theory in the Department of Physics, Beijing University (Beijing). I wish to pursue a doctoral degree in Physics at your University. My desired date of entrance is Fall, 2000. I have visited the homepage of the “Laboratory for Nanotech”. I am writing this letter to you to introduce myself and query about the graduate programs at NCCNM. Thank you very much for reading this email.Born on SEP 10, 1979, I entered Huazhong Univ. of Science and Technology (HUST) when I was 15 years old. I finished the four-year undergraduate program in three years and achieved my degree of B. Eng. (Optoelectronic Engineering) in June 1997 with the honor of “Outstanding Graduate”. Then, I was admitted to the Graduate School of Beijing University at the Department of Physics. I will obtain my degree of M. S. (Physics) in June 2000. I have done much research work on the topics of mesoscopic physics, such as carbon nanotubes, persistent currents, Aharonov-Bohm geometric phase effects, electronic transport phenomena, etc. Such modern researchtopics attract me very much in that they are associated with both Condensed-Matter Physics and microelectronics, respectively my detail majors for M. S. and B. Eng.I wish to say that I am indeed interested in the graduate programs at Physics Dept. of Princeton University, and I eagerly wish that I can join your research group. As I have also strong research interests on carbon nanotubes, I do believe that thedoctorate-oriented study under your direction will be of great help to me. I wonder, however, whether you do theoretical or experimental research works? I wish to state that, although my current research topics on carbon nanotubes are theoretical, I can also do experimental research works, especially optical studies, due to my undergraduate major in Optics. I hope my solid background in both physics and engineering can meet your general requirements of entrance to Physics Department as a graduate with financial supports.I deem it a great honor to become a graduate of Princeton, if admitted.Would you please consider my application and tell me whether it is possible for me to be enrolled as your graduate with financial supports? Thank you very much for your kind assistance. I am looking forward to receiving your reply.My current address is:#######Building RoomUniversityBeijing 100080People’s Republic of ChinaThanks!Yours Sincerely#########】】】】】】】】】】】】】】】】】】】】】】】】】那么当我们现在看完这几封推荐信之后，应该来回顾一下这些套磁信的共性，只有发现他们的共性之后，我们才知道怎么展开自己的套磁信，这个工作显然是“套磁季”的核心环节，因此无老师决定，下次再写^_^在美国留学研究生申请过程中套磁很重要。
空冷器英文术语
空冷器英文术语Terminology of Air-Cooled SystemsAir-cooled systems have been a fundamental aspect of engineering and technology for decades, playing a crucial role in various industries and applications. These systems utilize the natural flow of air to dissipate heat, making them a practical and efficient solution for cooling a wide range of equipment and devices. Understanding the terminology associated with air-cooled systems is essential for effective communication, design, and maintenance within this field.One of the primary components in an air-cooled system is the heat exchanger which is responsible for transferring heat from the hot medium to the cooler air. The heat exchanger is typically composed of a series of fins or tubes that facilitate the heat transfer process. These fins or tubes are often made from materials with high thermal conductivity such as aluminum or copper to optimize the heat dissipation. The fins or tubes are arranged in a specific pattern to maximize the surface area exposed to the airflow, enhancing the overall cooling efficiency.The airflow in an air-cooled system is typically generated by a fan ora blower which drives the air across the heat exchanger. The fan or blower can be powered by an electric motor or a mechanical drive, depending on the application requirements. The speed and direction of the airflow can be controlled to regulate the cooling capacity and ensure optimal performance. In some cases, the fan or blower may be equipped with variable speed control or reversible operation to further enhance the system's flexibility and responsiveness.In addition to the heat exchanger and the air-moving component, air-cooled systems often incorporate other auxiliary components such as ducts, louvers, and dampers. Ducts are used to channel and direct the airflow through the system, ensuring efficient air distribution. Louvers are adjustable vanes that regulate the airflow, allowing for precise control over the cooling process. Dampers, on the other hand, are used to modulate the airflow by partially or completely blocking the passage of air, enabling further optimization of the system's performance.The overall efficiency of an air-cooled system is influenced by various factors, including the design of the heat exchanger, the airflow characteristics, and the ambient conditions. The heat transfer coefficient, which represents the rate of heat transfer per unit area and temperature difference, is a crucial parameter in determining the system's effectiveness. Additionally, the air velocity, turbulence, and temperature difference between the hot medium and the cooling airplay a significant role in the overall heat dissipation capabilities.To ensure the optimal performance and reliability of air-cooled systems, it is essential to consider factors such as the operating environment, maintenance requirements, and potential failure modes. The operating environment, including ambient temperature, humidity, and airborne contaminants, can significantly impact the system's performance and longevity. Proper maintenance, such as regular cleaning and inspection of the heat exchanger and air-moving components, is crucial to maintain the system's efficiency and prevent premature failures.In conclusion, the terminology associated with air-cooled systems encompasses a wide range of concepts and components that are essential for understanding, designing, and maintaining these systems. From the heat exchanger and air-moving components to the auxiliary devices and performance factors, the vocabulary and technical terms in this field are integral to effective communication and collaboration among engineers, technicians, and industry professionals. By mastering the terminology, individuals working in the air-cooled systems domain can enhance their ability to troubleshoot, optimize, and innovate within this important area of engineering and technology.。
制作布制娃娃背包英语作文
制作布制娃娃背包英语作文Title: Making a Cloth Doll BackpackMaking a Cloth Doll BackpackCreating a cloth doll backpack can be a rewarding and fun project that combines elements of crafting and functionality. This endeavor allows for creativity, personalization, and the satisfaction of producing a useful item. In this essay, we will explore the steps involved in making a cloth doll backpack, from selecting materials to the final touches.To begin with, gather the necessary materials. You will need fabric for the body of the backpack, felt or fabric for thedoll's features, stuffing material for the doll, a sewing machine or needle and thread, scissors, pins, and any decorations or embellishments you desire. Choose fabrics that complement each other well and reflect the style you envisionfor your backpack.Next, design the pattern for both the backpack and the doll. Consider the size of the backpack based on your needs and preferences. The doll should be proportionate to the backpack, ensuring it fits well and looks aesthetically pleasing. You can sketch the pattern on paper first before transferring it to the fabric.Cut out the fabric pieces according to your pattern. Remember to leave seam allowances to account for sewing the pieces together. Assemble the body of the backpack by sewing the sides and bottom together, leaving the top open for the opening. For the doll, sew the front and back pieces together, leaving an opening for stuffing. Once the basic shapes are ready, turn them inside out to reveal the right side of the fabric.Stuff the doll with the chosen material, such as cotton or polyester filling, until it reaches the desired plumpness. Sew the opening closed to secure the stuffing inside. Attach thedoll to the front of the backpack using hand stitches or a sewing machine. Be creative with the doll's features, such as facial expressions, hair, and clothing, to give it a unique character.Finish the backpack by adding straps, closures, and any additional decorations. You can use ribbon, buttons, beads, or embroidery to embellish the backpack and enhance its visual appeal. Ensure the straps are securely attached to the backpack, allowing for comfortable wear and practical use.Finally, step back and admire your creation—a handmade cloth doll backpack that showcases your skills and creativity. Personalize it further by naming the doll or adding smalldetails that hold sentimental value to you. Use your backpackproudly or gift it to someone special, knowing that it was crafted with care and passion.In conclusion, making a cloth doll backpack is a delightful project that combines craftsmanship and utility. It allows for selfexpression, customization, and the joy of creating something with your own hands. Whether for personal use or as a thoughtful gift, this unique accessory is sure to bring a touch of whimsy and charm to your everyday life.。
断桥具体介绍英文作文
