Type I ULIRGs Transition Stage from ULIRGs to QSOs
Q Sepharose Fast Flow 产品说明书
Q1126pis Rev 01/221Product InformationQ Sepharose ® Fast FlowQ1126Product DescriptionQ Sepharose ® Fast Flow is an ion exchangechromatography resin with a quaternary amine (Q) functional group [-CH 2-N +(CH 3)3] attached to Sepharose ® Fast Flow. The Q group serves as astrong anion exchanger, which is completely ionized over a broad pH range. The terms “s trong" and"weak" in ion exchange chromatography refer to the extent of ionization with pH, and not to the binding strength of the functional group to the target species. The parent Sepharose ® Fast Flow is a cross-linked derivative of Sepharose ®. The particle size range is 45-165 µm. The average bead diameter is ~90 µm. The counterion in the product is sulfate (SO 4-2). Recommended cation buffers to use with Q Sepharose ® Fast Flow include alkylamines,ammonium, ethylenediamine, imidazole, pyridine, or Tris. In terms of pH, it is suggested to operate within 0.5 pH unit of the buffer's pK a . With proteins, it is suggested to operate at least 1 pH unit above the pI of the protein, to facilitate binding. Oxidizing agents, and anionic detergents and buffers, should not be used with Q Sepharose ® Fast Flow. Likewise,extended exposure of Q1126 to pH < 4 should be avoided. Several publications 1,2 and dissertations 3-5 cite use of product Q1126 in their research.ReagentQ Sepharose ® Fast Flow is offered as a suspension in 20% ethanol.Approximate Exclusion Limit: average molecular mass of ~4 × 106 DaltonsIonic Capacity: 0.18-0.24 mmol Cl -/mL gel Binding Capacity: ~42 mg BSA per mL gel pH Stability: 2-12Working temperature: 4-40 °CPrecautions and DisclaimerFor R&D use only. Not for drug, household, or other uses. Please consult the Safety Data Sheet for information regarding hazards and safe handling practices. General Resin Preparation Procedure1. Allow the ion exchange medium and ~10 columnvolumes (CV) of buffer to equilibrate to thetemperature chosen for the chromatographic run. 2. Mix the pre-swollen suspension with startingbuffer to form a moderately thick slurry, which consists of ~75% settled gel and 25% liquid. 3. Degas the gel under vacuum at the temperatureof column operation.4. Mount the column vertically on a suitable stand,out of the way of direct sunlight or drafts, which may cause temperature fluctuations.5. Pour a small amount of buffer into the emptycolumn. Allow the buffer to flow through spaces to eliminate air pockets.6. Pour the suspension of ion exchange mediumprepared in Step 3 into the column by allowing it to flow gently down the side of the tube, to avoid bubble formation.7. For consistent flow rates and reproducibleseparations, connect a pump to the column. 8. Fill the remainder of the column to the top withbuffer. Allow ~5 CV of buffer to drain through the bed at a flow rate at least 133% of the flow rate to be used in the procedure. The bed height should have settled to a constant height.9. Using a syringe or similar instrument, apply thesample dissolved in starting buffer to the column. For isocratic separations, the sample volumeshould range from 1-5% of the column volume. If the chromatographic run involves elution with a gradient, the applied sample mass is of much greater importance than the sample volume, and the sample should be applied in a low ionicstrength medium. Ion exchange is used both to concentrate and to fractionate the sample. 10. Elution:• If only unwanted substances in the sample areadsorbed, or if sample components aredifferentially retarded under isocratic conditions, the starting buffer can also be used as the eluent.The life science business of Merck operates as MilliporeSigma in the U.S. and Canada.Merck and Sigma-Aldrich are trademarks of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany or its affiliates. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners. Detailed information on trademarks is available via publicly accessible resources.© 2022 Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany and/or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Q1126pis Rev 01/22 JJJ,MAM,GCY2•Normally, however, separation and elution are achieved by selectively decreasing the affinity of the molecules for the charged groups on the resin by changing the pH and/or ionic strength of the eluent. This procedure is termed gradient elution. 11. Regeneration: •Either (a) washing the column with a high ionic strength salt solution, such as 1 M NaCl, or (b) changing the pH to the tolerable low and high pH extremes, is usually sufficient to remove reversibly bound material.• When needed, lipids and precipitated proteins canbe removed by washing with 1 CV of 1-2 M NaCl, followed by 1 CV of 0.1 M NaOH in 0.5 M NaCl. • Rinse with several CV of water. Thenre-equilibrate the resin with starting buffer.• If base such as NaOH was used, adjust the pH ofthe resin to neutral before storing or using.12. Storage: Q Sepharose ® Fast Flow may be storedat 2-8 °C in water with 20% ethanol added as an antibacterial agent.General NotesCation versus Anion Exchanger• If sample components are most stable below their pI values, a cation exchanger should be used. • If sample components are most stable above their pI values, an anion exchanger should be used. •If stability is good over a wide pH range on both sides of the pI, either or both types of ion exchanger may be used.Strong versus Weak Ion Exchanger•Most proteins have pI values within the range 5.5-7.5, and can thus be separated on both strong and weak ion exchangers.•When maximum resolution occurs at an extreme pH and the molecules of interest are stable at that pH, a strong ion exchanger should be used. Choice of Buffer, pH, and Ionic Strength• The highest ionic strength which permits binding should normally be used.•The required buffer concentration varies fromsubstance to substance. Usually, an ionic strength of at least 10 mM is required to ensure adequate buffering capacity.•As salts (such as buffers) help to stabilize proteins in solution, their concentration should be highenough to prevent denaturation and precipitation.References1. López, G. et al ., Eukaryot. Cell , 14(6), 564-577(2015).2. Bhargava, V. et al ., Dev. Cell., 52(1), 38-52.e10(2020).3. Fu , Yinan, “Structure and dynamics ofPseudomonas aeruginosa ICP”. University ofGlasgow, Ph.D. dissertation, p. 126 (April 2009). 4. Redmond, Miranda , “The Role of N-TerminalAcidic Inserts on the Dynamics of the Tau Protein ”. University of Vermont, Ph.D. dissertation, p. 22 (May 2017).5. Taylor-Whiteley, Teresa Rachel , “RecapitulatingParkinson’s disease pathology in athree-dimensional neural cell culture mode ”. Sheffield Hallam University, Ph.D. dissertation, p. 58 (September 2019).NoticeWe provide information and advice to our customers on application technologies and regulatory matters to the best of our knowledge and ability, but without obligation or liability. Existing laws and regulations are to be observed in all cases by our customers. This also applies in respect to any rights of third parties. Our information and advice do not relieve ourcustomers of their own responsibility for checking the suitability of our products for the envisaged purpose. The information in this document is subject to change without notice and should not be construed as acommitment by the manufacturing or selling entity, or an affiliate. 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Ying-Qing Xu,
A Hybrid Approach to Rendering Handwritten CharactersSara L. SuMassachusetts Institute ofTechnology Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory200 Technology SquareCambridge, MA, 02139, USAsarasu@Chenyu WuCarnegie Mellon UniversityRobotics Institute5000 Forbes AvenuePittsburgh, PA 15213, USAchenyuwu@Ying-Qing Xu,Heung-Yeung ShumMicrosoft Research Asia5/F, Beijing Sigma CenterNo.49 Zhichun Road, Hai DianBeijing, China 100080{yqxu,hshum}@ ABSTRACTWith the growing popularity of pen-based computers comes the need to display clear handwritten characters at small sizes on low-resolution displays. This paper describes a method for automatically constructing hinted TrueType fonts from on-line handwriting data. Hints add extra information to glyph outlines in the form of imperative constraints overriding side effects of the rasterization process. We use an aggressive matching strategy to find correspondences between an input glyph and a previously-hinted template, considering both global and local features to allow hinting even when they differ in shape and topology. Recognizing that stroke width statistics are among features that characterize a person’s handwriting, we recalculate global values in the control value table (CVT) before transfer to preserve the characteristics of the original handwriting. KeywordsHandwriting, automatic hinting, digital typography, shape matching, pen-based interaction.1. INTRODUCTIONHandwriting plays an integral role in our thought processes, functional tasks, and communication with peers, and perhaps even offers some insight into personality traits [Bra91]. How we write, along with what we write, defines who we are.With all that we rely on handwriting for, it is perhaps unsurprising that pen-based computers are growing in popularity. Appearing as small handheld devices, personal tablet computers, and large whiteboard displays, numerous systems since Sketchpad [Sut63] have demonstrated stylus-based interaction to be a concise, effective means of user input.While many handhelds accept character-by-character input as stylized “graffiti” [Mac97], as the popularity of pen-based computing continues to grow, an increasing number of people will rely on applications with freehand input. Advertisements for tablet computers, targeting users who work away from the desk, tout them as being as natural to write on as a pad of paper.Much work has been done in the areas of recognition [Mac94], simulation [Dev95], and learning-based synthesis of handwriting [Guy96, Wan02], but less attention has been paid to the problem of rendering the resulting characters on screen. Whether they were synthesized, scanned, or written directly onto a tablet screen, digital handwriting must at some point be rendered legibly and without loss of quality. Recognizing the demand for onscreen text that is both readable and unique to the user, digital type foundries have begun offering “personal handwriting fonts”, typefaces designed based on a customer’s signature or writing samples. Like other typefaces, some of these fonts contain essential gridfitting instructions, hints, that specify the appearance of characters at varying point sizes and display resolutions. While some handwriting fonts are manually hinted (an extremely time-consuming task), most are either hinted automatically by a typeface authoring system such as Macromedia Inc.’s Fontographer or contain no hints at all. While Fontographer’s auto-hinting system is effective for traditional typefaces of size 24 pt or larger, handwritten glyphs are a special case that most existing auto-hinters do not handle well.Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Journal of WSCG, Vol.12, No.1-3, ISSN 1213-6972 WSCG’2004, February 2-6, 2003, Plzen, Czech Republic. Copyright UNION Agency – Science PressWe propose a hybrid method for automatically hinting handwriting by considering global and local features of each glyph against knowledge of already-hinted templates. Though in this paper we discuss these techniques in the terms of TrueType template fonts and hint instructions, we see them as applicable in the more general context of intelligent rendering of handwriting. Here we implement the specific case of converting handwritten characters from a polylines on a tablet device to TrueType glyphs. The results are encouraging and suggest an application scenario in which the user can create a more legible form of his or her own handwriting directly on a tablet without having to wait for a company to digitize and hint writing samples as a typeface.2. BACKGROUNDAlthough many alternative representations have been proposed [Knu86, Kla93, McG95], outline fonts are still the format most widely used today. Outlines avoid many of the problems that plagued earlier bitmap fonts (every required size must be hand designed, they are tuned to a specific printer, and the footprint of a font grows quickly with the size of the characters), but to be displayed on screen, they must eventually be converted to bitmaps [Rub88].Hinting gives a typographic engineer fine control over the appearance of glyphs when rasterized. With these gridfitting instructions, the typographer specifies constraints between knots of a glyph or between a knot and a gridline. Though it is a laborious task, hinting is essential for legible rendering of glyphs. Stroke width uniformity, stroke continuity, glyph spacing: all are controlled by hinting. The difference in quality between hinted and unhinted glyphs is most apparent for small point sizes displayed at typical screen resolutions of 72-120 dpi. Hinting also improves the appearance of small text faxed at 200 dpi or printed at 300-600 dpi [Sta97].The two major font standards, TrueType and Postscript (or Type 1), though both using outline representations of characters, incorporate two very different hinting philosophies. While Postscript fonts leave control of a character’s final appearance to the rasterizer [Ado90], a typographer embeds explicit gridfitting instructions in the outline description when designing a TrueType font [App96, Con97, Typ96].2.1 Postscript hintingIn the description of a Postscript font, semantic features of each glyph are marked, and hints contain information about vertical and horizontal bands across these features. It is up to the rasterizer to use this information to optimize the distribution of pixels by stretching or compressing glyph outlines within the defined bands. Because control of the character’s final appearance falls to the rasterizer, the typographer cannot specify exactly what it will look like when rendered. However, the relative simplicity of Postscript hints makes it more straightforward to develop automatic hinting systems based on recognition of semantic features.2.2 TrueType hintingIn TrueType, there is no concept of bowls, stems, or other semantic features of a character; there are only knots and splines. The designer of a TrueType font can control the precise layout of a glyph’s pixels at a particular size by programming explicit gridfitting instructions into the description of the font. Tools such as Fontographer and Visual True-Type [Sta98] generate hint instructions in high-level, declarative languages that are then compiled to the TrueType assembly language. Like Zongker et al. [Zon00], we discuss hint translation in terms of the VTT Talk language provided by Visual TrueType [Mic97].A single VTT Talk instruction specifies a constraint between two knots in a glyph, between a knot and a gridline, or on a group of knots in a contour. The following types of VTT Talk hints are defined: An anchor rounds a parent-less knot to the grid or to a gridline specified by a CVT entry. A child knot’s position is maintained relative to its anchored parent with the use of distance and link constraints. A distance constraint specifies the absolute distance to maintain while a link refers to a CVT entry. Both parent and child are rounded to gridlines such that there is a minimum distance of 1 pixel between the two. A child knot’s position is maintained relative to two parents with an interpolate instruction. A shift maintains a child’s distance to its parent even if hinting has moved the parent. Unlike with a link, the child’s position is not rounded to the grid, thereby allowing movements of less than a full pixel. Deltas and moves, known as exceptions, are used to specify the exact number of pixels at a point at a particular glyph size. A delta affects a single size while a move applies to all sizes of a glyph.There has been significant earlier work on automatic “tuning” of typefaces including [Her91, Hob93, Her94, Zon00, Sha03].Hersch and Bétrisey [Her91] developed model-based methods for automatic hinting, transferring gridfitting instructions from specially constructed intermediate models. The model for each glyph includes both an outline description of shape as well as a listing of its semantic parts. After matching the outlines of the glyph to be hinted to those of themodel, the semantic features of the target glyph can be labeled and hints generated.Zongker et al. [Zon00] adapted this work to create a production tool for hinting TrueType fonts. Rather than using a manually constructed model as a bridge between knots on the outline character and the semantic features needed for hinting, their method uses an already-hinted TrueType font as the template. The template can be cleverly chosen to be a good match to the target font, resulting in good quality hints. The instructions transferred using this method retained the hinting techniques particular to the individual typographer.3. METHODOur hinting method is motivated by earlier work on model-based shape matching [Her91] and example-based hinting of TrueType fonts [Zon00]. These automated hinting systems transferred instructions from a manually-hinted template to a new input glyph. We build on techniques introduced in these systems to automatically hint handwritten glyphs that often differ from the predefined templates.The first step is to determine correspondences between template and input knots. We first calculate global correspondences between a glyph and the same glyph from the template set and then calculating local correspondences through comparisons to analogous curves of other template glyphs. This hybrid approach allows us to find matches even for input/template glyph pairs that are topologically very different.After knot correspondences have been found, hint instructions are translated from template to input in a relatively straightforward process. In addition to glyph-specific hints, global data in the control value table (CVT) used to unify structural elements across glyphs are also translated. One could argue that the CVT is not useful when dealing with the irregularities of handwriting. However, though the constraints are hardly as rigid as those of traditional typefaces, there still exists a degree of uniformity across characters in most handwriting. Indeed, it is these patterns and shared features that aid a reader in identifying the familiar handwriting of a friend. We recompute values in the CVT based on measurements at input glyph knots, creating new CVT entries for features not sufficiently captured in the template.3.1 From strokes to points and curvesMany fonts originating from brushed or penned strokes take their glyph shapes from the physical actsof creating them. Unlike many traditional typefaces, the appearance of script, calligraphic, or “handwriting-like” glyphs has more to do with letter formation patterns than with intentional typographic form.Our goal is to preserve the characteristic stroke widths of handwritten characters using hints. In this section, we describe the process of extracting outline knots of a variable-width handwritten stroke.3.1.1 Reconstructing variable-width strokes Input strokes could come from a variety of sources: scanned from paper, created in a digital painting program, or input directly from a tablet device. Currently, most pen-input devices render handwriting as fixed-width polylines. However, most do record physical information, such as direction and speed of pen movement, that can be used to reconstruct the variable-width stroke as it might appear on paper.To simulate pen movement, we use a straightforward physical model for rendering the pen strokes with variable width. We assume that the pen's movement involves only translation and regard the pen tip as a perfect circle at the point of initial contact. As the pen moves, extrusion forces in the x- and y-directions cause the circle to deform into an ellipse of constant area as illustrated in Figure 1.In addition to the direction and speed of pen movement, pen pressure is taken into account in calculating the deformation of the virtual pen tip. Rendering the changing position and shape of the ellipse through time produces the variable-width stroke from whose outline knots can be extracted to create a TrueType glyph.This deformation method works well for reconstructing a variable-width, brush-like stroke. Arabic language fonts, as well as some Latin calligraphic fonts, require a different model. In these cases, the pen tip is rigid, and it is the nib angle and direction of pen movement that determine the strokethickness.Figure 1. Extrusion forces deform the pen tip into an ellipse as the pen moves. f(t m) indicates the extrusion force at t m.3.1.2 Curve-fittingBy sub-sampling the outline of a variable-width input stroke, we can extract all control points to form the point-and-curve description of the TrueType glyph. TrueType outlines are defined by on-curve and off-curve points. Adjacent on-curve points are connected with straight line segments while off-curve points, along with neighboring on-curve points, define Bézier curve segments. In this case, we only use on-curve points. Though their use results in a larger-footprint outline description, this larger set of on-curve points preserves more of the topology of the input character. In the future, we may pursue alternative curve-fitting techniques capable of also approximating off-curve points, resulting in a smaller-footprint outline description. The points arerenumbered according to their location on glyph contours before being written to the final font file. These points will be used in the outline glyph definition in the TrueType font file to be manipulated by the auto-hinting processes.3.2 Correspondence searchIn order to transfer hints from a template character set (an already-hinted font), we must determine the correspondence between the template font and input glyphs, or more specifically, between the template and input knots.We first attempt to match the overall topology of an input glyph with the corresponding template glyph. For reasonably similar template and input character sets, this global correspondence search is sufficient. However, for glyphs whose shapes differ significantly from their templates, more than a global topological search is required. In this case, we also perform a local search for correspondences in similar curves of different template glyphs.3.2.1 Global searchSuppose we wish to hint an input glyph G i based on its corresponding template glyph G t. For each knot of G t, we attempt to find an analogous knot in G i.We first attempt to balance the number of strokes with a strategy similar to that employed by [Arv00]. We join strokes of G i that are nearly collinear and split those containing sharp corners. Note that this step does not physically split or join strokes; rather the strokes are merely hinted as though these operations have been applied. The rendered appearance of the character is not altered.In order to maximize the number of hints transferred, we find a matching input knot for each on-curve template knot. If later a match is deemed inappropriate, the related hints can be ignored in the translation step. We consider all permutations of correspondences between knots. While earlier attempts to find the best correspondence have been primarily heuristic-based, our algorithm calculates the optimal correspondence based on the “energy” required for morphing the input character to the template, calculated as the sum of the squared distances between template and input knots. Though simple, this measure of cost is quite effective. In the future, it would be worthwhile to consider including other factors in the cost such as the energy required to distort glyph features during morphing. Alternatively, we could apply a physically-based shape-blending such as that described in [Sed92]. Information about the approximate location of each knot is used reduce running time. As a pre-proc FindCorrespondences(Glyph G i, Glyph G t)while( |G i| > |G t| and G i.hasCollinearStrokes( ) ) {//join the most collinear strokes of G i}while( |G i| > |G t| and G i.hasCorners( ) ) {//splitG i at the sharpest corner}CorrespondenceSet C minC min.numKnots ←G i.numKnotsforeachknot i in G i {C min.knots[0][i] ←G i.knots[i]}C min.energy ←∞//consider all permutations of correspondencesforeachCorrespondenceSet C {C.energy ← 0foreach(knot J, knot K) in C {C.energy ←C.energy+(J.x-K.x)2+(J.y-K.y)2 }if ( C.energy < C min.energy ) {C min←C}returnC minFigure 2. Global search algorithm. Figure 3. The global correspondence search attempts to match each knot on an input glyph with one on the corresponding template.processing step, each glyph is segmented into four geographic regions, each knot being tagged with this information. Local energy is only calculated for pairs of template and input knots located in the same region.With fairly uniform handwriting, a single template font is usually sufficient. However, as mentioned above, handwriting exhibiting a high degree of variance across glyphs cannot be accurately matched with a single template. Given a number of possible templates, we must choose the one most closely matching the input. Comparing each possible template against our input, we determine the best match to be the one with the least total energy.3.2.2 Local searchFigure 3 shows the results of the global correspondence search for two pairs of glyphs. A complete set of correspondences can be found for the ‘e’ glyphs, with each template knot paired with an input knot. The match for the ‘m’ glyphs is less successful. A successful global correspondence search requires a high degree of similarity between two glyphs. When this is not the case, the global search will fail to find a complete match. In addition, a number of letters appear in multiple topological forms, for example lowercase ‘a’, ‘g’, and ‘r’, and uppercase ‘I’ and ‘Q’. Such cases motivate the need for a local correspondence search that considers matches with other glyphs of the character set.As a pre-processing step, template and input glyphs are split into component strokes based on the degree of curvature at each on-curve point. To approximate letter formation patterns, we determine stroke splits at knots with a high degree of curvature.Each template we initially consider contains a component stroke that could possibly fit a section in the input glyph well. By analyzing the number of contours, start and end points, variation in the skeleton direction, and glyph region, we determine the template most closely matching the input.Next, we calculate the feature points of the given contour in a three-step process. Using curvature to determine feature points results in many redundant points due to the large number of on-curve points in the input. Therefore, we consider only the most prominent feature points (maxima and minima) and map each of these to feature points in the input. Next,we map the pairs of feature points (manually labeled in the template) that we have found in the first step, with pairs extracted from the input. Finally, we map the remaining feature points in the template with the translated points in the input. Note that these translated points are selected from several candidate points by preserving most of the topological structure among feature points in the template. In this way, we maintain the original hinting style and accuracy.This algorithm is perhaps most easily discussed in the context of an example. Figure 4 illustrates the steps to finding the local correspondence between atemplate and input glyph.Figure 4. Steps in finding a local correspondence. (1) Feature points are identified in the x- and y-directions.(2) The analogous point to the feature point of interest is identified. (3) After matching B’ with B and F’ with F, we get the triangle B’C’F’. The sets of points B, C, F, and B’, C’, F’, define a unique affine transformation leading to a new triangle B”C”F” with side B”F” overlapping BF. By selecting a feature point from C, p1, p2, p3 and p4, with minimal distance from C”, a translated triangle BCF can be found that most closely matches the original triangle B’C’F’.3.3 Hint translationAfter correspondences between input and template knots have been found, hint translation is relatively straightforward. Hint programs are copied from the templates and attached to the input glyphs, substituting corresponding knot numbers in the VTT Talk instructions. Hints involving a knot for which only a weak final correspondence was found are discarded.We translate hint instructions that preserve location, distance, and proportions: Distances, links, and shifts maintain the width of a stroke and the relationships between structural elements of the glyph. Interpolates maintain alignment of and proportions between structural elements. While slight deviations of a glyph's knots from the grid are acceptable to the human eye, anchors help maintain the consistency across a string of glyphs. Delta and move exceptions are not translated as they are typically applied by the typographer on a case-by-case basis. Global-scope instructions (Smooth(), for example) are also not translated for individual glyphs. As such instructions typically apply to all glyphs, they can be applied separately in post-processing.3.4 Stroke width regularizationBecause each instruction is a local operation, hints alone cannot provide a typographer with complete control over consistency among glyphs. This additional expressive power is provided by the control value table (CVT), a shared table of distances referenced by hint instructions. References to entries in the CVT regularize the appearance of structural elements within a single glyph (e.g. when referenced by a distance instruction) or across glyphs (e.g. in the case of the link instruction) [Ado01]. Use of the CVT guarantees that values the typographer intended to be equal at design time are rendered as such.It could be argued that the CVT is not appropriate foruse with handwriting fonts because it introduces too much uniformity. We limit the restrictiveness of the CVT by tailoring it to the features of the input. As discussed in [Zon00], the CVT entry numbers of template can certainly still be used for our input. However, the values in these entries, designed for the particular features of the template, are no longer appropriate. We must calculate new values for the entries based on measured features of the input. We consider every instance where a specific CVT entry is referenced by template glyphs. We then average the actual values at analogous knots in the input glyphs to calculate the new CVT entry. Zongker et al. discarded as outliers those cases in which the measured value was too different from the average value. The reasoning is that the difference suggests that it is not appropriate to apply this CVT constraint in this case. While for uniform typefaces this approach results in relatively little loss of hint data, when considering handwriting, the wide variations found in measured values for a single CVT entry preclude use of this method.We note that, due to the cross-letter patterns in a person's handwriting, these outliers often appear in clusters. While differing greatly from the average values stored in the CVT, these outliers are often close enough to each other to be considered a separate class of reference. An example is shown in Figure 5. Rather than discarding outliers, we partition references to a particular CVT entry into clusters of references. Sufficiently different references are branched into a new CVT entry. The averaging and branching continues until all entries have been categorized. An entry referenced by a single link instruction can safely be discarded and the link replaced with a distance instruction.This clustering and branching approach allows us to identify patterns in the input set, retaining as much hint data as possible.4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONFigure 6 shows a number of handwritten charactersautomatically hinted with our method. The input characters were manually segmented from complete words written on a tablet computer. A manually-hinted Roman font was used as the template for the global correspondence search; the local search used a hinted, stroke-like font as the template. We tested the results of autohinting glyphs displayed at a typical screen resolution of 96 dpi using Visual TrueType's internal rasterizer.4.1 Hints and dropout controlA topic of ongoing discussion among typographers is whether italic fonts, fancy fonts and handwrittenfonts need to be hinted or if for these fonts, onlyFigure 5. Identifying clusters of CVT references. Red lines indicate the templates’ link references to the same CVT entry. After the hints are translated to the input glyphs, it becomes apparent that a new entry should be created for the cluster of green links.basic hints and a dropout control mechanism are needed. When part of a stroke is thinner than one pixel, the resulting hole or “drop” in the raster image can be disruptive to perception of the character. To prevent these artifacts, a simple dropout control mechanism can be applied at time of rasterization to detect the location of drops and to insert an extra pixel at the site of the drop. (For an in depth discussion of dropout control, please see [Her93].)In Figure 6, we compare glyphs with hints automatically applied, those with only dropout control applied, and those with both hints and dropout control applied.As noted in Section 3.1, the handwritten glyphs contain no off-curve control points and a much larger number of on-curve control points. Because of this, the effect of the dropout control mechanism is to simply “connect the dots”, resulting in a single-width polyline in many cases. (See, for example, the second ‘c’ at 18 pt in Figure 6.)The automatically hinted glyphs show improvement in certain features at the cost of slight distortion of other features. (The ‘m’s in the figure are good examples of this.)Combining auto-hinting and dropout control produces characters that are more legible that those using either mechanism alone and that are clearly a great improvement over unhinted characters.Still, the matching algorithm is far from perfect; in some of the glyphs (e.g. the first ‘b’ at 18 pt, the first ‘e’ at 24 pt), the translation of inappropriate hints actually degraded the appearance. But while this and other automatic hinting systems still have a ways to go to come close to the hinting accuracy of expert typographers, these early results are encouraging.4.2 Choosing templatesThe choice of template, as well as the choice of whether to hint both globally and locally, depends on the purpose the hinted handwriting will serve. If the goal is to have consistently readable text, the best choice may be a professionally-hinted highly-uniform font template for global hinting only. If the goal is to provide the user with a “typographically nice” form of their writing, use of a large database of local templates will increase the likelihood of a close match. One could imagine using one automatically-hinted font as a template for another, but this would degrade the results.4.3 ApplicationsContextual handwriting fonts. The new OpenType standard, developed jointly by Adobe and Microsoft [Ado01], provides support for contextual fonts which can store multiple definitions of each glyph. Several typeface companies have already taken advantage of this technology in the handwriting fonts they produce. Typographers at Signature Software, Inc. use a semi-automatic system to design multiple forms for each cursive character so that each can connect naturally to one preceding. While the resulting fonts are more regularized than a person's actual handwriting, the contextually changing character connection locations help give the appearance that the person might have written the text. The techniques described in this paper make it feasible to automatically hint a large number of variations of each glyph for very realistic handwriting.Hinting of arbitrary curves. Our hybrid correspondence search could be applied to discover structure in an arbitrary curve. We are interested in pursuing the extension to hinting of logos and vector graphics for optimal display on low resolution devices.General rendering of handwriting. In this paper, we discussed example-based methods of improving rendering of handwriting in the context of TrueType font hinting. It would be worthwhile to consider the application of these techniques in a more general context, replacing the font templates and TrueType hints with a more general template and additional rendering information. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThis project was initiated while S. Su and C. Wu were interns at Microsoft Research Asia, and we acknowledge our colleagues there, at the Microsoft Redmond campus, and in the MIT Computer Graphics Group for insightful discussions about this work. We also thank the anonymous reviewers for their feedback.REFERENCES[Ado01] Adobe Systems Inc., and Microsoft Corp.OpenType Specification, 1.3 ed., April 2001.[Ado90] Adobe Systems Inc.. Adobe Type 1 Font Format.Addison-Wesley, 1990.[App96] Apple Computer Inc. The TrueType Reference Manual. October 1996.[Arv00] Arvo., J., and Novins, K. Smart Text: Asynthesis of recognition and morphing. In Proc. ofAAAI Spring Symposium on Smart Graphics, pp. 140-147, 2000.[Bra91] Branston, B. Graphology Explained. Samuel Weiser Inc., 1991.[Con97] Connare, V. Basic Hinting Philosophies and TrueType Instructions, Microsoft Corporation, 1997. [Dev95] Devroye, L., and McDougall, M. Random fonts for the simulation of handwriting. ElectronicPublishing, Vol. 8, pp. 281-294, 1995.[Guy96] Guyon, I. Handwriting synthesis fromhandwritten glyphs. In Proc. of the 5th International。
英语国际音标常见字母组合发音规律
Summary word
The letter combination oa is usually pronounced as a diphthong in English.
