Profits of US
英语演讲-Profits of praise
Maybe this is why the staff members in Microsoft have a better working spirit which helps the company develop well. Imagine that employers and employees can hardly communicate with each other and subordinates always receive criticism without any praise , how can they love working and love the group?
Profits of praise
演讲： PPT制作： 组员：
Profits of praise
I can live for two months on a good compliment. ---- (Mark Twain , the great American writer and humorist)
Let us learn praise :
In our life, many animals except man is worthy of praise
这个片段出自电影《柴犬奇迹物语》，想说的是，人真能狠心舍下宠物，但宠 物却无法狠心舍下主人。人的一生，可以有很多朋友，很多宠物。但宠物的一 生，却只有你。很多动物都是值得赞美的，请大家善待动物！
16. you've got a great personality.（你的个性很好。）【一个非常安全的表 扬！】 17. you have a good sense of humor.（你真幽默。）【美国人极其喜欢的表 扬！】 18. your Chinese is really surprising.（你的中文令人惊讶。）【绝对和其他人 不一样的表扬！】 19. your English is incredible.（我真不敢相信你的英语。）【用了六星级形容 词！】 20. you have a very successful business.（你的事业很成功。）【现代人非常 喜欢听！】 21. you're very professional.（你非常专业。）【专业化的表扬！】 22. your company is very impressive.（你的公司给我留下深刻印象。） 23. you're so smart.（你非常聪明。） 24. I envy you very much.（我非常羡慕你。） 25. your wife is very charming.（你的妻子很有魅力！） 26. you two make a lovely couple.（你们真是天生的一对！） 27. you're really talented.（你很有天赋。） 28. you look nice in that color.（你穿那种颜色很好看。） 29. you have a good taste.（你很有品位。） 30. you look like a million dollars. = you look outstanding=you look like a movie star.（你看上去帅呆了。）
Wal-Mart
Wal-Mart Wage War to Regain It’s ReputationWal-Mart which has 1.2 million domestic employees and annual profits of $10 billion and annual sales of $256 billion –accounted for about 5% of all US. And it is the world’s largest private employer. However, by 2005, Wal-Mart had become a target for all variety of snipers. For example the UFCW union tried to organize workers to accuse the company of providing poverty-level wages and low benefits; local tried to block the creation of Wal-Mart stores; some female employees sued for it that giving lower pay and providing fewer opportunities for advancement nearly a decade and so on. About others to spread false information for our company, the CEO H.Lee.Scott decided to draw their own line in the sand. How the CEO do? Firstly Wal-Mart invited consultant Mckinsey Company to do a research about treatment of the local market’s employees. And then gave the suggestion in some specific areas to Wal-Mart. It included that let the employees know that they provided wage and benefits were better than widely perceived; building better local relationships; increase local philanthropy and so on. Secondly use the Public Relation strategy. And what way did they use? First of all is Wal-Mart through the advertising to make people know their plan. In advertising, CEO said the opinions of the critics is proposals, we will try to learn from it and become a better company. But we also promised our partners, customers and suppliers that about Wal-Mart's false charges would actively fight back. After advertising Wal-Mart launched a noncommercial Web site to help rebut the charges against. Next is Wal-Mart reaching out to the community. To do this Wal-Mart announced spate of sponsorships among national pubic radio,public television, providing scholarships to minority student. In addition, reaching out to environmental community and furnish funder for study about the technology of greenhouse gas emissions. The most successful community relations activity is to contribute $2 million after Hurricane Katrina. The last was invited reporters to interview in headquarters. In April 2005, Wal-Mart invited reporters to its headquarters and the CEO confronted the criticisms. Meanwhile, according to the critics on the Wal-Mart health plan unjustly accused, the company declared a more compassionate plan. In addition, CEO Scott also called for USA Congress to raise the federal minimum wage standard. Not unexpectedly, after the Public relations strategy the problems still exist as follows the winter of 2005, documentary filmmaker Robert Greenwald launched its own anti Wal-Mart film "WAL-MART: the high cost of low pricing”. Besides Wal-Mart still faces challenges in the final half of the 21st century’s first decade.At beginning for the people false speech Wal-Mart takes the apathetic attitude, I think it is not good and would make thing get worse. But at last Wal-Mart solved this false speech. In order to solve it, Wal-Mart uses the public relation strategy. They use the media such as radio, television, internet and so on to help them to explain. In addition, I think Wal-Mart that reaching out to the community is a very good way to set up a good image for enterprise. Especially, the company immediately committed $2 million in cash to aid emergency efforts after Hurricane Katrina.The communication is very important part in public relation to solve crisis. In my opinion, when crisis happen we should immediately investigation and analyze thecauses of crisis and its impact rather than take the apathetic attitude. And then through the media to announce the truth in public and communication with public immediately, eliminate public speculation and doubt of the crisis. Besides media, we can use all of the way to convey information like advertise, internet and so on. For these, I think it is good for the solution of the crisis and can reduce the loss of profits for enterprise.。
外贸英语口语对话：支付条款
以下是整理的《外贸英语⼝语对话：⽀付条款》，希望⼤家喜欢！ Having settled the price of transaction. Mr Fracer is having a talk about payment terms with Mr Li from our trading corporation.F:Of talking over the price,at all is on the high sides as compared with those of arrival goods,the quality of your products,I suppose,will probably make up for it.Now,let's come to the terms of payment.L:Ok.That's what I am going to say.As usual,our terms of payment are by confirmed,irrevocable at sight draft against presentation of shipping documents.F:But other suppliers can give us more favorable terms.You see,the world market has been rather down recently,besides,our exchange quota is rather limited. So,we'd like to use DA to this transaction.L:I am afraid we cannot accept the DA,as you know,devaluation of the dollar and its consequent repercursions are major currencies.Having given rise to grave and certain days in the international monatery market.Therefore,we find necessary to handle our business on LC basis,at least for the time being.F:Payment by LC involves additional expense for us.This leaves no margin and profits at the terms of payment.L:Mr Fracer,you know quite well that chinese goods enjoy an excellent reputation in foreign markets.Moreover,there is at present a volk for chinese goods.The article you are interested in is greatly in demand and it sells especially well.The quick turnover will of course will not only offset your LC expenses ,but give your factory a satisfactory profits.F:As far as I know,you sometimes grand your clients such terms as DA and DP,don't you?L:Yes,occasionally we do.But it is only at the very special circumstances that we agree to other payment terms.F:Ours is not an normal case,is it?It is indignitial of sample order.It doesn't pay to adopt LC terms for order as small as ours.The limited profits if any it is even enough to balance additional balances.L:Um,well,in order to finalize the business,we agree to DP sight as the best we can do.F:Thanks for your consideration,still is not good enough.As you know,I am a middle man,I need sometime to find the reliable clients,after I receive your bill.It would help me a lot if DP after sight is accepted,even 60 days will do.L:I am afraid no further concession can be made.It is just facility you are doing business that we make that concession.We cannot be better place elsewhere,can you?F:It seems I have to take a thing as they are.Let's put it into contract.L:Mr Fracer,I should mention we accepted such terms only once.Once goods were dispatched,we will show you a signed draft against you,which would be sent together with the shipping documents through our remitting bank to the collecting bank at your end.It is still understood that you are to honor it on presentation.F:You may rest assure that this documentary jag will be duely honored on presentation.I did some business with San corportions on collection basis.They can proof to you my credit.L:We trust you and hope you will leave us your credit.F:Surely I will.Well,as a selling season is approaching,I'd like you to make a prompt shipment.L:We will try our best.Dialogue 1:This will a few minutes before we visit the factory.May I ask you a question?Go ahead please?Could you agree the payment by DA?This is a sample order.Occasionally we do.But yours is normal case,isn't it?As you know,it doesn't pay to open an LC with bank for such a small amount.We will consider that when we make you the firm offer.For regular orders,couldn't you agree to payment by LC at 60 days at sight?I am afraid not.Our usual practice is LC at sight.I see.Here are cars comes for picking us up.Let's go.Please.Dialogue 2:S:Mr Hong,do you accept DA?H:Well,we usually accept the payment by confirmed irrevocable credit at sight.S:It's safer for payment by LC for large orders.But our order is really small one,further more,we are old friends,this is not the first dealing between us anyway.Do you doubt our credit position?H:No,Mr Smith.Certainly,we have faith in you.But the international monternary market is changeable,nobody can stop a possible decline in prices,which will bring troubles to us.S:How about DP at sight down?H:We cannot accept other payment terms this trade except LC.We will consider DP terms at proper times in the future.S:Well,we cannot reach an agreement today,I am afraid.Shall we discuss it tomorrow,after I consulted with home offices. H:That's alright.After the finished talking of questions about the price,Mr Blag is going to talk about payment term with Mr Wang from our trade company.S:I am glad we are likely to conclude the first transaction with you soon.We settled all the questions aboutpacking,insurance,packing and shipment.Now,how about your terms of payment?W:As you've seen from specially contract,we requires payment by confirmed irrevocable LC against the presentation of shipping documents.S:I am sorry to hear that you insist on the terms by LC.Could you make an exception in our case like that DP or DA.W:I am afraid not.It is our usual practice to use that payment by LC only.S:Frankly,the letter of credit will raise the cost of my imports.When I open the letter of credit with bank,I have to pay margin.That will not only take my money,but also increase my cost.W:Oh,I cannot be of any help in this aspect.You'd better consult your bank,and ask them to reduce the required margin as minimum.S:Still be bank charges in faxing to banks in opening LC.It would help me greatly if you could accept DP or DA instead,you can join on me as if there is an letter of credit.It makes no great difference to you,but it will certainly does to me.W:Well,I see your point.But your doclet aware that irrevocable LC give us additional protection of bank's guarantee.That's why we always require LC for our exports.That's the usual practice in documents internationally.S:But I heard you would accept different kind of payment as China has a doc open policy and you are following international policys.W:Quite right.But that all depends on the specific circumstances.S:As this is the first transaction concluded.and the time with the world competition is rather keen,I would suggest that you would use more valuable terms,that would promote the trade between countries.What about DA?W:Sorry,it cannot be done.Payment by LC is our usual practice in business with all customers for suchcommodities,especially with our new customers.If we can make an exception here.we cannot know where tostop.Besides,our price is very competitive and I don't think you will have any difficulties in sales.S:Is DP acceptable for you?W:Perhaps we shall whether we can do DP terms.After we have done more business together.For the moment,I am afraid we much insist our usual payment terms.S:If in that that,I have no alternative but to accept your terms of payment.By the way,when must I have open the LC in one of goods to be delivered before Christmas season.As you know,Christmas is the selling season at our end.W:A month before date of shipment,as mentioned in our sales contract,S:could you possibly allow one earlier shipment as I expect one goods well before Christmas starts.W:Getting in the goods ready,packing the documents and packing shipping space,all this takes time,you know.You can not expect us make an shipment in less than a month.S:Alright.I will help LC open by fax as soon as I get home.W:When will that be?S:Early next week.Meanwhile,please get everything ready in and transfer these goods immediately after you get my LC. W:You may rest your shirt for that.We will pack your order and require for the shipment space right away.So,the shipment can be affected in two or three weeks after receiving your LC.S:That would be fine.Thank you very much for your cooperation.W:I am glad to be of help.The earlier we get your LC,the sooner shipment can be made.We will let you know as soon as the goods are shipped.S:Thank you.I am looking forward to your shipping advice by fax.W:Sure,I will send it by fax.:Goodbye and thank you for coming.S:Bye.S:Ah,Mr Yang.Sit down,won't you?Scar?Y:Thank you,I believe I will.BOk.I am glad to say that we have settled the price,quality,quantity of the transaction.And what about the terms of payment? Y:We only accept payment by confirmed,irrevocable letter of credit,available against presentation of shipping documents. S:But I heard you would accept different kinds of payment,such as DA and DP.Y:Quite right.But that all depend on circumstances.S:As this is the first transaction,I would suggest that you could give us more favorable term.What about DA?Y:Sorry,it can not be done.Payment is our usual practice by all customers for such commodities,especially with our new customers.As a matter of fact,LC protects the seller as well as the buyer.S:Then,is DP acceptable for you?Y:Perhaps we shall consider it after we have more business together.But so far,we haven't known much about credit status each other.So,I am afraid we must insist our usual form.S:To tell you frankly,the letter of credit will add my cost of imports.In opening the letter of credit with the bank,I have to pay the deposit,that will tight up my funds.Y:You might consult to bank to see if they can reduce the require deposit to minimum.S:Also,there will be certainly bank charges.It would help me greatly if you could accept DA or DP.You can join on me just as if there were letter of credit.To you,it makes no difference.But to me,it does.Y:Well,Mr Sinclare.You must be aware that the irrevocable letter of credit gives the export additional protection of the banker's guarantee.We always requires LC for all exports.And the other way around,we pay by LC for our imports.S:To meet each other health way,what do you say for fifty percent by LC and balance by DP?Y:I am awfully sorry,Mr Sinclare.But I am cannot promise even that.As have said,we usually require the payment byLC,however,to get around your difficulties,I suggest you reduce your order by half,we can send in a additional order later. S:Well,I will think it over.By the way,when must I open the LC,if I want to get goods to be delivered in June.Y:A month before shipment.S:Could you possibly affect shipment earlier?Y:Getting the goods ready,making all the documents,booking the shipping space,all these takes time you know.You canno t e x p e c t u s m a k e t h e d e l i v e r y i n l e s s t h a n a m o n t h . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 3 6 " > S : V e r y w e l l . M r y a n g .I s h o u l d n o t r e d u c e m y o r d e r . I w i l l t a k e t h e f u l l q u a n t i t y y o u o f f e r a n d a r r a n g e t h e L C a s s o o na s I g e t h o m e . / p > pb d s f i d = " 1 3 7 " > Y : W h e n w i l l t h a t b e ? / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 3 8 " > S : E a r l y n e x t w e e k . I n t h e m e a n t i m e , I s h a l l b e p l e a s e d i f y o uc o u ld ge t e v e r y t h i n g r e a d y . I h o p e t h e s e g o o d s c a n b e d i s p a t c h e d i m m e d i a t e l y af t e r y o ug e t th e L C . / p > p b d s fi d = " 1 3 9 " > Y : Y o u m a y b e a s s u r e o f t h a t . W e w i l l b o o k t h e o r d e r a n d r e q u i r e t h e s h i p p i n g s p a c e r i g h t a w a y , s o t h a t t h e s h i p m e n t c a n b e a f f e c t e d w i t h i n t w o o r t h r e e w e e k s a f t e r r e c e i p t o f y o u r L C . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 4 0 " > S : T h a t w i l l b e f i n e . I a p p r e c i a t e y o u r c o o p e r a t i o n . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 4 1 " > Y : T h e s o o n e r w e g e t y o u r L C , t h e s o o n e r s h i p m e n t c a n b e a f f e c t e d . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 4 2 " > S : T h a n k y o u v e r y m u c h . M r Y a n g . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 4 3 " > Y : I a m g l a d t o b e o f h e l p . / p > / d i v > d i v i d = " f l o a t _ b t n " c l a s s = " " b d s f i d = " 1 4 4 " > b u t t o n c l a s s = " f l o a t _ b t n l e f t _ b t n " i d = " c o p y _ b u t t o n " d a t a - c l i p b o a r d -a c t i o n = " c o p y " d a t a - c l i pb o a r d - t a r g e t = " #c o n t e n t - t x t " o n c l i c k = "d o _ c o p y ( ) ; " b d s f i d = " 14 5 " > e m c l a s s = " i c o n " b d s f i d = " 1 4 6 " >。
美国财务报表与中国财务报表的区别