断桥具体介绍英文作文英文：When it comes to "断桥" (duàn qiáo), it refers to a type of window or door design commonly used in Chinese architecture. The term "断桥" literally means "broken bridge" in English, which is derived from the appearance of the design the bridge-like structure is cut off in the middle, creating a gap or break.The main purpose of using "断桥" design is to improve the thermal insulation and sound insulation performance of the window or door. The break in the middle of the bridge-like structure can effectively prevent the heat and noise from transferring through the window or door, thus creating a more comfortable living environment.In addition to the practical function, "断桥" design also has a decorative function. The design is often used in traditional Chinese architecture, such as courtyard housesand temples, and it adds a touch of elegance and cultural charm to the building.There are different materials and techniques used to create "断桥" design, such as aluminum alloy, PVC, and wood. Among them, aluminum alloy is the most commonly usedmaterial due to its durability, corrosion resistance, and easy maintenance.To sum up, "断桥" design is a unique and practical feature in Chinese architecture that not only improves the insulation performance of windows and doors but also adds cultural and aesthetic value to the building.中文：说到“断桥”，它是指中国建筑中常用的一种窗户或门的设计。
中国使用筷子的原因和禁忌英语作文
中国使用筷子的原因和禁忌英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1The use of chopsticks in China dates back to thousands of years ago and has become an integral part of Chinese culture. There are several reasons why Chinese people use chopsticks and various taboos associated with their usage.The main reason why Chinese people use chopsticks is rooted in their culinary tradition. In ancient China, the first chopsticks were used for cooking, rather than for eating. The shape and utility of chopsticks make them ideal for picking up small pieces of food, such as rice and vegetables, which are commonly consumed in Chinese cuisine. Chopsticks are also believed to bring good luck and prosperity, as their shape resembles the Chinese character for "luck" or "prosperity."Another reason for the popularity of chopsticks in China is their practicality and efficiency. Chopsticks are lightweight, inexpensive, and easy to use, making them a convenient utensil for everyday meals. They are also more eco-friendly thandisposable utensils, as they can be reused and do not contribute to plastic waste.In addition to their practicality, chopsticks are also deeply ingrained in Chinese social customs. Sharing food from communal dishes with chopsticks is a sign of solidarity and unity among diners. Using chopsticks in a respectful and skillful manner is considered a display of good manners and etiquette in Chinese culture.However, there are several taboos and superstitions associated with the use of chopsticks in China. For example, it is considered rude to point, gesture, or spear food with chopsticks, as this resembles acts of violence or death. Additionally, sticking chopsticks upright in a bowl of rice is seen as disrespectful, as it symbolizes incense sticks used in traditional Chinese funerals.Furthermore, dropping chopsticks or crossing them over each other is considered bad luck, as it is believed to bring misfortune and ill health to the eater. It is also considered impolite to use chopsticks to dig through food or to bite on them, as this is seen as uncouth behavior.In conclusion, the use of chopsticks in China is a reflection of its rich culinary heritage, social customs, and cultural traditions. Chopsticks are not just a tool for eating, but also a symbol ofgood luck, prosperity, and unity among Chinese people. While there are taboos and superstitions associated with the use of chopsticks, their importance in Chinese culture cannot be understated. From the practicality of everyday use to the deeper meaning behind their symbolism, chopsticks are an essential part of Chinese identity and tradition.篇2Chinese people have been using chopsticks for thousands of years. The use of chopsticks in China dates back to around 1200 B.C. during the Shang Dynasty. Since then, chopsticks have become an essential part of Chinese culture and dining etiquette. There are several reasons why Chinese people use chopsticks, as well as certain taboos and customs associated with the use of chopsticks.One of the main reasons why Chinese people use chopsticks is practicality. Chopsticks are lightweight and easy to carry, making them the perfect utensil for eating on the go. In addition, chopsticks are versatile and can be used for a wide variety of foods, from rice and noodles to meats and vegetables. Unlike Western utensils such as forks and knives, chopsticks do not require cutting or stabbing motions, making them more suitable for delicate and intricate dishes.Another reason why Chinese people use chopsticks is tradition. Chopsticks have been a part of Chinese culture for centuries, and using them is seen as a way to connect with the past and honor their ancestors. In Chinese folklore, chopsticks are said to bring good luck and prosperity, making them an auspicious choice for dining. Many Chinese families pass down heirloom chopsticks from generation to generation, further emphasizing the importance of this utensil in Chinese culture.There are also several taboos and customs associated with the use of chopsticks in China. One of the most important taboos is never to stick chopsticks upright in a bowl of rice. This is considered disrespectful and is reminiscent of incense offerings at a funeral. Instead, chopsticks should be placed horizontally across the bowl or on a chopsticks rest when not in use. It is also considered impolite to use chopsticks to point at someone or pass food directly from one pair of chopsticks to another.In addition to these taboos, there are also certain customs associated with the use of chopsticks in China. For example, it is customary to use the larger end of the chopsticks to pick up food, while the smaller end should be reserved for transferring food to others. It is also considered polite to offer food to others before serving yourself, as a sign of respect and generosity. Wheneating in a group, it is important to wait for the host to begin eating before starting your meal, as a sign of respect for their leadership.Overall, the use of chopsticks in China reflects the country's rich cultural heritage and deep-rooted traditions. By following proper etiquette and observing the taboos associated with chopsticks, Chinese people can show respect for their ancestors and honor the values that have been passed down for generations. Chopsticks are more than just a utensil in China –they are a symbol of unity, prosperity, and good fortune.篇3China is well-known for its use of chopsticks, a unique eating utensil that has been a significant part of Chinese culture for thousands of years. The use of chopsticks in China is not only a practical way to eat, but also carries deep cultural significance. In this article, we will explore the reasons why Chinese people use chopsticks and some taboos when using chopsticks.One of the main reasons why Chinese people use chopsticks is because of their history and tradition. Chopsticks were first invented in ancient China over 5,000 years ago, making them one of the oldest eating utensils in the world. From their humblebeginnings as simple sticks used for picking up food, chopsticks have evolved into a sophisticated tool that requires skill and practice to master. The use of chopsticks has become deeply ingrained in Chinese culture, and is seen as a symbol of Chinese identity.Another reason why Chinese people use chopsticks is because of their practical advantages. Unlike Western utensils such as forks and knives, chopsticks are versatile and can be used for a variety of tasks, from picking up small pieces of food to stirring dishes. This makes chopsticks a convenient and efficient tool for eating Chinese cuisine, which often consists of bite-sized pieces of food that are meant to be shared.In addition to their practicality, chopsticks also have symbolic significance in Chinese culture. The act of sharing a meal with others using chopsticks is seen as a gesture of unity and harmony. It is a way of showing respect and humility towards your dining companions, and signifies the importance of sharing and cooperation in Chinese society.Despite their many advantages, there are also some taboos and superstitions associated with chopsticks in China. For example, it is considered bad luck to stick chopsticks upright in a bowl of rice, as this resembles the burning of incense at a funeral.It is also considered rude to point or wave chopsticks at others, as this is seen as a sign of aggression. Additionally, it is important to never use chopsticks to pass food directly from one person's chopsticks to another, as this is reminiscent of a traditional funeral ritual.In conclusion, the use of chopsticks in China is a reflection of the country's rich cultural heritage and traditions. From their historical origins to their practical advantages, chopsticks are an integral part of Chinese cuisine and dining etiquette. By understanding the reasons behind the use of chopsticks and observing the taboos associated with them, we can gain a deeper appreciation for this unique and fascinating aspect of Chinese culture.。
Fidelity 现金账户转移资产表单说明书