Detailed description
When pronouncing, the tongue moves from lower to higher, and the mouth shape transitions from open to closed. The sound gradually transitions from thicker to finer.
CH as/x/
In some regional accounts, such as in Scotland, the CH is pronounced as a voice/x/sound
Qu combination
Qu as/kw/
01
The QU combination is commonly proposed as
Combination of kn and pr
The combination of kn commonly reports a velar nasal sound followed by a voiceless alveolar plosive, such as in the word "knife"
Summary word
The letter combination ght is usually pronounced as/a in English ɪ T/or/ ɪ T/.
VS
Detailed description
In/a ɪ In pronunciation, the tongue position transitions from lower to higher, and the mouth shape transitions from open to closed. In the/ ɪ In pronunciation, the tongue is positioned higher and the mouth shape is close to half open.
HDMI 2.1 FRL Compliance Test Solution Datasheet说明书
HDMI 2.1 FRLCompliance Test Solution DatasheetEngineers designing and validating the HDMI physical layer of their devices face constant pressure to improve efficiency. Designers need to perform a wide range of compliance tests quickly and reliably, right on their bench.The HDMI 2.1 is known for Fixed Rate Link (FRL) supports up to 4 k at 120 Hz or 8 k at 60 Hz for both compressed and uncompressed video content. The FRL supports only predefined discrete data rates - 3 Gbps,6 Gbps, 8 Gbps, 10 Gbps, and 12 Gbps on each of its 4 lanes, which means the FRL supports a post encoded link bandwidth of up to 48 Gbps.Key featuresConformance to HDMI 2.1 Standards and Compliance TestSpecification 2.1 (CTS)Simple and easy setup to perform measurementsThe TekExpress based software solution allows to completelyautomate the execution of all source and sink measurements.There is no “external plumbing” such as delay lines, amplifiers or biasteesProgrammatically change amplitude, bias voltage, and skew with AWG-HD. No need to change the connection or manual intervention betweenthe tests.Superior performance across industry. Completes all sinkmeasurements for one data rate in less than 20 minutes.Fully integrated with EDID/SCDC emulatorsStatistically based Pass/Fail results, quick results with Pass/Failnotification, and limit margins. Detailed reports including BER error oneach lane.Provides link training debug capabilityCompletely automated pattern calibration software Multilane calibration supportFully automated HDMI 2.1 FRL compliance testingThe sink testing requires a source, capable of generating a wide range of test patterns and the ability to add precise amount of impairment to the output signal. The jitter, tolerance, skew, sensitivity and timing testing with repeatability are critical. For customers who want to reduce test times with the performance to meet the new standard requirements, Tektronix offers a complete test solution for HDMI 2.1 sink testing. The Tektronix sink test provides an end-to-end automated solution with significant reduction in test time. Featuring the performance for the Tektronix AWG70001B and the new AWG-HD test fixture, this solution provides complete automation without adding an external delay lines, amplifiers or bias tees. TheTekExpress based software solution completely automates the execution of all sink measurements. Once the set-up is connected, no changes in connection or no manual interventions are required between the tests.The TekExpress FRL compliance solution provides you the tools to easily run High Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI) tests under the HDMI 2.1 compliance test specification. It provides a complete and reliable solution for quick testing.Quick Pass/Fail tests substantiated with results make the TekExpress FRL application the preferred solution for HDMI 2.1 physical layer validation. In-depth analysis is possible with the statistical information about the performed tests.The TekExpress FRL application performs the link training prior toexecuting each measurement, to establish a link between the FRL-capable sink device and the Tektronix signal generator. The statistical Pass/Fail criteria are based on whether the sink device meets the Character Error Rate requirement in the specification. The TekExpress FRL applicationdoes all these with a single-click and without any manual intervention.TekExpress FRL sink applicationFRL sink measurementsTekExpress FRL sink measurement configurationHDMXpress pattern calibration software)FRL sink measurementsDatasheetOrdering informationRequired softwareHD21 (HDMI 2.1 Advanced Analysis and Compliance Software for Tx tests)HD21DS (HDMI 2.1 Advanced Analysis and Compliance Software for Rx tests)HD21DSM (HDMI 2.1 Advanced Analysis and Characterization Software for Rx tests; HDMXpress (requires HD21, DJA, SDLA64))HDM-DSM (HDMI2.0 Advanced Analysis and Characterization Software for Rx tests)DJA (Advanced Jitter Analysis for use with TekScope Anywhere; DPO/DSA/MSO70000C/D/DX; DPO7000C or DPO/MSO5000Oscilloscopes)SDLA64 (Serial Data Link Analysis for Win7 (64 bit) Oscilloscopes)Required hardware DPO72304SX 1 Digital Phosphor Oscilloscope with bandwidth ≥ to 23 GHz ; 4 Ch, 23 GHz, 50 GS/s or 2 Ch, 23 GHz, 100 GS/s SEQ: Adds Sequencing to the AWG70001B; requires export control licenseAWG70000-150: Adds Sequencing to the AWG70001B; requires export control license AWGSYNC01: Hub for synchronizing multiple AWGsAWG70001B: Arbitrary Waveform Generator: 1-Channel, 10-bit, up to 50 GS/s AWG-HD (HDMI Fixture for Sink (Rx) Solution with Programmable Delay and Amplitude)Probes P7625/P7633/P7720 Tri-mode probe with P76CA-292C (1 No.)Recommended accessoriesCertificationsTektronix is registered to ISO 9001 and ISO 14001 by SRI Quality System Registrar.Product(s) complies with IEEE Standard 488.1-1987, RS-232-C, and with Tektronix Standard Codes and Formats.1Any 4 channel 23 GHz or greaterHDMI 2.1 FRL Compliance Test SolutionDatasheetASEAN / Australasia (65) 6356 3900 Austria 00800 2255 4835*Balkans, Israel, South Africa and other ISE Countries +41 52 675 3777 Belgium 00800 2255 4835*Brazil +55 (11) 3759 7627 Canada180****9200Central East Europe and the Baltics +41 52 675 3777 Central Europe & Greece +41 52 675 3777 Denmark +45 80 88 1401Finland +41 52 675 3777 France 00800 2255 4835*Germany 00800 2255 4835*Hong Kong 400 820 5835 India 000 800 650 1835 Italy 00800 2255 4835*Japan 81 (3) 6714 3086 Luxembourg +41 52 675 3777 Mexico, Central/South America & Caribbean 52 (55) 56 04 50 90Middle East, Asia, and North Africa +41 52 675 3777 The Netherlands 00800 2255 4835*Norway 800 16098People's Republic of China 400 820 5835 Poland +41 52 675 3777 Portugal 80 08 12370Republic of Korea +822 6917 5084, 822 6917 5080 Russia & CIS +7 (495) 6647564 South Africa +41 52 675 3777Spain 00800 2255 4835*Sweden 00800 2255 4835*Switzerland 00800 2255 4835*Taiwan 886 (2) 2656 6688 United Kingdom & Ireland 00800 2255 4835*USA180****9200* European toll-free number. If not accessible, call: +41 52 675 3777For Further Information. Tektronix maintains a comprehensive, constantly expanding collection of application notes, technical briefs and other resources to help engineers working on the cutting edge of technology. Please visit . Copyright © Tektronix, Inc. All rights reserved. Tektronix products are covered by U.S. and foreign patents, issued and pending. Information in this publication supersedes that in all previously published material. Specification andprice change privileges reserved. TEKTRONIX and TEK are registered trademarks of Tektronix, Inc. All other trade names referenced are the service marks, trademarks, or registered trademarks of their respective companies.09 Jul 2020 61W-61696-00 。
74HC1G14和74HCT1G14高速Si-gate CMOS非门IC数据手册说明书
1. General description74HC1G14 and 74HCT1G14 are high-speed Si-gate CMOS devices. They provide aninverting buffer function with Schmitt trigger action. These devices are capable oftransforming slowly changing input signals into sharply defined, jitter-free output signals.The HC device has CMOS input switching levels and supply voltage range 2 V to 6 V.The HCT device has TTL input switching levels and supply voltage range 4.5 V to 5.5 V.The standard output currents are half of those of the 74HC14 and 74HCT14.2. Features and benefits⏹Symmetrical output impedance ⏹High noise immunity ⏹Low power dissipation⏹Balanced propagation delays⏹SOT353-1 and SOT753 package options ⏹Specified from -40 ︒C to +125 ︒C3. Applications⏹Wave and pulse shapers ⏹Astable multivibrators ⏹Monostable multivibrators4. Ordering information74HC1G14; 74HCT1G14Inverting Schmitt triggerRev. 6 — 27 December 2012Product data sheetTable 1.Ordering informationType numberPackageTemperature rangeName DescriptionVersion 74HC1G14GW -40 ︒C to +125 ︒CTSSOP5plastic thin shrink small outline package;5leads; body width 1.25mmSOT353-174HCT1G14GW 74HC1G14GV -40 ︒C to +125 ︒CSC-74Aplastic surface-mounted package; 5 leadsSOT75374HCT1G14GV5. MarkingTable 2.Marking codesType number Marking code[1]74HC1G14GW HF74HCT1G14GW TF74HC1G14GV H1474HCT1G14GV T14[1]The pin 1 indicator is located on the lower left corner of the device, below the marking code.6. Functional diagram7. Pinning information7.1Pinning7.2Pin descriptionTable 3.Pin descriptionSymbol Pin Descriptionn.c.1not connectedA2data inputGND3ground (0 V)Y4data outputV CC5supply voltage8. Functional descriptionTable 4.Function tableH = HIGH voltage level; L = LOW voltage levelInput OutputA YL HH L9. Limiting valuesTable 5.Limiting valuesIn accordance with the Absolute Maximum Rating System (IEC 60134). Voltages are referenced to GND (ground = 0 V). [1] Symbol Parameter Conditions Min Max UnitV CC supply voltage-0.5+7.0VI IK input clamping current V I <-0.5V or V I>V CC+ 0.5V-±20mAI OK output clamping current V O<-0.5V or V O>V CC+ 0.5V-±20mAI O output current-0.5 V < V O<V CC+0.5V-±12.5mAI CC supply current-25mAI GND ground current-25-mAT stg storage temperature-65+150︒CP tot total power dissipation T amb = -40︒C to+125 ︒C[2]-200mW[1]The input and output voltage ratings may be exceeded if the input and output current ratings are observed.[2]Above 55︒C, the value of P tot derates linearly with 2.5mW/K.10. Recommended operating conditionsTable 6.Recommended operating conditionsVoltages are referenced to GND (ground = 0 V).Symbol Parameter Conditions74HC1G1474HCT1G14UnitMin Typ Max Min Typ MaxV CC supply voltage 2.0 5.0 6.0 4.5 5.0 5.5VV I input voltage0-V CC0-V CC VV O output voltage0-V CC0-V CC VT amb ambient temperature-40+25+125-40+25+125︒C11. Static characteristicsTable 7.Static characteristicsVoltages are referenced to GND (ground = 0 V). All typical values are measured at T amb=25︒C.Symbol Parameter Conditions-40︒C to+85 ︒C-40︒C to+125 ︒C UnitMin Typ Max Min MaxFor type 74HC1G14V OH HIGH-level outputvoltage V I= V T+ or V T-I O= -20μA; V CC=2.0V 1.9 2.0- 1.9-V I O= -20μA; V CC=4.5V 4.4 4.5- 4.4-V I O= -20μA; V CC=6.0V 5.9 6.0- 5.9-V I O= -2.0mA; V CC=4.5V 4.13 4.32- 3.7-V I O= -2.6mA; V CC=6.0V 5.63 5.81- 5.2-VV OL LOW-level outputvoltage V I= V T+ or V T-I O= 20μA; V CC=2.0V-00.1-0.1V I O= 20μA; V CC=4.5V-00.1-0.1V I O= 20μA; V CC=6.0V-00.1-0.1V I O= 2.0mA; V CC=4.5V-0.150.33-0.4V I O= 2.6mA; V CC=6.0V-0.160.33-0.4VI I input leakage current V I=V CC or GND; V CC=6.0V-- 1.0- 1.0μA I CC supply current V I=V CC or GND; I O=0A;V CC=6.0V--10-20μA C I input capacitance- 1.5---pFV T+positive-goingthreshold voltage see Figure7 and Figure8V CC=2.0 V0.7 1.09 1.50.7 1.5V V CC=4.5 V 1.7 2.36 3.15 1.7 3.15V V CC=6.0 V 2.1 3.12 4.2 2.1 4.2VV T-negative-goingthreshold voltage see Figure7 and Figure8V CC=2.0 V0.30.600.90.30.9V V CC=4.5 V0.9 1.53 2.00.9 2.0V V CC=6.0 V 1.2 2.08 2.6 1.2 2.6VV H hysteresis voltage see Figure7 and Figure8V CC=2.0 V0.20.48 1.00.2 1.0VV CC=4.5 V0.40.83 1.40.4 1.4VV CC=6.0 V0.6 1.04 1.60.6 1.6V For type 74HCT1G14V OH HIGH-level outputvoltage V I= V T+ or V T-I O= -20μA; V CC=4.5V 4.4 4.5- 4.4-V I O= -2.0mA; V CC=4.5V 4.13 4.32- 3.7-VV OL LOW-level outputvoltage V I= V T+ or V T-I O= 20μA; V CC=4.5V-00.1-0.1V I O= 2.0mA; V CC=4.5V-0.150.33-0.4VI I input leakage current V I=V CC or GND; V CC=5.5V-- 1.0- 1.0μA12. Dynamic characteristics[1]t pd is the same as t PLH and t PHL .[2]C PD is used to determine the dynamic power dissipation P D (μW).P D =C PD ⨯V CC 2⨯f i +∑(C L ⨯V CC 2⨯f o )where:f i =input frequency in MHz; f o =output frequency in MHz C L =output load capacitance in pF; V CC =supply voltage in Volts ∑(C L ⨯V CC 2⨯f o ) = sum of outputsI CC supply current V I =V CC or GND; I O =0A; V CC =5.5V--10-20μA ∆I CC additional supply currentper input; V CC =4.5V to 5.5V; V I = V CC - 2.1 V; I O =0A--500-850μA C I input capacitance - 1.5---pF V T+positive-going threshold voltagesee Figure 7 and Figure 8V CC =4.5 V 1.2 1.55 1.9 1.2 1.9V V CC =5.5 V1.41.802.11.42.1VV T -negative-going threshold voltagesee Figure 7 and Figure 8V CC =4.5 V 0.50.76 1.20.5 1.2V V CC =5.5 V0.60.901.40.61.4VV Hhysteresis voltagesee Figure 7 and Figure 8V CC =4.5 V 0.40.80-0.4-V V CC =5.5 V0.40.90-0.4-VTable 7.Static characteristics …continuedVoltages are referenced to GND (ground = 0 V). All typical values are measured at T amb =25︒C.Symbol Parameter Conditions-40︒C to +85 ︒C -40︒C to +125 ︒C UnitMin Typ Max Min Max Table 8.Dynamic characteristicsGND = 0 V; t r = t f ≤ 6.0 ns; All typical values are measured at T amb =25︒C. For test circuit see Figure 6Symbol Parameter Conditions -40︒C to +85 ︒C -40︒C to +125 ︒C Unit MinTyp MaxMinMaxFor type 74HC1G14t pdpropagation delay A to Y; see Figure 5[1]V CC = 2.0 V; C L =50pF -25155-190ns V CC = 4.5 V; C L =50pF -1231-38ns V CC = 5.0 V; C L =15pF -10---ns V CC = 6.0 V; C L =50pF-1126-32ns C PDpower dissipation capacitanceV I =GND to V CC [2]-20---pFFor type 74HCT1G14t pdpropagation delay A to Y; see Figure 5[1]V CC = 4.5 V; C L =50pF -1743-51ns V CC = 5.0 V; C L =15pF-15---ns C PDpower dissipation capacitanceV I =GND to V CC -1.5V [2]-22---pF13. WaveformsTable 9.Measurement pointsType number Input OutputV I V M V M74HC1G14GND to V CC0.5 ⨯ V CC0.5 ⨯ V CC 74HCT1G14GND to 3.0 V 1.5 V0.5 ⨯ V CC14. Transfer characteristics waveforms15. Application informationThe slow input rise and fall times cause additional power dissipation, this can becalculated using the following formula:P add=f i⨯(t r⨯∆I CC(AV)+t f⨯∆I CC(AV))⨯V CCWhere:P add=additional power dissipation (μW)f i=input frequency (MHz)t r=rise time (ns); 10% to 90%t f=fall time (ns); 90% to 10%∆I CC(AV)=average additional supply current (μA)∆I CC(AV) differs with positive or negative input transitions, as shown in Figure14 and Figure15.74HC1G14 and 74HCT1G14 used in relaxation oscillator circuit, see Figure16. Remark: All values given are typical unless otherwise specified.16. Package outlineTSSOP5: plastic thin shrink small outline package; 5 leads; body width 1.25 mm SOT353-1Fig 18.Package outline SOT353-1 (TSSOP5)Plastic surface-mounted package; 5 leads SOT753Fig 19.Package outline SOT753 (SC-74A)17. Abbreviations18. Revision historyTable 10.AbbreviationsAcronym Description DUT Device Under Test TTLTransistor-Transistor LogicTable 11.Revision historyDocument ID Release date Data sheet status Change notice Supersedes 74HC_HCT1G14 v.620121227Product data sheet -74HC_HCT1G14 v.5Modifications:•Table 3: Pin number Y output changed from 5 to 4 (errata).74HC_HCT1G14 v.520120924Product data sheet-74HC_HCT1G14 v.4Modifications:•Figure 17 added (typical K-factor for relaxation oscillator).•Legal page updated.74HC_HCT1G14 v.420070717Product data sheet -74HC_HCT1G14 v.374HC_HCT1G14 v.320020515Product specification -74HC_HCT1G14 v.274HC_HCT1G14 v.220010302Product specification -74HC_HCT1G14 v.174HC_HCT1G14 v.119980805Product specification--19. Legal information19.1 Data sheet status[1]Please consult the most recently issued document before initiating or completing a design.[2]The term ‘short data sheet’ is explained in section “Definitions”.[3]The product status of device(s) described in this document may have changed since this document was published and may differ in case of multiple devices. The latest product statusinformation is available on the Internet at URL .19.2 DefinitionsDraft — The document is a draft version only. The content is still under internal review and subject to formal approval, which may result in modifications or additions. Nexperia does not give anyrepresentations or warranties as to the accuracy or completeness of information included herein and shall have no liability for the consequences of use of such information.Short data sheet — A short data sheet is an extract from a full data sheet with the same product type number(s) and title. A short data sheet is intended for quick reference only and should not be relied upon to contain detailed and full information. For detailed and full information see the relevant full data sheet, which is available on request via the local Nexperia salesoffice. In case of any inconsistency or conflict with the short data sheet, the full data sheet shall prevail.Product specification — The information and data provided in a Product data sheet shall define the specification of the product as agreed between Nexperia and its customer, unless Nexperia andcustomer have explicitly agreed otherwise in writing. In no event however, shall an agreement be valid in which the Nexperia product isdeemed to offer functions and qualities beyond those described in the Product data sheet.19.3 DisclaimersLimited warranty and liability — Information in this document is believed to be accurate and reliable. However, Nexperia does not give any representations or warranties, expressed or implied, as to the accuracy or completeness of such information and shall have no liability for the consequences of use of such information. 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This document supersedes and replaces all information supplied prior to the publication hereof.Suitability for use — Nexperia products are not designed,authorized or warranted to be suitable for use in life support, life-critical or safety-critical systems or equipment, nor in applications where failure or malfunction of a Nexperia product can reasonably be expectedto result in personal injury, death or severe property or environmental damage. Nexperia and its suppliers accept no liability forinclusion and/or use of Nexperia products in such equipment or applications and therefore such inclusion and/or use is at the customer’s own risk.Applications — Applications that are described herein for any of these products are for illustrative purposes only. Nexperia makes no representation or warranty that such applications will be suitable for the specified use without further testing or modification.Customers are responsible for the design and operation of their applications and products using Nexperia products, and Nexperiaaccepts no liability for any assistance with applications or customer product design. It is customer’s sole responsibility to determine whether the Nexperia product is suitable and fit for the customer’s applications andproducts planned, as well as for the planned application and use of customer’s third party customer(s). Customers should provide appropriate design and operating safeguards to minimize the risks associated with their applications and products.Nexperia does not accept any liability related to any default,damage, costs or problem which is based on any weakness or default in the customer’s applications or products, or the application or use by customer’s third party customer(s). Customer is responsible for doing all necessary testing for the customer’s applications and products using Nexperia products in order to avoid a default of the applications andthe products or of the application or use by customer’s third partycustomer(s). Nexperia does not accept any liability in this respect.Limiting values — Stress above one or more limiting values (as defined in the Absolute Maximum Ratings System of IEC60134) will cause permanent damage to the device. Limiting values are stress ratings only and (proper) operation of the device at these or any other conditions above those given in the Recommended operating conditions section (if present) or the Characteristics sections of this document is not warranted. Constant or repeated exposure to limiting values will permanently and irreversibly affect the quality and reliability of the device.Terms and conditions of commercial sale — Nexperiaproducts are sold subject to the general terms and conditions of commercial sale, as published at /profile/terms, unless otherwise agreed in a valid written individual agreement. In case an individual agreement is concluded only the terms and conditions of the respective agreement shall apply. Nexperia hereby expressly objects toapplying the customer’s general terms and conditions with regard to the purchase of Nexperia products by customer.No offer to sell or license — Nothing in this document may be interpreted or construed as an offer to sell products that is open for acceptance or the grant, conveyance or implication of any license under any copyrights, patents or other industrial or intellectual property rights.Document status[1][2]Product status[3]DefinitionObjective [short] data sheet Development This document contains data from the objective specification for product development. Preliminary [short] data sheet Qualification This document contains data from the preliminary specification.Product [short] data sheet Production This document contains the product specification.Export control — This document as well as the item(s) described herein may be subject to export control regulations. Export might require a prior authorization from competent authorities.Non-automotive qualified products — Unless this data sheet expressly states that this specific Nexperia product is automotive qualified,the product is not suitable for automotive use. It is neither qualified nor tested in accordance with automotive testing or application requirements. Nexperia accepts no liability for inclusion and/or use ofnon-automotive qualified products in automotive equipment or applications. In the event that customer uses the product for design-in and use in automotive applications to automotive specifications and standards, customer (a) shall use the product without Nexperia’s warranty of theproduct for such automotive applications, use and specifications, and (b) whenever customer uses the product for automotive applications beyond Nexperia’s specifications such use shall be solely at customer’sown risk, and (c) customer fully indemnifies Nexperia for anyliability, damages or failed product claims resulting from customer design and use of the product for automotive applications beyond Nexperia’sstandard warranty and Nexperia’s product specifications.Translations — A non-English (translated) version of a document is for reference only. The English version shall prevail in case of any discrepancy between the translated and English versions.19.4 TrademarksNotice: All referenced brands, product names, service names and trademarks are the property of their respective owners.20. Contact informationFor more information, please visit: For sales office addresses, please send an email to: ***************************21. Contents1 General description. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Features and benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Applications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Ordering information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Marking. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Functional diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Pinning information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27.1 Pinning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27.2 Pin description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Functional description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Limiting values. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310 Recommended operating conditions. . . . . . . . 311 Static characteristics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412 Dynamic characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 513 Waveforms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 614 Transfer characteristics waveforms. . . . . . . . . 715 Application information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 816 Package outline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1117 Abbreviations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1318 Revision history. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1319 Legal information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1419.1 Data sheet status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1419.2 Definitions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1419.3 Disclaimers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1419.4 Trademarks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1520 Contact information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1521 Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16© Nexperia B.V. 2017. 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2024上海徐汇区高三二模英语试题及答案
上海徐汇区2023-2024学年第二学期徐汇区学习能力诊断卷高三英语试卷2024.4（满分140）考生注意：1.考试时间120分钟，试卷满分140分。