the difference between U.S. Financial Statements and China's FinancialStatementsFirst, differences in the content of financial reports comparing the composition1. American financial report includes three basic financial statements, in addition to the typical large U.S. company financial report also includes the following components: the shareholders the income statement, earnings and comprehensive income, management reporting, independent audit report, management discussion and analysis of the selected financial data comparing 5-10 years, selected quarterly data.2. Our country far from the annotation of financial reporting and the UnitedStates is rich in content, methods, and diverse. China's comments section includes the accounting statements and financial statement, which is the main statements, which include: the premise does not meet the description of accounting, accounting policies and changes, changes in accountingestimates, accounting errors, or issues , the balance sheet date, related party relationships and transactions, events, etc., revealing method is the bottomnote and marginalia. Note the contents of the U.S. accounting much richer,than most of its length its financial statements, including accounting policies,tips, reports of specific projects to add that the report format is difficult to reflectthe content and business conditions, etc., for violation of consistency, principleof comparability issues, comments are also required to be revealed, but also reveals many ways, such as marginal notes, bottom note, in parentheses, supplementary statements, schedules and information analysis report.Second, the comparison between the financial statements format1. From the balance sheet format, the U.S. has two presentations, the account type and reporting style, and our use of account type. In addition, our balance sheet is too standardized use of terms, not better reflect the unique business issues or to adapt to a unique type of enterprise, while the U.S. balance sheet,the term is diversified. In addition, the Financial Accounting Standards also established the owner's investment and the owners sent in the two elements ofthe balance sheet, which is China's accounting standards do not have.2. From the income statement format point of view, the same United States,have adopted multi-step, both the operating profit and income statement itemsare divided into two parts, non-operating profits, but its meaning is different.The scope of our operating profit than in the U.S. is small, such as investment income in the United States are classified as operating profit in the country arenot for business profit. In addition, our income statement items of thenormative and more stringent than the United States, the United States to regulate the income statement only from the categories of projects. Reportedincome, can be combined sales revenues and other income as a, can also be of interest income, rental income and investment income single; In terms of costs, not strictly divided into the management of costs, financial costs and marketing costs, and often the selling expenses and general administrative expenses combined lists will be depreciation, interest expense separately, and some will be net interest income separately. In addition, SEC asked the U.S. to be listed in the income statement figures for three years, which includes comparative figures for the previous two years. U.S. Financial Accounting Standards No. 130 requires notice of "other comprehensive income income statement" as a second income statement, included in the financial report.3. On the cash flow statement, the main difference is that the preparation method. U.S. cash flow tables in two ways: direct and indirect methods, practical application, the indirect method is more pop ular. Although the direct method because it is more reasonable, but need to change the form of corporate reporting and disclosure of sensitive corporate information on actual cash flow, and if many kinds of corporate cash flows, balance of payments channel complex, using the direct method would be very difficult. In addition, the same income statement, the United States three years of data required, and China's "Enterprise Accounting Standards - Cash Flow Statement" prepared by direct methods and requirements, and only asks for the data year. In addition, some U.S. companies will issue a cash flow forecast.Third, information disclosure Comparison1. Comparison of financial reporting laws and regulations. In standardizing accounting information disclosure of listed companies in terms of legislation, the United States are the "Securities Law" and "Securities Exchange Act"; while China's major addition to the "Company Law", "Securities Law" and other relevant laws and regulations binding principle, but also information disclosure by the SFC rules and the Ministry of Finance accounting standards law. Regulate the disclosure of accounting information, the U.S. legislation emphasizes three aspects: mandatory disclosure, mandatory auditing, legal liability. U.S. accounting information disclosure system constituted by the three major systems: accounting standards, disclosure rules of accounting information systems, auditing standards system. Also stressed in the mandatory disclosure of mandatory auditing, legal liability these three aspects, but our legal liability for the timeliness of information disclosure in civil liability not provided for, there are some principles of the provisions are too abstract and not specific to facilitate judicial operation.In the U.S., accounting standards-setting bodies such civil institutions is the FASB, SEC is retained on the FASB accounting standards developed by the supervision authority and veto power. In China, the accounting standards setting body is the Government institution --- Ministry of Finance. China's listedcompanies is currently running in January 2001 the Ministry of Finance introduced the "enterprise accounting system."2. Forecast financial information disclosure. Forecast financial information of listed companies is based on its production plans and business environment, reflected publicly disclosed the company's future financial position, operating results and other forward-looking financial information, financial reports of listed companies is an important part. Predictability of public disclosure of financial information to investors and creditors to understand the market situation of the company's future production and operation, and accordingly make a reasonable and effective investment decisions, which prevent and reduce investment risks.From the 20th century, 40 years, the U.S. securities industry and the accounting profession on the forecast financial information on the disclosure of the issue of a special, after half a century of development, during which experienced by the embargo to encourage but not mandatory disclosure policy evolution, is now forming a more complete information disclosure system. Currently, the U.S. listed companies to provide investors with the predictability of the phenomenon of financial information has been very common, and our system of financial information disclosure is also a lack of predictive information disclosure.3. Sheet disclosure. Information sheet provided by the enterprise can help users of accounting information for economic decision-making and who can not be reflected in the financial reporting accounting information. Sheet information, including non-financial information, financial and non financial information analysis. Our financial statements present the information provided by most of the financial information, such information is not comprehensive report has been unable to meet the needs of users. As the American Association for Investment Management and ResearchCouncil said, "users of financial reports need to be able to report information on all economic activities in enterprise reporting, from such statements for them to pick the information they need." U.S. financial reporting full use of this form of disclosure of information sheet will not be recognized in the report information, such as human resources, information, natural resources information, difficult to measure the derivative financial instruments information, and environment information, etc., through the sheet disclosure of the report so that investors and creditors to obtain more adequate information to facilitate their decision-making.。
大学英语精读第三版第二册UNIT10ProfitsOfPraise教案
⼤学英语精读第三版第⼆册UNIT10ProfitsOfPraise教案UNIT 10 Profits Of PraiseTeaching Time: 8 hoursStudents’level: non-English majors of the second semester of the 1st year.Teaching Objectives:1.To shed new light on the positive effect of praise that not only brings joy into other people’s lives, but also, very often, adds happiness into our own.1)To remember that “praise produces far better results than criticism”;2)To get rid of the habit of being "ready to criticize but reluctant to praise";3)To develop the habit of being alert to the small excellencies around us".2. About the text, Ss should grasp the text content, text structure, basic vocabularies and required grammar points of the section.Words: alert, apply, appreciate, comment, constructive, convey, critical, criticize, discourage, dozen，drown，earn, load, reluctant, routine，scold, somehow, profit, quit: make out, only too, no much of a, fish out, shrug Phrases & Expressionsoff, pass on, live onGrammar: instead of, it is that...3. About reading, Ss review the skills of reading.4. About writing, Ss review the skills of paragraph developing.5. About listening, Ss finish Unit 10 directed by the teacher.Teaching Procedures:I.Pre-reading Activities1.Background information:tip, behavior and behavioral science2.Introductory remarks:Which do we benefit more from, praise or criticism? What profits does praise bring? What kind of people need praise most and why? The author of this article used her own experience to answer these questions.3.Warm-up questions(1) Do you like to hear praise? Why or why not?(2) What profits can praise bring?---Pleasure, encouragement, confidence, strength, favor, etc(3) What can be regarded as praise?---Favorable remarks, compliments, pleasing comments, supportive opinions, appreciative gestures, pat on the back, etc. 4.Key words and expressions:1) profit:a) n. advantage or good obtained from sth.; money gained in business Example:Unlike nonprofit organizations, we do everything for a profit.b) vt. be of advantage to Example:The new bus route profits those who do not have cars.c) vi. he benefited or helped Example:1 profited a lot from the trip abroad.2)load:a)v. put a full amount of things on or in sth. Example:The father loaded the family into their old tuck and drove west.b)n. that which is to be carried or supported Example:Your arrival took a load off my mind.3)only too:very Example:If you invite him，he will be only too glad to attend4)not much of a :a) not noteworthy; having poor quality; not a goodE.g. He's not much of a linguist / artist.b) < related phrases> much of: deserving note; something of; to some extent; in some sense E.g. He is much of an officer.He's something of a liar, don't you think?5)flatter:give an often exaggerated feeling of pleasure to; praise insincerely Example:He was flattered into believing that he was really exceptional.6)appreciate:understand and enjoy; he thankful for Example:It was such a wonderful play I really appreciated it.7)routine:a) (adj.) that is done as a normal part of one's jobE.g. A routine medical checkup is advisable at least once a year.b) (adj.) uninteresting because it is so often done; dullE.g. This work is too routine for my taste.c) (n.) a regular way of doing thingsE.g. I like doing things according to the routine, but he likes breaking the routine.His daily routine begins with checking E-mail messages.8)constructive:helping Example:The Advisory Group offered some constructive advice.9)favorably:with approval Example:The young artist was looked on favorably as a rising star.10)criticize:a)find fault with Example:Why are you always criticizing me?b)form and give a judgment of; to assess t he merits and demerits of Example:The Sunday newspaper devotes a page to criticizing new books, films, and plays.11)ignore:not to take notice of; pay no attention to Example:The waitress learned to ignore rude remarks from guests.12)exhaust :v. a) tire outE.g. The baby soon exhausted itself by crawling all over the floor and fell asleep.b) use upE.g. You should not stay too long at your friend's; otherwise you will exhaust your welcome. c) (n.) outlet' in an engine or machine, for steam, vapor, etc.E.g. The young man committed suicide by breathing in car exhaust.13) weary :adj. a) (of a person) tired; (of) having lost interest inE.g. He sat down at the table with a weary look on his face.b) (of a thing) tiringE.g. He gave a weary talk on this subject.14) applya) (vt.) put (sth) into operating; useE.g. He knows the rule but doesn't know how to apply it.b) (vi.) ask officially forE.g. We have applied to the bank for a loan.c) apply forE.g. This rule does not apply for the present case.15) pata) (n.) tap with the open handE.g. The little boy wiped the blackboard because he wanted a pat on the back from his teacher.b) ( v.) tap gently with the open hand or with sth. flatE.g. She patted the seat next to her for him to sit down.16) graceful :adj. a) showing a sense of what is correct or decent esp in a difficult situationE.g. His apology was so graceful that we forgave him.b) showing beauty of form or movementE.g. His figure was slender and graceful.c) grace : elegance or beautyE.g. She is famous for her conversational grace.17) embarrass :vt. a) make (sb.) feel shy, ashamed or awkwardE.g. It embarrasses many people to walk into a room full of strangers. b)E.g. The girl thinks it is embarrassing to make speeches in public.The boy felt embarrassed when caught cheating on the test.18)convey :v. a) make (ideas, views, feelings, etc) known to another personE.g. What does the painter want to convey through the painting?b) take; carryE.g. A wire conveys an electric current.19) commenta) (n.) opinion, explanation or judgement written or spoken about an event, book, person, state of affairs, etc.E.g. The famous critic made no comment upon her performance in his column next day.b) (v.) give opinion, explanation or judgmentE.g. The State Department spokesman refused to comment on the recent political situation in East Europe.20) drown :v. a) cover completely with waterE.g. She turned around and I found myself looking at a face drowned in tears.b) (cause to) die in water because unable to breatheE.g. The peasant drowned the newborn baby because he was too poor to raise it.21) make outa) write out; fill outE.g. The teacher makes out a list of English books for the students to read outside class.b) see or understand with difficultyE.g. I can't make out the words on the blackboard.22) fish out :pull sth out after searching or with some difficultyE.g. She fished out a bunch of keys from her handbag.23) pat (sb.) on the back :congratulate a person; give a person an encouragement or praiseE.g. When he won the first place in the high jump, everyone patted himon the back.24) shrug off :treat (sth.) as unimportant; dismiss with a shrugE.g. The naughty boy shrugged off the criticism of his teacher.25) pass on :give to sb. elseE.g. When he had finished reading the book, he passed it on to Mrs. Brown.26) live on :depend on for supportE.g. People on the coast live on fish.5. Synonym Discriminationprevious former: adj.previous: coming earlier in time or orderformer: of an earlier periodE.g. He did better in the previous lessons.In former time, coal was a common fuel for cooking.Ⅱ. While-reading Activities1.Ss have the silent reading on the text (10 mins)2.T explains the text in detail.Lines 1--111. Questions for Discussion(1) How much do you know about a waitress's job in a restaurant?---She takes orders, serves food and makes out bills or checks. She attends to the customers, walking between the tables and the kitchen and standing beside the tables for a whole shift, i.e. several hours of working without sitting or breaks. (2) How was the restaurant's business?---It was busy because it kept the waitresses busy.(3) What does the author mean by "a complicated check"?---The customers orders several different dishes and also changed their orders, and she kept having to re-total the bill. (4) What more do you know about a waitress's job from this paragraph? ---She must carry heavily loaded trays, her feet ache, and she has to be patient and deal with difficult customers.(5) What made her cheer up?---The tip and the praise from the customer.Lines 12--211. Language PointsAnd yet, while most of us are only too ready to apply to others the cold wind or criticism...a) yet : but; nevertheless; howeverE.g. I offered him still more, and yet he wasn't satisfied.b) while : althoughE.g. While I like the color of the cat, I don't like the shape.c) only too... to do : very... to doE.g. He is only too anxious to leave.d) apply... toE.g. Seek truth through facts and apply knowledge to social practice.2. Questions for Discussion(1) Why is praise compared to sunlight? How do you feel in the sunlight? ---All lives grow and develop in nice sunlight > In the sunshine, we feelwarm and comfortable.(2) Why is critical compared to cold wind? How do you feel in the cold wind?---In the cold wind, we feel cold and uncomfortable.(3) Why do you think people are ready to criticize others but reluctant to praise?(4) Give example to show that praise can bring pleasure.(5) What words of praise do people usually use?---Well done; Good job; Thank you; I appreciate it; It's nice. etc.(6) If you wanted to learn only one word of any language in the world, which one would you like to learn?Lines 22--291. Language PointsWhen one thinks of the speed with which spiteful remarks are conveyed, it seems a pity that there isn't more effort to relay pleasing and flattering comments. = When one considers how quickly offensive remarks are passed from one to another, it seems a pity that we do not make effort to pass on compliments that will bring pleasure and satisfaction to others.2. Questions for Discussion(1) What does "chary" mean? Do you agree that people are chary about praising because of the receiver's ungraceful response?---Very cautions. On the one hand, the praise giver is not sure how the receiver will respond; on the other hand, many people do not take praise gracefully.(2) Are you embarrassed or glad to hear compliments?(3) How do we Chinese usually deal with praise?