Transfer Between Existing Fidelity AccountsUse this form to transfer assets between Fidelity accounts. Do NOT use this form to change the registration of an existing account. Instead, go to /forms for the appropriate form. T ype on screen or fill in using CAPITAL letters and black ink. If you need more room for information or signatures, make a copy of the relevant page.update your account information.Form continues on next page.3. Transfer AmountF ULL transfer of the entire account. Your account will be closed, unless you tell us otherwise by checking the box below. If transferring from a brokerage account into a Mutual Fund Only account (account begins with a 2, followed by two letters), only Fidelity mutual funds are eligible to be transferred in kind. All other securities will remain in the original account.Skip to Section 4.O NLY the following amount of cash from your brokerage account. If the amount you indicate is greater than your coreposition balance, we will be unable to process your request. You can direct the sale of securities online or through a Fidelity representative, allowing at least two (2) business days for trade settlement before submitting this form.T ransfer the following securities in kind. If transferring from a brokerage account into a Mutual Fund Only account (account begins with a 2, followed by two letters), only Fidelity mutual funds are eligible to be transferred in kind. All other securities will remain in the original account.4. Reason for TransferT ransfer from a nonretirement account to an IRA. You must indicate below if this is an annual IRA contribution or a 60-Day Rollover.All contributions must be made in cash.Traditional or Roth IRA contributions will be coded as current year, unless specified otherwise.Prior year contributions received after the tax-filing deadline will be coded as current year.60-Day Rollover.T ransfer from a nonretirement account to a nonretirement account. Transfers between accounts with different tax identification numbers will be coded as a gift, unless you select Non-Gift below and provide a brief explanation below.T ransfer from an IRA to an IRA that are like registrations to consolidate accounts (e.g., Traditional IRA to Traditional IRA). Your name and SSN must be identical on both accounts. Note: This does not include conversions to Roth IRAs or rollovers between retirement plans and IRAs.Check ONLY one and provide any additional required information.Indicate the number of shares or check “All.”Enter specific share identification, if applicable. You must provide the lot acquisi-tion date for specific share instruction on or before the date of the transfer (gift/journal) taking place. For mul-tiple lots, list each lot on a separate line.T o list more securities, make a copy of this page or attach a sepa-rate sheet, including the same information. The attachment must be signed and dated. Check ONLY one and provide any additional required information.“Gift” is the default if nothing is selected.Form continues on next page.5. Signature(s) and Date(s) Account owner(s) of the transferring account must sign and date.In the section below, “Fidelity,” “us,” and “we” refer to Fidelity Brokerage Services LLC and National Financial Services and their affiliates, and their employees, agents, representatives, shareholders, successors, and assigns as the context may require; “you” and “account owner” refer to the owner indicated on the account form; for any account with more than one owner (such as a joint or trust account), “you” and “account owner” or “account owners” refer to all owners, collectively and individually.By signing below, you:• D irect Fidelity to act on all instructions given on this form and agree to indemnify us (jointly and severally, for accounts with more than one owner) from and hold us harmless for any and all losses, liabilities, claims, andcosts (including reasonable attorneys’ fees)resulting from our effecting any transactionor acting upon such instructions.• I ndemnify Fidelity from any and allliability in the event you fail to meet anyIRA requirements concerning your IRA(s)referred to in this form, as applicable.One authorized signature is required unless you have a Mutual Fund Only Account (the account number begins with a 2 followed by two letters), in which case all owners of the transferring account must sign.A Medallion signature guarantee is required if:• t he receiving account has a different owner (owner names on the two accounts do not match —f or example, an individual to a different individual) AND• t he value of the transfer is greater than $17,000.If the form is completed at a Fidelity Investor Center with all signers present, the Medallion signature guarantee is not required. Youcan get a Medallion signature guarantee from most banks, credit unions, and other financial institutions. A notary seal/stamp is NOT a signature guarantee.On this form, “Fidelity” means Fidelity Brokerage Services LLC and its affiliates.Brokerage services are provided by Fidelity Brokerage Services LLC, Member NYSE, SIPC. 432196.7.0 (02/23)。
战术背心英语
战术背心英语Tactical vests have become an essential piece of equipment for a wide range of professionals, from law enforcement officers and military personnel to outdoor enthusiasts and security personnel. These versatile garments offer a unique combination of functionality, protection, and adaptability, making them a valuable asset in various operational scenarios.At the core of a tactical vest's design is the ability to carry and organize essential gear and equipment. These vests typically feature a modular system, allowing users to customize the configuration based on their specific needs and the demands of the task at hand. This flexibility is achieved through the integration of numerous pockets, pouches, and attachment points, enabling the wearer to securely stow and access items such as ammunition, communication devices, medical supplies, and tools.One of the primary advantages of tactical vests is the enhanced load distribution they provide. By transferring the weight of carried items from the user's shoulders to their torso, these vests help to alleviatethe strain and fatigue associated with carrying heavy loads for extended periods. This improved weight management not only enhances the wearer's comfort but also helps to maintain their agility and mobility, which can be crucial in high-stress situations.In addition to their load-bearing capabilities, tactical vests often incorporate protective features to safeguard the wearer. Many models are designed to accommodate ballistic plates, which provide a high level of protection against various threats, including handgun rounds and shrapnel. This integrated armor system can be a vital asset for law enforcement officers, military personnel, and others who may face the risk of hostile actions.Beyond the realm of personal protection, tactical vests can also serve as a platform for mission-specific equipment. Depending on the user's role and the operational environment, these vests can be outfitted with specialized accessories, such as radio pouches, magazine holders, and utility compartments. This customization allows the wearer to streamline their gear and optimize their performance for the task at hand, whether it's conducting a covert surveillance operation, responding to an emergency, or engaging in tactical training.The versatility of tactical vests extends beyond their practical applications. These garments have also become a symbol ofprofessionalism and expertise, particularly in the fields of law enforcement, military, and security. The distinctive appearance and robust construction of tactical vests convey a sense of authority and preparedness, which can be beneficial in situations where a strong visual presence is required.However, the widespread adoption of tactical vests has also raised some concerns. Critics have argued that the proliferation of these garments, especially in civilian contexts, can contribute to a militarization of public spaces and a perception of increased threat levels. There are also concerns about the potential for the misuse or abuse of tactical equipment by individuals or groups with malicious intentions.To address these concerns, many manufacturers and regulatory bodies have implemented measures to ensure the responsible and ethical use of tactical vests. This includes the development of guidelines and standards for the design, production, and distribution of these garments, as well as the implementation of training programs to educate users on the proper and lawful utilization of tactical equipment.Despite these challenges, the value and importance of tactical vests in a wide range of operational settings remain undeniable. These versatile garments have become an essential tool for professionalswho require a high level of functionality, protection, and adaptability in their day-to-day activities. As technology and operational demands continue to evolve, the role of tactical vests in enhancing the capabilities and safety of those who serve and protect is likely to become even more critical in the years to come.。
冰箱里的衣服好吗英语作文
As an English teacher,Im here to help you with your essay on the topic of Clothes in the Fridge.Heres a detailed guide on how to approach writing such an essay in English, using French English,which I assume means using English with a French influence in terms of vocabulary or style.Title:The Unusual Storage Clothes in the FridgeIntroductionIn the realm of fashion and household management,one might come across peculiar practices that challenge the norms.The notion of storing clothes in the refrigerator is one such unconventional idea that has piqued the curiosity of many.This essay aims to explore the reasons behind this unusual practice,its potential benefits,and the cultural or practical implications it may carry.Body Paragraph1:The Origin of the ConceptThe idea of placing clothes in the fridge might have originated from a desire to preserve the freshness of certain fabrics or to maintain the crispness of garments.In France,for instance,the art of living lart de vivre often involves meticulous attention to detail,which could extend to the care of ones attire.The French are known for their appreciation of fine textiles and the elegance of their clothing,which might explain why such a practice could have emerged.Body Paragraph2:The Practicality of the PracticeFrom a practical standpoint,the low humidity and cool temperatures inside a refrigerator could potentially protect clothes from moths and other pests that thrive in warm,humid environments.Additionally,for those who live in regions with high heat and humidity, the fridge could serve as a temporary storage solution to prevent clothes from becoming damp and musty.However,it is important to consider the potential drawbacks,such as the risk of transferring odors from food to clothes or the inefficiency of using a refrigerator for nonfood items.Body Paragraph3:The Cultural ImpactCulturally,the practice of storing clothes in the fridge could be seen as a reflection of a societys values and priorities.In a culture that places a high premium on appearance andthe presentation of self,such a practice might be more readily accepted.It could also be indicative of a societys relationship with technology and the innovative use of appliances for purposes beyond their original design.Body Paragraph4:The Debate and ConclusionThe debate surrounding the storage of clothes in the fridge is not without its critics.Some argue that it is an inefficient use of resources and that there are more traditional and effective methods of clothing preservation.Others see it as a quirky and creative solution to a common problem.Ultimately,the decision to store clothes in the fridge is a personal one,influenced by individual preferences,cultural norms,and practical considerations.ConclusionIn conclusion,while the practice of storing clothes in the fridge may seem unconventional,it is a testament to human ingenuity and the desire to find solutions to everyday challenges.Whether it is a passing fad or a sign of things to come,it is a practice that invites us to question the status quo and consider the many ways in which we interact with the objects in our lives.Remember to maintain a formal and informative tone throughout your essay,and ensure that your arguments are wellstructured and supported with evidence or examples.Happy writing!。