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I.Listening ComprehensionSection A Short ConversationsDirections:In Section A,you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers.At the end of each conversation,a question will be asked about what was said.The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once.After you hear a conversation and the question about it,read the four possible answers on your paper,and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.1. A.Early morning B.Midday C.Afternoon te at night2. A.Improved flexibility B.Stress relief C.Weight loss D.Muscle building3. A.Change in meeting venue B.Frequent reschedulingC.Long meeting durationck of agenda4. A.Humor and love storiesB.Thrilling and suspenseC.Creative fantasy and futuristic visionsD.Documentaries for learning about real-world events5. A.Filled with exciting challenges and projects B.Surprisingly relaxed and stress-freeC.Productive but a bit overwhelmingD.Unpredictable and full of surprises6. A.If it offers any unique or signature drinksB.Whether the coffee is freshly brewedC.If it has a cozy atmosphere and comfortable seatingD.If it has free Wi-Fi and a quiet environment7. A.Exploring the latest movies at the cinema B.Going on an adventurous hiking tripC.Taking a leisurely stroll in the parkD.Attending a live music performance8. A.Nervous but satisfied with the change B.Regretful and uncertain about the styleC.Uninterested and indifferent to his appearanceD.Excited and confident with the new look9. A.Boring and uninteresting B.Dull and slow-pacedC.A real page-turnerD.Too complex to follow10. A.Whether it helps with focus and concentrationB.If it’s a time-consuming practiceC.If it involves meditation or other techniquesD.How it affects sleep patterns and overall well-beingSection BDirections:In Section B,you will hear two short passages and one longer conversation,and you will be asked several questions on each of the passages and the conversation.The passages and the conversation will be read twice,but the questions will be spoken only once.When you hear a question,read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one would be the best answer to the question you have heard.Questions11through13are based on the following passage.11. A.The invention of the Intelligent Rail Transit(IRT)in China.B.The development of public transportation systems in urban areas.C.The innovative transportation solution to traffic congestion.D.The benefits of electric-powered vehicles in reducing pollution.12. A.Lower pollution. B.Higher passenger capacity.C.5G communications system.D.Automated driving system.13. A.Identifying virtual track routes. B.Prioritizing passage at traffic lights.C.Controlling movement with sensors.D.Ensuring safety through machine vision. Questions14through16are based on the following passage.14. A.The history of Chinese New Year celebrations.B.The debate over banning fireworks during Chinese New Year.C.The environmental impact of fireworks.D.The cultural significance of the Spring Festival.15. A.Over80percent of people support fireworks.B.Most people believe fireworks bans are necessary.C.There are few objections to fireworks bans.D.The majority of people prefer quiet celebrations during the festival.16. A.Limited enforcement resources.B.Public resistance leading to unrest.C.Economic concerns from manufacturers.D.Environmental activism pressures lawmakers.Questions17through20are based on the following conversation.17. A.Staying at home and relaxing. B.Traveling to European countries.C.Taking extra courses.D.Doing part-time jobs.18. A.To relax and unwind. B.To explore new countries.C.To get ahead on credits.D.To do volunteer work.19. A.To relax and get ready for more experiences.B.To explore new countries in a totally fresh way.C.to contribute and have a positive impact.D.To save up for tuition fees as well as expectations.20. A.He thinks it's a smart move. B.He believes she should relax instead.C.He is indifferent.D.He thinks she should join him for volunteer work. II.Grammar and vocabularySection ADirections:After reading the passage below,fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct.For the blanks with a given word,fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word;for the other blanks,use one word that best fits each blank.A French bakery has become a tourist attraction in Nanpingtownship,which is part of Zhuhai,a coastal city in Guangdongprovince.Papa Romantic,located in Beishan community,attracts a largenumber of Chinese and foreigners alike.After(21)_______(taste)the bakery's bread,some Chinese students who have returnedfrom abroad have expressed admiration,while foreigners who lived in Zhuhai but moved to other Chinese cities such as Beijing(22)_______(continue)to have bread and pastries from the shop(23) _______(ship)to them.The bakery is a welcoming environment for those who want to sit and enjoy authentic French cuisine.On one side is a well-preserved old ancestral hall,and on the other side are lush trees that provide shade(24)_______the sun.The shop has a bright storefront,and thearoma of the bread,the aluminum tables and the chairsunder sun umbrellas display a peaceful atmosphere awayfrom the hustle and bustle.At Papa Romantic,the best-selling items include baguettes,croissants,sandwiches,crepes and cookies.In addition,some unique treats such as fig bread and colorful macrons are also popular among young customers.Owner and baker Ronan Salaun,(25)_______comes from the Brittany region of France,said the ingredients at his bakery(26)______(import),and he refuses to use chemicals or additives in his food.(27)_______his friends return to France,they know they need to bring him some crystal salt from a natural salt pond in France.The black pepper he uses comes from Madagascar."Simple things are important,and the quality of salt and pepper makes a big difference,"Salaun said.While remaining true to his French roots,he has also taken into consideration the dietary habits of Chinese people."Chinese locals prefer soft crust bread,while French like the crusty one.I sell both kinds.I can't just maintain the original characteristics;I must adapt to locals'preferences,"he said.A former mechanical engineer,Salaun,was sent by a Hong Kong company to work at a furniture factory in Wanzai township,Zhuhai,in November2000.He said he couldn't have imagined how much his life would change with that move.At that time,Wanzai was a tiny town(28)_______(border)Macao known for its flower trade.For Salaun,life in Wanzai seemed simple and rustic.He remembers(29)_______when he wanted to take a bath,he had to heat the water up with firewood and then transport the water in a bucket to the bathtub.Although the living and working conditions were not as favorable as(30)______abroad, Salaun grew to love Zhuhai,which is located at the mouth of the Pearl River.Section BDirections:Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box.Each word can be used only once.Note that there is one word more than you need.A.conservationB.relocateC.momentarilyD.programE.criticalF.initiativeG.ensureH.permanentlyI.additionalJ.reserveK.unexpectedA team of scientists led by Alejandro Arteaga,grantee of TheExplorers Club Discovery Expeditions and researcher at KhamaiFoundation,discovered three new cryptozoic(living underground)snakes dwelling under graveyards(墓地)and churches in remotetowns in the Andes region of Ecuador.It was an exploration that led to the most(31)_______ofplaces.First published in the journal,Zookeys,Arteaga and his teamnamed the small brown color-patterned snakes in honor of institutions or people supporting the exploration and(32)_______of remote cloud forests in the tropics.The Discovery Ground Snake(Atractus discovery)was found underground in a small graveyard. Two(33)_______new species were found near an old church and inside a small school.Destruction of the snake's native forest habitat may have forced them to(34)_______to these people-less areas according to Arteaga's findings.Atractus discovery was named to honor The Explorers Club Discovery Expedition Grants(35) _______,a program seeking to foster scientific understanding for the betterment of humanity and all life on Earth and beyond.The grant program supports researchers and explorers from around the world in their quest to ease the climate change crisis,prevent the extinction of species and cultures, and(36)_______the health of the Earth and its inhabitants.Atractus zgap was named in honor of the Zoological Society for the Conservation of Species and Populations(ZGAP),a(n)(37)_______seeking to conserve unknown but highly endangered species and their natural environment.Atractus michaelsabini was named in honor of Michael Sabin,grandson of Americanphilanthropist and conservationist Andrew Sabin.Through conservation organization Re:wild,the Sabin family has supported field research of threatened reptiles and has protected thousands of acres of(38)_______habitat throughout the world.“The discovery of these new snakes is only the first step towards a much larger conservation project,”says Arteaga.“We have already started the process of establishing a nature(39)_______to protect the ground snakes.This action would not have been possible without first unveiling the existence of these unique and cryptic reptiles,even if it meant(40)_______disturbing the peace of the dead in the graveyard where they lived.”III.Reading ComprehensionSection ADirections:For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A,B,C and D.Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.Alipay,the digital payment arm of Chinese financial technology company Ant Group,is allocating more resources to roll out translation services in16languages,to ensure foreigners in China can use mobile payments without any hurdles.Alipay's move comes amid China's intensified efforts to further improve foreigners'payment (41)_______in the country.Alipay has allowed foreigners in China to link their(42)_______bank cards,including Visa and Mastercard,to its mobile payment tool,greatly streamlining(精简)the payment processes,said Zhu Xugang,director of the cross-border business at Ant Group.Users of10overseas e-wallets are also able to use their familiar home e-wallets on their own phones by(43)_______Alipay QR codes,to enjoy seamless mobile payment experiences across Alipay's vast merchant network.According to Alipay,foreigners can use the app to complete payments at restaurants,hotels, scenic spots,convenience stores and supermarkets,as well as for ride-hailing,shared bikes,buses and other public(44)_______services in China.The newly(45)_______multilingual app includes English,French,Spanish,German,Italian,Portuguese,Russian and Japanese.The mobile payment app has also(46)_______the single transaction(交易)limit for overseas travelers using mobile payments from$1,000to$5,000and lifted the annual cumulative transaction limit from$10,000to$50,000.The State Council,China's Cabinet,published a guideline on improving payment services and (47)_______payment convenience in early March,a move to better meet the(48)_______payment needs of the elderly and foreign visitors.Last week,the People's Bank of China,the country's central bank,(49)_______a payment guide that provides foreigners with text and graphic(50)_______on using bank cards,cash,mobile payments and e-CNY in China,the latest step in the country's push to optimize the payment experience for foreigners.Wang Pengbo,a senior analyst at market consultancy Botong Analysys,said the intensified efforts to provide convenient payment services will not only(51)_______improve the living and consumption experience of foreigners in China and attract more of them to the country,but also promote the healthy and sustainable development of the payment(52)_______.Wang said the move demonstrates the country's resolve to expand high-standard opening-up, (53)_______the online payment scenarios of Alipay are wide enough,with high usage frequency. So,what it should do now is to expand the scope of foreign bank card binding and improve and simplify authentication of new users,to provide more convenient payment services to foreigners.Meanwhile,Chinese banks are taking measures to expand the(54)_______of overseas bank cards and facilitate their use of cash in the country.Dong said more efforts are needed to expand the scenarios of various types of payment methods at tourist attractions,sporting events,transportation hubs,healthcare and beauty centers and other daily(55)_______sites.41. A.expectations B.memorizations C.experiences D.durations42. A.international B.domestic C.interior mercial43. A.copying B.photographing C.sharing D.scanning44. A.transportation B.security cation D.maintenance45. A.evolved unched C.specialized D.simplified46. A.decreased B.restricted C.suspended D.raised47. A.implementing B.enhancing C.administrating D.subscribing48. A.diversified B.facilitated C.digitalized D.conflicted49. A.purchased B.authorized C.released mercialized50. A.designs B.illustrations C.instructions D.imagery51. A.significantly B.artificially C.individually D.frequently52. A.gateway B.industry C.deadline D.term53. A.developing B.monitoring C.securing D.adding54. A.recognition B.acceptance C.regulation D.policy55. A.construction B.application C.production D.consumption Section BDirections:Read the following three passages.Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements.For each of them there are four choices marked A,B,C and D.Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.AGrowing up in the80s as a child with lots of siblings,I played in the street until dark or until we were called for dinner.We had an amazing community of neighbours.However,one elderly neighbour hated us.Every time the football went into her garden,she would confiscate it–and then pop the ball.When she collected over20deflated footballs,she would take them down to the police station and complain.To her,at least,free and active children were a pest and a disgrace.Actually,at that time,nothing but one stopped us playing:the shattering of a window and the scream of a parent coming outside to tell us off.On reflection,I was probably part of the last generation of children to play outside regularly.Now in London,the estate I live in is covered with historic signs saying:“No ball games”.The signs function as a play ban for children.Even during the summer,there are only a couple of rebels who dare to play football on the street.They get my nod and a kick of the ball back when it comes in my direction.The problem is,many people don’t know that these signs are not enforceable by law:they aresimply a request from local housing associations.Of course,if people are kicking the ball against someone’s house or out on the streets making noise late at night,it would be considered criminal damage and antisocial behaviour–and quite right. But most of the time the signs are just preventing children from playing.The London Sport charity has recommended that these signs are removed.I agree-let’s burn them all.But I do think it is simplistic to imagine banning the signs will combat a national obesity epidemic.The Active Lives Survey shows that just47%of children in England are getting the recommended60minutes or more of sport and physical activity a day.Removing“No ball games”signs doesn’t mean that the other53%of children will feel motivated to venture outside and play.The Active Lives Survey also suggests that boys are more likely to be active than girls.Perhaps boys are still given more activity opportunities.The Lionesses（英格兰女足）win at the Euros football tournament highlighted the lack of opportunities for girls in football and inequitable sports curriculums in schools.Children and young people of black,Asian and other minority ethnicities are least likely to be active.Perhaps because racism in sport is alive and kicking?In addition,access to sport and physical activity is a social justice issue that depends on location and financial circumstances.For a child from an economically disadvantaged background, who lives in a high-rise flat with little green space around,the costs and practicalities of participating in sport are prohibitive.For example,a weekend tennis court costs anywhere between£10and£27, without travel or equipment.So,while we can burn all the“No ball games”signs in the country,the real barrier to combating low activity levels in children is social inequality.What really needs to happen to get our children moving?56.What does the underlined word“confiscate”in Paragraph1mean in the context?A.Collect something as a hobbyB.Take something away as a punishmentC.Destroy something due to being annoyedD.Remove and make something disappear57.Why does the author believe that removing"No ball games"signs may not effectively combatlow activity levels in children?A.Because children prefer indoor activities.B.Because boys are more active than girls.C.Because access to physical activity is influenced by social inequality.D.Because of the lack of interest in sports among children.58.What conclusion does the author draw regarding the relationship between"No ball games"signs and low activity levels in children?A.Removing the signs will directly address the issue of low activity levels.B.Social inequality is the primary barrier to increasing children's activity levels.C.Boys are more likely to play sports than girls due to cultural biases.D.Racism in sports is a significant factor in preventing children from being active.59.What is the main idea of the passage?A.The author reminisces about their childhood and the changes in outdoor play.B.The ineffectiveness of"No ball games"signs in encouraging physical activity amongchildren.C.The impact of social inequality on children's access to physical activity.D.The author's support for removing"No ball games"signs but recognition of deeper issues.BFrom a distance,the grey cement bridge looksunremarkable.Two tunnels on either side of theTrans-Canada Highway are in semi-circles that endbluntly on the pavement below.But on top,awayfrom passing motorists’eyes,lies a grassy oasis.Against the odds,pine trees and wildflowers havetaken root here,giving the overpass a fringe ofgreenery.On the edges,wire fencing provides safepassage for wandering animals.Tony Clevenger has dedicated much of his life to studying the performance of Banff’s wildlife crossing structures.When the first wildlife bridges went up,Clevenger,a researcher with the Western Transportation Institute,was living in Canmore,and recalls the distinctly negative atmosphere that surrounded what many saw as a hair-brained scheme by Parks Canada.Save for a few small crossings in the eastern United States,no one had ever attempted something like this before—and no one believed it would work.Editorials in the local paper scoffed at the“waste of taxpayers’money”and confidently stated animals would never use the$2million to$3million man-made bridges.Others believed wolves would herd their prey into the fence,violently killing them before shocked tourists.“This project started in a bad spot.There was a lot of opposition and criticism,”Clevenger says.“It took several years of good data,publishing in scientific peer-reviewed journals, to change people’s minds.”Clevenger now has17years-worth of data proving the efficacy of the crossings.Among large carnivores,mortality(死亡)rates are50to100per cent lower along sections of the highway where overpasses and underpasses exist.In those same sections,mortality rates for elk are almost zero, compared to100elk-vehicle collisions per year in the mid-1990s.Clevenger’s research has shown that11species of large mammals in Banff have used the structures more than200,000times, including unexpected species such as red fox,hoary marmot,boreal toads,wolverines,lynx,garter snakes and beavers.In2014,a Montana State University study found that not only are grizzly bears using the crossing structures,but the structures are also helping to maintain genetically healthy populations among the bears that use them.Grizzlies were crossing with enough frequency to ensure populations on either side of the highway weren’t genetically isolated from each other.“This is Canada’s biggest conservation success story—it’s the largest highway mitigation complex in the world,”says Clevenger.“You won’t find anything anywhere else in the world close to what we have.We have the most overpasses in one localized area and almost half of all the overpasses in North America.”60.Why did Tony Clevenger face opposition and criticism at the beginning of the wildlife crossingproject?A.Because of disbelief regarding the project's feasibility and effectiveness.B.Due to the design flaws of the crossing structures.C.Because of concerns about the environmental impact of the structures.D.Due to insufficient funding for the project.61.Which unexpected species have been observed using the wildlife crossing structures in Banff?A.Grizzly bears and elk.B.Wolves and red foxes.C.Garter snakes and beavers.D.Hoary marmots and wolverines.62.How did a Montana State University study contribute to the understanding of wildlife crossingsin Banff?A.It confirmed the disbelief surrounding the effectiveness of the crossings.B.It identified design flaws in the crossing structures.C.It criticized the Canadian government's conservation efforts.D.It provided evidence of grizzly bears using the crossings and maintaining genetically healthypopulations.CBoth my parents worked for30-plus years for their employers–they had lifelong careers at a single company.Growing up,they taught me the importance of“loyalty”and“commitment”.But in a rapidly changing world,the concept of a job for life has become as rare as a dial-up internet connection.This shift from stable,long-term employment and single-employer careers to a world where frequent job changes are the norm comes directly from globalisation,rapid technological advancements and the changing ideas about work.Globalisation has turned the world economy into a giant,interconnected web.This has made job markets fiercely competitive and talent and opportunities in the labour market more diverse and digitally accessible.Jobs can be widely publicised and explored online and are no longer tied to your city of birth. Add to this the rapid technological progress.We now live in a world where the skills you learned yesterday might not be enough for today’s job market.The job market is transforming,with new careers emerging as automation and artificial intelligence(AI)advances.Risks and price policies can be efficiently assessed using AI,making insurance underwriters redundant while advanced software in banking and finance mean data analysis can be automated.Online booking has reduced demand for travel agents and desktop publishers are being replaced by user-friendly software,which allows people to create their own materials.These changes highlight the need for professionals to update their skills and adapt to a technologically evolving job market.As a result,career paths have become fluid and multi-directional.It’s no longer just about climbing the corporate ladder and getting a regular paycheck;it’s about exploring different paths, switching jobs and industries and sometimes even venturing into freelancing and the gig economy.Loyalty is defined as an employee’s commitment to their organisation and its goals.It means awillingness to put in extra effort and to uphold the company’s values and objectives.Loyal workers often identify strongly with their workplace,are reliable and view the organisation positively,even during tough times.When long-term employees change workplaces,it does not mean they are disloyal.It signifies a change in priorities and a redefined loyalty bond.Employees are loyal to their employer and its interests while working there.But they also seek mutual growth and expect to be recognised and rewarded.Career paths are now a kaleidoscope(万花筒)of experiences and opportunities.Instead of a career identity being about a company brand,it is about skills,experiences and the meaningfulness of the work.This transformation means career decision-making is more intricate,considering personal aspirations,market trends and family considerations.63.What factors have contributed to the shift in job market dynamics?A.Increased reliance on desktop publishing software.B.Changing ideas about loyalty and commitment.C.The decreasing demand for travel agents due to online booking systems.D.Globalization,rapid technological advancements,and evolving work concepts.64.What skills are highlighted as essential for professionals in the evolving job market?A.Skills related to desktop publishing.B.Skills that were relevant yesterday.C.Skills in data analysis and adaptability.D.Skills in insurance underwriting.65.How does the passage suggest employees should approach loyalty in the modern workplace?A.By remaining with a single employer for their entire career.B.By prioritizing personal growth and recognition.C.By relying on traditional definitions of loyalty.D.By avoiding job changes to maintain loyalty.66.The best title for the passage is_______.A.Forget About a Job for Life.B.Learn More as Much as You CanC.Benefit from Long-term Employment.D.The Impact of Globalization.Section CDirections:Read the passage carefully.Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once.Note that there are two more sentences than you need.A.This recurrent nature provides astronomers with some predictability regarding its eruptions,aiding in their monitoring and preparation for the upcoming event.B.The mechanism driving these eruptions is the transfer of matter from the red giant to thewhite dwarf.C.It consists of a white dwarf and an aging red giant star.D.This heightened visibility will last for a few days without the need for any equipment andslightly over a week with the aid of binoculars.E.Astronomers plan to utilize various instruments,including the Hubble Space Telescope andthe Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory,to observe and study the nova in different wavelengths of light.F.However,during its peak brightness,it is expected to shine as brightly as Polaris,or the NorthStar,making it visible to observers in the Northern Hemisphere.Astronomers are eagerly anticipating a celestial(天体的)event that promises to be a once-in-a-lifetime sight:the appearance of a"new star"in the night sky,expected to occur sometime between now and September,as reported by NASA.This event,known as a nova(新星),is projected to take place within the T Coronae Borealis system,nestled in the constellation(星座)Corona Borealis,situated between the Boötes and Hercules constellations.In contrast to the explosive demise of a massive star seen in a supernova,a nova is characterized by a sudden,brief explosion originating from a collapsed star,specifically a white dwarf.The T Coronae Borealis system is affectionately called the"Blaze Star."(67) _______________________These stars orbit closely enough to interact violently,leading to periodic explosive events,with the last eruption observed in1946.(68)_______________________Over time,the red giant becomes increasingly unstable, shedding its outer layers onto the white dwarf.This exchange of matter eventually triggers a "runaway thermonuclear reaction,"resulting in the nova phenomenon,according to NASA.While the precise timing of the upcoming nova event remains uncertain,astronomers are closely monitoring the T Coronae Borealis system,which has been dimming since March of the previous year.William J.Cooke,lead of NASA's Meteoroid Environments Office,notes that while most novae occur unexpectedly,T Coronae Borealis is one of the10recurring novae in the galaxy, offering some predictability to its eruptions.Located approximately3,000light-years away from Earth,the T Coronae Borealis system is typically too faint to be seen with the naked eye.(69)_______________________ Once the nova reaches its peak brightness,it will appear as if a new star has emerged in the night sky,remaining visible for a few days without any equipment and slightly over a week with binoculars before gradually fading from view over the course of about80years.(70)_______________________As an effective observing approach,they provide valuable insights into the dynamics of recurrent novae and the processes occurring within these stellar systems.The NASA Universe account on X will provide regular updates on the nova event,allowing enthusiasts and researchers alike to stay informed about this captivating astronomical phenomenon. Reflecting on past experiences,including witnessing the1975Nova Cygni,which inspired his career in astronomy,Cooke underscores the significance of these celestial events in shaping our understanding of the cosmos.IV.Summary WritingDirections:Read the following passage.Summarize the main idea and the main point(s)of the passage in no more e your own words as far as possible.The Evolution of Robotics:A Journey from Imagination to Reality。
拉雷尔电子有限公司产品说明书