---We often say "It's nothing", "Don't mention it", or other words to conceal our true feelings, to deny the praise, to show our modesty.Lines 30--431. Language PointsIt's especially rewarding to give praise in areas in which effort generally goes unnoticed or unmentioned. = It's particularly beneficial to praise those who do unexciting routine jobs and whose efforts is usually ignored or overlooked.when the shirts are done just right. = when the shirts are washed or cleaned exactly as expected.Our praises are our wages. = The praises we get are the wages we wants.surely she of all people should get her measure.a) of all people : among all peopleb) her measure : her measure or praisec) measure : a certain amountE.g. The measure or money granted to these children amounted toalmost nothing.2. Questions for Discussion(1) What are the areas in which effort generally goes unmentioned and why are they singled out?---Cleaning, laundry, paper-delivery / post-delivery, milk-delivery, housekeeping. Compared to the work of an artist or a cook, these jobs do not demonstrate special skill or expertise. They are just unexciting routine jobs.(2) What kinds of jobs are mentioned and why do people doing those jobs appreciate praise particularly?---They are routine jobs which are usually dreary, tough and looked down upon. People doing these jobs need appreciation and respect but rarely get them.(3) How do you understand Shakespeare's works?---Praise are our spiritual rewards.Lines 44--561. Language Pointsan ounce of praise is worth a pound of scolding. = praise is far more valuable than scolding.We are not always as perceptive as we might be about applying the rule. = now and then we are liable to overlook the importance of putting the rule into practice.something above his usual standard. = something better than what he usually wrote2. Questions for Discussion(1) Can you paraphrase the sentence "an ounce of praise is worth a pound of scolding"?---Even a small amount of praise is far more valuable than much scolding.(2) How do you understand "we're not always as perceptive as we might be about the rule"?---Although we know the rule that praise is far more valuable then scolding, we sometimes fail to apply it in practice.(3) Why is the word "never" in italics? And what does this example want to tell us?---To show the emphasis she put on the word. It's a typical example. Parents often scold young children for their wrong doings than they praise them for their good behavior.(4) What does the author mean by "drowning students' compositions in critical red ink"?---The teacher points out many mistakes or gives critical comments on the students' composition papers.(5) Do you prefer a teacher who comments favorably on your progress to one who makes many critical remarks?Lines 57--691. Questions for Discussion(1) Why do we tend to repeat an act which has been immediately followed by a pleasant result?---We gain pleasure, encouragement, self-recognition and want to get more such pleasure results.(2) What can we learn from this experiment?---The less able the students are, the more praise they need. Criticism can motivate students but praise brings more effective results than criticism or indifference.Lines 70--77/doc/9a90a17001d8ce2f0066f5335a8102d276a261da.html nguage PointsLet's be alert to the small excellences around us...a) be alert to / forE.g. The policemen were alert to any movement in the house.b) excellences : advantages; outstanding pointsE.g. Precision is one of the excellences of the French language.2. Questions for Discussion(1) Do you agree that praise is a small investment that produces great results?---Praise costs nothing but contributes a lot. Praise is like sunshine, we can make use of solar power without much cost. (2) Why does praise very often add happiness to our own lives?---Praise produces good results including initiating, maintaining and developing good relationships which, in turn, makes us feel comfortable. That's why in English people say "It's my pleasure" to respond to an expression of gratefulness and say "Thank you" to respond to a praise.Paragraph 1 --- 6Language points:1) as, like: as has more emphasis on a specified capacity whereas like is basically synonymous with “in the manner of”2) shrug off: dismiss sth. as not deserving one9s attention or as unimportant3) pass on: convey to another4) When one thinks of the speed with which spiteful remarks are conveyed, it seems a pity that there isn't more effort to relay pleasing and flattering comments.When one considers how quickly offensive remarks arc passed from one to another, it seems a pity that we do not make effort to pass on compliments that will bring pleasure and satisfaction to others. Questions:1)How much do you know about a waitresses job in a restaurant?2)How was the restaurant's business?3)What does a busy restaurant mean to a waitress?4)Why is praise compared to sunlight? How do you feel in the sunshine?5)Why is criticism compared to cold wind? How do you feel in the cold wind?6)Why do you think people are ready to criticize others but reluctant to praise?7)Do you agree that a word of praise can bring pleasure? What words of praise do people usually use?8)If you wanted to learn only one word of any language in the world, which one would you like to learn?9)What do you think of her word to those people?10)What is the graceful way to accept praise?11)Are you embarrassed or glad to hear compliments?12)How do we Chinese usually deal with praise?Paragraph 7 --- 9Language points:1)It's especially rewarding to give praise in areas in which effort generally goes unnoticed or unmentioned.It’s particularly beneficial to praise those who do unexciting routine jobs and whose effort is usually ignored or overlooked.2)When the shirts are done just right: when the shirts are washed or cleaned exactly as expected.3)Paper boy: a boy who delivers newspapers4)An ounce of praise is worth a pound of scolding: praise in whatever small amount is far more valuable than scolding in whatever large amount.5)We’re not always as perceptive as we might be about applying the rule: now and then we are liable to overlook the importance of putting the rule.6)something above his usual standard: something better than what he usually wrote.7)... drowning students’ compositions in critical red ink...The teacher points out many mistakes or gives many critical comments on the students' composition papers. Questions:1) What are the areas in which effort generally goes unmentioned and why are they singled out?2) How do you understand Shakespeare's words?3) Do you prefer a teacher who comments favorably on your progress to one who makes many critical remarks? Or vise versa? Why? Paragraph 11 --- 13Language points:1) react: respondQuestions:1)Why do we tend to repeat an act which has been immediatelyfollowed by a pleasant result?2)What can we learn from this experiment?3)Do you agree that praise is a small investment that produces great results?4)Can you name some of the small excellence around us and comment on them?5)Why does praise very often add happiness to our own lives?Ⅲ. Summary Questions and Concluding Remarks1. Summary Questions(1) Why does praise produce far better results than criticism?(2) Why are people eager to criticize but reluctant to praise others?(3) What are the profit of praise?2. Concluding Remarks---In this article, the author revealed the social phenomenon of people's being ready to criticize but reluctant to praise, and the fact that praise is more effective in producing good results than criticism. The author reminded us of the need to be aware of the excellence, no matter how small, around us and to comment favorably on them. By doing so, we can add pleasure to other people's lives as well as to our own.Ⅳ. Post-reading Activities1.Let the students do the exercises in the textbook which are related to the new words.。
UNIT 10 Profits of Praise课文翻译大学英语二
Unit10 Profits of PraiseAre we too quick to blame and slow to praise? It seems we are.It was the end of my exhausting first day as waitress in a busy New York restaurant. My cap had gone awry, my apron was stained, my feet ached. The loaded trays I carried felt heavier and heavier. Weary and discouraged, I didn't seem able to do anything right. As I made out a complicated check for a family with several children who had changed their ice-cream order a dozen times, I was ready to quit.Then the father smiled at me as he handed me my tip. "Well done," he said. "You've looked after us really well."Suddenly my tiredness vanished. I smiled back, and later, when the manager asked me how I'd liked my first day, I said, "Fine!" Those few words of praise had changed everything.Praise is like sunlight to the human spirit; we cannot flower and grow without it. And yet, while most of us are only too ready to apply to others the cold wind of criticism, we are somehow reluctant to give our fellows the warm sunshine of praise.Why - when one word can bring such pleasure? A friend of mine who travels widely always tries to learn a little of the language of any place she visits. She's not much of a linguist, but she does know how to say one word - "beautiful" - in several languages. She can use it to a mother holding her baby, or to lonely salesman fishing out pictures of his family. The ability has earned her friends all over the world.It's strange how chary we are about praising. Perhaps it's because few of us know how to accept compliments gracefully. Instead, we are embarrassed and shrug off the words we are really so glad to hear. Because of this defensive reaction, direct compliments are surprisingly difficult to give. That is why some of the most valued pats on the back are those which come to us indirectly, in a letter or passed on by a friend. When one thinks of the speed with which spiteful remarks are conveyed, it seems a pity that there isn't more effort to relay pleasing and flattering comments.It's especially rewarding to give praise in areas in which effort generally goes unnoticed or unmentioned. An artist gets complimented for a glorious picture, a cook for a perfect meal. But do you ever tell you laundry manager how pleased you are when the shirts are done just right? Do you ever praise your paper boy for getting the paper to you on time 365 days a year?Praise is particularly appreciated by those doing routine jobs: gas-station attendants, waitresses - even housewives. Do you ever go into a house and say, "What a tidy room"?Hardly anybody does. That's why housework is considered such a dreary grind. Comment is often made about activities which are relatively easy and satisfying, like arranging flowers; but not about jobs which are hard and dirty, like scrubbing floors. Shakespeare said, "Our praises are our wages." Since so often praise is the only wage a housewife receives, surely she of all people should get her measure.Mothers know instinctively that for children an ounce of praise is worth a pound of scolding. Still, we're not always as perceptive as we might be about applying the rule. One day I was criticizing my children for squabbling. "Can you never play peacefully?" I shouted. Susanna looked at me quizzically. "Of course we can," she said. "But you don't notice us when we do."Teachers agree about the value of praise. One teacher writes that instead of drowning students' compositions in critical red ink, the teacher will get far more constructive results by finding one or two things which have been done better than last time, and commenting favorably on them. "I believe that a student knows when he has handed in something above his usual standard," writes the teacher, "and that he waits hungrily for a brief comment in the margin to show him that the teacher is aware of it, too."Behavioral scientists have done countless experiments to prove that any human being tends to repeat an act which has been immediately followed by a pleasant result. In one such experiment, a number of schoolchildren were divided into three groups and given arithmetic tests daily for five days. One group was consistently praised for its previous performance; another group was criticized; the third was ignored.Not surprisingly, those who were praised improved dramatically. Those who were criticized improved also, bus not so much. And the scores of the children who were ignored hardly improved at all. Interestingly the brightest children were helped just as much by criticism as by praise, but the less able children reacted badly to criticism, needed praise the most. Yet the latter are the very youngsters who, in most schools, fail to get the pat on the back.To give praise costs the giver nothing but a moment's thought and a moment's effort - perhaps a quick phone call to pass on a compliment, or five minutes spent writing an appreciative letter. It is such a small investment - and yet consider the results it may produce. "I can live for two months on a good compliment," said Mark Twain.So, let's be alert to the small excellences around us - and comment on them. We will not only bring joy into other people's lives, but also, very often, added happiness into out own.我们是不是指责别人太快而表扬别人太慢呢？看来是的。
关于未分配利润转增实收资本的股东会决议模板中英文
关于未分配利润转增实收资本的股东会决议模板中英文全文共6篇示例，供读者参考篇1Title: The Big Money Moves at Our CompanyHey there, kids! Today, we're going to talk about something really important that happens in companies like the one your parents might work for. It's called a shareholder resolution, and it's kind of like a big group decision that all the owners of the company make together.Now, you might be wondering, "What's a shareholder?" Well, a shareholder is someone who owns a part of the company. They're like the bosses of the bosses! When you buy a share of a company, it means you own a tiny piece of it. Pretty cool, right?Anyway, sometimes companies make a lot of money, and they have to decide what to do with that extra cash. They could spend it on new equipment, hire more people, or even give some of it back to the shareholders as a reward for being awesome owners. But there's another option too – they can use that money to increase their paid-in capital."Wait, what's paid-in capital?" you might ask. Well, it's kind of like the company's piggy bank. It's the money that the shareholders have put into the company to help it grow and do business. The more paid-in capital a company has, the stronger it is!So, when a company wants to move some of its profits into the paid-in capital piggy bank, the shareholders have to vote on it. That's where the shareholder resolution comes in. It's like a big group decision that says, "Yes, we want to take some of our extra money and put it into the company's piggy bank!"Here's an example of what a shareholder resolution might look like:Shareholder Resolution to Increase Paid-in CapitalWe, the awesome shareholders of [Company Name], have come together to make a big decision. We've looked at the company's finances, and we've seen that we have a lot of extra money sitting around that we haven't used yet. This extra money is called "unappropriated profits."Now, we could do a lot of things with this money. We could buy new toys for the office (just kidding!), or we could give some of it back to ourselves as a reward for being such great owners.But we've decided to do something even better – we're going to move some of those unappropriated profits into the company's paid-in capital!Why are we doing this? Well, by increasing the paid-in capital, we're making our company even stronger and more stable. It's like giving the company a big, sturdy piggy bank to keep its money safe and secure. That way, our company can keep growing and doing awesome things!So, here's what we've decided:We're going to take [amount] dollars from our unappropriated profits and transfer it into the paid-in capital account.This money will be used to support the company's future growth and operations.Every shareholder will get [number] of new shares for every [number] of shares they currently own. That means if you own 10 shares, you'll get [calculation] new shares for free!We think this is a really smart move for our company, and we're excited to see how it helps us grow and succeed in the future. Thanks for being such awesome shareholders, and let's keep making our company the best it can be!Signed,[Names of shareholders]So, there you have it, kids! That's what a shareholder resolution to increase paid-in capital looks like. It's a big decision that helps companies get stronger and more stable, kind of like how eating your veggies helps you grow big and strong.Now, let's practice saying "unappropriated profits" and "paid-in capital" a few times, and maybe your parents will be impressed the next time they talk about their company's finances!