制作英语标识牌指示类作文
制作英语标识牌指示类作文Creating English Signage for Directions。
Introduction:Signage plays a crucial role in guiding individuals in various settings. Whether it is in public places, transportation hubs, or educational institutions, clear and concise signs are essential to ensure smooth navigation. In this article, we will explore the importance of creating effective English signage for directions and discuss the key factors to consider while designing such signs.Importance of Effective Signage:Signage serves as a visual communication tool to guide people to their desired destinations. Clear and well-designed signs help individuals navigate unfamiliar places, reducing confusion and frustration. When it comes to English signage for directions, it becomes even moreimportant as English is widely spoken and understood globally. Therefore, creating effective English signage is crucial for facilitating communication and ensuring a seamless experience for both native English speakers and non-native English speakers alike.Factors to Consider in Designing English Signage for Directions:1. Clarity: The primary objective of any signage is to convey information clearly and concisely. When designing English signage for directions, it is essential to use simple and easily understandable language. Avoid complex sentence structures and technical jargon. Instead, use short and straightforward phrases that can be quickly comprehended by a diverse range of individuals.2. Visibility: Signage must be easily visible and legible from a distance. Consider the size, font, and color scheme of the sign to ensure maximum visibility. Use a font that is clear and easily readable, even from a distance. The color scheme should provide sufficient contrast betweenthe text and the background, making it easy to read. Additionally, ensure that the signage is placed at an appropriate height and angle to maximize visibility.3. Consistency: Consistency is key when it comes to creating signage for directions. Use the same design elements, such as font, color scheme, and symbols, throughout all the signs in a particular area. This helps individuals recognize and associate the signage with a specific location or purpose. Consistency also aids in creating a cohesive and organized environment, making it easier for people to navigate.4. Pictograms and Symbols: Visual cues, such as pictograms and symbols, are universally understood and can overcome language barriers. Incorporating relevant symbols alongside the text in English signage for directions can enhance comprehension, especially for non-native English speakers. For example, using a symbol of an arrow pointing in a specific direction can quickly convey the message of which way to go.5. Localization: Consider the cultural context and location of the signage when designing English signs for directions. Certain symbols or phrases may have different meanings or interpretations in different cultures. It is important to research and understand the cultural nuancesto ensure that the signage is appropriate and easily understood by the target audience.Examples of English Signage for Directions:1. Airport Signage: In airports, clear and concise signage is essential to guide passengers to various facilities, such as check-in counters, security checkpoints, and boarding gates. English signage, accompanied byrelevant symbols, can help international travelers navigate the airport easily.2. Hospital Signage: Hospitals are often complex environments, and effective signage is crucial to guide patients, visitors, and staff. English signage fordirections in hospitals should be simple, clear, andprovide clear instructions to different departments,clinics, and emergency exits.3. Educational Institutions: Schools and universities often have large campuses with multiple buildings and facilities. English signage for directions can help students, faculty, and visitors find classrooms, libraries, administrative offices, and other important locationswithin the campus.Conclusion:Creating effective English signage for directions is essential in facilitating communication and ensuring a seamless experience for individuals navigating unfamiliar places. By considering factors such as clarity, visibility, consistency, pictograms and symbols, and localization, signage can effectively guide people to their desired destinations. Whether in airports, hospitals, or educational institutions, well-designed English signage plays a vital role in enhancing navigation and overall user experience.。
植物拓印帆布包英语作文
植物拓印帆布包英语作文Plants have long been a source of inspiration for artists and designers, their intricate patterns and natural forms providing endless possibilities for creative expression. One such application of plant-inspired design is the creation of plant imprint canvas bags. These unique and eco-friendly accessories not only showcase the beauty of the natural world but also serve as a practical and sustainable choice for everyday use.The process of creating a plant imprint canvas bag begins with the careful selection of the plant material. From delicate ferns to vibrant flowers, the artist carefully chooses the specimens that will serve as the foundation for the design. The chosen plants are then carefully pressed and dried, ensuring that their intricate structures are preserved and ready to be transferred onto the canvas.Once the plant material is prepared, the artist begins the process of transferring the imprint onto the canvas. This can be done through a variety of techniques, such as screen printing, block printing, or even direct transfer using a printing press. The key to achieving asuccessful imprint lies in the careful application of ink or dye, ensuring that the details of the plant are captured with precision and clarity.One of the most appealing aspects of plant imprint canvas bags is the unique and one-of-a-kind nature of each piece. No two bags are ever exactly the same, as the natural variations in the plant material and the printing process ensure that each design is a true original. This sense of individuality and authenticity is highly valued by consumers who are seeking to add a touch of natural beauty and personalization to their everyday lives.In addition to their aesthetic appeal, plant imprint canvas bags also offer a range of practical benefits. The use of canvas as the primary material ensures that the bags are durable and long-lasting, able to withstand the rigors of daily use without sacrificing their visual appeal. Furthermore, the use of plant-based inks or dyes means that these bags are often more environmentally friendly than their synthetic counterparts, making them a more sustainable choice for the eco-conscious consumer.The popularity of plant imprint canvas bags has grown in recent years, with a growing number of artists and designers exploring the creative possibilities of this unique medium. From small independent artisans to larger commercial brands, the demand for these uniqueand visually striking accessories continues to rise, as consumers seek out products that not only look beautiful but also align with their values and environmental concerns.One of the key factors contributing to the success of plant imprint canvas bags is the sense of connection to the natural world that they evoke. By incorporating the imprint of real plants into the design, these bags serve as a tangible reminder of the beauty and diversity of the natural world, inviting the user to pause and appreciate the intricate details and patterns that can be found in the world around us.This connection to nature is particularly important in today's fast-paced and increasingly urbanized world, where many people feel disconnected from the natural environment. By incorporating plant-inspired designs into their everyday lives, consumers are able to reconnect with the natural world and find a sense of grounding and tranquility amidst the chaos of modern life.Beyond their aesthetic and practical benefits, plant imprint canvas bags also offer a unique opportunity for artistic expression and creative exploration. For the artists and designers who create these bags, the process of selecting, preparing, and transferring the plant material onto the canvas is a deeply rewarding and fulfilling experience, allowing them to tap into the natural world and translateits beauty into a tangible and functional form.As the demand for plant imprint canvas bags continues to grow, it is likely that we will see an increasing diversity of designs and techniques emerge, as artists and designers continue to push the boundaries of what is possible with this unique medium. From bold and vibrant floral patterns to delicate and intricate leaf imprints, the possibilities are endless, and the potential for creative expression is truly limitless.In conclusion, plant imprint canvas bags are a beautiful and sustainable choice for those seeking to add a touch of natural beauty and personalization to their everyday lives. By incorporating the intricate patterns and forms of the natural world into a practical and durable accessory, these bags offer a unique and meaningful way to connect with the environment and find a sense of grounding and tranquility amidst the chaos of modern life. Whether you are an avid nature lover or simply someone who appreciates the beauty of the natural world, a plant imprint canvas bag is a wonderful addition to your wardrobe and a testament to the enduring power of creativity and innovation.。