LAUREL ELECTRONICS, INC.4-20 mA & Serial Output Transmitter for Resistance Input in OhmsFeatures•4-20 mA, 0-20 mA, 0-10V or -10V to +10V transmitter output, 16 bits, isolated•RS232 or RS485 serial data output, Modbus or Laurel ASCII protocol, isolated•Dual 120 mA solid state relays for alarm or control, isolated•Five precalibrated resistance input ranges from 20.000 Ω to 200.00 kΩ•Fixed 2.0000 ohm, 2.0000 MΩ and 20.000 MΩ range available as a factory specia• 1 mΩ resolution on 20 Ω scale•Custom curve linearization for changing resistance transducers•2, 3 or 4-wire connection with lead resistance compensation•Analog output resolution 0.0015% of span (16 bits), accuracy ±0.02% of span•DIN rail mount housing only 22.5 mm wide, detachable screw-clamp connectors•Universal 85-264 Vac / 90-300 Vdc or 10-48 Vdc / 12-32 Vac powerDescriptionThe Laureate Resistance Transmitter is factory calibrated forfive jumper selectable resistance ranges from 20 Ω to 200 kΩ.Fixed factory-special ranges of 2.000 Ω, 2.0000 MΩ and 20.000MΩ are also available. Accuracy is an exceptional 0.01% of fullscale ± 2 counts. Resolution is one part in 20,000. In the 20 Ωrange, resolution is 1 mΩ, making the transmitter suitable forcontact resistance and conductance measurements.Transmitter connections can be via 2, 3 or 4 wires. With 4-wirehookup, 2 wires are used for excitation and two separate wiresare used to sense the voltage across the resistance to bemeasured, thereby eliminating any lead resistance effects. With3-wire hookup, the transmitter senses the combined voltage dropacross the RTD plus two excitation leads. It also senses thevoltage drop across one excitation lead, and then subtracts twicethis voltage from the combined total. This technique effectivelysubtracts the lead resistance if the excitation leads are the same.All resistance ranges are digitally calibrated at the factory, withcalibration factors stored in EEPROM on the signal conditionerboard. This allows ranges and signal conditioner boards to bechanged in the field without recalibrating the transmitter. Ifdesired, the transmitter can easily be calibrated using externalstandards plus scale and offset in software.Fast read rate at up to 50 or 60 conversions per second whileintegrating the signal over a full power line cycle is provided byConcurrent Slope (Pat 5,262,780) analog-to-digital conversion.High read rate is ideal for peak or valley capture and for real-timecomputer interface and control.Open sensor indication is standard and may be set up to indi-cate either upscale or downscale. Excitation is provided by thetransmitter.Custom curve linearization, available with the Extendedversion, makes this transmitter ideal for use with transducerswhose output is a changing resistance.Standard features of Laureate transmitters include:•4-20 mA, 0-10V or -10V to +10V analog transmitter output,isolated, jumper-selectable and user scalable. All selectionsprovide 16-bit (0.0015%) resolution of output span and 0.02%output accuracy of a reading from -99,999 to +99,999 countsthat is also transmitted digitally. Output isolation from signaland power grounds eliminates potential ground loop problems.•Serial communications output, isolated. User selectableRS232 or RS485, half or full duplex. Three protocols are userselectable: Modbus RTU, Modbus ASCII, or Laurel ASCII.Modbus operation is fully compliant with Modbus Over SerialLine Specification V1.0 (2002). The Laurel ASCII protocolallows up to 31 Laureate devices to be addressed on thesame RS485 data line. It is simpler than the Modbus protocoland is recommended when all devices are Laureates.•Dual solid state relays, isolated. Available for local alarm orcontrol. Rated 120 mA at 130 Vac or 170 Vdc.•Universal 85-264 Vac power. Low-voltage 10-48 Vdc or 12-32 Vac power is optional.Easy Transmitter programming is via Laurel's InstrumentSetup Software, which runs on a PC under MS Windows. Thissoftware can be downloaded from this website at no charge. Therequired transmitter-to-PC interface cable is available from Laurel(P/N CBL04).SpecificationsRange Resolution Accuracy Excitation Current0-2.0000 Ω 0-20.000 Ω 0-200.00 Ω 0-2000.0 Ω 0-20000 Ω 0-200.00 kΩ 0-2.0000 MΩ 0-20.000 MΩ 0.1 mΩ1 mΩ10 mΩ100 mΩ1 Ω10 Ω100 Ω1 kΩ±0.01% of range± 2 counts5 mA5 mA500 µA50 µA5 µA500 nA500 nA75 nASignal InputInput Resolution Input Accuracy Update Rate, Max 16 bits (65,536 steps)±0.01% of full scale ± 2 counts 50/sec at 50 Hz, 60/sec at 60 HzAnalog Output (standard)Output Levels Compliance at 20 mA Compliance at 10V Output Resolution Output Accuracy Output Isolation 4-20 mA, 0-20 mA, 0-10 Vdc, -10 to +10Vdc (user selectable) 10V (0-500Ω load)2 mA (5 kΩ load or higher)16 bits (65,536 steps)0.02% of output span plus conversion accuracy250V rms working, 2.3 kV rms per 1 minute testSerial Communications (standard)Signal TypesData RatesOutput Isolation Serial Protocols Modbus Modes Modbus Compliance Digital Addressing RS232 or RS485 (half or full duplex)300, 600, 1200, 2400, 4800, 9600, 19200 baud250V rms working, 2.3 kV rms per 1 min testModbus RTU, Modbus ASCII, Laurel ASCIIRTU or ASCIIModbus over Serial Line Specification V1.0 (2002)247 Modbus addresses. Up to 32 devices on an RS485 line w/o a repeater.Dual Relay Output (standard)Relay Type Load Rating Two solid state relays, SPST, normally open, Form A 120 mA at 140 Vac or 180 VdcPower InputStandard Power Low Power Option Power Frequency Power Isolation Power Consumption 85-264 Vac or 90-300 Vdc10-48 Vdc or 12-32 VacDC or 47-63 Hz250V rms working, 2.3 kV rms per 1 min test 2W typical, 3W with max excitation outputMechanicalDimensions MountingElectrical Connections 129 x 104 x 22.5 mm case35 mm rail per DIN EN 50022 Plug-in screw-clamp connectorsEnvironmentalOperating Temperature Storage Temperature Relative Humidity Cooling Required 0°C to 55°C-40°C to 85°C95% at 40°C, non-condensingMount transmitters with ventilation holes at top and bottom. Leave 6 mm (1/4") between transmitters, or force air with a fan.PinoutMechanicalQA Application with Relays in Passband ModeA deviation limit (50 mΩ in this example) is set uparound both sides of a setpoint. The relay closes (oropens) when the reading falls within the deviationband, and opens (or closes) when the reading fallsoutside of this band. This mode sets up a passbandaround the setpoint and can be used for contactresistance testing in a production environment.RTD HookupIn 4-wire hookup, different pairs of leads are used to apply the excitation current and sense the voltage drop across the unknown resistance, so that the IR drop across the excitation leads is not a factor.In 3-wire hookup, the transmitter senses the combined voltage drop across the unknown resistance plus two excitation leads. It also senses the voltage drop across one excitation lead, and then subtracts twice this voltage from the combined total. This technique effectively subtracts all lead resistance and compen-sates for ambient temperature changes if the two excitation leads are identical.In 2-wire hookup, the transmitter senses the combined voltage drop across the unknown resistance and both lead wires. The voltage drop across the lead wires can be measured by shorting out the resistance during transmitter setup, and this voltage is then automatically subtracted from the combined total. However, changing resistance of the lead wires due to ambient tempera-ture changes will not be compensated.Ordering GuideCreate a model a model number in this format: LT20R1Transmitter Type LT Laureate 4-20 mA & RS232/RS485 output transmitter Main Board 2 Standard Main BoardPower0 Isolated 85-264 Vac or 90-300 Vdc 1 Isolated 10-48 Vdc or 12-32 VacResistance RangeR0 0-20 ohms (factory special fixed range) R1 0-20 ohms R2 0-200 ohms R3 0-2 kohms R4 0-20 kohms R5 0-200 kohmsR6 0-2 Mohms (factory special fixed range) R7 0-20 Mohms (factory special fixed range)Note: The same signal conditioner board can be used for resistance and RTD temperature measurement.AccessoriesCBL04 RS232 cable, 7ft. Connects RS232 screw terminals of LT transmitter to DB9port of PC.CBL02 USB to RS232 adapter cable. Combination of CBL02 and CBL04 connectstransmitter RS232 terminals to PC USB port.。
ECHO系列超声厚度测试仪介绍说明书
Our new ECHO series represents an entirely new platform of ultrasonic thickness gages combining corrosion and precision gaging into one tough, small package.Model Distinction is simple; ECHO 9 is our corrosion gage (.020”-23” in steel),ECHO 7 (.006-23”) is our precision gage,and ECHO 8 (.006-23”) is the ultimate combination of both corrosion and precision in the same package. The new ECHO series can non-destructively measure the thickness of any engineering material.In its most popular configuration, the ECHO 9 series is an extremely capable hand held ultrasonic thickness gage for measuring the wall thickness of primarily metal structures subject to corrosion.ECHO 9 can easily be upgraded to an ECHO 8 to include precision mode and utilize a multitude of single element transducers.The ECHO 9 has a remarkable sunlight readable 3.5” color display, up to 32 Gb of micro sd memory, built-in rechargeable high capacity Li-Ion battery all packaged in a custom case designed for IP67 rating.Don’t worry, the ECHO series is fully capable of field upgrades directly from the keypad. You will never be stuck with an obsolete product or experience any downtime.Features and Benefits:Fast/Min and Fast/Max displays minimum, maximum or both simultaneously with actual thickness at 25 HzCompatible with a wide variety of Danatronics dual and single element transducers Multiple languages Datalogger interfaces with Microsoft Excel Designed for IP67Made in the USAECHO 9|ECHO 9W |ECHO 9DLECHO 9DLW©2015 Danatronics. All rights reserved.For more information, visit ourwebsite at . To arrange a demonstration call us at 978-777-0081or email *********************.Typical Applications for ECHO 9 Series:Boiler tubes Pressure vessels Storage tanks Ship hulls PipesECHO 9|ECHO 9W |ECHO 9DLECHO 9DLWSpecifications are subject to change for product improvement without noticeO O O O O O O O O O O O OProduct Specifications ECHO 9Size:Length 7.25” x Width 4.00” x Height 2.00”(184mm x 101.6mm x 50.8mm)Weight:1.15 lbs (.52 kg) with internal Li-Ion battery, 1.0 lb. (.45 kg) with optional Alkaline tray including 3 AA batteriesDisplay: 3.5” high resolution color display,320 x 240 pixels (1/4 VGA), sunlight readable, including multiple color choicesBacklight:Light Emitting Diode (LED) backlight. Includes variable light intensity, indoor and outdoor modesTemperature (Gage operating): -4 to 122F (-20 to 50C)Package:Designed for IP67 rating, custom, splash-proof, high impact plastic with illuminating rubber keypad for go/no-go testingTransducer Connector Type:Lemo 00 (2qty)Bandwidth:0.5-30 Mhz (-3dB)Measurement Rate:4 Hz or 25 Hz. Pulser:150V, Square WaveRange:Thickness range depends on gage type, probe selection and material conditions. Typical range in corrosion mode, .020"-23" (.508 - 584 mm)Calibration : Cal zero, Cal velocity, Two-point calibration or Auto Calibration performs a two-point calibration using a 5-step test blockMaterial Velocity Range:.0200 in/usec-.7362 in/ uS (0.508-18.699 mm/ uS)Batteries: Standard 3.7 V Li Ion internally rechargeable battery (16-20 hours) or optional alkaline tray for 3 AA batteries (8-12 hours)Data XL: Interface program to send and receive storedreadings, latest firmware and application set upfiles as two way communication from ECHO to computer USB: USB 2.0Stored Setups: Storage and recall of calibration andset up filesMemory:Internal memory standard on all models.For Datalogger models 2GB micro SD card standard and expandable up to 32GBGain: Low, Standard and High for gages without waveform.20-94 db in 1 db incrementsZoom:Automatically centers echos in the center of thedisplay independent of material thicknessUnits: English, Metric, MicrosecondsTemperature correction:Software to correct for varyingsound speed as a function of entered temperatureLanguages:English, French, German, Spanish, Italian,Russian, Czech, Finnish, Chinese, Japanese, HungarianFast Min/Max:Displays minimum, maximum or bothsimultaneously with actual thickness at 25 Hz.Alarms:Gage vibrates and beeps. Display changes colorbased on alarm conditionTransducers:Single, dual, delay lines, contact,immersion Click for Transducer Chart(/transducerchart.html)Measurement Types:Main bang to first backwall echo,echo to echo and velocity mode (displays acoustic sound speed based on entered thickness)Freeze Mode:Direct access to freeze display (ideal for hightemperature applications)Hold Mode:Holds display to retain last thickness readingWarranty:Limited 2 year warranty under normal use onparts and labor for gage. Optional Dan-A-Care to add up to 3 more yearsShut off:selectable auto shut off 1-31 minutes or nevershut offDifferential Mode:Displays the difference from actualthickness measurement in absolute or percentage of a user entered reference valueResolution:.001” or .010” as corrosion gage and .001” or.0001” in Precision modeTransport case:Hard Plastic with high density molded foamcut out for gage and most accessoriesCertifications:CE certified, RHOS compliant, designedfor IP67Accessory Mount:ECHO 9 includes a 1/4x20 standardconnection point on the back of the unit to allow for a multitude of accessories including a magnetic pipe attachment and a Gorilla PodStandard Inclusions:ECHO 9 series ultrasonic thicknessgage, DKS-537, 5MHz, 0.375 inch diameter transducer with potted cable, 2oz bottle of couplant, operation manual, Data XL interface program, USB cable, Charger Adapter, Transport Case *A transducer is included with each model. Contact Danatronics for detailsAvailable Software Options:Datalogger with B-scan,Live waveform, Precision mode, Oxide scale, Coating thicknessHardware Options:EZ Scan Bscan Encoder, Bluetooth,Alkaline battery tray, rubber bootO O OO O O O O OO O OOO O© 2015 Danatronics, Corp. |Danatronics Corporation |150A Andover St., Suite 8C |Danvers, MA 01923Phone: 978-777-0081 |Fax: 978-777-3798| ECHO 9|ECHO 9W |ECHO 9DLECHO 9DLWO = Software Options that are field upgradeable. Encoded B-Scan requires additional hardware modifications.。
洗衣机干衣机操作说明书
123456H |+ "drying, iron dry, cupboard dry, fluff/finishedn (Container). (Filter)Empty the condensate container.Clean the fluff filter and/or air cooler under running water a Page 4/6.Emptying condensationEmpty container after each drying operation!1.Pull out condensate container keeping it horizontal.2.Pour out condensation.3.Always push container in fully until it clicks into place.If n (Container) flashes in the display panel a What to do if..., Page 10.Cleaning the fluff filterClean the fluff filter after each drying operation.1.Open the door, remove fluff from door/door area.2.Pull out and fold open the fluff filter.3.Remove the fluff (by wiping the filter with your hand).If the fluff filter is very dirty or blocked, rinse with warm water and dry thoroughly.4.Close and reinsert the fluff filter.Switching off the dryerTurn the programme selector to 0 (Off).Do not leave laundry in the dryer.Removing the laundryThe automatic anti-crease function causes the drum to move at specific intervals, the washing remains loose and fluffy for an hour (two hours if the additional S c (Reduced Ironing) function is also selected-depending on model ).... and adapt to individual requirementsNever start the dryer if it is damaged!Inform your after-sales service.Inspecting thedryer Sorting and loading laundryRemove all items from pockets.Check for cigarette lighters.The drum must be empty prior to loading.See programme overview on page 7.See also separate instructions for “Woollens basket” (depending on model)Your new dryerCongratulations - You have chosen a modern, high-quality Bosch domestic appliance.The condensation dryer is distinguished by its economical energy consumption.Every dryer which leaves our factory is carefully checked to ensure that it functions correctly and is in perfect condition.Should you have any questions, our after-sales service will be pleased to help.Disposal in an environmentally-responsible manner This appliance is labelled in accordance with European Directive 2012/19/EU concerning used electrical and electronic appliances (waste electrical and electronic equipment - WEEE). The guideline determines the framework for the return and recycling of used appliances as applicable throughout the EU.For further information about our products, accessories, spare parts and services, please visit: Intended usePreparing for installation, see Page 8Selecting and adjusting the programmeDryingCondensate container Control panelʋfor domestic use only,ʋonly to be used for drying fabrics that have beenwashed with water.This appliance is intended for use up to a maximum height of 4000 metres above sea level.Keep children younger than 3 years old away from the dryer.Do not let children make the cleaning andmaintenance work on the dryer without supervision.Do not leave children unsupervised near the dryer.Keep pets away from the dryer.The dryer can be operated by children 8 years old and older, by persons with reduced physical, sensory or mental abilities and by persons with insufficient experience or knowledge if they are supervised or have been instructed in its use by a responsible adult.Select the drying programme ...Press the (Start/Stop) button123Make sure your hands are dry. Hold the plug only.Connecting themains plugDryingInformation on laundry ...Labelling of fabricsFollow the manufacturer's care information.(c Drying at normal temperature.'c Drying at low temperature a also select V (Low Heat).)c Do not machine dry.Observe safety instructions without fail a Page 11!Do not tumble-dry the following fabrics for example:–Impermeable fabrics (e.g. rubber-coated fabrics).–Delicate materials (silk or curtains made from synthetic material) a they may crease –Laundry contaminated with oil.Drying tips–To ensure a consistent result, sort the laundry by fabric type and drying programme.–Always dry very small items (e.g. baby socks) together with large items of laundry (e.g. hand towel).–Close zips, hooks and eyelets, and button up covers.Tie fabric belts, apron strings, etc. together–Do not over-dry easy-care laundry a risk of creasing!Allow laundry to finish drying in the air.–Do not dry woolens in the dryer, only use to freshen them up a Page 7, /c Wool finish Programme (depending on model).–Do not iron laundry immediately after drying, fold items up and leave for a while a the remaining moisture will then be distributed evenly.–The drying result depends on the type of water used during washing. a Fine adjustment of the drying result a Page 5/6.–Machine-knitted fabrics (e.g. T-shirts or jerseys) often shrink the first time they are dried a do not use the +: Cupboard Dry plus programme.–Starched laundry is not always suitable for dryers a starch leaves behind a coating that adversely affects the drying operation.–Use the correct dosage of fabric softener as per the manufacturer's instructions when washing the laundry to be dried.–Use the timer programme for small loads a this improves the drying result.Environmental protection / Energy-saving tips–Before drying, spin the laundry thoroughly in the washing machine a the higher the spin speed the shorter the drying time will be (consumes less energy), also spin easy-care laundry.–Put in, but do not exceed, the maximum recommended quantity of laundry a programme overview a Page 7.–Make sure the room is well ventilated during drying.–Do not obstruct or seal up the air inlet.–Keep the air cooler clean a Page 6 “Care and cleaning”.Fine adjustment of the drying resultAdjustment of the levels of dryness1 x to the rightPress and hold V (Low Heat)and turn 5 x to the rightPress V (Low Heat) until the required level is reachedTurn to 0 (Off)Turn to 0 (Off)DrumAll buttons are sensitive and only need to be touched lightly.Only operate the dryer with the fluff filter inserted!Air inletFluff filterDrum interior light (depending on model)Maintenance flapProgramme end once lights up in the display.Interrupt programme removing or adding laundry.The drying cycle can be interrupted for a brief period so that laundry may be added or removed. The programme selected must then be resumed and completed.Never switch the dryer off before the drying process has ended.Drum and door may be hot!1.Open door, the drying process is interrupted.2.Load or remove laundry and close door.3.If required, select a new programme and additional functions.4.Press the (Start /Stop) button.Additional functionsProgramme selectorTime remainingDisplay panelSelect On/Off for a acoustic signal at end of programme.ʋ&(Buzzer)Reduced temperature for delicate fabrics 'that require a longer drying time;e.g. for polyacrylics, polyamide, elastane or acetate.ˎV (Low Heat)Reduces creasing and extends the anti-creasing phase once the program has ended.ˎS c (ReducedIroning)ContentsPageʋPreparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2ʋSetting the programmes . . . . . . . . . . . . .2ʋDrying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3/4ʋInformation on laundry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5ʋFine adjustment of the drying result . .5/6ʋCare and cleaning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6ʋProgramme overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7ʋInstallation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8ʋFrost protection / Transport. . . . . . . . . . .8ʋTechnical data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9ʋOptional accessories. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9ʋWhat to do if... / After-sales service. . . .10ʋSafety instructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11Read these instructions and the separate Energy-saving mode instructions before operating the dryer.Observe the safety instructions on page 11.ˎh:min End of programme in 1*-24 hours (Press button several times if required)(*depending on the selected programme, e.g. duration 1:54h a 2h. Can always be selected to the next full hour.)Fine adjustment of the drying result The drying result (e.g. Cupboard Dry) can be adjusted over three levels (1 - max. 3) for the L Cottons ,I Easy-Care,L Mix and A Super Quick 40’ programmes a presetting = 0. After one of these programmes has been finely adjusted, the setting is retained for the others. Further information a Page 5/6.0, 1, 2, 3Fine adjustment of the drying resultCare and cleaningDryer housing, control panel, air cooler, moisture sensors–Wipe with a soft, damp cloth.–Do not use harsh cleaning agents and solvents.–Remove detergent and cleaning agent residue immediately.–During drying, water may collect between the door and seal. This does not affect your dryer's functions in any way.Clean the protective filter 5 - 6 times a year or if .(Filter) flashes after cleaning the fluff filter.Air cooler / Protective filterWhen cleaning, only remove the protective filter. Clean the air cooler behind the protective filter once a year.–Allow the dryer to cool.–Residual water may leak out, so place an absorbent towel underneath the maintenance door.1.Unlock the maintenance door.2.Open the maintenance door fully.3.Turn both locking levers towards each another.4.Pull out the protective filter/air cooler.Do not damage the protective filter or air cooler.Clean with warm water only. Do not use any hard or sharp-edged objects.5.Clean the protective filter/air cooler thoroughly,Allow to drip dry.6.Clean the seals.7.Re-insert the protective filter/air cooler,with the handle facing down.8.Turn back both locking levers.9.Close the maintenance door until the lock clicks into place.Moisture sensorsThe dryer is fitted with stainless steel moisture sensors. The sensors measure the level of moisture in the laundry. After a long period of operation, a fine layer of limescale may form on the sensors.1.Open the door and clean the moisture sensors with a damp spongewhich has a rough surface.Do not use steel wool or abrasive materials.L:00, L:01, L:02, L:03 are shown in sequenceShort signal when changing from L:03 to L:00, otherwise long signal.Page 11.Connect to an AC earthed socket. If in doubt have the socket checked by an expert.The mains voltage and the voltage shown on the rating plate (a Page 9) must correspond.The connected load and necessary fuse protection are specified on the rating plate.Note the fuse protection of the socket.Make sure that the air inlet remains unobstructedClean and level press and hold selection then turn 3 x to the rightturn to 0(Off)setamperage off flashes33Do not operate the dryer if there is a danger of frost.en Instruction manualDryerWTE86363SNRemove all items from pockets.Check for cigarette lighters.The drum must be empty prior to loading.See programme overview on page 7.See also separate instructions for “Woollens ba(depending on model)Programme selectorAll buttons areneed to be tou34Emptying condensationEmpty container after each drying operation!1.Pull out condensate container keeping it horizontal.2.Pour out condensation.3.Always push container in fully until it clicks into place.If n (Container) flashes in the display panel a What to do if..., Page 10.Cleaning the fluff filterClean the fluff filter after each drying operation.1.Open the door, remove fluff from door/door area.2.Pull out and fold open the fluff filter.3.Remove the fluff (by wiping the filter with your hand).If the fluff filter is very dirty or blocked, rinse with warm water and dry thoroughly.4.Close and reinsert the fluff filter.Switching off the dryerTurn the programme selector to 0 (Off).Do not leave laundry in the dryer.Removing the laundryThe automatic anti-crease function causes the drum to move at specific intervals, the washing remains loose and fluffy for an hour (two hours if the additional S c (Reduced Ironing) function is also selected-depending on model ).idual requirementsspecting thedryeroading laundryasket”he programmeDryingCondensate container Control paneldrying programme ...(Start/Stop) button123nnecting the mains plugDryingDrume sensitive and only uched lightly.the dryer with nserted!Air inletFluff filterDrum interior light (depending on model)Maintenance flapProgramme end once lights up in the display.Interrupt programme removing or adding laundry.The drying cycle can be interrupted for a brief period so that laundry may be added or removed. The programme selected must then be resumed and completed.Never switch the dryer off before the drying process has ended.Drum and door may be hot!1.Open door, the drying process is interrupted.2.Load or remove laundry and close door.3.If required, select a new programme and additional functions.4.Press the (Start /Stop) button.the g = 0. others.0, 1, 2, 3Information on laundry ...Labelling of fabricsFollow the manufacturer's care information.(c Drying at normal temperature.'c Drying at low temperature a also select V(Low Heat).)c Do not machine dry.Observe safety instructions without fail a Page 11!Do not tumble-dry the following fabrics for example:–Impermeable fabrics (e.g. rubber-coated fabrics).–Delicate materials (silk or curtains made from synthetic material) a they may crease–Laundry contaminated with oil.Drying tips–To ensure a consistent result, sort the laundry by fabric type and drying programme.–Always dry very small items (e.g. baby socks) together with large items of laundry(e.g. hand towel).–Close zips, hooks and eyelets, and button up covers.Tie fabric belts, apron strings, etc. together–Do not over-dry easy-care laundry a risk of creasing!Allow laundry to finish drying in the air.–Do not dry woolens in the dryer, only use to freshen them up a Page 7, /c Wool finishProgramme (depending on model).–Do not iron laundry immediately after drying, fold items up and leave for a while a theremaining moisture will then be distributed evenly.–The drying result depends on the type of water used during washing. a Fine adjustment of the drying result a Page 5/6.–Machine-knitted fabrics (e.g. T-shirts or jerseys) often shrink the first time they are drieda do not use the +: Cupboard Dry plus programme.–Starched laundry is not always suitable for dryers a starch leaves behind a coating that adversely affects the drying operation.–Use the correct dosage of fabric softener as per the manufacturer's instructions whenwashing the laundry to be dried.–Use the timer programme for small loads a this improves the drying result.Environmental protection / Energy-saving tips–Before drying, spin the laundry thoroughly in the washing machine a the higher the spin speed the shorter the drying time will be (consumes less energy), also spin easy-carelaundry.–Put in, but do not exceed, the maximum recommended quantity of laundry a programmeoverview a Page 7.–Make sure the room is well ventilated during drying.–Do not obstruct or seal up the air inlet.–Keep the air cooler clean a Page 6 “Care and cleaning”.Fine adjustment of the drying resultAdjustment of the levels of dryness1 x to the right Press and hold V (Low Heat)and turn 5 x to the rightPress V (Low Heat) untilthe required level is reachedTurn to 0 (Off)Turn to0 (Off)Fine adjustment of the drying resultCare and cleaningDryer housing, control panel, air cooler, moisture sensors–Wipe with a soft, damp cloth.–Do not use harsh cleaning agents and solvents.–Remove detergent and cleaning agent residue immediately.–During drying, water may collect between the door and seal.This does not affect your dryer's functions in any way.Clean the protective filter 5 - 6 times a yearor if .(Filter) flashes after cleaning the fluff filter.Air cooler / Protective filterWhen cleaning, only remove the protective filter. Clean the air coolerbehind the protective filter once a year.–Allow the dryer to cool.–Residual water may leak out, so place an absorbent towelunderneath the maintenance door.1.Unlock the maintenance door.2.Open the maintenance door fully.3.Turn both locking levers towards each another.4.Pull out the protective filter/air cooler.Do not damage the protective filter or air cooler.Clean with warm water only. Do not use any hard or sharp-edgedobjects.5.Clean the protective filter/air cooler thoroughly,Allow to drip dry.6.Clean the seals.7.Re-insert the protective filter/air cooler,with the handle facing down.8.Turn back both locking levers.9.Close the maintenance door until the lock clicks into place.Moisture sensorsThe dryer is fitted with stainless steel moisture sensors. The sensorsmeasure the level of moisture in the laundry. After a long period ofoperation, a fine layer of limescale may form on the sensors.1.Open the door and clean the moisture sensors with a damp spongewhich has a rough surface.Do not use steel wool or abrasive materials.L:00, L:01, L:02, L:03 are shown in sequenceShort signal when changing from L:03 to L:00, otherwise longsignal.56Page 11.Connect to an AC earthed socket. If in doubt have the socket checked by an expert.The mains voltage and the voltage shown on the rating plate (a Page 9) must correspond.The connected load and necessary fuse protection are specified on the rating plate.Note the fuse protection of the socket.Make sure that the air inlet remains unobstructedClean and level press and hold selection then turn 3 x to the rightturn to 0(Off)setamperage off flashes33Do not operate the dryer if there is a danger of frost.en Instruction manualDryerWTE86363SN。