篇2Capitalizing Undistributed Profits ResolutionHey kids! Today we're going to learn about something super important in the business world - capitalizing undistributed profits by issuing new shares. It may sound like a mouthful, but don't worry, I'll explain it in a way that's easy to understand.Imagine you have a lemonade stand, and you've been working really hard selling lemonade to all your neighbors. At the end of the summer, you've made a lot of money, but you're not sure what to do with it. You could spend it all on toys andcandy, or you could save it for a rainy day. But there's another option - you could use that money to grow your lemonade business even bigger!That's what capitalizing undistributed profits means. When a company makes money (or in your case, when you make money from your lemonade stand), they have a few choices. They can pay out that money to the owners (or shareholders) as dividends, they can keep it in the company's bank account as savings, or they can use it to grow the business.Capitalizing undistributed profits is when the company decides to use that extra money to create more shares (or ownership stakes) in the company. It's like taking your lemonade stand profits and using them to buy more lemonade pitchers, cups, and lemons, so you can make and sell even more lemonade next summer.But wait, you might be wondering, why would a company want to do that? Well, there are a few good reasons:Growth: By investing the profits back into the business, the company can grow bigger and become more successful. It's like using your lemonade stand profits to open up a second stand across town - more customers, more sales, more money!Ownership: When a company issues new shares, it gives shareholders (the owners) a chance to increase their ownership stake in the company. It's like your parents deciding to invest more money into your lemonade stand because they see how well it's doing.Reinvestment: Instead of paying out profits as dividends (which shareholders have to pay taxes on), the company can reinvest that money back into the business. It's like keeping your lemonade stand profits in a special lemonade fund, so you can use it to buy better supplies next year.Now, when a company wants to capitalize its undistributed profits, they need to get approval from the shareholders (the owners). That's where the shareholder resolution comes in.A shareholder resolution is like a big group vote. The company's leaders (the board of directors) propose a plan to capitalize the profits by issuing new shares. Then, all the shareholders (the owners) get to vote on whether they think it's a good idea or not.If the majority of shareholders vote "yes," then the resolution passes, and the company can go ahead and use those undistributed profits to create new shares. If the resolutiondoesn't pass, then the company has to find another way to use or distribute those profits.Pretty cool, right? It's like having a family meeting to decide what to do with the money from your lemonade stand - should you spend it on a new bike, save it for college, or use it to buy more lemonade supplies?Well, that's the basic idea behind capitalizing undistributed profits through a shareholder resolution. Of course, in the real business world, it's a bit more complicated than a lemonade stand, with lots of legal and financial details to consider. But the basic concept is the same - companies want to use their profits to grow and become even more successful.So the next time you hear about a company issuing new shares or capitalizing profits, you'll know exactly what it means. It's just a fancy way of saying they're using their hard-earned money to make their business even better!篇3Shareholders' Resolution: Turning Extra Money into More Shares!Hi there, kids! Today, we're going to talk about something important that happens in companies – something called a "shareholders' resolution." Don't worry; I'll explain it in a way that's easy to understand!Imagine you have a lemonade stand, and after selling lemonade all summer, you have some extra money left over. What do you do with that extra money? Well, one option is to keep it in your piggy bank for a rainy day. But another option is to use that money to buy more supplies and make your lemonade stand even better!That's kind of what a shareholders' resolution is all about. You see, when a company makes money (which is called "profits"), they can choose to do a few different things with that money. They can save it for the future, or they can use it to grow their business even more.Now, let's talk about the "shareholders." These are the people who own a part of the company. They're kind of like the owners of the lemonade stand. And just like you might ask your parents or friends for their opinion on what to do with the extra money from the lemonade stand, the company needs to ask its shareholders what they want to do with the extra money (or profits) that the company has made.So, the company holds a special meeting called a "shareholders' meeting," where all the shareholders get together and vote on what to do with the company's extra money. This decision is called a "shareholders' resolution."One option they might choose is to "transfer the unappropriated profits to paid-in capital." That's a fancy way of saying they want to use the extra money to create more shares in the company.Imagine your lemonade stand is so popular that you need to hire some helpers. Instead of just paying them with the extra money you have, you could give them a small piece of ownership in the lemonade stand. That way, they'll work extra hard because they're not just employees; they're also owners!That's kind of what happens when a company transfers its unappropriated profits (the extra money) to paid-in capital (creating more shares). The company is using that extra money to give more people a chance to own a piece of the company.So, let's see what a shareholders' resolution for this might look like:SHAREHOLDERS' RESOLUTIONOF [COMPANY NAME]WHEREAS, [Company Name] has generated unappropriated profits (extra money) during the fiscal year ended [DATE];WHEREAS, the Board of Directors believes it is in the best interest of the company and its shareholders to use these unappropriated profits to create more shares in the company;NOW, THEREFORE, BE IT RESOLVED, that [Company Name] shall transfer [AMOUNT] from its unappropriated profits account to its paid-in capital account, resulting in the issuance of [NUMBER] new shares of common stock.RESOLVED FURTHER, that these new shares shall be distributed to the current shareholders of [Company Name] on a pro-rata basis, meaning that each shareholder will receive a number of new shares proportional to their current ownership stake in the company.RESOLVED FURTHER, that the officers of [Company Name] are hereby authorized and directed to take all necessary actions to effectuate the above resolutions.Isn't that cool? By voting on this resolution, the shareholders are deciding to turn that extra money (profits) into more shares in the company. And those new shares will be given to the people who already own a piece of the company.It's kind of like if you and your friends decided to use the extra money from the lemonade stand to buy more supplies and hire some helpers. And instead of just paying those helpers with money, you gave them a small piece of ownership in the lemonade stand too!That's what a shareholders' resolution on transferring unappropriated profits to paid-in capital is all about. It's a way for the owners of a company to decide how to use the extra money the company has made, and in this case, they're choosing to use it to create more shares and bring more people into ownership of the company.Pretty neat, right? Who knew that something asboring-sounding as a "shareholders' resolution" could be so interesting? Now you know a little bit more about how companies work and make important decisions about their money and ownership.篇4Shareholder Resolution on Transferring Undistributed Profits to Increase Paid-In CapitalHey guys! Today I want to talk to you about something really important that my dad's company is doing. It's called a"shareholder resolution" and it has to do with money and how businesses keep track of it.You see, when a company makes money from selling products or services, that money is called "profits." The company has to decide what to do with those profits. They can pay out some of the profits to the owners (called "shareholders") as dividends. Or they can keep the profits inside the company to use for other things like buying new equipment, opening new locations, or just saving it for a rainy day.The profits that the company keeps and doesn't pay out right away are called "undistributed profits" or "retained earnings." It's kind of like putting money in a piggy bank instead of spending it all at once.Well, my dad's company has built up a lot of undistributed profits over the years from being really successful. And now they want to take some of that money out of the piggy bank and use it for something really important - increasing their capital.Capital is kind of like a company's own money that it uses to get started and grow its business. When a company first begins, the owners put in capital to get it off the ground. As the company makes profits, it can put some of those profits back as additional capital for the company to use.Using profits to increase capital is called a "transfer topaid-in capital" because the profits being transferred become new capital that was "paid in" by the company itself instead of the original owners.So why does a company need to increase its paid-in capital? Well, there are a few good reasons:It strengthens the company's financial foundation and makes it more stable for the long-term. With more capital, the company has more of its own money to depend on.It can help the company grow by providing more money to invest in new products, facilities, or initiatives.It can increase the company's borrowing ability because lenders feel secure lending to companies with a strong capital base.It shows the owners' commitment to the business by putting profits back into the company instead of just taking them out.The process of transferring undistributed profits to paid-in capital has to be approved by the shareholders through an official resolution at a shareholder meeting. That's why my dad's company is having this "shareholder resolution" thing.From what my dad explained, here are the key points the resolution will cover:The amount of undistributed profits being transferred to paid-in capital (I think it's like 5 million or something).The reasons and justifications for doing this transfer, which are pretty much the points I mentioned before.Formal legal language authorizing the transfer and the accounting entries needed to reflect it properly.A resolution statement that the shareholders officially approve and adopt the transfer.My dad also said they had to be careful about any legal requirements around transferring capital and maintaining proper amounts of other funds like surplus reserves based on state corporate laws and the company's charter.Apparently the lawyers got involved to make sure the resolution and transfer followed all the rules, which makes sense since we're talking about a lot of the company's money here.So in summary, a shareholder resolution to transfer undistributed profits to paid-in capital is a way for a company to take profits it has kept inside the business and use that money to increase the permanent capital base of the company.It's kind of like a kid who gets an allowance and finally decides to take some of the money they've saved up from not spending it all and deposit it into their own permanent savings account to make their personal "capital" higher.Just like an adult company making that decision, a kid would need authorization from their "shareholders" (their parents) before they could do that transfer. The "shareholder resolution" from the parents would be like: "Yes, we approve you taking 50 from your piggy bank to increase your official savings account balance."Except in the case of a company, we're talking about millions of dollars instead of 50! And there are a lot more legal requirements around it. But the basic concept is the same - taking some undistributed profits and permanently increasing the capital invested in the business.I think that's a responsible thing for a company to do when it has built up large undistributed profits over time. It sets the business up stronger for the future.Anyway, that's my attempt to explain what an undistributed profits transfer to paid-in capital resolution is about. Let me know if you have any other questions! I'll do my best to break it down.篇5股东会决议：将未分配利润转增实收资本Hello everyone!We had a very important meeting today, called the shareholders' meeting. We talked about something called "undistributed profits" and "increasing paid-in capital." It might sound a bit fancy, but don't worry, I'll explain it in a way that we can all understand!Before we start, let's remember that a company is made up of shareholders. Shareholders are the owners of the company, and they have the power to make important decisions. Today, we made a decision about what to do with the company's profits.You see, when a company makes money, it's called a profit. Sometimes, the company doesn't distribute all the profit to the shareholders. Instead, it keeps some of it for future needs. This part of the profit is called "undistributed profit."Now, what does it mean to "increase paid-in capital"?Paid-in capital is the money that shareholders invest in the company when they buy shares. By increasing paid-in capital, weare saying that shareholders will invest more money in the company.So, why would we want to do this? Well, increasing paid-in capital can help the company grow and expand its operations. It gives the company more resources to invest in new projects, buy new equipment, or hire more employees. This, in turn, can lead to more profits in the future.In our meeting today, we discussed the financial situation of our company. We looked at the undistributed profits and the potential benefits of increasing paid-in capital. After careful consideration, we reached a decision. We have decided to convert a portion of the undistributed profits into paid-in capital.This means that some of the profit that the company has been keeping will now be used to increase the investments made by shareholders. This decision will help our company strengthen its financial position and support its growth plans.We want all shareholders to be aware of this decision and understand its implications. By increasing paid-in capital, we are showing our commitment to the company's future success. It also means that each shareholder's ownership in the company will increase.Thank you for attending the meeting and participating in this important decision-making process. Let's continue to support our company and work together to achieve even greater success in the future!Best regards,[Your Name][Your Position][Company Name]Word Count: 296 words篇6Capitalizing Undistributed Profits: A Shareholder's GuideHey kids! Have you ever wondered what happens to a company's profits after it pays all its bills and taxes? Some of that leftover money could get turned into more shares of stock through a process called capitalizing undistributed profits. Sound confusing? Don't worry, I'll explain it all!Let's start with some basics. When a company makes money from selling products or services, that's called revenue or income. But the company also has to pay for things like employee salaries,rent, utilities, and other expenses. The money left over after paying all those bills is called net profit.Now, the company's owners (called shareholders) could choose to take that profit and give it all to themselves. That's called paying dividends. But sometimes, the shareholders decide to leave some or all of the profits invested back into the company instead of taking it for themselves right away. Those undistributed profits become a part of the company's ownership equity on the balance sheet.Over time, those undistributed profits can really add up! Rather than just letting them pile up forever, the shareholders can vote to convert some of those profits into newly issued shares of stock. This increases the total number of shares outstanding, but it doesn't change the overall size of the company's ownership equity. It's kind of like using those accumulated profits to "buy" more slices of the company pie for the existing shareholders!The process starts with the company's board of directors proposing a resolution to capitalize some of the undistributed profits. They'll decide how much of the profits to convert and what ratio to use for issuing new shares. Like if the company has 1 million in undistributed profits and decides to capitalize500,000 at a 2-for-1 ratio, each existing shareholder would get one new share for every share they currently own.Next, the shareholders get to vote on whether to approve that resolution at the annual shareholder meeting. If a majority votes "yes," then the company can go ahead and actually issue those new shares according to the ratio specified in the resolution. The company's total number of outstanding shares increases, but the total ownership equity stays the same since those new shares represent the profits that were already on the books.Capitalization can provide a few advantages. First, it lets a company inject more cash from those undistributed profits into growth without going into debt or selling new shares to outside investors for money. Second, it can make each individual share look more affordable compared to a higher priced share, which could attract more investors. And finally, shareholders may prefer getting more shares over cash dividends for tax reasons in some situations.On the other hand, all those new shares do end up diluting the percentage of company ownership that each existing share represents. So shareholders need to weigh that against the potential benefits when voting on capitalization resolutions.Those are the key things to understand about what's involved when a company decides to capitalize its undistributed profits into newly issued stock shares for shareholders. It's an important corporate finance procedure that literally determines how the pie slices of ownership get divided up!Let me give a simple example to really bring this to life:Suppose you and your three friends formed a little lemonade stand business together as shareholders, with each person originally getting 25 shares. For the first few years, your lemonade stand did great and racked up 100 in total undistributed profits that just kept sitting in the business account.Then at your annual shareholder meeting, one of you shareholders proposed a resolution to take 80 of those 100 undistributed profits and capitalize them into new shares on a 1-for-1 basis. In other words, you'd all get 1 new share for each share you currently own if the resolution passed.With 4 shareholders originally holding 25 shares each for a total of 100 outstanding shares, approving that capitalization would create 80 brand new shares. So if the resolution passed, there would then be a total of 180 shares outstanding instead of just 100 shares like before.Each shareholder's number of total shares would go from 25 shares up to 45 shares (25 original + 20 new capitalized shares). But the percentage of the overall company you each own hasn't really changed, it just got represented by more total slices of a pie that didn't actually get any bigger.Pretty cool, right? Capitalization is like this neat way for a company's profits to get reinvested back into the business as new shares for the existing owners instead of just sitting around or getting paid out in cash.I hope this gave you a better understanding of what capitalizing undistributed profits is all about and why companies might choose to do it rather than pay cash dividends or keep the profits as retained earnings. Learning about important shareholder voting matters like this can set you up for great business and investing success someday. The key is to pay close attention any time a company wants to make changes that could impact how your slices of ownership are calculated!。