我发明了万能铲子作文
我发明了万能铲子作文英文回答：The Universal Shovel is an invention that I came up with to solve various digging and gardening tasks. It is a versatile tool that combines the functions of a shovel, a rake, and a hoe. With its innovative design and multiple attachments, it can handle a wide range of tasks with ease.Firstly, the shovel attachment is perfect for digging holes, removing soil, and transferring materials. Its sturdy construction and sharp edge make it efficient for digging through different types of soil. Whether it's for planting flowers, digging trenches, or creating a new garden bed, the shovel attachment is a reliable tool.Secondly, the rake attachment is useful for leveling the ground, removing debris, and spreading mulch. Its flexible tines allow for easy maneuverability and efficient cleaning. Whether it's for clearing leaves, spreadinggravel, or preparing the soil for planting, the rake attachment is an essential part of the Universal Shovel.Lastly, the hoe attachment is designed for cultivating the soil, removing weeds, and creating furrows. Its sharp blade cuts through the soil effortlessly, making it easy to loosen compacted soil and remove unwanted plants. Whetherit's for weeding the garden, preparing the soil for planting, or creating neat rows for seeds, the hoe attachment is a valuable addition to the Universal Shovel.The Universal Shovel is not only a practical tool but also a time and space-saving solution. Instead of having to carry multiple tools for different tasks, the Universal Shovel combines them into one convenient tool. This eliminates the need for extra storage space and reduces the hassle of switching between tools.Moreover, the Universal Shovel is designed with ergonomics in mind. Its handle is comfortable to grip, reducing strain on the hands and wrists during prolonged use. The attachments are easily interchangeable, allowingfor quick and effortless transitions between tasks.In conclusion, the Universal Shovel is a groundbreaking invention that revolutionizes the way we approach digging and gardening tasks. Its versatility, efficiency, and ergonomic design make it an indispensable tool for both professional gardeners and DIY enthusiasts. With the Universal Shovel, you can tackle any digging or gardening task with ease and efficiency.中文回答：万能铲子是我发明的一种解决各种挖掘和园艺任务的工具。
为残障人士设计产品的英语作文
为残障人士设计产品的英语作文Designing Products for Individuals with Disabilities: A Comprehensive Guide.In an inclusive society, catering to the needs of all individuals, including those with disabilities, is paramount. Designing accessible products that empower individuals with disabilities to live independently and participate fully in society is a crucial step toward achieving this inclusivity. This article delves into the fundamental principles, best practices, and considerations for designing products tailored to the unique needs of individuals with disabilities.Principles of Disability-Inclusive Design.Adhering to the following principles ensures that products are accessible and usable by individuals with a wide range of disabilities:Universality: Design products that are usable by people with diverse abilities, including those with physical, sensory, cognitive, and neurological impairments.Equity: Ensure that products provide an equal user experience for individuals with and without disabilities, eliminating barriers to interaction.Flexibility: Design products adaptable to different abilities and preferences, allowing for customization and adjustments to meet individual needs.Simplicity: Create products that are intuitive and easy to use for people with varying cognitive and physical abilities.Best Practices for Accessible Product Design.Consider Sensory Differences: Design products that accommodate visual, auditory, tactile, and cognitive differences. Use contrasting colors, provide alternative text descriptions, and consider sensory feedback.Enhance Physical Accessibility: Ensure physical access by incorporating ramps, elevators, wider doorways, and adjustable controls for individuals with mobility impairments.Minimize Cognitive Load: Design user interfaces that are clear, concise, and easy to understand. Provide visual cues, simplify language, and minimize the need for memorization for individuals with cognitive impairments.Provide Adaptive Technology Support: Enable the use of assistive technology devices by designing products compatible with screen readers, magnifiers, and other devices used by individuals with sensory or cognitive impairments.Considerations for Specific Disabilities.Tailoring products to specific disabilities requires an understanding of their unique challenges:Visual Disabilities: Consider high-contrast designs, tactile elements, and audible feedback for individuals with visual impairments.Auditory Disabilities: Provide visual cues, closed captioning, and text-to-speech options for individuals with hearing impairments.Mobility Disabilities: Design products with ergonomic handles, adjustable heights, and accessible controls for individuals with mobility impairments.Cognitive Disabilities: Use clear and simple language, provide visual aids, and minimize distractions for individuals with cognitive impairments.User Involvement in Design.Involving individuals with disabilities throughout the design process is crucial. Their firsthand experiences and perspectives provide invaluable insights into the challenges and solutions they encounter.Conduct User Research: Engage with individuals with disabilities to gather insights into their needs, preferences, and accessibility challenges.Seek Feedback Iteratively: Regularly incorporate feedback from individuals with disabilities during the design process to refine and improve product accessibility.Provide Accessibility Testing: Test products with individuals with disabilities to ensure they meet accessibility standards and provide an optimal user experience.Benefits of Disability-Inclusive Design.Designing products for individuals with disabilities benefits not only the targeted population but also the broader society:Increased Accessibility: Products become accessible to a wider range of users, fostering inclusivity andempowering individuals with disabilities.Improved Usability: Accessible products are often more usable for everyone, regardless of ability, enhancing the overall user experience.Market Expansion: By addressing the needs of individuals with disabilities, companies can reach a larger market and increase their customer base.Social Responsibility: Designing for inclusivity demonstrates a commitment to social responsibility and aligns with the principles of a just and equitable society.Conclusion.Designing products for individuals with disabilities is an ethical and practical imperative for creating an inclusive society. By adhering to the principles of universality, equity, flexibility, and simplicity, and incorporating best practices that cater to specific disabilities, designers can empower individuals withdisabilities to live independently and participate fully in society. User involvement, ongoing feedback, and accessibility testing play a pivotal role in ensuring that products meet the unique needs of individuals with disabilities. Embracing disability-inclusive design practices not only benefits the targeted population but also enhances usability for everyone, expands markets, and demonstrates social responsibility. By embracinginclusivity in product design, we can create a more equitable and accessible world for all.。
补办企业调入事业单位手续流程
补办企业调入事业单位手续流程1.首先，申请人需要准备好身份证、户口本、毕业证书等相关证件。
First, the applicant needs to prepare their ID card, household registration book, graduation certificate, and other related documents.2.接着，申请人需填写《企业调入事业单位申请表》并加盖企业公章。
Next, the applicant needs to fill out the "Application Form for Transfer from Enterprise to Public Institution" and affix the company's official seal.3.然后，申请人需要提供单位营业执照副本和组织机构代码证副本。
Then, the applicant needs to provide a copy of the company's business license and organization code certificate.4.接着，申请人需要到人力资源和社会保障局递交申请并办理相关手续。
Next, the applicant needs to go to the Human Resources and Social Security Bureau to submit the application and handle the related procedures.5.申请人还需办理离职手续，并提供离职证明。
The applicant also needs to go through the resignation procedures and provide a proof of resignation.6.申请人需要向原单位提交辞职申请，并办理离职手续。
漆染印工艺流程
漆染印工艺流程Title: Painting and Dyeing Printing Process漆染印工艺是一种古老而独特的技艺，主要用于制作各种艺术品和实用物品。
以下是漆染印工艺的详细流程：Painting and dyeing printing is an ancient and unique craft, mainly used for making various works of art and practical items.Here is the detailed process of painting and dyeing printing:1.Designing: The first step is to create a design for the item to be painted or printed.This can be done using various methods such as drawing, painting or using computer software.设计：第一步是为要涂漆或印刷的物品设计一个图案。
这可以通过绘画、绘画或使用计算机软件等方法完成。
2.Preparing the Item: The item to be painted or printed needs to be properly prepared.This may involve cleaning, sanding or polishing the surface to ensure it is smooth and ready to accept the paint or ink.准备物品：要涂漆或印刷的物品需要进行适当的准备。