3GPP TS 36.331 V13.2.0 (2016-06)
3GPP TS 36.331 V13.2.0 (2016-06)Technical Specification3rd Generation Partnership Project;Technical Specification Group Radio Access Network;Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA);Radio Resource Control (RRC);Protocol specification(Release 13)The present document has been developed within the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP TM) and may be further elaborated for the purposes of 3GPP. The present document has not been subject to any approval process by the 3GPP Organizational Partners and shall not be implemented.This Specification is provided for future development work within 3GPP only. The Organizational Partners accept no liability for any use of this Specification. Specifications and reports for implementation of the 3GPP TM system should be obtained via the 3GPP Organizational Partners' Publications Offices.KeywordsUMTS, radio3GPPPostal address3GPP support office address650 Route des Lucioles - Sophia AntipolisValbonne - FRANCETel.: +33 4 92 94 42 00 Fax: +33 4 93 65 47 16InternetCopyright NotificationNo part may be reproduced except as authorized by written permission.The copyright and the foregoing restriction extend to reproduction in all media.© 2016, 3GPP Organizational Partners (ARIB, ATIS, CCSA, ETSI, TSDSI, TTA, TTC).All rights reserved.UMTS™ is a Trade Mark of ETSI registered for the benefit of its members3GPP™ is a Trade Mark of ETSI registered for the benefit of its Members and of the 3GPP Organizational PartnersLTE™ is a Trade Mark of ETSI currently being registered for the benefit of its Members and of the 3GPP Organizational Partners GSM® and the GSM logo are registered and owned by the GSM AssociationBluetooth® is a Trade Mark of the Bluetooth SIG registered for the benefit of its membersContentsForeword (18)1Scope (19)2References (19)3Definitions, symbols and abbreviations (22)3.1Definitions (22)3.2Abbreviations (24)4General (27)4.1Introduction (27)4.2Architecture (28)4.2.1UE states and state transitions including inter RAT (28)4.2.2Signalling radio bearers (29)4.3Services (30)4.3.1Services provided to upper layers (30)4.3.2Services expected from lower layers (30)4.4Functions (30)5Procedures (32)5.1General (32)5.1.1Introduction (32)5.1.2General requirements (32)5.2System information (33)5.2.1Introduction (33)5.2.1.1General (33)5.2.1.2Scheduling (34)5.2.1.2a Scheduling for NB-IoT (34)5.2.1.3System information validity and notification of changes (35)5.2.1.4Indication of ETWS notification (36)5.2.1.5Indication of CMAS notification (37)5.2.1.6Notification of EAB parameters change (37)5.2.1.7Access Barring parameters change in NB-IoT (37)5.2.2System information acquisition (38)5.2.2.1General (38)5.2.2.2Initiation (38)5.2.2.3System information required by the UE (38)5.2.2.4System information acquisition by the UE (39)5.2.2.5Essential system information missing (42)5.2.2.6Actions upon reception of the MasterInformationBlock message (42)5.2.2.7Actions upon reception of the SystemInformationBlockType1 message (42)5.2.2.8Actions upon reception of SystemInformation messages (44)5.2.2.9Actions upon reception of SystemInformationBlockType2 (44)5.2.2.10Actions upon reception of SystemInformationBlockType3 (45)5.2.2.11Actions upon reception of SystemInformationBlockType4 (45)5.2.2.12Actions upon reception of SystemInformationBlockType5 (45)5.2.2.13Actions upon reception of SystemInformationBlockType6 (45)5.2.2.14Actions upon reception of SystemInformationBlockType7 (45)5.2.2.15Actions upon reception of SystemInformationBlockType8 (45)5.2.2.16Actions upon reception of SystemInformationBlockType9 (46)5.2.2.17Actions upon reception of SystemInformationBlockType10 (46)5.2.2.18Actions upon reception of SystemInformationBlockType11 (46)5.2.2.19Actions upon reception of SystemInformationBlockType12 (47)5.2.2.20Actions upon reception of SystemInformationBlockType13 (48)5.2.2.21Actions upon reception of SystemInformationBlockType14 (48)5.2.2.22Actions upon reception of SystemInformationBlockType15 (48)5.2.2.23Actions upon reception of SystemInformationBlockType16 (48)5.2.2.24Actions upon reception of SystemInformationBlockType17 (48)5.2.2.25Actions upon reception of SystemInformationBlockType18 (48)5.2.2.26Actions upon reception of SystemInformationBlockType19 (49)5.2.3Acquisition of an SI message (49)5.2.3a Acquisition of an SI message by BL UE or UE in CE or a NB-IoT UE (50)5.3Connection control (50)5.3.1Introduction (50)5.3.1.1RRC connection control (50)5.3.1.2Security (52)5.3.1.2a RN security (53)5.3.1.3Connected mode mobility (53)5.3.1.4Connection control in NB-IoT (54)5.3.2Paging (55)5.3.2.1General (55)5.3.2.2Initiation (55)5.3.2.3Reception of the Paging message by the UE (55)5.3.3RRC connection establishment (56)5.3.3.1General (56)5.3.3.1a Conditions for establishing RRC Connection for sidelink communication/ discovery (58)5.3.3.2Initiation (59)5.3.3.3Actions related to transmission of RRCConnectionRequest message (63)5.3.3.3a Actions related to transmission of RRCConnectionResumeRequest message (64)5.3.3.4Reception of the RRCConnectionSetup by the UE (64)5.3.3.4a Reception of the RRCConnectionResume by the UE (66)5.3.3.5Cell re-selection while T300, T302, T303, T305, T306, or T308 is running (68)5.3.3.6T300 expiry (68)5.3.3.7T302, T303, T305, T306, or T308 expiry or stop (69)5.3.3.8Reception of the RRCConnectionReject by the UE (70)5.3.3.9Abortion of RRC connection establishment (71)5.3.3.10Handling of SSAC related parameters (71)5.3.3.11Access barring check (72)5.3.3.12EAB check (73)5.3.3.13Access barring check for ACDC (73)5.3.3.14Access Barring check for NB-IoT (74)5.3.4Initial security activation (75)5.3.4.1General (75)5.3.4.2Initiation (76)5.3.4.3Reception of the SecurityModeCommand by the UE (76)5.3.5RRC connection reconfiguration (77)5.3.5.1General (77)5.3.5.2Initiation (77)5.3.5.3Reception of an RRCConnectionReconfiguration not including the mobilityControlInfo by theUE (77)5.3.5.4Reception of an RRCConnectionReconfiguration including the mobilityControlInfo by the UE(handover) (79)5.3.5.5Reconfiguration failure (83)5.3.5.6T304 expiry (handover failure) (83)5.3.5.7Void (84)5.3.5.7a T307 expiry (SCG change failure) (84)5.3.5.8Radio Configuration involving full configuration option (84)5.3.6Counter check (86)5.3.6.1General (86)5.3.6.2Initiation (86)5.3.6.3Reception of the CounterCheck message by the UE (86)5.3.7RRC connection re-establishment (87)5.3.7.1General (87)5.3.7.2Initiation (87)5.3.7.3Actions following cell selection while T311 is running (88)5.3.7.4Actions related to transmission of RRCConnectionReestablishmentRequest message (89)5.3.7.5Reception of the RRCConnectionReestablishment by the UE (89)5.3.7.6T311 expiry (91)5.3.7.7T301 expiry or selected cell no longer suitable (91)5.3.7.8Reception of RRCConnectionReestablishmentReject by the UE (91)5.3.8RRC connection release (92)5.3.8.1General (92)5.3.8.2Initiation (92)5.3.8.3Reception of the RRCConnectionRelease by the UE (92)5.3.8.4T320 expiry (93)5.3.9RRC connection release requested by upper layers (93)5.3.9.1General (93)5.3.9.2Initiation (93)5.3.10Radio resource configuration (93)5.3.10.0General (93)5.3.10.1SRB addition/ modification (94)5.3.10.2DRB release (95)5.3.10.3DRB addition/ modification (95)5.3.10.3a1DC specific DRB addition or reconfiguration (96)5.3.10.3a2LWA specific DRB addition or reconfiguration (98)5.3.10.3a3LWIP specific DRB addition or reconfiguration (98)5.3.10.3a SCell release (99)5.3.10.3b SCell addition/ modification (99)5.3.10.3c PSCell addition or modification (99)5.3.10.4MAC main reconfiguration (99)5.3.10.5Semi-persistent scheduling reconfiguration (100)5.3.10.6Physical channel reconfiguration (100)5.3.10.7Radio Link Failure Timers and Constants reconfiguration (101)5.3.10.8Time domain measurement resource restriction for serving cell (101)5.3.10.9Other configuration (102)5.3.10.10SCG reconfiguration (103)5.3.10.11SCG dedicated resource configuration (104)5.3.10.12Reconfiguration SCG or split DRB by drb-ToAddModList (105)5.3.10.13Neighbour cell information reconfiguration (105)5.3.10.14Void (105)5.3.10.15Sidelink dedicated configuration (105)5.3.10.16T370 expiry (106)5.3.11Radio link failure related actions (107)5.3.11.1Detection of physical layer problems in RRC_CONNECTED (107)5.3.11.2Recovery of physical layer problems (107)5.3.11.3Detection of radio link failure (107)5.3.12UE actions upon leaving RRC_CONNECTED (109)5.3.13UE actions upon PUCCH/ SRS release request (110)5.3.14Proximity indication (110)5.3.14.1General (110)5.3.14.2Initiation (111)5.3.14.3Actions related to transmission of ProximityIndication message (111)5.3.15Void (111)5.4Inter-RAT mobility (111)5.4.1Introduction (111)5.4.2Handover to E-UTRA (112)5.4.2.1General (112)5.4.2.2Initiation (112)5.4.2.3Reception of the RRCConnectionReconfiguration by the UE (112)5.4.2.4Reconfiguration failure (114)5.4.2.5T304 expiry (handover to E-UTRA failure) (114)5.4.3Mobility from E-UTRA (114)5.4.3.1General (114)5.4.3.2Initiation (115)5.4.3.3Reception of the MobilityFromEUTRACommand by the UE (115)5.4.3.4Successful completion of the mobility from E-UTRA (116)5.4.3.5Mobility from E-UTRA failure (117)5.4.4Handover from E-UTRA preparation request (CDMA2000) (117)5.4.4.1General (117)5.4.4.2Initiation (118)5.4.4.3Reception of the HandoverFromEUTRAPreparationRequest by the UE (118)5.4.5UL handover preparation transfer (CDMA2000) (118)5.4.5.1General (118)5.4.5.2Initiation (118)5.4.5.3Actions related to transmission of the ULHandoverPreparationTransfer message (119)5.4.5.4Failure to deliver the ULHandoverPreparationTransfer message (119)5.4.6Inter-RAT cell change order to E-UTRAN (119)5.4.6.1General (119)5.4.6.2Initiation (119)5.4.6.3UE fails to complete an inter-RAT cell change order (119)5.5Measurements (120)5.5.1Introduction (120)5.5.2Measurement configuration (121)5.5.2.1General (121)5.5.2.2Measurement identity removal (122)5.5.2.2a Measurement identity autonomous removal (122)5.5.2.3Measurement identity addition/ modification (123)5.5.2.4Measurement object removal (124)5.5.2.5Measurement object addition/ modification (124)5.5.2.6Reporting configuration removal (126)5.5.2.7Reporting configuration addition/ modification (127)5.5.2.8Quantity configuration (127)5.5.2.9Measurement gap configuration (127)5.5.2.10Discovery signals measurement timing configuration (128)5.5.2.11RSSI measurement timing configuration (128)5.5.3Performing measurements (128)5.5.3.1General (128)5.5.3.2Layer 3 filtering (131)5.5.4Measurement report triggering (131)5.5.4.1General (131)5.5.4.2Event A1 (Serving becomes better than threshold) (135)5.5.4.3Event A2 (Serving becomes worse than threshold) (136)5.5.4.4Event A3 (Neighbour becomes offset better than PCell/ PSCell) (136)5.5.4.5Event A4 (Neighbour becomes better than threshold) (137)5.5.4.6Event A5 (PCell/ PSCell becomes worse than threshold1 and neighbour becomes better thanthreshold2) (138)5.5.4.6a Event A6 (Neighbour becomes offset better than SCell) (139)5.5.4.7Event B1 (Inter RAT neighbour becomes better than threshold) (139)5.5.4.8Event B2 (PCell becomes worse than threshold1 and inter RAT neighbour becomes better thanthreshold2) (140)5.5.4.9Event C1 (CSI-RS resource becomes better than threshold) (141)5.5.4.10Event C2 (CSI-RS resource becomes offset better than reference CSI-RS resource) (141)5.5.4.11Event W1 (WLAN becomes better than a threshold) (142)5.5.4.12Event W2 (All WLAN inside WLAN mobility set becomes worse than threshold1 and a WLANoutside WLAN mobility set becomes better than threshold2) (142)5.5.4.13Event W3 (All WLAN inside WLAN mobility set becomes worse than a threshold) (143)5.5.5Measurement reporting (144)5.5.6Measurement related actions (148)5.5.6.1Actions upon handover and re-establishment (148)5.5.6.2Speed dependant scaling of measurement related parameters (149)5.5.7Inter-frequency RSTD measurement indication (149)5.5.7.1General (149)5.5.7.2Initiation (150)5.5.7.3Actions related to transmission of InterFreqRSTDMeasurementIndication message (150)5.6Other (150)5.6.0General (150)5.6.1DL information transfer (151)5.6.1.1General (151)5.6.1.2Initiation (151)5.6.1.3Reception of the DLInformationTransfer by the UE (151)5.6.2UL information transfer (151)5.6.2.1General (151)5.6.2.2Initiation (151)5.6.2.3Actions related to transmission of ULInformationTransfer message (152)5.6.2.4Failure to deliver ULInformationTransfer message (152)5.6.3UE capability transfer (152)5.6.3.1General (152)5.6.3.2Initiation (153)5.6.3.3Reception of the UECapabilityEnquiry by the UE (153)5.6.4CSFB to 1x Parameter transfer (157)5.6.4.1General (157)5.6.4.2Initiation (157)5.6.4.3Actions related to transmission of CSFBParametersRequestCDMA2000 message (157)5.6.4.4Reception of the CSFBParametersResponseCDMA2000 message (157)5.6.5UE Information (158)5.6.5.1General (158)5.6.5.2Initiation (158)5.6.5.3Reception of the UEInformationRequest message (158)5.6.6 Logged Measurement Configuration (159)5.6.6.1General (159)5.6.6.2Initiation (160)5.6.6.3Reception of the LoggedMeasurementConfiguration by the UE (160)5.6.6.4T330 expiry (160)5.6.7 Release of Logged Measurement Configuration (160)5.6.7.1General (160)5.6.7.2Initiation (160)5.6.8 Measurements logging (161)5.6.8.1General (161)5.6.8.2Initiation (161)5.6.9In-device coexistence indication (163)5.6.9.1General (163)5.6.9.2Initiation (164)5.6.9.3Actions related to transmission of InDeviceCoexIndication message (164)5.6.10UE Assistance Information (165)5.6.10.1General (165)5.6.10.2Initiation (166)5.6.10.3Actions related to transmission of UEAssistanceInformation message (166)5.6.11 Mobility history information (166)5.6.11.1General (166)5.6.11.2Initiation (166)5.6.12RAN-assisted WLAN interworking (167)5.6.12.1General (167)5.6.12.2Dedicated WLAN offload configuration (167)5.6.12.3WLAN offload RAN evaluation (167)5.6.12.4T350 expiry or stop (167)5.6.12.5Cell selection/ re-selection while T350 is running (168)5.6.13SCG failure information (168)5.6.13.1General (168)5.6.13.2Initiation (168)5.6.13.3Actions related to transmission of SCGFailureInformation message (168)5.6.14LTE-WLAN Aggregation (169)5.6.14.1Introduction (169)5.6.14.2Reception of LWA configuration (169)5.6.14.3Release of LWA configuration (170)5.6.15WLAN connection management (170)5.6.15.1Introduction (170)5.6.15.2WLAN connection status reporting (170)5.6.15.2.1General (170)5.6.15.2.2Initiation (171)5.6.15.2.3Actions related to transmission of WLANConnectionStatusReport message (171)5.6.15.3T351 Expiry (WLAN connection attempt timeout) (171)5.6.15.4WLAN status monitoring (171)5.6.16RAN controlled LTE-WLAN interworking (172)5.6.16.1General (172)5.6.16.2WLAN traffic steering command (172)5.6.17LTE-WLAN aggregation with IPsec tunnel (173)5.6.17.1General (173)5.7Generic error handling (174)5.7.1General (174)5.7.2ASN.1 violation or encoding error (174)5.7.3Field set to a not comprehended value (174)5.7.4Mandatory field missing (174)5.7.5Not comprehended field (176)5.8MBMS (176)5.8.1Introduction (176)5.8.1.1General (176)5.8.1.2Scheduling (176)5.8.1.3MCCH information validity and notification of changes (176)5.8.2MCCH information acquisition (178)5.8.2.1General (178)5.8.2.2Initiation (178)5.8.2.3MCCH information acquisition by the UE (178)5.8.2.4Actions upon reception of the MBSFNAreaConfiguration message (178)5.8.2.5Actions upon reception of the MBMSCountingRequest message (179)5.8.3MBMS PTM radio bearer configuration (179)5.8.3.1General (179)5.8.3.2Initiation (179)5.8.3.3MRB establishment (179)5.8.3.4MRB release (179)5.8.4MBMS Counting Procedure (179)5.8.4.1General (179)5.8.4.2Initiation (180)5.8.4.3Reception of the MBMSCountingRequest message by the UE (180)5.8.5MBMS interest indication (181)5.8.5.1General (181)5.8.5.2Initiation (181)5.8.5.3Determine MBMS frequencies of interest (182)5.8.5.4Actions related to transmission of MBMSInterestIndication message (183)5.8a SC-PTM (183)5.8a.1Introduction (183)5.8a.1.1General (183)5.8a.1.2SC-MCCH scheduling (183)5.8a.1.3SC-MCCH information validity and notification of changes (183)5.8a.1.4Procedures (184)5.8a.2SC-MCCH information acquisition (184)5.8a.2.1General (184)5.8a.2.2Initiation (184)5.8a.2.3SC-MCCH information acquisition by the UE (184)5.8a.2.4Actions upon reception of the SCPTMConfiguration message (185)5.8a.3SC-PTM radio bearer configuration (185)5.8a.3.1General (185)5.8a.3.2Initiation (185)5.8a.3.3SC-MRB establishment (185)5.8a.3.4SC-MRB release (185)5.9RN procedures (186)5.9.1RN reconfiguration (186)5.9.1.1General (186)5.9.1.2Initiation (186)5.9.1.3Reception of the RNReconfiguration by the RN (186)5.10Sidelink (186)5.10.1Introduction (186)5.10.1a Conditions for sidelink communication operation (187)5.10.2Sidelink UE information (188)5.10.2.1General (188)5.10.2.2Initiation (189)5.10.2.3Actions related to transmission of SidelinkUEInformation message (193)5.10.3Sidelink communication monitoring (195)5.10.6Sidelink discovery announcement (198)5.10.6a Sidelink discovery announcement pool selection (201)5.10.6b Sidelink discovery announcement reference carrier selection (201)5.10.7Sidelink synchronisation information transmission (202)5.10.7.1General (202)5.10.7.2Initiation (203)5.10.7.3Transmission of SLSS (204)5.10.7.4Transmission of MasterInformationBlock-SL message (205)5.10.7.5Void (206)5.10.8Sidelink synchronisation reference (206)5.10.8.1General (206)5.10.8.2Selection and reselection of synchronisation reference UE (SyncRef UE) (206)5.10.9Sidelink common control information (207)5.10.9.1General (207)5.10.9.2Actions related to reception of MasterInformationBlock-SL message (207)5.10.10Sidelink relay UE operation (207)5.10.10.1General (207)5.10.10.2AS-conditions for relay related sidelink communication transmission by sidelink relay UE (207)5.10.10.3AS-conditions for relay PS related sidelink discovery transmission by sidelink relay UE (208)5.10.10.4Sidelink relay UE threshold conditions (208)5.10.11Sidelink remote UE operation (208)5.10.11.1General (208)5.10.11.2AS-conditions for relay related sidelink communication transmission by sidelink remote UE (208)5.10.11.3AS-conditions for relay PS related sidelink discovery transmission by sidelink remote UE (209)5.10.11.4Selection and reselection of sidelink relay UE (209)5.10.11.5Sidelink remote UE threshold conditions (210)6Protocol data units, formats and parameters (tabular & ASN.1) (210)6.1General (210)6.2RRC messages (212)6.2.1General message structure (212)–EUTRA-RRC-Definitions (212)–BCCH-BCH-Message (212)–BCCH-DL-SCH-Message (212)–BCCH-DL-SCH-Message-BR (213)–MCCH-Message (213)–PCCH-Message (213)–DL-CCCH-Message (214)–DL-DCCH-Message (214)–UL-CCCH-Message (214)–UL-DCCH-Message (215)–SC-MCCH-Message (215)6.2.2Message definitions (216)–CounterCheck (216)–CounterCheckResponse (217)–CSFBParametersRequestCDMA2000 (217)–CSFBParametersResponseCDMA2000 (218)–DLInformationTransfer (218)–HandoverFromEUTRAPreparationRequest (CDMA2000) (219)–InDeviceCoexIndication (220)–InterFreqRSTDMeasurementIndication (222)–LoggedMeasurementConfiguration (223)–MasterInformationBlock (225)–MBMSCountingRequest (226)–MBMSCountingResponse (226)–MBMSInterestIndication (227)–MBSFNAreaConfiguration (228)–MeasurementReport (228)–MobilityFromEUTRACommand (229)–Paging (232)–ProximityIndication (233)–RNReconfiguration (234)–RNReconfigurationComplete (234)–RRCConnectionReconfiguration (235)–RRCConnectionReconfigurationComplete (240)–RRCConnectionReestablishment (241)–RRCConnectionReestablishmentComplete (241)–RRCConnectionReestablishmentReject (242)–RRCConnectionReestablishmentRequest (243)–RRCConnectionReject (243)–RRCConnectionRelease (244)–RRCConnectionResume (248)–RRCConnectionResumeComplete (249)–RRCConnectionResumeRequest (250)–RRCConnectionRequest (250)–RRCConnectionSetup (251)–RRCConnectionSetupComplete (252)–SCGFailureInformation (253)–SCPTMConfiguration (254)–SecurityModeCommand (255)–SecurityModeComplete (255)–SecurityModeFailure (256)–SidelinkUEInformation (256)–SystemInformation (258)–SystemInformationBlockType1 (259)–UEAssistanceInformation (264)–UECapabilityEnquiry (265)–UECapabilityInformation (266)–UEInformationRequest (267)–UEInformationResponse (267)–ULHandoverPreparationTransfer (CDMA2000) (273)–ULInformationTransfer (274)–WLANConnectionStatusReport (274)6.3RRC information elements (275)6.3.1System information blocks (275)–SystemInformationBlockType2 (275)–SystemInformationBlockType3 (279)–SystemInformationBlockType4 (282)–SystemInformationBlockType5 (283)–SystemInformationBlockType6 (287)–SystemInformationBlockType7 (289)–SystemInformationBlockType8 (290)–SystemInformationBlockType9 (295)–SystemInformationBlockType10 (295)–SystemInformationBlockType11 (296)–SystemInformationBlockType12 (297)–SystemInformationBlockType13 (297)–SystemInformationBlockType14 (298)–SystemInformationBlockType15 (298)–SystemInformationBlockType16 (299)–SystemInformationBlockType17 (300)–SystemInformationBlockType18 (301)–SystemInformationBlockType19 (301)–SystemInformationBlockType20 (304)6.3.2Radio resource control information elements (304)–AntennaInfo (304)–AntennaInfoUL (306)–CQI-ReportConfig (307)–CQI-ReportPeriodicProcExtId (314)–CrossCarrierSchedulingConfig (314)–CSI-IM-Config (315)–CSI-IM-ConfigId (315)–CSI-RS-Config (317)–CSI-RS-ConfigEMIMO (318)–CSI-RS-ConfigNZP (319)–CSI-RS-ConfigNZPId (320)–CSI-RS-ConfigZP (321)–CSI-RS-ConfigZPId (321)–DMRS-Config (321)–DRB-Identity (322)–EPDCCH-Config (322)–EIMTA-MainConfig (324)–LogicalChannelConfig (325)–LWA-Configuration (326)–LWIP-Configuration (326)–RCLWI-Configuration (327)–MAC-MainConfig (327)–P-C-AndCBSR (332)–PDCCH-ConfigSCell (333)–PDCP-Config (334)–PDSCH-Config (337)–PDSCH-RE-MappingQCL-ConfigId (339)–PHICH-Config (339)–PhysicalConfigDedicated (339)–P-Max (344)–PRACH-Config (344)–PresenceAntennaPort1 (346)–PUCCH-Config (347)–PUSCH-Config (351)–RACH-ConfigCommon (355)–RACH-ConfigDedicated (357)–RadioResourceConfigCommon (358)–RadioResourceConfigDedicated (362)–RLC-Config (367)–RLF-TimersAndConstants (369)–RN-SubframeConfig (370)–SchedulingRequestConfig (371)–SoundingRS-UL-Config (372)–SPS-Config (375)–TDD-Config (376)–TimeAlignmentTimer (377)–TPC-PDCCH-Config (377)–TunnelConfigLWIP (378)–UplinkPowerControl (379)–WLAN-Id-List (382)–WLAN-MobilityConfig (382)6.3.3Security control information elements (382)–NextHopChainingCount (382)–SecurityAlgorithmConfig (383)–ShortMAC-I (383)6.3.4Mobility control information elements (383)–AdditionalSpectrumEmission (383)–ARFCN-ValueCDMA2000 (383)–ARFCN-ValueEUTRA (384)–ARFCN-ValueGERAN (384)–ARFCN-ValueUTRA (384)–BandclassCDMA2000 (384)–BandIndicatorGERAN (385)–CarrierFreqCDMA2000 (385)–CarrierFreqGERAN (385)–CellIndexList (387)–CellReselectionPriority (387)–CellSelectionInfoCE (387)–CellReselectionSubPriority (388)–CSFB-RegistrationParam1XRTT (388)–CellGlobalIdEUTRA (389)–CellGlobalIdUTRA (389)–CellGlobalIdGERAN (390)–CellGlobalIdCDMA2000 (390)–CellSelectionInfoNFreq (391)–CSG-Identity (391)–FreqBandIndicator (391)–MobilityControlInfo (391)–MobilityParametersCDMA2000 (1xRTT) (393)–MobilityStateParameters (394)–MultiBandInfoList (394)–NS-PmaxList (394)–PhysCellId (395)–PhysCellIdRange (395)–PhysCellIdRangeUTRA-FDDList (395)–PhysCellIdCDMA2000 (396)–PhysCellIdGERAN (396)–PhysCellIdUTRA-FDD (396)–PhysCellIdUTRA-TDD (396)–PLMN-Identity (397)–PLMN-IdentityList3 (397)–PreRegistrationInfoHRPD (397)–Q-QualMin (398)–Q-RxLevMin (398)–Q-OffsetRange (398)–Q-OffsetRangeInterRAT (399)–ReselectionThreshold (399)–ReselectionThresholdQ (399)–SCellIndex (399)–ServCellIndex (400)–SpeedStateScaleFactors (400)–SystemInfoListGERAN (400)–SystemTimeInfoCDMA2000 (401)–TrackingAreaCode (401)–T-Reselection (402)–T-ReselectionEUTRA-CE (402)6.3.5Measurement information elements (402)–AllowedMeasBandwidth (402)–CSI-RSRP-Range (402)–Hysteresis (402)–LocationInfo (403)–MBSFN-RSRQ-Range (403)–MeasConfig (404)–MeasDS-Config (405)–MeasGapConfig (406)–MeasId (407)–MeasIdToAddModList (407)–MeasObjectCDMA2000 (408)–MeasObjectEUTRA (408)–MeasObjectGERAN (412)–MeasObjectId (412)–MeasObjectToAddModList (412)–MeasObjectUTRA (413)–ReportConfigEUTRA (422)–ReportConfigId (425)–ReportConfigInterRAT (425)–ReportConfigToAddModList (428)–ReportInterval (429)–RSRP-Range (429)–RSRQ-Range (430)–RSRQ-Type (430)–RS-SINR-Range (430)–RSSI-Range-r13 (431)–TimeToTrigger (431)–UL-DelayConfig (431)–WLAN-CarrierInfo (431)–WLAN-RSSI-Range (432)–WLAN-Status (432)6.3.6Other information elements (433)–AbsoluteTimeInfo (433)–AreaConfiguration (433)–C-RNTI (433)–DedicatedInfoCDMA2000 (434)–DedicatedInfoNAS (434)–FilterCoefficient (434)–LoggingDuration (434)–LoggingInterval (435)–MeasSubframePattern (435)–MMEC (435)–NeighCellConfig (435)–OtherConfig (436)–RAND-CDMA2000 (1xRTT) (437)–RAT-Type (437)–ResumeIdentity (437)–RRC-TransactionIdentifier (438)–S-TMSI (438)–TraceReference (438)–UE-CapabilityRAT-ContainerList (438)–UE-EUTRA-Capability (439)–UE-RadioPagingInfo (469)–UE-TimersAndConstants (469)–VisitedCellInfoList (470)–WLAN-OffloadConfig (470)6.3.7MBMS information elements (472)–MBMS-NotificationConfig (472)–MBMS-ServiceList (473)–MBSFN-AreaId (473)–MBSFN-AreaInfoList (473)–MBSFN-SubframeConfig (474)–PMCH-InfoList (475)6.3.7a SC-PTM information elements (476)–SC-MTCH-InfoList (476)–SCPTM-NeighbourCellList (478)6.3.8Sidelink information elements (478)–SL-CommConfig (478)–SL-CommResourcePool (479)–SL-CP-Len (480)–SL-DiscConfig (481)–SL-DiscResourcePool (483)–SL-DiscTxPowerInfo (485)–SL-GapConfig (485)。
ITU - T G.650(2004-06)光纤
INTERNATIONAL TELEPHONE CONNECTIONS AND CIRCUITS GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS COMMON TO ALL ANALOGUE CARRIERTRANSMISSION SYSTEMS INDIVIDUAL CHARACTERISTICS OF INTERNATIONAL CARRIER TELEPHONE SYSTEMS ON METALLIC LINES GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF INTERNATIONAL CARRIER TELEPHONE SYSTEMS ON RADIO-RELAY OR SATELLITE LINKS AND INTERCONNECTION WITH METALLIC LINES COORDINATION OF RADIOTELEPHONY AND LINE TELEPHONY TESTING EQUIPMENTS TRANSMISSION MEDIA CHARACTERISTICS
Summary
This Recommendation contains definitions of the linear, deterministic parameters of single-mode optical fibres and cables. It also contains both Reference Test Methods and Alternative Test Methods for characterizing these parameters.