Profits of Praise
Profits of Praise1It was the end of my exhausting first day as waitress in a busy New York restaurant. My cap had gone awry, my apron was stained, my feet ached. The loaded trays I carried felt heavier and heavier. Weary and discouraged, I didn’t seem ab le to do anything right. As I made out a complicated check for a family with several children who had changed their ice-cream order a dozen times, I was ready to quit.2Then the father smiled at me as he handed me my tip. “Well done,” he said. “You’ve looked after us really well.”3Suddenly my tiredness vanished. I smiled back, and later, when the manager asked me how I’d like my first day, I said, “Fine!” Those few words of praise had changed everything.4Praise is like sunlight to the human spirit; we cannot flower and grow without it. And yet, while most of us are only too ready to apply to others the cold wind of criticism, we are somehow reluctant to give our fellows the warm sunshine of praise.5Why —when one word can bring such pleasure? A friend of mine who travels widely always tries to learn a little of the language of any place she visits. She’s not much of a linguist, but she does know how to say one word —“beautiful” — in several languages. She can use it to a mother holding her baby, or to a lonely salesman fishing out pictures of his family. The ability had earned her friends all over the world.6It’s strange how chary we are about praising. Perhaps it’s because few of us know how to accept compliments gracefully. Instead, we are embarrassed and shrug off the words we are really so glad to hear. Because of this defensive reaction, direct compliments are surprisingly difficult to give. That is why some of the most valued pats on the back are those which come to us indirectly, in a letter or passed on by a friend. When one thinks of the speed with which spiteful remarks are conveyed, it seems a pity that there isn’t more effort to relay pleasing and flattering comments.7It’s especially rewarding to give praise in are as in which effort generally goes unnoticed or unmentioned. An artist gets complimented for a glorious picture, a cook for a perfect meal. But do you ever tell your laundry manger how pleased you are when the shirts are done just right? Do you ever praise your paper boy for getting the paper to you in time 365 days a year?8Praise is particularly appreciated by those doing routine jobs: gas-station attendants, waitresses —even housewives. Do you ever go into a house and say, “What a tidy room”? Hardly anybody does. That’s why housework is considered such a dreary grind. Comment is often made about activities which are relatively easy and satisfying, like arranging flowers; but not about jobs which are hard and dirty, like scrubbing floors. Shakespeare said, “Our praises are our wages.” Since so often praise is the only wage a housewife receives, surely she of all people should get her measure.9Mothers know instinctively that for children an ounce of praise is worth a pound of scolding. Still, we’r e not always as perceptive as we might be about applying the rule. One day I was criticizing my children for squabbling. “Can you ever play peacefully?” I shouted. Susanna looked at me quizzically. “Of course we can,” she said. “But you don’t notice us when we do.”10Teachers agree about the value of praise. One teacher writes that instead of drowning students’ compositions in critical red ink, the teacher will get far more constructive results by finding one or two things which have been done better than last time, and commenting favourably on them. “I believe that a student knows when he has handed in something above his usual standard,” writes the teacher, “and that he waits hungrily for a brief comment in the margin to show him that the teacher is a ware of it, too.”11Behavioural scientists have done countless experiments to prove that any human being tends to repeat an act which has been immediately followed by a pleasant result. In one such experiment, a number of schoolchildren were divided into three groups and given arithmetic tests daily for five days. One group was consistently praised for its previous performance; another group was criticized; the third was ignored.12Not surprisingly, those who were praised improved dramatically. Those who were criticized improved also, but not much. And the scores of the children who were ignored hardly improved at all. Interestingly the brightest children were helped just as much by criticism as by praise, but the less able children reacted badly to criticism, needed praise the most. Yet the latter are the very youngsters who, in most schools, fail to get the pat on the back.13To give praise costs the giver nothing but a moment’s thought and a moment’s effort —perhaps a quick phone call to pass on a compliment, or five minutes spent writing an appreciative letter. It is such a small investment —and yet consider the results it may produce. “I can live two months on a good compliment,” said Mark Twain.14So, let’s be alert to the small exc ellences around us — and comment on them. We will not only bring joy into other people’s lives, but also, very often, added happiness into our own.By Janet Graham捷克作家米兰.昆德拉说过‘人类只要一思考，上帝就会发笑。
奥巴马2004年演讲无畏的希望中英文对照稿
奥巴马2004年演讲无畏的希望中英文对照稿2008-09-19 16:32Keynote Address at the 2004 Democratic National ConventionJuly 27, 2004On behalf of the great state of Illinois, crossroads of a nation, land of Lincoln, let me express my deep gratitude for the privilege of addressing this convention. Tonight is a particular honor for me because, let's face it, my presence on this stage is pretty unlikely. My father was a foreign student, born and raised in a small village in Kenya. He grew up herding goats, went to school in a tin-roof shack. His father, my grandfather, was a cook, a domestic servant.But my grandfather had larger dreams for his son. Through hard work and perseverance my father got a scholarship to study in a magical place: America, which stood as a beacon of freedom and opportunity to so many who had come before. While studying here, my father met my mother. She was born in a town on the other side of the world, in Kansas. Her father worked on oil rigs and farms through most of the Depression. The day after Pearl Harbor he signed up for duty, joined Patton's army and marched across Europe. Back home, my grandmother raised their baby and went to work on a bomber assembly line. After the war, they studied on the GI Bill, bought a house through FHA, and moved west in search of opportunity.And they, too, had big dreams for their daughter, a common dream, born of two continents. My parents shared not only an improbable love; they shared an abiding faith in the possibilities of this nation. They would give me an African name, Barack, or "blessed," believing that in a tolerant America your name is no barrier to success. They imagined me going to the best schools in the land, even though they weren't rich, because in a generous America you don't have to be rich to achieve your potential. They are both passed away now. Yet, I know that, on this night, they look down on me with pride.I stand here today, grateful for the diversity of my heritage, aware that my parents' dreams live on in my precious daughters. I stand here knowing that my story is part of the larger American story, that I owe a debt to all of those who came before me, and that, in no other country on earth, is my story even possible. Tonight, we gather to affirm the greatness of our nation, not because of the height of our skyscrapers, or the power of our military, or the size of our economy. Our pride is based on a very simple premise, summed up in a declaration made over two hundred years ago, "We hold these truths to he self-evident, that all men are created equal. That they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights. That among these are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness." That is the true genius of America, a faith in the simple dreams of its people, the insistence on small miracles. That we can tuck in our children at night and know they are fed and clothed and safe from harm. That wecan say what we think, write what we think, without hearing a sudden knock on the door. That we can have an idea and start our own business without paying a bribe or hiring somebody's son. That we can participate in the political process without fear of retribution, and that our votes will he counted - or at least, most of the time.This year, in this election, we are called to reaffirm our values and commitments, to hold them against a hard reality and see how we are measuring up, to the legacy of our forbearers, and the promise of future generations. And fellow Americans - Democrats, Republicans, Independents - I say to you tonight: we have more work to do. More to do for the workers I met in Gale□□urg, Illinois, who are losing their union jobs at the Maytag plant that's moving to Mexico, and now are having to compete with their own children for jobs that pay seven bucks an hour. More to do for the father I met who was losing his job and choking back tears, wondering how he would pay $4,500 a month for the drugs his son needs without the health benefits he counted on. More to do for the young woman in East St. Louis, and thousands more like her, who has the grades, has the drive, has the will, but doesn't have the money to go to college.Don't get me wrong. The people I meet in small towns and big cities, in diners and office parks, they don't expect government to solve all their problems. They know they have to work hard to get ahead and they want to. Go into the collar counties around Chicago, and people will tell you they don't want their tax money wasted by a welfare agency or the Pentagon. Go into any inner city neighborhood, and folks will tell you that government alone can't teach kids to learn. They know that parents have to parent, that children can't achieve unless we raise their expectations and turn off the television sets and eradicate the slander that says a black youth with a book is acting white. No, people don't expect government to solve all their problems. But they sense, deep in their bones, that with just a change in priorities, we can make sure that every child in America has a decent shot at life, and that the doors of opportunity remain open to all. They know we can do better. And they want that choice. In this election, we offer that choice. Our party has chosen a man to lead us who embodies the best this country has to offer. That man is John Kerry. John Kerry understands the ideals of community, faith, and sacrifice, because they've defined his life. From his heroic service in Vietnam to his years as prosecutor and lieutenant governor, through two decades in the United States Senate, he has devoted himself to this country. Again and again, we've seen him make tough choices when easier ones were available. His values and his record affirm what is best in us.John Kerry believes in an America where hard work is rewarded. So instead of offering tax breaks to companies shipping jobs overseas, he'll offer them to companies creating jobs here at home. John Kerry believes in an America where all Americans can afford the same health coverage ourpoliticians in Washington have for themselves. John Kerry believes in energy independence, so we aren't held hostage to the profits of oil companies or the sabotage of foreign oil fields. John Kerry believes in the constitutional freedoms that have made our country the envy of the world, and he will never sacrifice our basic liberties nor use faith as a wedge to divide us. And John Kerry believes that in a dangerous world, war must be an option, but it should never he the first option.A while back, I met a young man named Shamus at the VFW Hall in East Moline, Illinois. He was a good-looking kid, six-two or six-three, clear-eyed, with an easy smile. He told me he'd joined the Marines and was heading to Iraq the following week. As I listened to him explain why he'd enlisted, his absolute faith in our country and its leaders, his devotion to duty and service, I thought this young man was all any of us might hope for in a child. But then I asked myself: Are we serving Shamus as well as he was serving us? I thought of more than 900 service men and women, sons and daughters, hu□□ands and wives, friend s and neighbors, who will not be returning to their hometowns. I thought of families I had met who were struggling to get by without a loved one's full income, or whose loved ones had returned with a limb missing or with nerves shattered, but who still lacked long-term health benefits because they were reservists. When we send our young men and women into harm's way, we have a solemn obligation not to fudge the numbers or shade the truth about why they're going, to care for their families while they're gone, to tend to the soldiers upon their return, and to never ever go to war without enough troops to win the war, secure the peace, and earn the respect of the world.Now let me be clear. We have real enemies in the world. These enemies must be found. They must be pursued and they must be defeated. John Kerry knows this. And just as Lieutenant Kerry did not hesitate to risk his life to protect the men who served with him in Vietnam, President Kerry will not hesitate one moment to use our military might to keep America safe and secure. John Kerry believes in America. And he knows it's not enough for just some of us to prosper. For alongside our famous individualism, there's another ingredient in the American saga.A belief that we are connected as one people. If there's a child on the south side of Chicago who can't read, that matters to me, even if it's not my child. If there's a senior citizen somewhere who can't pay for her prescription and has to choose between medicine and the rent, that makes my life poorer, even if it's not my grandmother. If there's an Arab American family being rounded up without benefit of an attorney or due process, that threatens my civil liberties. It's that fundamental belief - I am my brother's keeper, I am my sister's keeper - that makes this country work. It's what allows us to pursue our individual dreams, yet still come together as a single American family. "E pluribus unum." Out of many, one.Yet even as we speak, there are those who are preparing to divide us, the spin masters and negative ad peddlers who embrace the politics of anything goes. Well, I say to them tonight, there's not a liberal America and a conservative America - there's the United States of America. There's not a black America and white America and Latino America and Asian America; there's the United States of America. The pundits like to slice-and-dice our country into Red States and Blue States; Red States for Republicans, Blue States for Democrats. But I've got news for them, too. We worship an awesome God in the Blue States, and we don't like federal agents poking around our libraries in the Red States. We coach Little League in the Blue States and have gay friends in the Red States. There are patriots who opposed the war in Iraq and patriots who supported it. We are one people, all of us pledging allegiance to the stars and stripes, all of us defending the United States of America.In the end, that's what this election is about. Do we participate in a politics of cynicism or a politics of hope? John Kerry calls on us to hope. John Edwards calls on us to hope. I'm not talking about blind optimism here - the almost willful ignorance that thinks unemployment will go away if we just don't talk about it, or the health care crisis will solve itself if we just ignore it. No, I'm talking about something more substantial. It's the hope of slaves sitting around a fire singing freedom songs; the hope of immigrants setting out for distant shores; the hope of a young naval lieutenant bravely patrolling the Mekong Delta; the hope of a millworker's son who dares to defy the odds; the hope of a skinny kid with a funny name who believes that America has a place for him, too. The audacity of hope!In the end, that is God's greatest gift to us, the bedrock of this nation; the belief in things not seen; the belief that there are better days ahead.I believe we can give our middle class relief and provide working families with a road to opportunity. I believe we can provide jobs to the jobless, homes to the homeless, and reclaim young people in cities across America from violence and despair. I believe that as we stand on the crossroads of history, we can make the right choices, and meet the challenges that face us. America!Tonight, if you feel the same energy I do, the same urgency I do, the same passion I do, the same hopefulness I do - if we do what we must do, then I have no doubt that all across the country, from Florida to Oregon, from Washington to Maine, the people will rise up in November, and John Kerry will be sworn in as president, and John Edwards will be sworn in as vice president, and this country will reclaim its promise, and out of this long political darkness a brighter day will come. Thank you and God bless you.原名:基调演讲摘自《巴拉克·奥巴马》。
[经济学]7ProfitandLoss
![[经济学]7ProfitandLoss](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/f589be49f11dc281e53a580216fc700abb685239.png)
Calculating Profit: What Should be Included in Costs?