这可能包括清洁、打磨或抛光表面，以确保它是平滑的并准备好接受涂料或墨水。
3.Transferring the Design: The next step is to transfer the design onto the item.This can be done using various methods such as stenciling, screen printing or transferring a vinyl sticker.转移设计：下一步是将设计转移到物品上。
druck 电子压力仪 产品说明 说明书
DPI 610/615 Series is a Druck product.•Ranges -14.7 to 10,000 psi•Accuracy 0.025% full scale (FS) all ranges •Integral combined pressure/vacuum pump •Dual readout: input and output•4 to 20 mA loop test: auto step and ramp •Intrinsically safe (IS) version•RS232 interface and fully documenting version •Remote pressure sensorsFeaturesDruck PortablePressure CalibratorsDPI 610/615 SeriesThe technically advanced Druck DPI 610 and DPI 615portable calibrators are the culmination of many years of field experience with the company’s DPI 600 series.These self-contained, battery powered packages contain a pressure generator, fine pressure control, device energizing (not IS version) and output measurement capabilities, as well as facilities for 4 to 20 mA loop testing and data storage. The rugged weatherproof design is styled such that the pressure pump can be operated and test leads connected withoutcompromising the visibility of the large dual parameter display. The mA step and ramp outputs and a built-in continuity tester extend the capabilities to include the commissioning and maintenance of control loops.Setting the Standard for PortablePressure CalibratorsAccuracy0.025% FS for ranges 1 to 10,000 psiRanges 1 psi to 10,000 psi including gauge, absolute anddifferential versionsIntegral Pneumatic–22 inHg to 300 psiPressure SourceIntegral Hydraulic0 to 6000 psiPressure SourceMeasure Pressure, mA, V, switch state (open/closed) andambient temperatureOutput: Pressure, mA step, mA ramp, mA value Energizing Supplies10 and 24 VDC (not IS version)Data Storage92 KbytesDocumenting (DPI 615 only)Error analysis with pass/fail status and graphs.two-way PC communication for transferringprocedures and resultsRemote pressure sensors Up to 10 digitally characterized sensors percalibratorSimplified OperationThe key to simple operation is the Task Menu. Specific operating modes such as P-I, switch test and leak test are configured at the touch of a button by menu selection.Featuring highly reliable pneumatic and hydraulic assemblies and self-test routines, the DPI 610/615 Series can be relied upon time and time again for field calibration in the most extreme conditions.The DPI 610 and DPI 615 have been designed for ease of use while meeting a wide range of application needs including calibration, maintenance and commissioning. The Intrinsically Safe versions, certified to European and North American standards for use in hazardous areas,reduce response times to breakdowns and emergencies by removing the need for ’Hot Permits‘ and gas detection equipment. This gives peace of mind to all those responsible for safety within hazardous areas.The dual parameter display shows the Input and Output values in large clear digits. A unique built-in handle provides a secure grip for on-site use in addition to a shoulder strap which is also designed to allow the instrument to be suspended for hands-free operation.Any technician can use these calibrators without formal training, such as a novice on an emergency call out, or those familiar with the DPI 601. By selecting basic mode the calibrator is configured to source pressure and measure mA or V, with all non-essential keys disabled.Dedicated Task MenuThe dedicated task key gives direct access to the task menu. Select the required test, for example P-I for a pressure transmitter, and with a single key press, the calibrator is ready.Use the advanced mode for custom tasks and add to the user task menu for future use.Some of the CapabilitiesP mA V10 V*24 V*Switch°FMeasure __Source _ __P = PressureF = Local ambient temperature* = Not ISPressure Transmitter CalibrationThe P-I task configures the DPI 610/615 Series to simultaneously display the output pressure and the input current. The pressure unit can be chosen to suit the transmitter and a 24 V supply is available forloop-power (not IS version).For process transmitters reading in percentage use % span to scale the pressure accordingly.The DPI 610/615 Series pneumatic calibrator hand-pump can generate pressure from -12 to 300 psi. The volume adjuster gives fine pressure setting and the release valve also allows gradual venting for falling calibration points.A highly accurate and easy to use calibrator is only part of the solution for improving overall data quality and working efficiency. The DPI 610 and DPI 615, with data storage and RS232 interface, reduce calibration times and eliminate data recording errors. The DPI 615 also provides error analysis for field reporting of calibration errors and pass/fail status. In addition, procedures downloaded from a PC automatically configure the DPI 615 to pre-defined calibration and test routines. Improved performanceThe DPI 610/615 Series combine practical design with state-of-the-art performance, summarized as follows:Pressure Switch Testing and Leak TestingFor switch set-up and fault finding, the display shows the output pressure and switch state open or closed. Continuity is declared by an audible signal.Verify pressure switch performance using the automatic procedure. The DPI 610/615 Series displays the switch points and the contact hysteresis.Leak test will check for pressure leaks prior to calibration or during routine maintenance. Define the test times or use the defaults and wait… The DPI 610/615 Series will report the start and stop pressures, the pressure change and the leak rate.Take a ‘snapshot’ of the working display, all details are stored in a numbered location for later recall.Loop Testing and Fault FindingThe DPI 610/615 Series can generate a continuous mA step or mA ramp output, allowing a single technician to commission control loops.Feed the loop using mA step or mA ramp and at the control room, check the instrumentation.Use mA value E for alarm and trip circuit tests. Any mA output can be set and adjusted from the keypad.Comprehensive process features aid flow and level measurement and help with trouble shooting. Select tare, maximum/minimum, filter, flow or %span and the function will be applied to the input parameter.Save time fault finding, by leaving the DPI 610/615 Series to monitor system parameters. Use periodic data log or the maximum/minimum process function to captureintermittent events.Remote Pressure SensorsBy adding up to ten external sensors (one at a time) theworking ranges of the DPI 610 and DPI 615 can beextended. Modules from 1 inH2O to 10,000 psi areavailable to suit most applications.As a leading manufacturer of pressure sensors GE hasapplied the latest silicon technology and digitalcompensation techniques to develop these sensors. Reduce the burden imposed by quality systems such asISO 9000, simply store results in memory and leave bothpen and calibration sheet back at the office.•Low pressure•Pressure-to-pressure•Differential pressure•Wide range, high-accuracy•Test-point monitoring•To prevent cross contamination•To configure pneumatic calibrators for high pressure hydraulic systems•To configure hydraulic calibrators for low pressurepneumatic systemsDPI 615 Portable Documenting Pressure CalibratorThe DPI 615 adds powerful time saving and error eliminating features to the comprehensive functionality of the DPI 610. These include field error calculations with PASS/FAIL analysis and two way PC communications for downloading procedures and uploading results. Reporting Errors in the FieldThe DPI 615 calculates errors and reports the pass/fail status during field tests. Problems and failures can be analyzed graphically for immediate assessment and correction. This simple to use feature reduces calibration and maintenance times and eliminates human pleting the Paper TrailIt takes longer to fill out a calibration report, calculate the errors and assess the results than it does to calibrate the transmitter. With the DPI 615, documents can be quickly completed either on site or, at a more convenient time and location, by recalling the information from theDPI 615’s memory.Calibration Management SystemsWhen used in conjunction with calibration management software the DPI 615 greatly reduces the financial and resource burden imposed by quality systems such as ISO 9000. As work orders are issued, object lists and procedures are downloaded to the DPI 615. In the field these procedures configure the instrument for the tests. The errors and pass/fail status are reported and recorded in memory (as found or as left results) for later upload to the software. Calibration certificates can then be printed and plant maintenance systems updated. The whole documenting process is completed in a fraction of the time it takes using manual systems and without human error.For information on Intecal calibration software please visit . The DPI 615 is also compatiblewith many third party software systems.Remote sensors offer a cost-effective means of expanding the capabilities of the DPI 610 and DPI 615, for example in the following applications:DPI 610/615LP Low Pressure CalibratorVolume AdjusterDual piston for coarse/fine pressure setting Release ValveVent and controlled releasePressure Ports1/8 NPT femaleMediaNo corrosive gasesPlease refer to DPI 610/615 LP Series datasheet for fullspecification.DPI 610/615HC Hydraulic Calibrator Priming PumpFeeds from external sourceShut-off ValveOpen for system primingScrew Press0 to 6000 psi capabilityPressure Port1/8 NPT femaleMediaDimineralized water and most hydraulic oilsDPI 610/615I IndicatorRelease ValveVent and controlled releasePressure Port1/8 NPT femaleMediaMost common fluids compatible with stainless steelDPI 610/615 Specifications DPI 610/615PC Pneumatic CalibratorHand-Pump-22 inHg to 300 psi capabilityVolume AdjusterFine pressure