These test methods are suitable mainly for factory measurements of the linear, deterministic attributes of single-mode fibres and cables. Some of the test methods may also be used to characterize discrete optical components.
GEFRAN 600 CONTROLLER 产品说明书
600 CONTROLLERMain applications •Extrusion lines•Injection presses for plastics •Heat punches•Presses for rubber •Packaging machines •Packing machines •Polymerization and synthetic fiber plants•Food processing pants•Die-casting plants•Cooling plants•Climatic cells and test benches •Dryers for ceramics and construction parts•Ovens•Painting plants Main features•Universal input configurable from faceplate •Accuracy better than 0.2% f.s. under nominal conditions•Control output: relay, logic, Triac , continuous, digital insulated•Hot/cold function with selection of cooling fluid• 3 alarms with completely configurable function•Analog retransmission output•Isolated digital input with configurable function•Auxiliary input for CT (TA) (50mAac)•Heater break or probe short-circuit alarm •Self-tuning, Auto-tuning, Soft-start, bumpless Man/Auto function•Double set, set ramp, timed output function •Optically isolated RS485 serial line. Protocol:GEFRAN CENCAL or MODBUS RTU •Self-diagnosis•Rapid configuration from PC with WinstrumpacketPROFILEMicroprocessor controller, format 48x48(1/16 DIN) manufactured using SMT. Provides a complete operator interface protected by a Lexan membrane that ensures level IP65 faceplate protection.It has 4 keys, two green LED displays, each with 4 digits, 4 red signal LED's for the 4 logic or relay outputs, and 3 other programmable LED's to signal the various operational states of the instrument.The main input for process variable is universal, and many types of signals can be connected: thermocouples, resistance thermometers, thermistors, normalized linear inputs, all with possibility of custom linearization using the faceplate keys.The type of input is selected from the faceplate keys; no external shunts are required.A second auxiliary analog input from the current transformer is also available.With the isolated digital input you can select: one of the two presettable setpoints, select Manual-Automatic mode, reset the alarms memory, or enable the hold function. The instrument can have up to 4 outputs: relay (5A at 250Vac/30Vdc cosϕ= 1), logic 24V±10%(10V min at 20mA), digital insulated, triac.An analog output in voltage or current is also available.The function of each output is freely configurable from the faceplate keys.In addition to control and alarm outputs, youcan have outputs that repeat the state of thedigital or retransmission input by processvariable, setpoint, drift, alarm limits andvalues acquired from serial line.Another output (at 10 or 24Vdc, 30mA max.)is available to power external transmitters.The serial communication option (availablein RS485 standard) allows connection tosupervision systems and PLCs with twoprotocols: GEFRAN CENCAL and MODBUSRTU.Instrument programming is facilitated bygrouping parameters in functional blocks(CFG for control parameters, Inp for inputs,Out for outputs, etc.).The instrument can also select displayparameters based on hardwareconfiguration, automatically maskingirrelevant parameters.The instrument is supplied with an "EASY"configuration with just a few parameters(only those for the model ordered andessential for controller operation).In this way, you just have to set the setpointand alarm, and launch selftuning from thebutton.The 600 does all the rest.A PC programming kit is available for evensimpler configuration, composed of a cableand a guided program for Windowsenvironment (see data sheet codeWINSTRUM).TECHNICAL DATAI NPUTSAccuracy 0,2% f.s. ±1digit.Sampling time 120msec.TC- ThermocoupleJ0...1000°C/32...1832°FK0...1300°C/32...2372°FR0...1750°C/32...3182°FS0...1750°C/32...3182°FT-200...400°C/-328...752°FB44...1800°C/111...3272°FE-100...750°C/-148...1382°FN0...1300°C/32...2372°FL-GOST0...600°C/32...1112°FU-200...400°C/ -328...752°FG0...2300°C/32...4172°FD0...2300°C/32...4172°FC0...2300°C/32...4172°F(NI-Ni18Mo)0...1100°C / 32...2012°Fcustom-1999 (9999)RTD 2/3 wiresPT100 -200...850°C /-328...1562°FJPT100 -200...600°C/ -328...1112°FPTC990Ω, 25°C -55...120°C/-67...248°FNTC1KΩ, 25°C -10...70°C/14...158°FGEFRAN spa reserves the right to make any aesthetic or functional change at any time and without prior noticeGEFRAN spa via Sebina, 74 - 25050 Provaglio d’Iseo (BS)Tel.03098881 - fax 0309839063 - Internet: DTS_600_1107_ENG。
Belimo 空气控制系统技术文档说明书
T e c h .D o c - 01/20 - S u b j e c t t o c h a n g e . © B e l i m o A i r c o n t r o l s (U S A ), I n c .Input/Output SpecificationsType Name Description Electrical Specifi cation Input RSupply HotAC 24 V, ± 20%, 50/60HzInputG/OCCFan Signal (occupied)On/Off, AC 24 V, ± 20%, 50/60Hz Input C Supply Common CommonInput Y1Cooling requirement Stage 1On/Off, AC 24 V, ± 20%, 50/60Hz Input Y2Cooling requirementStage 2On/Off, AC 24 V, ± 20%, 50/60Hz Input W1/O/B Heating requirement Stage 1On/Off, AC 24 V, ± 20%, 50/60Hz Input SAT ±Supply Air TemperatureSensorType: 10K NTC (Type II thermistor)Input OAT ±Outdoor Air Temperature Type: 10K NTC (Type II thermistor)InputOAH ±Outdoor Air HumidityDC 0...10 VAuto Detection: Sensor present if voltage 0.5...10 VInput RAT ±Return Air Temperature Type: 10K NTC (Type II thermistor)Input RAH ±Return Air Humidity DC 0...10 VAuto Detection: Sensor present if voltage 0.5 (10V)Output CC1Compressor 1RTU Stage 1Mechanical Cooling Circuitry 100'000 cycles @ inrush currentof 3A, normal current 1.5A Impedance for Auto detection @ 24 V:<60O Ω @ 60Hz <80O Ω @ 50HzOutputCC2Compressor 2RTU Stage 2Mechanical CoolingCircuitry100'000 cycles @ inrush currentof 3A, normal current 1.5A Impedance for Auto detection @ 24 V:<60O Ω @ 60Hz <80O Ω @ 50HzOutput Act 1Actuator supply common Common Output Act 2Actuator supply hot AC 24 V, 50/60Hz Output Act 3Actuator control output DC 2...10 V Input Act 5Actuator feedback signalDC 2...10 VInstallationYou can mount the ZIP Economizer in any orientation; it is recommended that you mount it in a position that will allow full utilization of the LCD and key pad and proper clearance for installation, servicing, wiring, and removal.Take the overall dimensions of 6.63" [168.5] x 7.12" [181] x 2" [50.8] and mount in the interior of the RTU in a convenient location that you can access. Secure the ZIP utilizing #8 self-tapping screws (included). A minumum of two tabs need to be secured, one which is a top tab. Ideally secure all four tabs. Wire the electrical connection using ¼” female insulated spade connectors to prevent corrosion.Technical DataPower supplyAC 24 V ± 20%, 50/60 Hz; Class 2 power source Power consumption rating*4 VA base control (ECON-ZIP-BASE)5.5 VA base control with Energy Module (ECON-ZIP-BASE + ECON-ZIP-EM)5 VA base control with Communication Module (ECON-ZIP-BASE + ECON-ZIP-COM)6.5 VA base with Energy Module andCommunication Module. (ECON-ZIP-BASE + ECON-ZIP-EM + ECON-ZIP-COM)Rated impulse voltage 330 VConnectors ¼” male spade connectors Environmental RoHS, conformally coated Software classA Control pollution degree 3Temperature input signal NTC 10k Ω, Type IIHumidity5 to 95% RH non-condensingHumidity input signal DC 0...10 V; corresponds to 0...100%HousingNEMA 1Housing materialUL94-5VAAmbient temperature range -40...+158°F [-40...+70°C]Storage temperature range -40...+176°F [-40...+80°C]Display2x16 character LCD; LED backlight; transflectiveDisplay op. range**-22...+176°F [-30...+80°C]Agency listing cULus acc. to UL873, CAN/CSA C22.2, No. 24-93Energy code compliantASHRAE 90.1, CA Title 24, NECBDimensions (Inches [mm])7.12 [181]2.42 [61.6]0.18 [4.6]6.04 [153.4]5.5 [140]6.63 [168.5]2 [50.8]0.16 [4.1]ECON-ZIP-BASEZIP Economizer™ Base Module* The power consumption is for the control only and does not include connected loads such as actuator, compressors, fans, and sensors. For transfomer sizing, the power consumption of these attached components must be included.** At low temperature the display has decreased response time. Below -22°F [-30°C] it will not function.T e c h .D o c - 01/20 - S u b j e c t t o c h a n g e . © B e l i m o A i r c o n t r o l s (U S A ), I n c .ECON-ZIP-BASEZIP Economizer™ Base Module Wiring DiagramsR CG OCC W1O/B Y1Y2ACT1ACT2ACT3ACT5R C R CG/OCC W1/O/B Y1Y2CC1CC2OAT+OAT-OAH+OAH-SAT+SAT-RAT+RAT-RAH+RAH--SR1 -Common2 + Hot3 Y Input, 2 to 10V 5 U Output, 2 to 10VACT 1ACT 2ACT 3ACT 5R CY1Y2ECON-ZIP-10K Supply Air TempSAT +SAT -OAT + OAT -CC1CC2OCC W1RTU Stage 1 Mechanical CoolingCircuitryRTU Stage 2 Mechanical CoolingCircuitryECON-ZIP-10K Outside Air TempTHERMOSTATRTU TERMINALECON-ZIP-BASE575251535659R CG OCCW1O/B Y1Y2ACT1ACT2ACT3ACT5R C R CG/OCC W1/O/B Y1Y2CC1CC2OAT+OAT-OAH+OAH-SAT+SAT-RAT+RAT-RAH+RAH--SR1 -Common2 + Hot3 Y Input, 2 to 10V 5 U Output, 2 to 10VACT 1ACT 2ACT 3ACT 5R CY1Y2ECON-ZIP-10K Supply Air Temp SAT +SAT -CC1CC2OCC W1RTU Stage 1 Mechanical CoolingCircuitry RTU Stage 2 Mechanical CoolingCircuitryECON-ZIP-TH Outside Air EnthalpyT (+)T (-)24 V (R)RH (+)RH (-)OAT + OAT -OAH + OAH - RECON-ZIP-BASETHERMOSTATRTU TERMINAL57505251535659When the thermostat is not equipped with occupancy control, "Fan On" output "G" shall be wired to the ECON-ZIP-BASE.W1 must be wired for Heat Pump operation if conventional thermostat is used in conjunction with Defrost Board. If Thermostat and RTU use O/B control reversing valve position, O/B must be wired to W1 on ECON-ZIP-BASE.Existing refrigeration safety devices may exist, consult RTU wiring diagram515253If RTU is not a Heat Pump using a conventional thermostat and it is desired to record heating operation hours, connect W1 to ECON-ZIP-BASE.56Actuators can be mounted in parallel with the ACT3 output from the ZIP Economizer. The ACT5 feedback input should be wired to the Outside Air damper actuator feedback wire.57Iso relay may be required with certain RTU manufacturers.59Power source should be the same as ECON-ZIP-BASE.50When the thermostat is not equipped with occupancy control, "Fan On" output "G" shall be wired to the ECON-ZIP-BASE.Existing refrigeration safety devices may exist, consult RTU wiring diagram5153If RTU is not a Heat Pump using a conventional thermostat and it is desired to record heating operation hours, connect W1 to ECON-ZIP-BASE.56W1 must be wired for Heat Pump operation if conventional thermostat is used in conjunction with Defrost Board. If Thermostat and RTU use O/B control reversing valve position, O/B must be wired to W1 on ECON-ZIP-BASE.52Actuators can be mounted in parallel with the ACT3 output from the ZIP Economizer. The ACT5 feedback input should be wired to the Outside Air damper actuator feedback wire.57Thermostat with two (2) stages of cooling required. Thermostats with mercury switches are not compatible with the ZIP Economizer.58Iso relay may be required with certain RTU manufacturers.59T e c h .D o c - 01/20 - S u b j e c t t o c h a n g e . © B e l i m o A i r c o n t r o l s (U S A ), I n c .R CG/OCCW1/O/BY1Y2ACT1ACT2ACT3ACT5R C R CG/OCC W1/O/B Y1Y2CC1CC2OAT+OAT-OAH+OAH-SAT+SAT-RAT+RAT-RAH+RAH--SR1 -Common2 + Hot3 Y Input, 2 to 10V 5 U Output, 2 to 10VACT 1ACT 2ACT 3ACT 5R CY1Y2ECON-ZIP-10K Supply Air Temp SAT +SAT -OAT + OAT -CC1CC2G/OCC W1/O/BRTU Stage 1 Mechanical CoolingCircuitry RTU Stage 2 Mechanical CoolingCircuitryECON-ZIP-TH Outside Air EnthalpyECON-ZIP-THRAT+T (+)T (-)24 V (R)RH (+)RH (-)RAT-RAH+RAH-RT (+)T (-)24 V (R)RH (+)RH (-)OAH + OAH - RECON-ZIP-BASETHERMOSTATRTU TERMINAL5859R CG/OCC W1/O/BY1Y2ACT1ACT2ACT3ACT5R C R CG/OCC W1/O/B Y1Y2CC1CC2OAT+OAT-OAH+OAH-SAT+SAT-RAT+RAT-RAH+RAH--SR1 -Common2 + Hot3 Y Input, 2 to 10V 5 U Output, 2 to 10VACT 1ACT 2ACT 3ACT 5R CY1Y2ECON-ZIP-10K Supply Air TempSAT +SAT -OAT + OAT -THERMOSTATRTU TERMINALCC1CC2G/OCC W1/O/BRTU Stage 1 Mechanical CoolingCircuitry RTU Stage 2 Mechanical CoolingCircuitryECON-ZIP-10K Outside Air TempECON-ZIP-10K Return Air TempRAT+ECON-ZIP-BASE57RAT-59Power source should be the same as ECON-ZIP-BASE.50When the thermostat is not equipped with occupancy control, "Fan On" output "G" shall be wired to the ECON-ZIP-BASE.Existing refrigeration safety devices may exist, consult RTU wiring diagram5153If RTU is not a Heat Pump using a conventional thermostat and it is desired to record heating operation hours, connect W1 to ECON-ZIP-BASE.56W1 must be wired for Heat Pump operation if conventional thermostat is used in conjunction with Defrost Board. If Thermostat and RTU use O/B control reversing valve position, O/B must be wired to W1 on ECON-ZIP-BASE.52Actuators can be mounted in parallel with the ACT3 output from the ZIP Economizer. The ACT5 feedback input should be wired to the Outside Air damper actuator feedback wire.57Thermostat with two (2) stages of cooling required. Thermostats with mercury switches are not compatible with the ZIP Economizer.58Iso relay may be required with certain RTU manufacturers.59Power source should be the same as ECON-ZIP-BASE.50When the thermostat is not equipped with occupancy control, "Fan On" output "G" shall be wired to the ECON-ZIP-BASE.Existing refrigeration safety devices may exist, consult RTU wiring diagram5153If RTU is not a Heat Pump using a conventional thermostat and it is desired to record heating operation hours, connect W1 to ECON-ZIP-BASE.56W1 must be wired for Heat Pump operation if conventional thermostat is used in conjunction with Defrost Board. If Thermostat and RTU use O/B control reversing valve position, O/B must be wired to W1 on ECON-ZIP-BASE.52Actuators can be mounted in parallel with the ACT3 output from the ZIP Economizer. The ACT5 feedback input should be wired to the Outside Air damper actuator feedback wire.57Thermostat with two (2) stages of cooling required. Thermostats with mercury switches are not compatible with the ZIP Economizer.58Iso relay may be required with certain RTU manufacturers.59ECON-ZIP-BASEZIP Economizer™ Base Module Wiring DiagramsT e c h .D o c - 01/20 - S u b j e c t t o c h a n g e . © B e l i m o A i r c o n t r o l s (U S A ), I n c .ZIP EconomizerQuick SetupMoves up through the menu on the same level. Will increase values by one increment at a time. When setting values holding key down willfast scrollMoves down through the menu on the same level. Will decrease values by one increment at a time. When setting values holding key down will fast scroll. Enter sub menu level. Start editing a setting. Store an entered value. esc Escape sub menu tonext higher level.Cancel current actions.iShow additional information on thecurrent menu Itemwhen “i” appears inlower right of display.Moves down through the menu on the same level.Will decrease values by one increment at a time. When setting values holding key down will fast scroll.Enter sub menu level.Start editing a setting. Store an entered value. esc Escape sub menu to next higher level.Cancel current actions.iShow additional information on the current menu Item when “i” appears in lower right of display.Functions1. “Monitor Live Conditions” is used to display settings and live values.2. “Settings” is used to parameterize the ZIP Economizer. (Note: Devices 1 is for CC1, CC2, EF, IF; Devices 2 is for OAH, RAH)3. “Present Devices” is used to verify that the ZIP Economizer's Auto Detected connections are terminated properly. If connected device is not shown, verify wiring. If wiring has continuity and device is verifi ed operational re-enter “Settings” and enable missing device by changing from “Auto” to “Available” or “Installed”.4. “Alarms” is used to view current and historical alarms and delete inadvertently caused alarms.5. “Service and Commissioning” submenu is used to operate the RTU in “Manual Mode” or to perform “Acceptance Test”. “Settings” must to be completed to access.6. “Status” is a display of the current operating mode. It can beaccessed by pressing ”esc”. The action of pressing any key will drop the user down from Status to the next level, so repeatedly pressing “esc” will toggle the display between Status and Monitor Live Conditions. (Note: If status “Setup incomplete” is displayed the RTU cooling operation will be disabled and additional parameters must be set to achieve “Setup complete”.)1. Shut off power to RTU before beginning installation.2. Note orientation, opening rotation, and spring return rotation of damper assembly. Mount Actuator to Outside Air and Return Damper assembly. To ensure tight outside air shutoff; while tightening actuator clamp push damper closed.3. Terminate required Inputs and Outputs(I/O): For the ZIPEconomizer to function correctly, the following I/O, at a minimum, are required to be terminated, wired, and functioning (R, C, Y1, Y2, G, CC1, OAT, SAT, ACT1, ACT2, ACT3, ACT5). See wiring diagrams.4. Sensor confi guation: The ZIP Economizer automatically detects sensors attached and automatically confi gures for single dry bulb, single enthalpy, differential dry bulb and differential enthalpy.“Settings” is the menu displayed when the ZIP Economizer is fi rstpowered. Press “OK” to parameterize required settings. Reference above Keypad Key defi nition instructions and navigate as needed.WARNING Live Electrical Components!During installation, testing, servicing and troubleshooting of this product, it may be necessary to work with live electrical components. H ave a qualifi ed licensed electrician or other individual who has been properly trained in handling live electrical components perform these t asks. Failure to follow all electrical safety precautions when exposed to live electrical components could result in death or serious injury.T e c h .D o c - 01/20 - S u b j e c t t o c h a n g e . © B e l i m o A i r c o n t r o l s (U S A ), I n c .1. ZIP Code US or Canada (sets the free cooling changeover high limit and temperature units F/C)a. When the Zip Code submenu is displayed enter “OK” to begin “US” Zip Code parameterization. If “Canada” Postal Code is desired press the up/down arrow to access.i. Press OK to access digit 1 (flashing) then use the up/down arrow to parameterize; enter OK when complete. Repeat until all digits are complete. If a mistake is made press “esc” andrepeat from beginning.ii. When all Zip Code or Postal Code digits are entered press “esc” to move up a level then press the up/down arrow to access next settings parameter.2. Vent Min Pos (Outdoor Air Damper Ventilation Minimum Position)a. When the “Vent Min Pos” submenu is displayed press “OK” toparameterize (flashing).b. Use the up/down arrow to parameterize, press “OK” whencomplete. The actuator will immediately drive the damper to the minimum position.3. Additional Parameters may require setting. The ZIP Economizer will auto-detect added Devices such as a CO2 sensor etc. When the ZIP Economizer detects a new device, it will prompt the user in the Status level; navigate to Settings and parameterize blank fi elds. If the devices are connected upon fi rst start up their settings will require parameterization then.4. When all parameters have been set, the ZIP Economizer will show “Setup Complete” if there are still parameters to set, there will be no action. You can verify by pushing esc until status level is reached and it will display “Setup Incomplete”. If this is the case, re-enter settings menu and use up down arrows to fi nd the parameter with blank fi elds and parameterize as described above. Note: you may enter parameters in any order - eg: Vent min Pos before ZIP Code - If the RTU is a heat pump or uses a 2 speed indoor fan, these paramaters should be enabled fi rst, otherwise the logic may go to Setup Complete prematurely.The ZIP Economizer has built in commissioning processes found in Acceptance Test.1. Economizer Test. Use “Economizer Test” to verify RTU Integrated Economizer operation. Navigate to the “Service and Commissioning” menu, press “OK”; press the down arrow to access “Acceptance Test”. Press OK again when “Economizer Test” appears. Press “OK” again to confi rm running test. Follow prompts during test. This test will open damper to 100%, enable power exhaust fan (if connected), enable 1st stage of Mechanical Cooling, reverse this process and then drive to Vent Min Position. When used with a Belimo actuator, the actuator will speed up to reduce test time.2. Manual Mode is used to override outputs after entering a “Timeout” duration.3. Damper Scaling. The test will re-scale the control signal range to maximum resolution (0...100%) over the calibrated (reduced) angle. When using a Belimo actuator, the actuator will speed up to reduce test time.Note: Failure to identify obstructions or improper setup of damper assembly may result in an improper scaling and operation of the damper.)Additional testing can be found later in this document.1. When all entries have been completed, the ZIP Economizer will switch to Status display and show “Setup Complete”, and will immediately show a “Damper scaling starts in 10secs” and will countdown to 0 (be aware, at 0 the damper will start to move at high speed ). A message will scroll saying “Damper scaling for better operation if obstruction is present rescale damper in commissioning menu”. (For detailed instructions on this – please see the section “Service and Commissioning” below. This will open damper to 100% (re-scale control signal if needed). (Note: failure to identify obstructions or improper setup of damper assembly may result in an improper scaling and operation of the damper.)Once scaling is complete, a message will appear saying “Damper scaling successful”. The ZIP will then show “maximum at80° = 100%” That message will show maximum rotation of the damper. This process ensures the damper is always operating and displayed from 0...100%.2. Once the message has appeared, the actuator immediately closes the damper and a countdown begins, until the unit starts to operate in Automatic Mode (be aware, when countdown complete, the RTU will respond to thermostat calls which may enable mechanical cooling).ZIP EconomizerQuick Setup。
热红外传感史