From the perspective of the profit-seeker, wages, rent and interest are costs of production.
Interest?
The price people pay to obtain resources now rather than to wait until they have earned the purchasing power with which to buy the resources
Like wage, rent is also contractually established and reduces uncertainty.
No one would consider wage and rent payments as profit.
8
Wage, Rent and Interest
4
Introduction
“Perhaps no term or concept in economic discussion is used with a more bewildering variety of well-established meanings than profit.”
-Frank Knight
19
Comparing Economic Profit and Accounting Profit
1st year total revenues = $85,000 1st year explicit costs = $45,000
10.ProfitsofPraise
人人都有值得称道的地方， 我们只须把它说出来 就是了。
The power of praise
▪ 赞扬是阳光, ▪ 没有它生活的花儿便不能开放; ▪ 赞扬是黏合剂, ▪ 能聚合众多的朋友在您身边; ▪ 赞扬是一缕清新的空气, ▪ 扫除沉闷,催人向上; ▪ 给予赞扬只需付出片刻的思索和努力, ▪ 然而产生的效果却难以估量.
The frame of Part Ⅰ
▪ Translate the following sentences in paras.4-6: Praise is like sunlight to the human spirit; we cannot flower and grow without it.
▪ In para. 8. It shows that praise is particularly appreciated by those doing routine jobs.
▪ In para. 9. the author narrates a fact that: although we know the value of praise, we are still not perceptive enough.
Word learning
▪ profit 益处 利润 ▪ exhaust 使筋疲力尽 ▪ stain 玷污 ▪ weary 厌倦的 厌烦的 ▪ discourage 使灰心 ▪ dozen 一打（二十个） ▪ quit 退出 离职 ▪ apply 运用 实施 ▪ reluctant 勉强的 ▪ earn 赢得 挣得 ▪ compliment 赞美 ▪ invest 投资
不投机额头留恨换取的利润才有价值读后感
不投机额头留恨换取的利润才有价值读后感In a world driven by quick profits and short-term gains, it is often seen as counterintuitive to avoid taking advantage of every opportunity that comes our way. However, the idea of not sacrificing one's integrity for profit resonates with individuals who believe in long-term success and personal fulfillment. When we refuse to engage in unethical practices or compromise our values, we create a foundation built on trust and respect.在一个以追求短期利益为驱动的世界中，放弃每一个机会似乎是违背直觉的。
然而，不为了获得利润而损害自己的原则和道义的想法却深深地影响着那些相信长期成功和个人成就的人。
当我们拒绝参与不道德的行为或者妥协我们的价值观时，我们建立起了一种基于信任和尊重的基础。
Financial gain can indeed be enticing and alluring, but its worth becomes hollow if acquired through deceit or exploitation. True value lies in the knowledge that our successes are earned honestly and ethically. By refusing tosuccumb to the allure of instant gratification at the expense of others, we empower ourselves to forge genuine connections and build sustainable relationships.财务收益确实能够吸引人，但如果通过欺骗或剥削来获得，其价值便变得空洞无物。
profit的用法总结大全
profit的用法总结大全1. 做动词，表示赚取利润，获益- The company profited from the increase in sales.- He profited greatly from his investment in real estate.2. 做名词，表示利润，收益- The company's profits have increased significantly this year.- She made a large profit from selling her artwork.3. 在商业用语中，profit可以指商业机构或个人从其经营活动中获得的净收入。
- The company reported a record profit last quarter.- The business is not making enough profit to sustain itself.4. profit还可以用作动词，表示从某种情况或行为中获取益处- He profited from his father's death by inheriting his fortune.- Students can profit from studying abroad by immersing themselves in a new culture.5. profit还可用作名词，表示从某种经验或教训中得到的益处或收获- I learned a lot from my mistakes; they were a valuable profit to me.- The book offers valuable profits for those looking to improve their financial knowledge.6. 在电脑编程中，profit是一种函数，表示在执行某个任务或计算时所获得的实际或预期的收益。
Great Depression in the United States
Great Depression in the United StatesUSA annual real GDP from 1910–60, with the years of the Great Depression (1929–1939) highlighted.Unemployment rate in the US 1910–1960, with the years of the Great Depression (1929–1939) highlighted.The Great Depression began on "Black Tuesday" with the Wall Street Crash of October, 1929 and rapidly spread worldwide. The market crash marked the beginning of a decade of high unemployment, poverty, low profits, deflation, plunging farm incomes, and lost opportunities for economic growth and personal advancement. Although its causes are still uncertain andcontroversial, the net effect was a sudden and general loss of confidence in the economic future. The usual explanations include numerous factors, especially high consumer debt, ill-regulated markets that permitted malfeasance by banks and investors, cutbacks in foreign trade, lack of high-growth new industries, and growing wealth inequality, all interacting to create a downward economic spiral of reduced spending, falling confidence, and lowered production.The initial government response to the crisis exacerbated the situation; protectionist policies like the 1930 Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act in the U.S. strangled global trade as other nations retaliated against the U.S. Industries that suffered the most included agriculture, mining, and logging as well as durable goods like construction and automobiles that people postponed.The economy eventually recovered from the low point of the winter of 1932-33, with sustained improvement until 1937, when the Recession of 1937 brought back 1934 levels of unemployment.Contents1 Political results of the Great Depression2 Recession of 19373 Afterwards4 Hoovervilles5 Facts and figuresPolitical results of the Great DepressionThe depression caused major political changes in America. Herbert Hoover's failure to prevent the depression caused him to lose the United States presidential election, 1932 to Franklin Delano Roosevelt. Roosevelt's economic recovery plan, the New Deal, instituted unprecedented large-scale federal relief programs aimed to aid the agricultural industry and support labor unions.Main article: New DealFrom 1933 to 1936 President Roosevelt argued a reconstruction of the economy would be needed to prevent another, or avoid prolonging the current depression. New Deal programs, such as the National Recovery Administration (NRA), sought to stimulate demand and provide work and relief for the impoverished through increased government spending. A series of panels comprising business leaders in each industry set regulations which ended what was called "cut-throat competition," which kept forcing up prices and profits for everyone.The NRA, which ended in 1939, had these roles:Setting maximum prices and wages and competitive conditions in all industries. (NRA)Encouraging unions that would raise wages, to increase the purchasing power of the working class by 93%. (NRA)Cutting farm production so as to raise prices and make it possible to earn a living in farming (done by the AAA and successor farm programs).These reforms (together with relief and recover measures) are called by historians the First New Deal. It was centered around the use of an alphabet soup of agencies set up in 1933 and 1934, along with the use of previous agencies such as the Reconstruction Finance Corporation, to regulate and stimulate the economy. By 1935, the "Second New Deal" added social security; the Works Progress Administration (WPA), a national relief agency; and, through the National Labor Relations Board, a strong stimulus to the growth of labor unions. Unemployment fell by two-thirds in Roosevelt's first term (from 25% to 9%, 1933 to 1937) but then remained high until 1942.In 1929, federal expenditures constituted only 20% of the GDP. Between 1933 and 1939, they tripled, but the national debt remained about level at 40% of GNP. (The debt as proportion of GNP rose under Hoover from 20% to 40%; the debt as % of GDP soared during the war years, 1941-45.) After the Recession of 1937 and Republican victories in the 1938 elections, opponents of the New Deal,who called themselves conservatives, formed a bipartisan conservative coalition to stop further expansion of the New Deal and, by 1943, they had abolished all of the relief programs. Social Security continued. The labor laws were revised by conservatives in the Taft Hartley Act of 1947. The New Deal was, and still is, controversial and widely debated. One small voluntary response survey from 85 PhD holding members of the Economic History Society, which the author stated may not be not representative of all economic historians, showed that there were statistically different opinions between economic historians who taught or studied economic history and those that taught or studied economic theory. The former were in consensus that the New Deal did not lengthen and deepen the depression, while the latter were more evenly divided. The Great Depression and the New Deal remain a benchmark amongst economists for evaluating severe financial downturns, such as the economic crisis of 2008.Recession of 1937Main article: Recession of 1937Total employment in the United States from 1920 to 1940, excluding farms and WPABy 1936, all the main economic indicators had regained the levels of the late 1920s, except for unemployment, which remained high. In 1937, the American economy unexpectedly fell, lasting through most of 1938. Production declined sharply, as did profits and employment. Unemployment jumped from 14.3% in 1937 to 19.0% in 1938.The Roosevelt Administration reacted by launching a rhetorical campaign against monopoly power, which was cast as the cause of the depression, and appointing Thurman Arnold to act; Arnold was not effective, and the attack ended once World War II began and corporate energies had to be directed to winning the war. By 1939, the effects of the 1937 recession had disappeared. Employment in private sector factories recovered to the level of the late 1920s by 1937, but did not grow much bigger until the war came and manufacturing employment leaped from 11 million in 1940 to 18 million in 1943.Another response to the 1937 deepening of the Great Depression had more tangible results. Ignoring the pleas of the Treasury Department, Roosevelt embarked on an antidote to the depression, reluctantly abandoning his efforts to balance the budget and launching a $5 billion spending program in the spring of 1938, in an effort to increase mass purchasing power. Business-oriented observers explained the recession and recovery in very different terms from the Keynesians. They argued the New Deal had been very hostile to business expansion in 1935–37, had encouraged massive strikes which had a negative impact on major industries such as automobiles, and had threatened massive anti-trust legal attacks on big corporations. All those threats diminished sharply after 1938. For example, the antitrust efforts fizzled out without major cases. The CIO and AFL unions started battling each other more than corporations, and tax policy became more favorable to long-term growth.On the other hand, according to economist Robert Higgs, when lookingonly at the supply of consumer goods, significant GDP growth only resumed in 1946. (Higgs does not estimate the value to consumers of collective goods like victory in war) To Keynesians, the war economy showed just how large the fiscal stimulus required to end the downturn of the Depression was, and it led, at the time, to fears that as soon as America demobilized, it would return to Depression conditions and industrial output would fall to its pre-war levels. The incorrect prediction by Alvin Hansen and other Keynesians that a new depression would start after the war failed to take account of pent-up consumer demand as a result of the Depression and World War.AfterwardsThe government began heavy military spending in 1940, and started drafting millions of young men that year; by 1945, 17 million had entered service to their country. But that was not enough to absorb all the unemployed. During the war, the government subsidized wages through cost-plus contracts. Government contractors were paid in full for their costs, plus a certain percentage profit margin. That meant the more wages a person was paid the higher the company profits since the government would cover them plus a percentage. Using these cost-plus contracts in 1941-1943, factories hired hundreds of thousands of unskilled workers and trained them, at government expense. The military's own training programs concentrated on teaching technical skills involving machinery, engines, electronics and radio, preparing soldiers and sailors for the post-war economy.Structural walls were lowered dramatically during the war, especially informal policies against hiring women, minorities, and workers over 45 or under 18. (See FEPC) Strikes (except in coal mining) were sharply reduced as unions pushed their members to work harder. Tens of thousands of new factories and shipyards were built, with new bus services and nursery care for children making them more accessible. Wages soared for workers, making it quite expensive to sit at home. Employers retooled so that unskilled new workers could handle jobs that previously required skills that were now in short supply. The combination of all these factors drove unemployment below 2% in 1943.Roosevelt's declining popularity in 1938 was evident throughout the US in the business community, the press, and the Senate and House. Many were labeling the recession the ‘Roosevelt Recession’. In late December 1938, Roosevelt looked to gain popularity with the American people, and try to regain the nations confidence of the economy. His decision that December toname name Harry Hopkins secretary of commerce was an attempt to achieve the confidence he so badly needed. Although it came as a surprise to most, due to his lack of business experience, in fact, the hiring proved to be a vastly important to the years following the recession. Hopkin's belief was to re-strengthen the ties between the Roosevelt administration and the business community. While Roosevelt believed in complete reform (The New Deal), Hopkins took a more administrative position, he felt that recovery should become imperative and that The New Deal would continue to hinder recovery. With support from Secretary of Agriculture, Henry Wallace and Treasury Secretary, Henry Morganthau, Jr, popularity for recovery rather than reform, swept the nation. By the end of 1938, reform was struck down as no new laws were passed which endorsed reform.The economy in America was now beginning to shows signs of recovery and the unemployment rate was lowering following the abysmal year of 1938. The biggest shift towards recovery, however, came with the decision of Germany to invade France at the beginning of WW2. After France had been defeated, the U.S. economy would skyrocket in the months following. France’s defeat meant that Britain and other allies would look to the U.S. for large supplies of materials for the war. The need for these materials created a huge spurt in production, thus leading to promising amount of employment in America. Moreover, Britain chose to pay for their materials in gold. This stimulated the gold inflow and raised the monetary base, which in turn, stimulated the American economy to its highest point since the summer of 1929 when the depression begun.As the war carried