adjustmentRelease ValveVent and controlled releasePressure Port1/8 NPT femaleMediaMost common gasesSpan Shift0.5%/500 psi of line pressure for differential ranges.Temperature Effects±0.002% reading/°F averaged over –15°F to 105°F and w.r.t. 68°F.Remote Sensor MediaStainless steel and hastelloy compatibility.Negative Differential: Stainless steel and quartz compatibility.Overpressure Safe to 2 x FSexcept (1) 500 psi maximum, (2) 9000 psi maximum,(3)5000 psi maximum(1), (2) and (3) refer to pressure range tablePressure Pneumatic HydraulicIndicator Remote Accuracy Range DPI 610PC/DPI 610HC/DPI 610I/Option % FS DPI 615PCDPI 615HC DPI 615I (B1)1 psi (-1) G —G G or D 0.0052.5 psi (-2.5) G —G G or D 0.0255 psi (-5) G or A —G or A G, A or D 0.02510 psi (-10) G or A —G or A G, A or D 0.02515 psi (-15) G or A —G or A G, A or D 0.02530 psi (-15) G or A —G or A G, A or D 0.02550 psi (-15) G or A —G or A G, A or D 0.025100 psi (-15) G or A —G or A G, A or D 0.025150 psi (-15) G or A —G or A G, A or D 0.025300 psi (-15) G orA (1)—G or A G, A or D 0.025500 psi (-15) ——G or A G,A or D 0.0251000 psi (-15) ——G or A G or A 0.0251500 psi ——SG or A SG or A 0.0252000 psi ——SG or A SG or A 0.0253000 psi —SG or A SG or A SG or A 0.0255000 psi —SG or A SG or A (3)SG or A 0.0256000 psi —SG or A (2)——0.02510000 psi ———SG or A0.025•Values in ( ) indicate negative calibration for gauge and differential ranges•A = Absolute, D = Differential (500 psi) line pressure, G = Gauge, SG = Sealed Gauge •(1), (2) and (3) refer to over pressure.•Accuracy is defined as non-linearity, hysteresis and repeatabilitySpecial FeaturesPressure Units25 scale units plus one user-defined mA stepContinuous cycle at 10 sec intervalsmA rampContinuous cycle with configurable end values and 60 second travel timeData logMulti-parameter with internal memory for 10,000 values.Variable sample period or log on key pressElectrical Inputs Input Range AccuracyResolution RemarksVoltage*±50 VDC±0.05% reading 100 :V Autoranging, > ±0.004% FSmaximum10 M S±30 VDC(IS version)Current*±55 mA±0.05% reading 0.001 mA10 S , 50 V ±0.004% FSmaximum(30 V maximum IS version)Temperature 15°F to 105°F ±2°F 0.2°FLocal ambient Switch Open/closed ____5 mA whetting*Temperature coefficient ±0.004% reading/°F wrt 68°FElectrical Outputs Output Range Accuracy ResolutionRemarks Voltage 10 VDC±0.1%__Maximum (Not IS load 10 mA version)24 VDC ±5%__Maximum load 26 mACurrent*0 to 24 mA±0.05% reading 0.001 mA__±0.1% FS*Temperature coefficient ±0.004% reading/°F wrt 68°FFor IS version Ui = 30 V maximum, Ii = 100 mA maximum, Pi = 1 W maximum and Uo = 7.9 V maximum.ElectricalFunctionmA Output4 to 20 mA linear 48121620____0 to 20 mA linear 05101520____4 to 20 mA flow 4581320____0 to 20 mA flow 0 1.25511.2520____4 to 20 mA valve3.844.212192021Pressure RangesThe DPI 610/615 PC, HC,LP and I include an integral sensor, the range of which should be specified from the list below. Up to 10 remote sensors (option B1) may also be ordered per calibrator.Power supply•Six 1.5 V 'C' cells, alkaline (up to 65 hours nominal use at 68°F. Rechargeable battery pack and charger are supplied as standard (20 hours nominal use)•Rechargeable batteries and charger/power supply not available for the IS version which uses alkaline batteries only.Options(A)Rechargeable Batteries and ChargerRechargeable battery pack (P/N 191-A022) and 110 VAC charger/power supply (P/N 191-A023). A 220 VAC charger/power supply is also available (P/N 191-129). (Not available for IS version)(B1)Remote Pressure SensorThe DPI 610/615 have a second pressure channel which can be configured with up to 10 remote sensors (one at a time). For ease of use the sensors are fitted with an electrical connector and 1/4 NPT female pressure port.Please refer to specifications for ranges and associated accuracy.At least one mating cable is required per DPI 610 when ordering remote pressure sensors _see Option (B2).(B2)Mating Cable for Remote SensorsA 6 ft mating cable for connecting remote sensors to the calibrator. At least one cable should be ordered when ordering Option (B1).(B3)Calibration of Special Remote Pressure Sensor(150 mV maximum) (Not available on IS version)(C)1/8 NPT Female AdaptorA stainless steel adaptor and bonded seal toconvert the standard G 1/8 female pressure port to 1/8 NPT female.(D1)Intecal for Industry (P/N Intecal-Ind)Developed to meet the growing demand on industry to comply with quality systems and calibration documentation. Test procedures are created in a Windows ®based application and devices into work orders for transfer to the DPI 325, DPI 335, DPI 605, DPI 615, TRX II and MCX II. Calibration results, are uploaded to the PC for analysis and to print calibration certificates.•Operating: 15°F to 120°F •Calibrated: 15°F to 105°F Humidity0 to 90%, non-condensing SealingGenerally to Type 12/IP54ConformityEN61010, EN50081-1, EN50082-1, CE marked Intrinsically safe version: Supplied certified for use in hazardous areasEEx ia IIC T4 certificate 2000.1003130To CAN/CSA-E79-11-95 and CAN/CSA E79-0-95 (Class 1,Division I, Groups A,B,C&D)PhysicalWeight: 6.6 lb, size: 11.8 in x 6.7 in x 5.5 inSnapshotPaperless notepad. Stores up to 20 complete displays Computer interface RS232Process functionsTare, maximum/minimum, filter, flow, % spanLanguageEnglish, French, German, Italian, Portuguese and Spanish Power managementAuto power off, auto backlight off, battery low indicator and status on key pressDisplayPanel2.36 in to 2.36 in graphic LCD with backlight. (Backlight not available on IS version)Readout± 99999 capability, two readings per secondEnvironmentalTemperatureg©2006 GE. All rights reserved.920-107AAll specifications are subject to change for product improvement without notice.GE ®is a registered trademark of General Electric Co. Windows ®is a registered trademark of Microsoft Corporation, which is not affiliated with GE, in the U.S. and other countries. Other company or product names mentioned in this document may be trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective companies, which are not affiliated with GE.(P/N 7000-Intecal)Builds on the concept of Intecal for industry supporting both portable calibrators and on-line workshop instruments. Intecal is a simple-to-use calibration management software, which enables a high productivity of scheduling, calibration and documentation.Visit for more information and free download.(E1)Dirt/Moisture TrapWhere a clean/dry pressure media cannot beguaranteed the IDT 600 dirt/moisture trap prevents contamination of the DPI 610/615 pneumatic system and eliminates cross-contamination from one device under test to another.AccessoriesThe DPI 610 is supplied with carrying case, test leads,user guide and calibration certificate with data, asstandard. The DPI 610HC also has a 8 oz polypropylene fluid container and priming tube. (Alkaline batteries supplied for the IS version).Calibration StandardsInstruments manufactured by Druck are calibrated against precision equipment traceable to the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST).Related Products•Portable field calibrators•Laboratory and workshop instruments •Pressure transducers and transmittersOrdering InformationStandard complete packages are available for ranges 5,30, 100 and 300 psig. These include user guide, test leads, pressure/vacuum pump, volume adjuster, release valve, carrying case, rechargeable battery pack and charger. When ordering, please state type, pressure range and “complete”, e.g. DPI 610 PC, range 30 psig complete.For other ranges please state the following (where applicable):1.DPI 610 type number i.e. DPI 610 PC. For IS version use the suffix 'S' after the basic model number,e.g. DPI 610S PC or DPI 610S I. (Intrinsically safe hydraulic version not available)2.Built-in pressure range; gauge or absolute.3.Options, including range for remote sensors.Options B1 and D should be ordered as separate line items .(D2)Intecal Calibration Management Software。
山东文物标识设计大赛英文要求
山东文物标识设计大赛英文要求English:For the Shandong Cultural Relics Identification Design Competition, participants are required to demonstrate a deep understanding of Shandong's cultural heritage and history while showcasing creativity, innovation, and technical skill in their designs. Submissions should adhere to the principles of effective communication, ensuring that the cultural significance of the relics is conveyed clearly and compellingly to diverse audiences. Designs must be visually striking, incorporating elements that resonate with Shandong's rich cultural tapestry and heritage sites. Additionally, participants should consider the practical aspects of implementation, ensuring that the proposed designs are feasible for application across various mediums and formats. Entries will be evaluated based on criteria such as originality, aesthetic appeal, functionality, and suitability for the intended purpose. Successful designs will effectively capture the essence of Shandong's cultural relics, serving as iconic symbols that promote awareness and appreciation of the region's cultural heritage.中文翻译：在山东文物标识设计大赛中，参赛者需要展现对山东文化遗产和历史的深刻理解，同时在设计中体现创造力、创新性和技术能力。
叶轮机械非定常流动及气动弹性计算
中图分类号：V211.3 论文编号：1028701 18-B061 学科分类号：080103博士学位论文叶轮机械非定常流动及气动弹性计算研究生姓名周迪学科、专业流体力学研究方向气动弹性力学指导教师陆志良教授南京航空航天大学研究生院航空宇航学院二О一八年十月Nanjing University of Aeronautics and AstronauticsThe Graduate SchoolCollege of Aerospace EngineeringNumerical investigations of unsteady aerodynamics and aeroelasticity ofturbomachinesA Thesis inFluid MechanicsbyZhou DiAdvised byProf. Lu ZhiliangSubmitted in Partial Fulfillmentof the Requirementsfor the Degree ofDoctor of PhilosophyOctober, 2018南京航空航天大学博士学位论文摘要气动弹性问题是影响叶轮机械特别是航空发动机性能和安全的一个重要因素。
作为一个交叉学科，叶轮机械气动弹性力学涉及与叶片变形和振动相关联的定常/非定常流动特性、颤振机理以及各种气弹现象的数学模型等的研究。
本文基于计算流体力学(CFD)技术自主建立了一个适用于叶轮机械定常/非定常流动、静气动弹性和颤振问题的综合计算分析平台，并针对多种气动弹性问题进行了数值模拟研究。
主要研究内容和学术贡献如下：由于叶轮机械气动弹性与内流空气动力特性密切相关，真实模拟其内部流场是研究的重点之一。
基于数值求解旋转坐标系下的雷诺平均N–S(RANS)方程，首先构造了适合于旋转机械流动的CFD模拟方法。