History of infrared detectorsA.ROGALSKI*Institute of Applied Physics, Military University of Technology, 2 Kaliskiego Str.,00–908 Warsaw, PolandThis paper overviews the history of infrared detector materials starting with Herschel’s experiment with thermometer on February11th,1800.Infrared detectors are in general used to detect,image,and measure patterns of the thermal heat radia−tion which all objects emit.At the beginning,their development was connected with thermal detectors,such as ther−mocouples and bolometers,which are still used today and which are generally sensitive to all infrared wavelengths and op−erate at room temperature.The second kind of detectors,called the photon detectors,was mainly developed during the20th Century to improve sensitivity and response time.These detectors have been extensively developed since the1940’s.Lead sulphide(PbS)was the first practical IR detector with sensitivity to infrared wavelengths up to~3μm.After World War II infrared detector technology development was and continues to be primarily driven by military applications.Discovery of variable band gap HgCdTe ternary alloy by Lawson and co−workers in1959opened a new area in IR detector technology and has provided an unprecedented degree of freedom in infrared detector design.Many of these advances were transferred to IR astronomy from Departments of Defence ter on civilian applications of infrared technology are frequently called“dual−use technology applications.”One should point out the growing utilisation of IR technologies in the civilian sphere based on the use of new materials and technologies,as well as the noticeable price decrease in these high cost tech−nologies.In the last four decades different types of detectors are combined with electronic readouts to make detector focal plane arrays(FPAs).Development in FPA technology has revolutionized infrared imaging.Progress in integrated circuit design and fabrication techniques has resulted in continued rapid growth in the size and performance of these solid state arrays.Keywords:thermal and photon detectors, lead salt detectors, HgCdTe detectors, microbolometers, focal plane arrays.Contents1.Introduction2.Historical perspective3.Classification of infrared detectors3.1.Photon detectors3.2.Thermal detectors4.Post−War activity5.HgCdTe era6.Alternative material systems6.1.InSb and InGaAs6.2.GaAs/AlGaAs quantum well superlattices6.3.InAs/GaInSb strained layer superlattices6.4.Hg−based alternatives to HgCdTe7.New revolution in thermal detectors8.Focal plane arrays – revolution in imaging systems8.1.Cooled FPAs8.2.Uncooled FPAs8.3.Readiness level of LWIR detector technologies9.SummaryReferences 1.IntroductionLooking back over the past1000years we notice that infra−red radiation(IR)itself was unknown until212years ago when Herschel’s experiment with thermometer and prism was first reported.Frederick William Herschel(1738–1822) was born in Hanover,Germany but emigrated to Britain at age19,where he became well known as both a musician and an astronomer.Herschel became most famous for the discovery of Uranus in1781(the first new planet found since antiquity)in addition to two of its major moons,Tita−nia and Oberon.He also discovered two moons of Saturn and infrared radiation.Herschel is also known for the twenty−four symphonies that he composed.W.Herschel made another milestone discovery–discov−ery of infrared light on February11th,1800.He studied the spectrum of sunlight with a prism[see Fig.1in Ref.1],mea−suring temperature of each colour.The detector consisted of liquid in a glass thermometer with a specially blackened bulb to absorb radiation.Herschel built a crude monochromator that used a thermometer as a detector,so that he could mea−sure the distribution of energy in sunlight and found that the highest temperature was just beyond the red,what we now call the infrared(‘below the red’,from the Latin‘infra’–be−OPTO−ELECTRONICS REVIEW20(3),279–308DOI: 10.2478/s11772−012−0037−7*e−mail: rogan@.pllow)–see Fig.1(b)[2].In April 1800he reported it to the Royal Society as dark heat (Ref.1,pp.288–290):Here the thermometer No.1rose 7degrees,in 10minu−tes,by an exposure to the full red coloured rays.I drew back the stand,till the centre of the ball of No.1was just at the vanishing of the red colour,so that half its ball was within,and half without,the visible rays of theAnd here the thermometerin 16minutes,degrees,when its centre was inch out of the raysof the sun.as had a rising of 9de−grees,and here the difference is almost too trifling to suppose,that latter situation of the thermometer was much beyond the maximum of the heating power;while,at the same time,the experiment sufficiently indi−cates,that the place inquired after need not be looked for at a greater distance.Making further experiments on what Herschel called the ‘calorific rays’that existed beyond the red part of the spec−trum,he found that they were reflected,refracted,absorbed and transmitted just like visible light [1,3,4].The early history of IR was reviewed about 50years ago in three well−known monographs [5–7].Many historical information can be also found in four papers published by Barr [3,4,8,9]and in more recently published monograph [10].Table 1summarises the historical development of infrared physics and technology [11,12].2.Historical perspectiveFor thirty years following Herschel’s discovery,very little progress was made beyond establishing that the infrared ra−diation obeyed the simplest laws of optics.Slow progress inthe study of infrared was caused by the lack of sensitive and accurate detectors –the experimenters were handicapped by the ordinary thermometer.However,towards the second de−cade of the 19th century,Thomas Johann Seebeck began to examine the junction behaviour of electrically conductive materials.In 1821he discovered that a small electric current will flow in a closed circuit of two dissimilar metallic con−ductors,when their junctions are kept at different tempera−tures [13].During that time,most physicists thought that ra−diant heat and light were different phenomena,and the dis−covery of Seebeck indirectly contributed to a revival of the debate on the nature of heat.Due to small output vol−tage of Seebeck’s junctions,some μV/K,the measurement of very small temperature differences were prevented.In 1829L.Nobili made the first thermocouple and improved electrical thermometer based on the thermoelectric effect discovered by Seebeck in 1826.Four years later,M.Melloni introduced the idea of connecting several bismuth−copper thermocouples in series,generating a higher and,therefore,measurable output voltage.It was at least 40times more sensitive than the best thermometer available and could de−tect the heat from a person at a distance of 30ft [8].The out−put voltage of such a thermopile structure linearly increases with the number of connected thermocouples.An example of thermopile’s prototype invented by Nobili is shown in Fig.2(a).It consists of twelve large bismuth and antimony elements.The elements were placed upright in a brass ring secured to an adjustable support,and were screened by a wooden disk with a 15−mm central aperture.Incomplete version of the Nobili−Melloni thermopile originally fitted with the brass cone−shaped tubes to collect ra−diant heat is shown in Fig.2(b).This instrument was much more sensi−tive than the thermometers previously used and became the most widely used detector of IR radiation for the next half century.The third member of the trio,Langley’s bolometer appea−red in 1880[7].Samuel Pierpont Langley (1834–1906)used two thin ribbons of platinum foil connected so as to form two arms of a Wheatstone bridge (see Fig.3)[15].This instrument enabled him to study solar irradiance far into its infrared region and to measure theintensityof solar radia−tion at various wavelengths [9,16,17].The bolometer’s sen−History of infrared detectorsFig.1.Herschel’s first experiment:A,B –the small stand,1,2,3–the thermometers upon it,C,D –the prism at the window,E –the spec−trum thrown upon the table,so as to bring the last quarter of an inch of the read colour upon the stand (after Ref.1).InsideSir FrederickWilliam Herschel (1738–1822)measures infrared light from the sun– artist’s impression (after Ref. 2).Fig.2.The Nobili−Meloni thermopiles:(a)thermopile’s prototype invented by Nobili (ca.1829),(b)incomplete version of the Nobili−−Melloni thermopile (ca.1831).Museo Galileo –Institute and Museum of the History of Science,Piazza dei Giudici 1,50122Florence, Italy (after Ref. 14).Table 1. Milestones in the development of infrared physics and technology (up−dated after Refs. 11 and 12)Year Event1800Discovery of the existence of thermal radiation in the invisible beyond the red by W. HERSCHEL1821Discovery of the thermoelectric effects using an antimony−copper pair by T.J. SEEBECK1830Thermal element for thermal radiation measurement by L. NOBILI1833Thermopile consisting of 10 in−line Sb−Bi thermal pairs by L. NOBILI and M. MELLONI1834Discovery of the PELTIER effect on a current−fed pair of two different conductors by J.C. PELTIER1835Formulation of the hypothesis that light and electromagnetic radiation are of the same nature by A.M. AMPERE1839Solar absorption spectrum of the atmosphere and the role of water vapour by M. MELLONI1840Discovery of the three atmospheric windows by J. HERSCHEL (son of W. HERSCHEL)1857Harmonization of the three thermoelectric effects (SEEBECK, PELTIER, THOMSON) by W. THOMSON (Lord KELVIN)1859Relationship between absorption and emission by G. KIRCHHOFF1864Theory of electromagnetic radiation by J.C. MAXWELL1873Discovery of photoconductive effect in selenium by W. SMITH1876Discovery of photovoltaic effect in selenium (photopiles) by W.G. ADAMS and A.E. DAY1879Empirical relationship between radiation intensity and temperature of a blackbody by J. STEFAN1880Study of absorption characteristics of the atmosphere through a Pt bolometer resistance by S.P. LANGLEY1883Study of transmission characteristics of IR−transparent materials by M. MELLONI1884Thermodynamic derivation of the STEFAN law by L. BOLTZMANN1887Observation of photoelectric effect in the ultraviolet by H. HERTZ1890J. ELSTER and H. GEITEL constructed a photoemissive detector consisted of an alkali−metal cathode1894, 1900Derivation of the wavelength relation of blackbody radiation by J.W. RAYEIGH and W. WIEN1900Discovery of quantum properties of light by M. PLANCK1903Temperature measurements of stars and planets using IR radiometry and spectrometry by W.W. COBLENTZ1905 A. EINSTEIN established the theory of photoelectricity1911R. ROSLING made the first television image tube on the principle of cathode ray tubes constructed by F. Braun in 18971914Application of bolometers for the remote exploration of people and aircrafts ( a man at 200 m and a plane at 1000 m)1917T.W. CASE developed the first infrared photoconductor from substance composed of thallium and sulphur1923W. SCHOTTKY established the theory of dry rectifiers1925V.K. ZWORYKIN made a television image tube (kinescope) then between 1925 and 1933, the first electronic camera with the aid of converter tube (iconoscope)1928Proposal of the idea of the electro−optical converter (including the multistage one) by G. HOLST, J.H. DE BOER, M.C. TEVES, and C.F. VEENEMANS1929L.R. KOHLER made a converter tube with a photocathode (Ag/O/Cs) sensitive in the near infrared1930IR direction finders based on PbS quantum detectors in the wavelength range 1.5–3.0 μm for military applications (GUDDEN, GÖRLICH and KUTSCHER), increased range in World War II to 30 km for ships and 7 km for tanks (3–5 μm)1934First IR image converter1939Development of the first IR display unit in the United States (Sniperscope, Snooperscope)1941R.S. OHL observed the photovoltaic effect shown by a p−n junction in a silicon1942G. EASTMAN (Kodak) offered the first film sensitive to the infrared1947Pneumatically acting, high−detectivity radiation detector by M.J.E. GOLAY1954First imaging cameras based on thermopiles (exposure time of 20 min per image) and on bolometers (4 min)1955Mass production start of IR seeker heads for IR guided rockets in the US (PbS and PbTe detectors, later InSb detectors for Sidewinder rockets)1957Discovery of HgCdTe ternary alloy as infrared detector material by W.D. LAWSON, S. NELSON, and A.S. YOUNG1961Discovery of extrinsic Ge:Hg and its application (linear array) in the first LWIR FLIR systems1965Mass production start of IR cameras for civil applications in Sweden (single−element sensors with optomechanical scanner: AGA Thermografiesystem 660)1970Discovery of charge−couple device (CCD) by W.S. BOYLE and G.E. SMITH1970Production start of IR sensor arrays (monolithic Si−arrays: R.A. SOREF 1968; IR−CCD: 1970; SCHOTTKY diode arrays: F.D.SHEPHERD and A.C. YANG 1973; IR−CMOS: 1980; SPRITE: T. ELIOTT 1981)1975Lunch of national programmes for making spatially high resolution observation systems in the infrared from multielement detectors integrated in a mini cooler (so−called first generation systems): common module (CM) in the United States, thermal imaging commonmodule (TICM) in Great Britain, syteme modulaire termique (SMT) in France1975First In bump hybrid infrared focal plane array1977Discovery of the broken−gap type−II InAs/GaSb superlattices by G.A. SAI−HALASZ, R. TSU, and L. ESAKI1980Development and production of second generation systems [cameras fitted with hybrid HgCdTe(InSb)/Si(readout) FPAs].First demonstration of two−colour back−to−back SWIR GaInAsP detector by J.C. CAMPBELL, A.G. DENTAI, T.P. LEE,and C.A. BURRUS1985Development and mass production of cameras fitted with Schottky diode FPAs (platinum silicide)1990Development and production of quantum well infrared photoconductor (QWIP) hybrid second generation systems1995Production start of IR cameras with uncooled FPAs (focal plane arrays; microbolometer−based and pyroelectric)2000Development and production of third generation infrared systemssitivity was much greater than that of contemporary thermo−piles which were little improved since their use by Melloni. Langley continued to develop his bolometer for the next20 years(400times more sensitive than his first efforts).His latest bolometer could detect the heat from a cow at a dis−tance of quarter of mile [9].From the above information results that at the beginning the development of the IR detectors was connected with ther−mal detectors.The first photon effect,photoconductive ef−fect,was discovered by Smith in1873when he experimented with selenium as an insulator for submarine cables[18].This discovery provided a fertile field of investigation for several decades,though most of the efforts were of doubtful quality. By1927,over1500articles and100patents were listed on photosensitive selenium[19].It should be mentioned that the literature of the early1900’s shows increasing interest in the application of infrared as solution to numerous problems[7].A special contribution of William Coblenz(1873–1962)to infrared radiometry and spectroscopy is marked by huge bib−liography containing hundreds of scientific publications, talks,and abstracts to his credit[20,21].In1915,W.Cob−lentz at the US National Bureau of Standards develops ther−mopile detectors,which he uses to measure the infrared radi−ation from110stars.However,the low sensitivity of early in−frared instruments prevented the detection of other near−IR sources.Work in infrared astronomy remained at a low level until breakthroughs in the development of new,sensitive infrared detectors were achieved in the late1950’s.The principle of photoemission was first demonstrated in1887when Hertz discovered that negatively charged par−ticles were emitted from a conductor if it was irradiated with ultraviolet[22].Further studies revealed that this effect could be produced with visible radiation using an alkali metal electrode [23].Rectifying properties of semiconductor−metal contact were discovered by Ferdinand Braun in1874[24],when he probed a naturally−occurring lead sulphide(galena)crystal with the point of a thin metal wire and noted that current flowed freely in one direction only.Next,Jagadis Chandra Bose demonstrated the use of galena−metal point contact to detect millimetre electromagnetic waves.In1901he filed a U.S patent for a point−contact semiconductor rectifier for detecting radio signals[25].This type of contact called cat’s whisker detector(sometimes also as crystal detector)played serious role in the initial phase of radio development.How−ever,this contact was not used in a radiation detector for the next several decades.Although crystal rectifiers allowed to fabricate simple radio sets,however,by the mid−1920s the predictable performance of vacuum−tubes replaced them in most radio applications.The period between World Wars I and II is marked by the development of photon detectors and image converters and by emergence of infrared spectroscopy as one of the key analytical techniques available to chemists.The image con−verter,developed on the eve of World War II,was of tre−mendous interest to the military because it enabled man to see in the dark.The first IR photoconductor was developed by Theodore W.Case in1917[26].He discovered that a substance com−posed of thallium and sulphur(Tl2S)exhibited photocon−ductivity.Supported by the US Army between1917and 1918,Case adapted these relatively unreliable detectors for use as sensors in an infrared signalling device[27].The pro−totype signalling system,consisting of a60−inch diameter searchlight as the source of radiation and a thallous sulphide detector at the focus of a24−inch diameter paraboloid mir−ror,sent messages18miles through what was described as ‘smoky atmosphere’in1917.However,instability of resis−tance in the presence of light or polarizing voltage,loss of responsivity due to over−exposure to light,high noise,slug−gish response and lack of reproducibility seemed to be inhe−rent weaknesses.Work was discontinued in1918;commu−nication by the detection of infrared radiation appeared dis−tinctly ter Case found that the addition of oxygen greatly enhanced the response [28].The idea of the electro−optical converter,including the multistage one,was proposed by Holst et al.in1928[29]. The first attempt to make the converter was not successful.A working tube consisted of a photocathode in close proxi−mity to a fluorescent screen was made by the authors in 1934 in Philips firm.In about1930,the appearance of the Cs−O−Ag photo−tube,with stable characteristics,to great extent discouraged further development of photoconductive cells until about 1940.The Cs−O−Ag photocathode(also called S−1)elabo−History of infrared detectorsFig.3.Longley’s bolometer(a)composed of two sets of thin plati−num strips(b),a Wheatstone bridge,a battery,and a galvanometer measuring electrical current (after Ref. 15 and 16).rated by Koller and Campbell[30]had a quantum efficiency two orders of magnitude above anything previously studied, and consequently a new era in photoemissive devices was inaugurated[31].In the same year,the Japanese scientists S. Asao and M.Suzuki reported a method for enhancing the sensitivity of silver in the S−1photocathode[32].Consisted of a layer of caesium on oxidized silver,S−1is sensitive with useful response in the near infrared,out to approxi−mately1.2μm,and the visible and ultraviolet region,down to0.3μm.Probably the most significant IR development in the United States during1930’s was the Radio Corporation of America(RCA)IR image tube.During World War II, near−IR(NIR)cathodes were coupled to visible phosphors to provide a NIR image converter.With the establishment of the National Defence Research Committee,the develop−ment of this tube was accelerated.In1942,the tube went into production as the RCA1P25image converter(see Fig.4).This was one of the tubes used during World War II as a part of the”Snooperscope”and”Sniperscope,”which were used for night observation with infrared sources of illumination.Since then various photocathodes have been developed including bialkali photocathodes for the visible region,multialkali photocathodes with high sensitivity ex−tending to the infrared region and alkali halide photocatho−des intended for ultraviolet detection.The early concepts of image intensification were not basically different from those today.However,the early devices suffered from two major deficiencies:poor photo−cathodes and poor ter development of both cathode and coupling technologies changed the image in−tensifier into much more useful device.The concept of image intensification by cascading stages was suggested independently by number of workers.In Great Britain,the work was directed toward proximity focused tubes,while in the United State and in Germany–to electrostatically focused tubes.A history of night vision imaging devices is given by Biberman and Sendall in monograph Electro−Opti−cal Imaging:System Performance and Modelling,SPIE Press,2000[10].The Biberman’s monograph describes the basic trends of infrared optoelectronics development in the USA,Great Britain,France,and Germany.Seven years later Ponomarenko and Filachev completed this monograph writ−ing the book Infrared Techniques and Electro−Optics in Russia:A History1946−2006,SPIE Press,about achieve−ments of IR techniques and electrooptics in the former USSR and Russia [33].In the early1930’s,interest in improved detectors began in Germany[27,34,35].In1933,Edgar W.Kutzscher at the University of Berlin,discovered that lead sulphide(from natural galena found in Sardinia)was photoconductive and had response to about3μm.B.Gudden at the University of Prague used evaporation techniques to develop sensitive PbS films.Work directed by Kutzscher,initially at the Uni−versity of Berlin and later at the Electroacustic Company in Kiel,dealt primarily with the chemical deposition approach to film formation.This work ultimately lead to the fabrica−tion of the most sensitive German detectors.These works were,of course,done under great secrecy and the results were not generally known until after1945.Lead sulphide photoconductors were brought to the manufacturing stage of development in Germany in about1943.Lead sulphide was the first practical infrared detector deployed in a variety of applications during the war.The most notable was the Kiel IV,an airborne IR system that had excellent range and which was produced at Carl Zeiss in Jena under the direction of Werner K. Weihe [6].In1941,Robert J.Cashman improved the technology of thallous sulphide detectors,which led to successful produc−tion[36,37].Cashman,after success with thallous sulphide detectors,concentrated his efforts on lead sulphide detec−tors,which were first produced in the United States at Northwestern University in1944.After World War II Cash−man found that other semiconductors of the lead salt family (PbSe and PbTe)showed promise as infrared detectors[38]. The early detector cells manufactured by Cashman are shown in Fig. 5.Fig.4.The original1P25image converter tube developed by the RCA(a).This device measures115×38mm overall and has7pins.It opera−tion is indicated by the schematic drawing (b).After1945,the wide−ranging German trajectory of research was essentially the direction continued in the USA, Great Britain and Soviet Union under military sponsorship after the war[27,39].Kutzscher’s facilities were captured by the Russians,thus providing the basis for early Soviet detector development.From1946,detector technology was rapidly disseminated to firms such as Mullard Ltd.in Southampton,UK,as part of war reparations,and some−times was accompanied by the valuable tacit knowledge of technical experts.E.W.Kutzscher,for example,was flown to Britain from Kiel after the war,and subsequently had an important influence on American developments when he joined Lockheed Aircraft Co.in Burbank,California as a research scientist.Although the fabrication methods developed for lead salt photoconductors was usually not completely under−stood,their properties are well established and reproducibi−lity could only be achieved after following well−tried reci−pes.Unlike most other semiconductor IR detectors,lead salt photoconductive materials are used in the form of polycrys−talline films approximately1μm thick and with individual crystallites ranging in size from approximately0.1–1.0μm. They are usually prepared by chemical deposition using empirical recipes,which generally yields better uniformity of response and more stable results than the evaporative methods.In order to obtain high−performance detectors, lead chalcogenide films need to be sensitized by oxidation. The oxidation may be carried out by using additives in the deposition bath,by post−deposition heat treatment in the presence of oxygen,or by chemical oxidation of the film. The effect of the oxidant is to introduce sensitizing centres and additional states into the bandgap and thereby increase the lifetime of the photoexcited holes in the p−type material.3.Classification of infrared detectorsObserving a history of the development of the IR detector technology after World War II,many materials have been investigated.A simple theorem,after Norton[40],can be stated:”All physical phenomena in the range of about0.1–1 eV will be proposed for IR detectors”.Among these effects are:thermoelectric power(thermocouples),change in elec−trical conductivity(bolometers),gas expansion(Golay cell), pyroelectricity(pyroelectric detectors),photon drag,Jose−phson effect(Josephson junctions,SQUIDs),internal emis−sion(PtSi Schottky barriers),fundamental absorption(in−trinsic photodetectors),impurity absorption(extrinsic pho−todetectors),low dimensional solids[superlattice(SL), quantum well(QW)and quantum dot(QD)detectors], different type of phase transitions, etc.Figure6gives approximate dates of significant develop−ment efforts for the materials mentioned.The years during World War II saw the origins of modern IR detector tech−nology.Recent success in applying infrared technology to remote sensing problems has been made possible by the successful development of high−performance infrared de−tectors over the last six decades.Photon IR technology com−bined with semiconductor material science,photolithogra−phy technology developed for integrated circuits,and the impetus of Cold War military preparedness have propelled extraordinary advances in IR capabilities within a short time period during the last century [41].The majority of optical detectors can be classified in two broad categories:photon detectors(also called quantum detectors) and thermal detectors.3.1.Photon detectorsIn photon detectors the radiation is absorbed within the material by interaction with electrons either bound to lattice atoms or to impurity atoms or with free electrons.The observed electrical output signal results from the changed electronic energy distribution.The photon detectors show a selective wavelength dependence of response per unit incident radiation power(see Fig.8).They exhibit both a good signal−to−noise performance and a very fast res−ponse.But to achieve this,the photon IR detectors require cryogenic cooling.This is necessary to prevent the thermalHistory of infrared detectorsFig.5.Cashman’s detector cells:(a)Tl2S cell(ca.1943):a grid of two intermeshing comb−line sets of conducting paths were first pro−vided and next the T2S was evaporated over the grid structure;(b) PbS cell(ca.1945)the PbS layer was evaporated on the wall of the tube on which electrical leads had been drawn with aquadag(afterRef. 38).。
Transition signals