on, U.S. entry into the war was immanent. The government initiated a defense capable of entering the war. Federal defense expenditures went from 2.2 billion in 1940, to an unprecedented 13.7 billion in the following year. By the end of 1941 the GDP in the U.S. had doubled, and elevated by 25 billion dollars. Defense spending and military mobilization had spurred one of the greatest booms in American history during the war, thus, ending the depression.However, the effects of the war were still seen for years to come. Many Americans carried the burden of extreme poverty, job loss, and not to mention, the sociological and cultural impact a depression bestows upon its people. Moreover, the kick-start that brought the U.S. out of the depression came at a cost as well. Some 406,000 men and women lost their lives during WW2, while another 671,000 were injured.As one blue collar worker from Wisconsin remembers from the depression:“My salary as a postman was cut $300.00 a year. At that, I found myself better off than most. Two nephews and a brother-in-law had to go for relief for food and clothing. They considered that a disgrace, no one asked for help till they hit rock-bottom. There was very little I could do for them as I had five to support on my small salary.... It was not until World War II that conditions got better. What a pity-- that our country had to engage in another terrible war to bring us out of our slump.”HoovervillesMain article: HoovervilleOne visible effect of the depression was the advent of Hoovervilles. "Hooverville" was the popular name for a town of cardboard boxes built by homeless men. The term was coined by Charles Michelson, publicity chief of the Democratic National Committee, named in honor of president Herbert Hoover whose policies were at the time blamed for the depression. Residents lived in shacks and begged for food or went to soup kitchens. Authorities did not officially recognize these Hoovervilles and occasionally removed the occupants for technically trespassing on private lands, but they were frequently tolerated out of necessity. Democrats popularized related terms such as "Hoover blanket" (old newspaper used as blanketing) and "Hoover flag" (an empty pocket turned inside out). "Hoover leather" was cardboard used to line a shoe with the sole worn through. A "Hoover wagon" was an automobile drawn by horse because the owner could not afford gasoline; in Canada, these were known as Bennett buggies, after the Prime Minister.Facts and figuresEffects of depression in the United States:13 million people became unemployed. In 1932, 34 million people belonged to families with no regular full-time wage earner.Industrial production fell by nearly 45% between the years 1929 and 1932. Homebuilding dropped by 80% between the years 1929 and 1932.In the 1920s, the banking system in the U.S. was about $50 billion, which was about 50% of GDP.From the years 1929 to 1932, about 5,000 banks went out of business.By 1933, 11,000 of the US' 25,000 banks had failed.Between 1929 and 1933, U.S. GDP fell around 30%, the stock market lost almost 90% of its value.In 1929, the unemployment rate averaged 3%.In 1933, 25% of all workers and 37% of all nonfarm workers were unemployed.In Cleveland, Ohio, the unemployment rate was 60%; in Toledo, Ohio, 80%. One Soviet trading corporation in New York averaged 350 applications a day from Americans seeking jobs in the Soviet Union.Over one million families lost their farms between 1930 and 1934. Corporate profits had dropped from $10 billion in 1929 to $1billion in 1932. Between 1929 and 1932 the income of the average American family was reduced by 40%.Nine million savings accounts had been wiped out between 1930 and 1933. 273,000 families had been evicted from their homes in 1932.There were two million homeless people migrating around the country.Over 60% of Americans were categorized as poor by the federal government in 1933.In the last prosperous year (1929), there were 279,678 immigrants recorded, but in 1933 only 23,068 came to the U.S.In the early 1930s, more people emigrated from the United States than immigrated to it.The U.S. government sponsored a Mexican Repatriation program which was intended to encourage people to voluntarily move to Mexico, but thousands, including some U.S. citizens, were deported against their will. Altogether about 400,000 Mexicans were repatriated.New York social workers reported that 25% of all schoolchildren were malnourished. In the mining counties of West Virginia, Illinois, Kentucky, and Pennsylvania, the proportion of malnourished children was perhaps as high as 90%.Many people became ill with diseases such as tuberculosis (TB).The 1930 U.S. Census determined the U.S. population to be 122,775,046. About 40% of the population was under 20 years.。
商务英语(BEC)考试高级阅读真题及答案
商务英语(BEC)考试高级阅读真题及答案题目PART ONEQuestions 1 – 8Look at the statements below and at the five reports about companies onλ the opposite page from an article giving advice to self-employed consultants about negotiating fees for their services.Which book (A, B, C,D or E) dose each statement 1 –8 refer to ?λFor each statement ! – 8, make one letter (A, B, C,D or E) on your Answerλ Sheet .You will need to use some of these letters more than once .λExample :0 Lack of self-confidence will put you at a disadvantage in a negotiation .0 A B C D E1. This company has been involved in diversifying its business activities.2. Although this company is doing well, it has a number of internal difficulties to deal with3. This company has reduced the profits it makes on individual items4. One statistic is a less accurate guide to this company’s performance than another5. The conditions which have helped this company are likely to be less favourable in the future6. This company’s share price has been extremely volatile over the last twelve months7. This company is likely to be the subject of a takeover bid in the near future8. This company’s performance exemplifies a widely held beliefAChemical CompanyMasterson’s interim pre-tax profits growth of 20% was somewhat inflated as a result of the income received from the disposal of several of the company’s subsidiaries. The underlying 8% rise in operating profits is a more realistic gauge of the company’s true progress. However, Masterson’s impending merger with Bentley and Knight and its appointment of a new chief executive should mean that the company will be able to sustain growth for the foreseeable fut5ure. The share price has varied little during the course of the year and now stands at ￡ 6.75BHotel GroupDuring the past year the Bowden Hotel Group has acquired 77 new properties, thus doubling in size . last week the group reported pre-tax profits of ￡ 88 million in the first six months of the year, ahead of expectations and helped by a strong performance from its London-based hotels and newly expanded US business. However. There is still some way to go. Integration of the new acquisitions is still not complete and, while the share price has risen recently, major problems with integration have yet to be solved.CHigh-tech CompanyThis time last year a share in Usertech was worth just over ￡ 1. six months ago it was worth ￡ 40. today it is priced at under ￡ 8 . if proof were need, here is an illustration of how much of a lottery the technology market can be. But some technology companies are fighting back and Usertech is one of them . What has renewed excitement in the company is the opening of its new American offices in Dallas and its ambitious plans to expand its user base in both North and Latin America.DBuilding CompanyRenton’s share price has risen gradually over the past year from ￡2.4 to ￡ 3.8 . The company has been successful in choosing prime location for its buildings and has benefited from the buoyant demand for housing. Whilst this demand is expected to slow down somewhat during the next year, investors are encouraged by the company’s decision to move into buildingsupermarkets. Work has already begun on two sites in London, and the company is expected to sign a contract within the next month for building four large supermarkets in Scotland.EPottery ManufacturerMilton Dishes has been through a shake-up over the past year. The group, which has been cutting margins and improving marketing, may post a small profit this year. The many members of the Milton family, who between them own 58 per cent of the business, have been watching the share price rise steadily and several are looking to sell. Trade rival Ruskin has bought up just over 17 percent of the shares and could well be spurred into further action by the signs of a recovery at the firm.[NextPage]答案:1 D2 B3 E4 A5 D6 C7 E8 C这种类型的题不过是一个句子换一种说法，关键是看对每一段话的理解。
发现利润区【外文翻译】
外文翻译原文：The Profit ZoneAm I managing for volume growth or value growth?"Be in high-growth markets." In the old economic order, in the age of market share, volume growth was a guarantor of success. Growth was what we were taught to pursue. It created higher profits for all, including market share laggards, companies with poor business designs, and companies that were a poorly managed. A rising tide raised all boats. One manager articulated the classic view: "There are no management problems that volume growth can't solve. Even if we manage poorly, rising revenue helps cover the mistakes we made."This maxim, too, has been shaken. Industry growth and a company's value (stock price) growth no longer have a one-to-one correlation. Fast-growing industries such as the PC manufacturing, consumer electronics, telecommunications, and software have each produced scores of terminally unprofitable companies. By contrast, no-growth or low-growth industries have a produced some of the most successful companies in the world. Coca-Cola achieved significant value growth in the low-growth beverage industry, as did General Electric (GE) in a collection of low-growth manufacturing industries, and Swatch in the low-growth watchmaking industry. The two most valuable ideas in the old economic order, the market share and the growth, have become the two most dangerous ideas in the new order. To apply these ideas appropriately (and safely), you must understand the rise of no-profit zones in the economy.No-profit zonesCompanies used to be able to command a premium price by simply showing up. Because of there were relatively few players in any competitive arena, and customers held little power? Over the past two decades, however, advances in industrial technology, innovation in business design, increases in global competition, and the tremendous improvements in information technology have altered the game. In theface of intense competition, companies in many industries have leveraged efficiency gains and competed for market share by lowering price. Simultaneously, information has become more accessible to customers, allowing them to conveniently shop for the best deals and the best prices. This forces all contenders to match price reductions or lose customers to a lower-priced competitor. It creates no-profit zones. In the old world, the rule was: Every industry makes money, and the market share leaders make the most money. There have always been one or two exceptions, such as agriculture or passenger rail travel, but they were few and far between. In the past decade, the rule was broken. Today, no-profit zones are everywhere, and they are growing. The map of the economy is covered with more and larger patches of unprofitability. No-profit zones come in various forms. They can be a part of the value chain (e.g., distribution in computing); they can be a customer segment (e.g., the Medicaid segment in healthcare, or the grocery segment in carbonated beverages); they can be an entire industry (e.g., environmental remediation); they can be individual customers (e.g., Wal-Mart or other large, powerful buyers); or they can be entire business models (e.g., hub-and-spoke airlines, or integrated steel mills). No-profit zones are the black holes of the business universe. In a physical black hole, light waves go in, but never come back out. In an economic black hole, investment dollars go in, but the profit dollars never come back out. Paradoxically, the devout pursuit of market share may be the single greatest creator of no-profit zones in the economy. Imagine an industry with ten competitors. By definition, their market shares add up to 100 percent. Read their strategic plans. They all plan to increase market share. Not by a little, but by a lot. Add up the 5-year market share objectives, and you get a number that adds up to 150 to 170 percent of market share. This, of course, cannot happen. It doesn't make sense; but even as you read this, it is going on around you--perhaps in your own industry or in your own company. The vigorous pursuit of market share and the rise in customer power have driven profit from many activities and products, and even from entire industries. More and more no-profit zones have been created. Still, many companies continue to pursue a market share and volume growth strategy, trying to get a bigger piece of a pie that is losing all of its value. A senior manager at an equipmentmanufacturer captured perfectly the spirit of market share myopia that dominated the thought processes, and the business press, in the age of market share: We are all focused on market share, on units, units, units. Units sold vs. competitors'.And it's not just our management team. It's our competitors' management teams.Market share is deadThe number one problem in business today is profitability. Where will you be allowed to make a profit in your industry? Where is the profit zone today? Where will it be tomorrow? The profit zone is the area of your economic neighborhood where you are allowed to earn a profit. To reach and operate in the profit zone is the goal of every company. You've been told how to get there. "Get high market share and the profit will follow." "Get high growth and your profits will expand." As a manager, you were schooled in how the pursuit of market share and growth automatically places you on a direct route to business success. However, these formerly direct roads have become mazes riddled with traps, wrong turns, and dead ends. Many large companies, after taking the turn toward market share and volume growth, have only hit a profitless wall.ReinventsIn the past decade, several business leaders have emerged who have figured out, or intuitively understood, how the rules of the game have changed. Their record of value growth is all the more remarkable when compared to the growth prospects of their industries and the lagging value performance of the market share leaders.These reinvents think differently; they see things differently; they act differently. They start with the customer and work their way back. They start with the profit question ("Where will I be allowed to make a profit?") and work their way back. They are constantly focused on how the profit zone is shifting. Where is it today? Where will it be tomorrow?A decade ahead of their peers, the reinvents saw the move from the old product-centric, market share world to the new customer-centric and profit-centric environment. They were not alone; the investment community also understood that the sands were shifting. It downgraded the "old order" market share stocks andreallocated its investment dollars to the "new order" reinvent companies. The old order companies concentrated on market share and yesterday's profit zone. The new order companies reinvented their business design every five years to stay relevant to customers and to move into new profit zones. Several hundred billions of dollars of value shifted from companies that had dominated yesterday's profit zone to those that were finding or creating the profit zones of tomorrow.Long live market shareIronically, the reinvents all created high market share for their companies, but their way of thinking about market share was diametrically opposed to the logic of the conventional approach.The sequence of the conventional approach was:1. Gain market share.2. Profitability will follow.The reinvents' logic was:1. What's most important to the customer?2. Where can we make a profit?3. How can we gain market share in that space?This difference in sequence reflects two very different ways of thinking. The conventional approach was market share-centric. The reinvent' approach is customer-centric and profit-centric.Reading about how the reinvent created a record of sustained value growth can help you to learn a different way of thinking. You will gain an expanded repertoire of strategic and tactical moves that you can use to create the next profit zone in your industry. The reinvent' experience can help you to understand:* What specific business design moves can manufacturers with disappearing margins adapt from GE's business design in order to reestablish a path of profit growth?