特别的，针对叶片振动引起的非定常流动问题，采用动网格方法进行模拟，通过一种高效的RBF–TFI方法实现网格动态变形；针对动静叶排干扰引起的非定常流动问题，采用一种叶片约化模拟方法，通过一种基于通量形式的交界面参数传递方法实现转静子通道之间流场信息的交换。
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A SIMPLE CIRCUIT ADDRESSES THE ERRORS AND LIMITATIONS OF ASYNCHRONOUS DESIGN.W ith the increasing integration of multi-ple systems on single SOCs (systems on chip)or boards,multiple clock frequencies in sin-gle digital designs have become common.Because of the asynchronous nature of these designs,passing data or control signals between logic operating on different clock frequencies presents a special set of problems.Because asynchronous design is unfamil-iar to most experienced digital designers,errors are common.Many of these errors find their way into the silicon and even into production because they are nearly impossible to detect in simulation and easily missed in postsilicon validation.Problems of performance degradation,back-end EDA-tool in-compatibility,and dependency on the frequency re-lationship of the clocks involved often plague even functionally correct implementations.Frequency dependency is problematic for production tests that run the parts at different speeds,and it limits reusability in future designs with different system frequencies.You can address all of these errors and limitations with a fairly simple circuit that works for both data and control logic.The circuit requires both signal synchronization and a handshake protocol (Figure 1).The synchro-nizer guarantees the amount of time required for the signal level to settle following a metastability viola-tion,thereby preventing undetermined signal levels from propagating to the destination module.The handshake protocol maintains signals levels long enough to ensure that the system does not miss sig-nal events or wrongly interpret them as multiple events.Normally,the circuit synchronizes only handshake signals,which signify the validity of data being transferred to the destination clock domain. Once the handshake signals transfer to the destina-tion-clock domain,the system clocks the data set di-rectly to the destination module.The most common mistakes in this situation involve the handshake sys-tem and its usage.SYNCHRONIZATIONA signal that a system sends from one clock do-main arrives as an asynchronous signal in the desti-nation-clock domain,possibly violating the desti-nation flip-flop setup or hold time,causing it to enter a metastable condition.This condition,in turn, causes propagation of nonbinary signals to other parts of the system.The time required for the metastable flip-flop to settle out to a binary voltage level varies.A double-stage synchronizer (Figure 2) is the most widely used method of stabilizing a sig-nal in the destination-clock domain.If the first flip-flop stage enters the metastable condition,it has a full clock period to stabilize before the second flip-flop stage samples it.Only the second-stage value is propagated to other parts of the system.To ensure that interconnect delay does not reduce the one-clock-period settling time that the double-stage syn-chronizer supplies,you must minimize interconnect delay between the two stages.To do so,you place the flop-flops directly next to each other on the die or board.Note that you can add synchronization stages in series to reduce the probability of the metastable condition’s propagating to the last stage,but you pay a price in system performance.However,the dou-Practical design for transferring signals between clock domainsdesign feature By Michael Crews and Yong Yuenyongsgool, Philips Semiconductorscient,high-speed designs.HANDSHAKE PROTOCOLonce.Consider a case in which a system asserts a signal in a fast source-clock do-main and then sends it to a very slow des-tination-clock domain.The source must hold the signal for multiple clocks,or the logic of the slower destination-clock do-main may never detect it.On the other hand,if the system asserts a signal in a slow source-clock domain and then sends it to a very fast destination-clock domain,the logic may detect the signal multiple times,mistaking it for multiple events.A handshake protocol can solve this problem.Figure 1 shows an interface between two modules operating in different clock domains.The interface module contains the synchronizers and the handshake-protocol logic.The handshake protocol must ensure that the data holds stable long enough for circuitry to sample it in the destination-clock domain.It must also ensure that the handshake-protocol logic does not signal a new data-valid sig-nal until the destination has acknowl-edged the first data valid signal was re-ceived.Failing to recognize the need forure of asynchronous designs.One of gle”implementation.level and not the level itself chronizer,ly readies itself action.logical states,round trip requires.Figure 3lustrates this protocol.The fig-ure shows no clocks,becausefrequency relationship between source and destination.When the source module initiates a write transaction to the destination mod-ule,the interface module responds by as-serting the START_PL signal.This signal begins the transfer process.Sampling the acknowledgment signal GOT_IT_PL de-asserted,the source module continues driving the DATA_SRC and DATA_VALID signals,therefore allowing the time for the destination logic to capture the DATA_SRC in the destination-clock domain.The TAKE_IT_TG signal,de-rived from the START_PL signal,is the toggle-handshake signal.Once clocked through the synchronizer,its pulse de-rivative,TAKE_IT_PL,is generated in the destination-clock domain.The TAKE_IT_PL signal guarantees the stability of the DATA_SRC data signal and acts as a strobe to capture the DATA_SRC signal in the destination-clock domain.By the time the toggle handshake sig-nal has been clocked through the syn-chronizer and appears in the destination-clock domain,the associated set of data,which the source model has been con-tinuously driving,is stable with respect to the destination-clock domain.There-fore,it is safe to clock the data into the destination-clock domain without syn-chronizing the data signal.The TAKE_IT_PL signal generates the toggle-hand-shake counterpart,whereupon it is clocked through the other synchronizer back to the source-module clock do-main.As a result,the GOT_IT_PL signal is generated in the source-module clock domain and signifies the completion of the current transaction,allowing the source module to resume its normal op-eration.Notice that the system does not restore the logical levels of the toggle-handshake signals,TAKE_IT_TG and GOT_IT_TG,to their original states.Again,the transitional—not the logi-cal—level acts as a means of communi-cation across clock domains.Figure 4il-lustrates this situation.Note that,because the handshake protocol ensures stabledata,the data signals need not be syn-chronized themselves.Y ou can also adapt this method to sup-port self-clearing bits,such asthose common in interrupt-set and -clear registers.verters (Figure 5).between modules,a latency-absorbing FIFO often acts as a data buffer destined for a different clock domain.In this case,the FIFO empty and full conditions per-form the handshake (Figure 6).This sit-uation requires the FIFO to pass the in-put and output pointers between clock domains.Because the pointers contain multiple bits,they can introduce a race condition through the synchronizer.To avoid this problem,you must implement the input and output pointers as Gray Code counters to ensure that only one bit changes at a time.AVOID THE PITFALLS One of the most common pitfalls of asynchronous design involves the use of level-handshake protocols.Similar to the toggle method,a strobe from the source clock domain generates a level handshake signal,which gets clocked through a syn-chronizer in the destination-clock do-main.The signal’s level,as opposed to its transition,is a means of communication.The level-handshake signal in the desti-nation-clock domain is then clocked through another synchronizer to ac-knowledge that the source-clock domain has completed the transfer.This transac-tion may seem complete;however,it does not restore the handshake signals to their original values in preparation for the next handshake.To resolve this situation,you must ini-tiate another level round trip to restore the logical level of the handshake signal to its original state—doubling the proto-col latency.Employing asynchronous flip-flops as a means of restoring the handshake signal level to its original state in the one round-trip level protocol seems a natural way to cope with this is-sue.Though you can work out the method to yield the correct logical func-tions,using asynchronous flip-flops sig-nificantly complicates static-timing analysis and manufacturing test.Another common pitfall includes clocking of the data,as well as the strobe signal,through the synchronizers,thus causing a race condition.The race con-dition in this situation occurs when the data and strobe signals enter a metastable state at slightly different times,environ-mental conditions,or both.In this situ-ation,it is impossible to guarantee the re-solved logical states of both strobe signal and data.Sensible solutions must neither as-sume nor require any fixed relationship between the source- and destination-clock frequencies.An implementation with a fixed-frequency relationship sig-nificantly limits the reusability of the de-sign and imposes significant limitation for manufacturing test.With any design implementation,verification is critical.However,simulation cannot hope to du-plicate the infinite number of clock and signal-edge relationships that are possi-ble in a clock-domain-crossing design.Therefore,the only complete form of verification is inspection.When inspect-ing a clock-domain-crossing design,you must fully analyze two cases.First,as-sume one extreme clock-frequency rela-tionship (10 to one,for example) and manually analyze the behavior of the im-plementation on a timing diagram for at least two consecutive transactions.Then,。