* What principles of business design did Nicholas Hayek apply to build a 20 percent profit growth business for Swatch in what appeared to be a terminal no-profit zone?* What are the three changes in its business design that allowed Coca-Cola to grow its value from $10 billion to $150 billion?* What two specific profit models did Disney use to grow the company's profit from $100 million to $3 billion in less than a decade?* How did Intel repeatedly change its business design to grow its value from $3 billion to $100 billion in the past 20 years?The next turn of the wheelThe reinvents know that the game is never over. For each company, the ground is shifting and the profit zone is moving once again. Intel faces the K6-chip challenge from Advanced Micro Devices (AMD). Coca-Cola faces a newly focused Pepsi. Microsoft faces the Internet. Disney faces accelerating imitation from Time Warner.Similar types of challenges face the other reinvents. Unless their business designs are reinvented, their profits will start to bleed away. More importantly, their customers are changing. For every customer group, yesterday's magic is turning into today's commodity.Lew Platt, CEO of Hewlett-Packard, has an invaluable perspective on reinventing: "The single biggest problem in business is staying with your previously successful business model ... one year too long."Whether you think of it as "paranoia" a la Andrew Grove ("Only the paranoid survive"), or as staying with the old formula too long, the message is identical: When customers move, the profit zone moves. You must reinvent your business design to move with them.This is not news to the reinvents. Most have created a new architecture for their business model every five to seven years. But having done it successfully in the past is no guarantee that the next design will work. Each design has to be right for the customers and right on the economics. Each reinvention takes incredible concentration and hard thought. The case examples developed in Part two are provided to help you through the process.Cracking the code on profitabilityRoberto Goizueta, CEO of Coca-Cola, likes to say: "You can think through aproblem so hard that you develop a sweat." The problem to think about that way is profitability. Where is it today? How does it really happen? Where will it be tomorrow? If organizations don't answer these questions correctly, much of their efforts will be wasted. Where is the profit? In yesterday's world, the answer was: with the player who has the highest market share. In today's world, the answer is: with the player who has the best business model, a model designed for customer relevance and high profitability.Thinking about profitability isn't easy, for several reasons. First, the profit zone, the arena in which high profit is possible, keeps changing and keeps moving. The customer doesn't stand still, and the business design must respond (see Chapter 2). Second, there are at least twenty-two different ways that high profit happens--twenty-two different models that explain and quantify the mechanism by which profit occurs (see Chapter 3). Third most organizations use two or three of these profit models. Understanding which ones to apply in which circumstances requires careful thought and considerable organizational persistence.In this new economic order, characterized not by equilibrium but by fluidity, customers and profit zones always shift. To reinvent its business design and stay a step ahead of these shifts, a company must move beyond product-centric thinking to a customer-centric approach. Market share thinking must yield to a profit-centric approach .The ideas behind customer-centric and profit-centric thinking.A business earns no profit when customers are willing to pay only the total cost of a product. Each company must ask itself: “What special benefit it of our product will compel customers to pay us a premium?” The answer will always say, in some form: “Customers will pay us a premium if we meet their priorities, which are X, Y, and Z.Source: Adrian .J .Slywotzky, 2003 “The Profit Z one”. Times Business. pp.13-24.译文：发现利润区将管理知识用于规模的扩大和价值增长在旧的市场秩序中，在以市场份额为主导的时代，保持高增长的市场是企业扩大规模的成功的保证。
实务英语(二)考研英语(二)学习通课后章节答案期末考试题库2023年
实务英语（二）考研英语（二）学习通课后章节答案期末考试题库2023年1.It was argued at the end of the 19th century that humans do not cry____ theyare sad but that they become sad when the tears begin to flow.参考答案:because2.Immigrants have been successfully_____into American society.参考答案:Assimilated3.24. The British royals “have most to fear” because Charles________.参考答案:fails to adapt himself to his future role4.During the period, oil prices_____ between $20 and $40 a barrel.参考答案:Fluctuated5.Heavier women are less likely to develop calcium deficiency than thinwomen. ____, among the elderly, being somewhat overweight is often anindicator of good health.参考答案:Likewise6.25. Which of the following is the best title of the text?参考答案:Carlos, a Lesson for All European Monarchs7.We believe that ___ animals ran the labs, they would test us to determine thelimits of our patience, our faithfulness, our memory for locations.参考答案:If8.It’s said that American newspapers have_____and returned to make profits.参考答案:Survived9.She______her nervousness to the upcoming of the interview.参考答案:Attributed10.You might think that we would move quickly to the cashless society in whichall payments are made electronically. ____, a true cashless society is probably not around the corner.参考答案:However11.Emergency cases will____ professional attention immediately.参考答案:Receive12.We are not aware of the usual smell of our own house, but we____ new smellswhen we visit someone else’s.参考答案:notice13.Conversely, someone with a small frame may have high body fat but a____BMI.参考答案:normal14.22. Monarchs are kept as heads of state in Europe mostly________.参考答案:owing to their undoubted and respectable status15.They also suffer more often than most people from a number of nasty geneticdiseases, such as breast cancer. These facts, _____, have previously beenthought unrelated.参考答案:however16.There could be many mechanisms working together that drive us in choosinggenetically similar friends___ “functional kinship” of being friends withbenefits.参考答案:Rather than17.21. According to the first two Paragraphs, King Juan Carlosof Spain________.参考答案:ended his reign in embarrassment18.___ most leaders sought to maintain Catholicism as the official religion of thenew states, some sought to end the exclusion of other faiths.参考答案:While19.Strangely, some people find that they can smell one type of flower but notanother, ___ others are sensitive to the smells of both flowers.参考答案:whereas20.Mr. Smith was not bitter towards those people who had_____him.参考答案:Opposed21.He was sentenced to death as he had_____ serious crimes.参考答案:Committed22.He does not want to ____ his fear and anxiety to anyone.参考答案:Expose23.23. Which of the following is shown to be odd, according to Paragraph 4?参考答案:The role of the nobility in modern democracies.24.The students who want to pass the exam must have____ to a variety of studyresources.参考答案:Access25.The couple are barren can not give birth to a baby, so they decide to____one.参考答案:Adopt。
分享的英文短语
分享的英文短语分享，是指与他人分着享受、使用、行使。
下面就由店铺为大家带来关于分享的英语短语集锦，希望大家能有所收获。
关于分享的相关短语分享乐趣have fun together知识分享 Knowledge Sharing照片分享 Photo Sharing工作分享 work sharing资源分享 Resources Share分享年 The Year of Sharing学会分享 Learn to Share关于分享的相关短句share in profits;分享利润share the fruits of labour;分享劳动果实share the market;分享市场share (and share) alike;平均分享share the joys of victory;分享胜利的喜悦share the joy of greeting the new year;分享新年的欢乐They partook of our triumph.他们分享我们的胜利。
All must share alike.人人都得平均分享。
关于分享的词语辨析share, participate这组词都有“分享，分担”的意思，其区别是：share 普通用词，指与他人共同享受拥有或共同使用某物，或共同承担某项工作或费用等。
participate 主要指参与某事。
关于分享的相关例句1. Toddlers are notoriously antisocial when it comes to sharing toys.众所周知，刚学会走路的孩子不愿和别人分享玩具。
2. They can transfer or share the contract with whosoever they choose.他们可以与他们选择的任何人交换或分享这份合约。
3. The company is offering you the chance to share in its success.公司正向你提供分享其成功的机会。
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100 90 80 70 60 50 40
Choice A
30
Choice B
© 1999 Pankaj Ghemawat
Profitability
Supply-Demand Analysis
Monetary Units
Supply
Equilibrium Price
Demand
Equilibrium Quantity
Industry Competitors
Factors Affecting Rivalry: Industry growth Fixed costs/value added Product differences Switching costs Diversity of competitors Exit barriers Concentration and balance Intermittent overcapacity Brand identity Informational complexity Corporate stakes
Public Sources of Information about the Business Landscape
Industry studies
– – – – Books Investment analysts Market research Business school cases
Government sources
Bargaining Power of Suppliers
• Concentration or fragmentation of suppliers • Forward integration • Improvement in supplier information • Surge or decline in supply • Emergence of substitute inputs • New means for coordinating with suppliers
USX-US Steel Inland Steel
(20%) Average Invested Equity ($B) $5 $6 $7 $8 $9 Armco WHX Bethlehem $10 $11 $12 $13 $14 $15
(Source: Compustat, Value Line, Marakon Associates Analysis
Company sources
– Annual reports – SEC filings – Public relations/promotional material – Internet sites – Company histories
© 1999 Pankaj Ghemawat
Some Common Long-Run Dynamics
– Antitrust, legal, or tax documents – Census or IRS data – Regulatory bodies
Industry and company directories Trade associations Business press
– General publications (e.g., Wall Street Journal, Fortune) – Specialized industry trade journals – Local newspapers – Online services (e.g., Bloomberg, OneSource, Compustat) – Thomas’ Register – Dun & Bradstreet
Physical Units
© 1999 Pankaj Ghemawat
The “Five Forces” Framework for Industry Analysis
Suppliers
Sources of Bargaining Power: Switching costs Differentiation of inputs Supplier concentration Presence of substitute inputs Importance of volume to suppliers Impact of inputs on cost or differentiation Threat of forward/backward integration Cost relative to total purchases in industry
Perrigo Pharmacia & Upjohn Forest Labs Alza
(20%)
(40%)
(60%)
Source: Compustat, Value Line, Marakon Associates Analysis
© 1999 Pankaj Ghemawat
A Three-Dimensional Business Landscape
30%
20%
10%
Worthington Inds Nucor Steel Technologies Oregon Mills Commercial Metals
0% Carpenter Birmingham (10%) British Steel PLC Cleveland-Cliffs Quanex Lukens ACME Metals Ampco
Threat of New Entry
• Decline in economies of scale + customer heterogeneity fragmentation of market into niches • Escalation of sunk costs concentration • Emergence of switching costs entry deterred
New Entrants
Entry Barriers: Economies of scale Brand identity Capital requirements Proprietary product differences Switching costs Access to distribution Proprietary learning curve Access to necessary inputs Low-cost product design Government policy Expected retaliation
© 1999 Pankaj Ghemawat
Average Economic Profits in the Drug Industry, 1978 -1996
ROE-Ke Spread 60% SmithKline 40% Glaxo 20% American Amgen Home Products Merck Schering Plough Watson Rhone-Poulenc Mylan Labs Bristol Warner Lambert Myers Eli Lilly 0% ICN Scherer Ivax Genetech Biogen Roberts Genzyme Dura Chiron Cephalon Gensia Cygnus Immunex Average Invested Equity ($B) (80%) $0 $5 $10 $15 $20 $25 $30 Pfizer
Rivalry Among Existing Competitors
• • • • • Shift in industry growth Change in mix between fixed and variable costs Emergence of dominant design or product Consolidation Fragmentation / new entry
© 1999 Pankaj Ghemawat
The Value Net
Customers
Competitors
Company
Complementors
Suppliers
© 1999 Pankaj Ghemawat
Source: Adam Brandenburger and Barry Nalebuff, Co-opetition (New York: Currency Doubleday, 1996), p. 17
Substitutes
Threat Determined by: Relative price performance of substitutes Switching costs Buyer propensity to substitute
Buyers
Bargaining Power of Buyers: Buyer concentration Switching costs Buyer profits Pull-through Price/total purchases Brand identity Impact on quality/performance Buyer volume Buyer information Substitute products Price sensitivity Product differences Ability to backward integrate Decision makers’ incentives
Average Economic Profits of U.S. Industry Groups, 1978-1996
Value Line Industry Groups
ROE-Ke Spread 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% (5%) (10%) (15%) Toiletries/Cosmetics Pharmaceuticals Soft Drink Tobacco Food Processing Household Products Electrical Equipment Financial Services Specialty Chemicals Newspaper Integrated Petroleum Electric Utility - East Bank Retail Store Telecom Tire & Rubber Electric Utility - Central Medical Services Machinery Auto & Truck Computer & Peripheral Paper & Forest Air Transport Average Invested Equity ($B) Steel 400 500 600 700 800 900 1,000 1,100 1,200 1,300