Transition Signals Transition signals are connecting words or phrases that act like bridges between parts of your writing. They link your sentences and paragraphs together smoothly so that there are no abrupt jumps or breaks between ideas. Transition signals act like signposts to indicate to the reader the order and flow of your writing and ideas. They strengthen the internal cohesion of your writing. Using transitions makes it easier for the reader to follow your ideas. They help carry over a thought from one sentence to another, from one paragraph to another, or from one idea to another. There are several different transition signals. Some lead your reader forward and imply the building of an idea or thought, while others make your reader compare ideas or draw conclusions from the preceding thoughts. The following words and phrases can be used to indicate transitions and to cur your reader about how ideas are logically connected in your writing. ►To introduce an example: especially for example for instance frequently ►To show agreement: of course certainly ►To introduce an additional idea: additionally as well as again besides also equally important and finally and then further another furthermore ►To indicate sequence or order, or logically divide an idea: in addition moreover one could also say nor not to mention admittedly no doubt it is true that in this case one example of this is on this occasion specifically take the case of to demonstrate to illustrateafter afterwards and then at this point at this time before, concurrently ►To indicate time: after, afterwards at this point at this time before during ►To compare: another way to view this balanced against by comparison ►To contrast: a different view is and balanced against but conversely differing fromeventually finally first followed by last meanwhile nextpreviously second simultaneously subsequently third ultimatelyearlier finally formerly immediately initially laterpreviously prior to soon then thereafter to this dayjust like likewise likesimilarly whereas whileeven so however in contrast on the contrary on the other handnevertheless notwithstanding still unlike yet►To introduce an opposite idea or show exception: alternatively but despite even though however in contrast in spite of instead nevertheless one could also say on the other hand still whereas while yet►To show cause and effect: and so as a consequence as a result ►To summarise or conclude: as a result as shown consequently finally hence in brief in conclusion in other words in summary on the whole summing up therefore thus to conclude to summarise ultimately consequently for this reason hence therefore thusBelow is an example of how using transitional words and phrases can improve the quality of a piece of writing. Note how the ideas flow more smoothly, and the logical relationships between the ideas expressed are clearer in the second paragraph.Nothing is known about Adrian’s birth. We know that, during his early years, he was raised by hedgehogs in Birmingham, England. This upbringing would have a lasting effect on him. Adrian is a nocturnal creature who has been known to curl himself into a ball on occasion. The diet on which Adrian likely subsisted when he was young, namely insects, left him with a phobia for anything with more than four legs. Adrian was able to lead a relatively normal life. Mr. and Mrs. Smith rescued him from the Birmingham hedgehogs. The Smiths set about teaching Adrian how to behave in the world of humans. They taught him to speak English. They taught him to read. They sent him to school for the Arts. Adrian quickly became a talented guitar player. He decided that if he could not be a professional musician, he would curl himself into a ball forever. Adrian met some fellow musicians who were as talented as he. They formed a band that became a huge success. It is true that nothing is known about Adrian’s birth, but we know that, during his early years, he was raised by hedgehogs in Birmingham, England. This upbringing would have a lasting effect on him; for example, Adrian is a nocturnal creature who has been known to curl himself into a ball on occasion. In addition, the diet on which Adrian likely subsisted when he was young, namely insects, left him with a phobia for anything with more than four legs. Nevertheless, Adrian was able to lead a relatively normal life after Mr. and Mrs Smith rescued him from the Birmingham hedgehogs. The Smiths set about teaching Adrian how to behave in the world of humans. First, they taught him to speak English. Second, they taught him to read. Finally, they sent him to a school for the Arts. As a result, Adrian quickly became a talented guitar player, and he decided that if he could not be a professional musician, he would curl himself into a ball forever. Ultimately, Adrian met some fellow musicians who, in comparison, were as talented as he, and they soon formed a band that became a huge success.。
传动滚筒毕业设计
摘要可伸缩带式输送机在工业中有着广泛的应用，它是工业生产中实现连续化、规模化、自动化、现代化必不可少的设备。
此次进行了可伸缩带式输送机的整体结构设计，并确定给出了该输送机主要零部件结构参数及其计算方法。
根据给定的参数设计并计算选用可伸缩带式输送机的标准零部件构成输送机的整机，在张紧装置中采用了液压自动调整装置，并进行了主要零部件的强度校核。
根据带式输送机的主要组成及各部分特点，首先对其传动部分进行设计计算，然后选择合适的驱动装置，最后确定张紧装置的结构，并对其进行了设计计算。
可伸缩带式输送机主要用于煤矿井下运输，综合考虑各方面的因素，采用合理的驱动方案、合理的张紧装置，软启动装置组合，有效保证带式输送机的可靠运行。
关键词：可伸缩带式输送机；张紧装置；传动装置AbstractWith the development of science and technology and the rise of distance on the conveyor and the traffic has a new and higher requirements, our design of a large belt still in its infancy, the belt conveyor design, manufacture and applications, advanced level in China and abroad, there is still a large gap between domestic manufacturing belt in the design process there is much to be desired. Thus, large transportation machinery, especially the belt conveyor design theory and methods of in-depth analysis is necessary.This article was flexible belt conveyor design the overall structure and to determine given the major components of the conveyor structure parameters and their calculation. Designed according to the given parameters and calculate the standard belt use scalable components constitute a fixed level of the transport belt conveyor machine, used in a hydraulic tensioning device automatically adjusts the device, and make the main parts the strength analysis.Under the belt and the part of the characteristics of the main component, the first part of its drive to design calculations, and then select the appropriate drive, and finally determine the tensioning device of the structure and design calculation was carried out.The design is mainly used for coal mine transport, considering all factors, adopt a reasonable driving scheme, means braking and soft start device combination, effective to ensure reliable operation of the belt conveyor.Keywords Retractable belt tensioning Strength Transmission part目录摘要 (I)Abstract (II)第1章绪论 (1)1.1选题的目的和意义 (1)1.2 国内外带式输送机发展现状及趋势 (1)1.3带式输送机的分类及特点 (3)1.4 可伸缩带式输送机的工作原理及应用 (4)第2章可伸缩带式输送机方案论证 (6)2.1 滚筒布置方案确定 (6)2.2 可伸缩带式输送机驱动组合 (7)2.3 拉紧装置方案确定 (7)第3章传动部分设计计算 (9)3.1 可伸缩带式输送机的系统设计 (9)3.2 可伸缩带式输送机原始参数和工作条件 (10)3.2.1 带宽的确定: (10)3.2.2 输送带宽度的核算 (12)3.3 圆周驱动力 (13)3.3.1 计算公式 (13)3.3.2 主要阻力计算 (14)3.3.3 主要特种阻力计算 (16)3.3.4 附加特种阻力计算 (17)3.3.5 倾斜阻力计算 (18)3.4 传动功率计算 (19)3.4.1 传动轴功率计算 (19)3.4.2 电机功率计算 (19)3.5 输送带张力计算 (20)3.5.1 输送带下垂度校核 (20)3.5.2 输送带不打滑条件 (21)3.6传动滚筒设计计算 (24)3.6.1 确定传动滚筒的张合力 (24)3.6.2 筒体尺寸选择 (24)3.6.3 滚筒体厚度的计算 (25)3.6.4 滚筒筒体强度的校核 (25)3.6.5 传动滚筒轴的设计计算 (27)3.6.6 按弯扭合成应力校核轴的强度 (30)3.7液压拉紧装置的元件选择和计算 (31)3.7.1 拉紧力和拉紧行程计算 (31)3.7.2 液压回路设计和工作过程分析 (32)3.7.3 各元件的确定 (33)3.7.4 液压油的确定 (34)3.7.5 液压泵的选择及计算 (34)3.7.6 电动机的确定 (35)第4章输送机主要部件设计 (36)4.1 电机的选用 (36)4.2 减速器的选用 (37)4.3 液力耦合器与联轴器的选用 (37)4.4 制动及逆止装置 (38)4.5 托辊 (39)4.5.1 托辊的作用与类型 (39)4.5.2 托辊的计算 (40)4.5.3 托辊的额定负荷 (42)4.6 改向滚筒 (44)4.7 输送带的选择 (45)4.8 储带仓结构设计 (45)4.9 拉紧装置 (46)4.9.1 张紧装置在使用中应满足的要求 (46)4.9.2 拉紧装置的种类 (46)4.9.3 拉紧装置的选用 (47)4.10支架类装置 (48)4.10.1头架 (48)4.10.2中间架 (49)4.11 清扫装置 (49)结论 (51)致谢 (52)参考文献 (53)CONTENTSAbstract (I)Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION (1)1.1 The purpose and significance of topics (1)1.2 Status and trend of domestic and foreign Belt (1)1.3 Classification and characteristics of belt conveyor (3)1.4 Extensible Belt in the working principle and application (4)Chapter 2 Extensible Belt Demonstration program (6)2.1 Cylinder to determine (6)2.2 The flexible belt conveyor drive portfolio (7)2.3 Tensioning device program to determine (7)Chapter 3 Calculation of transmission part of the design (9)3.1 Retractable belt conveyor system (9)3.2 Extensible Belt and working conditions of the original parameters (10)3.2.1 Determination of the bandwidth (10)3.2.2 Accounting conveyor belt width (12)3.3 Circle drive (13)3.3.1 Formula (13)3.3.2 Calculation of the main resistance (14)3.3.3 Calculation of the main special resistance (16)3.3.4 Additional special resistance calculation (17)3.3.5 Calculation of tilt resistance (18)3.4 Calculation of transmission power (19)3.4.1 Shaft power calculation (19)3.4.2 Motor power calculation (19)3.5 Calculation of belt tension (20)3.5.1 Check of belt sag degree (20)3.5.2 Conveyor belt does not slip conditions (21)3.6 Calculation of driving drum (24)3.6.1 Determine the tensile force driving pulley (24)3.6.2 Cylinder sizes (24)3.6.3 Calculation of cylinder thickness (25)3.6.4 Cylinder strength and the drum (25)3.6.5 Design and Calculation of drive roller shaft (27)3.6.6 Synthesis of bending and torsion stress check by the intensity axis 303.7 Hydraulic tensioning device for component selection and calculation (31)3.7.1 Calculation of tension force and tighten travel (31)3.7.2 Hydraulic circuit design and work process analysis (32)3.7.3 Determination of the components (33)3.7.4 Determination of hydraulic oil (34)3.7.5 Selection and calculation of hydraulic pump (34)3.7.6 Determination of motor (35)Chapter 4 Design of the main parts conveyor (36)4.1 Motor Selection (36)4.2 Selection of reducer (37)4.3 Fluid coupling and coupling selection (37)4.4 Check brake and equipment (38)4.5 Roller (39)4.5.1 The role and type of roller (39)4.5.2 Calculation of roller (40)4.5.3 The rated load roller (42)4.6 Bend conveyor (44)4.7 Conveyor Belt choice: (45)4.8 Storage with a storage structure design (45)4.9 Tensioning device (46)4.9.1 Tensioning device in use shall meet the requirements (46)4.9.2 The type of tensioning device (46)4.9.3 Selection of tensioning device (47)4.10 Device Bracket (48)4.10.1 First frame (48)4.10.2 Middle frame (49)4.11 Tensioning device (49)Conclusion (51)Thanks (52)References (53)第1章绪论1.1 选题的目的和意义通常带式输送机是固定式的，但是由于煤矿工作面经常移动，若采用传统的带式输送机就会造成极大的不便和浪费。
TL46对比光敏传感器产品说明书
148CATALOG | Photoelectric Sensors(**)TLCATALOG S E C T I O NTL46Contrast sensor9 ±3 mm18 mm (Lens No.18 glass)22 mm (Lens No.22 glass)28 mm (Lens No.28 glass)40 mm (Lens No.40 glass)Switching frequency10 kHz (mod. TL46-WE color mode)15 kHz (mod. TL46-W)20 kHz (mod. TL46-A/WL)25 kHz (mod. TL46-W...PZ)30 kHZ (mod. TL46-WLF/WE contrast mode)50 kHZ (mod. TL46-WJ)70 kHz (mod. TL46-WH...PZ)Jitter50 μs (mod. TL46-WE color mode)33 μs (mod. TL46-W)25 μs (mod. TL46-A/WL)<20 μs (mod. TL46-W...PZ)16 μs (mod. TL46-WLF/WE contrast mode)<7 μs (mod. TL46-WJ <3 μs (mod. TL46-WH...PZ)Light emission RGB LED white LED Red LED Setting push buttonsTrimmer (precise incremental encoder) mod. TL46-APower supplyVDC 10…30 VVAC VAC/DC OutputPNP •NPN•NPN/PNP •relayAnalogue out 0…5 V Analogue Output (TL46-A/W/WL only)IO-Link V1.1.2 Smart sensor profile double channel I/O(mod. TL46-WH...PZ, TL46-W...PZ)Connectioncable connector •pig-tailApproximate dimensions (mm)31 x 81 x 58Housing material Aluminium Mechanical protectionIP67(**) ATEX II 3DGAPPLICATIONS• Packaging and labeling machinery• Beverage/Food/Cosmetic/Pharmaceutical industries • Printing machinery• Flexographic printing machinery• Very high precision for cutting and sealing applicationsULTRA HIGH SPEED HIGH PERFORMING CONTRAST SENSOR FOR COLOREDREGISTRATION MARK DETECTIONTL46• Ultra Fast model up to 70 kHz and very low 3us jitter (TL46-WH...OZ)• Color mode enhanced model (TL46-WE)• Position mouniting monitoring through IO-Link communication • Mechanical vibration monitoring through IO-Link communication • Wide-spectrum RGB or white LED emission• 7 different models: basic, standard, enhanced, low jitter, color mode, basic IO-Link, ultra fast with IO-Link • Automatic, manual and dynamic settings• 10, 15, 20, 30, 50, 70 kHz switching frequencies• Very low 3us jitter for fast and very precise detection (TL46-WH...OZ)• NPN/PNP/PP and analog outputs• IO-Link connectivity V1.1.2 with smart functions•Standard mounting, M12 connector rotatable to 5 positionsCONTRAST SENSORSPower supply 10 … 30 VDC (limit values) Ripple 2 VPP max.Consumption (output current excluded)40 mA max. at 24 VDC (mod. TL46-A)50 mA max. at 24 VDC (mod. TL46-W/WJ)85 mA max. at 24 VDC 24 VDC with bargraph ON in threshold adjustment mode, 55 mA max at 24 VDC with bargraph OFF in normal functioning mode (mod. TL46-WL)35 mA max. at 24 VDC (mod. TL46-WLF/WE)30mA (mod. TL46-WH...PZ, TL46-W...PZ)Light emission white LED 400-700 nm (mod. TL46-A-4xx); red LED 630 nm (mod. TL46-A-6xx)blue LED 465nm/green LED 520 nm/red LED 630 nm (mod. TL46-W/WL/WLF/WE/WJ/WH...PZ/W...PZ)Detection Distance9 ±3 mm18 mm (Lens No.18 glass) 22 mm (Lens No.22 glass) 28 mm (Lens No.28 glass) 40 mm (Lens No.40 glass)Minimum spot dimension 1.5 x 5 mm; 0.8 x 4 mm (TL46-WJ, TL46-WH...PZ, TL46-W...PZ) Depth of field± 3 mmResponse time 100 μs (mod. TL46-WE, TL46-WH...PZ color mode33 μs (mod. TL46-W)25 μs (mod. TL46-A/WL)20 μs (mod. TL46-W...PZ)16 μs (mod. TL46-WLF/WE contrast mode)10 μs (mod. TL46-WJ)6 μs (mod. TL46-WH...PZ)Switching frequency 10 kHz (mod. TL46-WE, TL46WH...PZ color mode)15 kHz (mod. TL46-W)20 kHz (mod. TL46-A/WL)30 kHz (mod. TL46-WLF/WE contrast mode)50 kHz (mod. TL46-WJ)70 kHz (mod. TL46-WH...PZ)Jitter 50 μs (mod. TL46-WE, TL46-WH...OZ color mode)33 μs (mod. TL46-W)25 μs (mod. TL46-A/WL)20 μs (mod. TL46-W...PZ)16 μs (mod. TL46-WLF/WE contrast mode)<7 μs (mod. TL46-WJ)3 μs (mod. TL46-WH...PZ)Setting SET push-buttons (mod. TL46-W/WL/WLF/WH...PZ/W...PZ)sensivity trimmer (mod. TL46-A)Operating mode DARK/LIGHT selection by switch (mod. TL46-A); automatic DARK/LIGHT selection (mod. TL46-W/WL/WJ) automatic DARK/LIGHT selection in the target/background detection, selectable via wire in the dynamic detection(mod. TL46-WLF/WE/WH)Indicatorsyellow OUTPUT LEDgreen READY LED, orange DELAY LED and KEYLOCK (mod TL46-W/WJ/W...PZ) green READY LED, 4-digit display/DELAY LED/KEYLOCK LED mod. TL46-WLF/WE/WH...PZ orange ARROWS (mod. TL46-A), DELAY LED and KEYLOCK LED 5-segment bargraph (mod. TL46-WL)Dark/light selection Switch; Automatic;Automatic/manual; remote/dynamicDelay0…20ms selectable via delay input0…100ms programmedAuxiliary function Keylock (not available on TL46-WE)Fine Hysteresis regulation (TL46-WL/WLF/WE)Output PNP (mod. TL46-WJ); PNP or NPN; PNP/NPN (mod. TL46-W/WL/WLF/WE by part number);PP/PNP/NPN (TL46-W/WH...PZ); analog output (mod. TL46-A/W/WL)Output current100mASaturaton Voltage= <2VAnalogue Out0,5…5,5V ±10%; 2V on white target 90%; 1…3V ±10%(white 90%) ; 5,5V max Analogue out impedance 2,2 kΩ (short circuit protection)Connection M12 5-pole connectorDielectric strength500 Vac, 1 min between electronics and housingInsulating resistance>20 MΩ, 500 Vdc between electronics and housingElectrical protection class 2, double insulationProtection device Reverse polarity protection, overload and short circuit protection Mechanical protection IP67Ambient light rejection according to EN 60947-5-2Vibrations0,5 mm amplitude, 10 … 55 Hz frequency, for every axis (EN60068-2-6)Shock resistance11 ms (30 G) 6 shock for every axis (EN60068-2-27)Housing material aluminiumLens material PMMA (mod. TL46-A, TL46-W), glass (mod. TL46-W-815G/WL/WLF/WJ/WE) Operating temperature-10 … 55 °CStorage temperature-20 … 70 °CWeight170 g max. TECHNICAL DATA149CATALOG | Photoelectric Sensors150CATALOG | Photoelectric Sensors15,614,41811,530,614,8TL46-A TL46-WL TL46-WLF/WE/WH...PZTL46-W/WJ/W...PZ DIMENSIONS151CATALOG | Photoelectric SensorsAIBLAC DEF G F BABC DHF G FAN B MOyellow OUTPUT LED green READY LED orange DELAY LED orange KEYLOCK LED Bargraph+/- push-buttonsSET push-button Display MARK push-buttonBKGD push-button Light/Dark Switch Orange Indicators Arrows Sensitivity Adjustment KnobTL46-ATL46-WLF/WE/WJTL46-W...PZ/WH...PZTL46-W/WLINDICATORS AND SETTINGSCONNECTIONSStandard 9 mm lensmmAccessory 18 mm lens mmAccessory 28 mm lensmmAccessory 40 mm lensmmHORIZONTAL SPOTVERTICAL SPOTHorizontal spot ispresent in the TL46models with final ‘-L’suffixACCESSORIESDATALOGIC PRODUCT OFFERINGMobile Computers VisionSensors Hand HeldSafety LaserSafety LightLaser Marking。
UItrascale
Device Package User Guide UG112 (v3.7) September 5, 2012Chapter4Package Electrical CharacteristicsIntroductionAs data rates increase and signal rise times become shorter, the effects of package parasiticsare becoming increasingly significant as the hardware engineers model their circuits.Discontinuities that might have had minimal impact on circuit performance in pastgenerations of components are now of paramount importance as designers strive toachieve higher performance in their systems.The IC package forms an interconnect system just like traces on a printed circuit board(PCB) or conductors in connectors. When a designer simulates the signaling performancefrom a driver to a receiver, all the interconnect parasitics in the path, including the package,must be considered in order to achieve simulation results that represent the entire system'sperformance.Current Xilinx packages are constructed with either wirebond or flip chip interconnecttechnology. Some components use simpler leadframe-based packages, while others uselaminate-based packages with multilayer construction. The choice of package matches theperformance and marketing objectives sought for the device family. In multilayerpackages, innovative pin-out selections and creative design techniques are used in a co-design effort to optimize package performance and to prevent the package from being alimiting factor for the device. For these high performance FPGA packages, Xilinx alsoprovides package models that allow the user to take package parasites into account toaccurately model the component's performance prior to committing to hardware.This chapter focuses on defining certain critical concepts associated with electricalcharacterization of packages. It is also intended to provide relevant theoretical review ofelectrical issues and concepts as they relate to the characterization effort. The documentprovides descriptions of the methods utilized to generate the parasitic data and deriveappropriate models for their use. Some data examples, ranging from simple tabulated RLCto s-parameter models, are given to illustrate the range of electrical data that are availablefor the packages.Terminology - Definitions and ReviewsThere are a number of key concepts that should be understood in order to appreciate howpackages affect the signals transiting through them, as well as how package parasitics aremodeled or measured in the lab.Any conductor system is characterized by some basic electrical parameters which aredependent of the physical design of the system, a package is no exception. The basicelectrical parameters associated with packages are resistance, inductance, conductance,and capacitance. These are commonly referred to as RLGC parameters. The parameterswill be defined in the following subsections. The section also explains several other metricsDevice Package User GuideUG112 (v3.7) September 5, 2012Electrical Data Generation and Measurement MethodsFigure 4-5 illustrates Excel formatted tabulation of per pin data. The top 20 balls of the file for XC4VLX60 in FF1148 are shown.Models at Xilinx - Electrical Data Delivery via ModelsPackage models are a means to convey package electrical data, as stated in the previous section. These are provided to allow device users to accurately predict the performance of their designs. Xilinx recognizes that there might be several I/O model types available. For this reason, package electrical data is provided through the following I/O model formats as default:•Base [Package] section data in IBIS device file. The base [Package] section data isprovided for all newer devices in the base IBIS file. This data usually lists thepackages used with Typical, Min, and Max parasitics, as illustrated in Figure 4-4.•RLC matrix .pkg data format in either coupled RLC or uncoupled - depends on the device and size of package for SelectIO. These whole package RLC matrix datamodels are recommended for use below at about 1 Gbit/second data rates. The R, L and C element values are not frequency dependent. (The R value is typicallycharacterized at DC). The IBIS .pkg format data is intended to be read by an IBISsimulator which will utilize the data to create an appropriate package model that will be connected to the IBIS buffer model being simulated. These models can be utilized in simulators such as HyperLynx, ICX, Hspice, and others. These models are extracted Figure 4-5:Excel Formatted Tabulation of Per Pin DataUG112_C4_05_111208。
Anders et al. - 2004 -
Mon.Not.R.Astron.Soc.347,196–212(2004)Analysing observed star cluster SEDs with evolutionary synthesis models:systematic uncertaintiesP.Anders,1 N.Bissantz,2U.Fritze-v.Alvensleben1and R.de Grijs3,41Universit¨a ts-Sternwarte,University of G¨o ttingen,Geismarlandstr.11,37083G¨o ttingen,Germany2Institut f¨u r Mathematische Stochastik,University of G¨o ttingen,Lotzestr.13,37083G¨o ttingen,Germany3Institute of Astronomy,University of Cambridge,Madingley Road,Cambridge CB30HA4Department of Physics&Astronomy,University of Sheffield,Hicks Building,Hounsfield Road,Sheffield S37RHAccepted2003September9.Received2003August28;in original form2003June23ABSTRACTWe discuss the systematic uncertainties inherent to analyses of observed(broad-band)spectralenergy distributions(SEDs)of star clusters with evolutionary synthesis models.We investigatethe effects caused by restricting oneself to a limited number of available passbands,choicesof various passband combinations,finite observational errors,non-continuous model inputparameter values,and restrictions in parameter space allowed during analysis.Starting froma complete set of UBVRIJH passbands(respectively,their Hubble Space Telescope/WFPC2equivalents)we investigate to what extent clusters with different combinations of age,metal-licity,internal extinction and mass can or cannot be disentangled in the various evolutionarystages throughout their lifetimes and what are the most useful passbands required to resolvethe ambiguities.Wefind the U and B bands to be of the highest significance,while the V bandand near-infrared data provide additional constraints.A code is presented that makes use ofluminosities of a star cluster system in all of the possibly available passbands,and tries tofindranges of allowed age–metallicity–extinction–mass combinations for individual members ofstar cluster systems.Numerous tests and examples are presented.We show the importance ofgood photometric accuracies and of determining the cluster parameters independently withoutany prior assumptions.Key words:methods:data analysis–globular clusters:general–open clusters and associations:general–galaxies:evolution–galaxies:star clusters.1I N T RO D U C T I O NSince the seminal work by Tinsley(1968),evolutionary synthe-sis has become a powerful tool for the interpretation of integrated spectrophotometric observations of galaxies and galactic subcom-ponents,such as star clusters.Several groups have introduced their evolutionary synthesis codes,e.g.Bruzual&Charlot(1993)[B&C], Fritze-v.Alvensleben&Gerhard(1994)[GALEV],Fioc&Rocca-V olmerange(1997)[PEGASE],Leitherer et al.(1999)[STARBURST99] (all with regular updates),with various input physics(evolutionary tracks versus isochrones from various groups,different sets of stellar spectral libraries,extinction laws,etc.).The codes not only vary in terms of input physics but also regarding computational implemen-tation,interpolation routines,etc.A number of publications deal with the intercomparison of various evolutionary synthesis codes (e.g.Worthey1994;Charlot,Worthey&Bressan1996).The im-pact of uncertainties in the various model parameters(such as in the descriptions of overshooting and mass loss,stellar spectral li- E-mail:panders@uni-sw.gwdg.de braries,etc.)on the resulting colours is challenged by Yi(2003). These publicationsfind good general agreement among the various models,and assign acceptable uncertainties to the model results.Yi (2003)points out the importance of a proper choice offilters for observing objects characterized by different age ranges.This is jus-tified by the light being dominated by stars in different evolutionary stages at different times.The age–metallicity degeneracy is a ma-jor drawback for accurate age determinations,especially for young ages 200Myr.In addition to the choice of the specific evolutionary synthesis model used,another important caveat merits discussion here.A common assumption in dealing with evolutionary synthesis is a well-populated stellar initial mass function(IMF),up to the model’s upper mass limit.While this is probably a justifiable assumption for galaxy-sized systems(although uncertainties regarding the slope of the IMF persist),it certainly breaks down at levels of small (open)star clusters and OB associations,where stars are formed purely stochastically(by consumption of the available amount of gas),and these statistics dominate the observed dispersion in cluster luminosities.A great deal of progress has already been achieved onC 2004RASSystematic uncertainties in SED analysis197this topic,in particular by Cervi˜n o and collaborators(e.g.Cervi˜n o et al.2002;Cervi˜n o&Valls-Gabaud2003).The main conclusion is that for systems more massive than≈105M the impact of the stochasticity of the IMF on the results is–in general–low,and the ultraviolet(UV)continuum is least affected by stochastic disper-sions.The studies referred to before concentrated on the models them-selves.When comparing the model results with observations,in order to constrain the cluster parameters–age,metallicity,internal extinction and mass–one does not only need to take into account the model uncertainties,however.Thefinal parameter uncertainties also depend on the observational errors,the choice of passbands used,their number,spectral coverage and individualfilter proper-ties,and the analysis algorithm applied to one’s data.The most common method of model-observation comparison for astrophysi-cal purposes is the chi-squared minimization technique,used,e.g. for parameter determination of star clusters(e.g.Maoz et al.2001; de Grijs et al.2003a,b),determination of star-formation histories of galaxies(e.g.Gavazzi et al.2002),and photometric redshift deter-mination(e.g.Massarotti et al.2001).Slightly different,but compa-rable algorithms,like the least-squares method(e.g.Ma et al.2002) or maximum-likelihood estimation(e.g.Gil de Paz&Madore2002; Bik et al.2003),are used as well.However,see Bissantz&Munk (2001)for a critical discussion about the applicability of chi-squared versus least-squares criteria.The aim of the present paper is a systematic evaluation of in-herent uncertainties in the analysis of observed star cluster spectral energy distributions(SEDs)using evolutionary synthesis models. We define an SED as an ensemble of(absolute)magnitudes in a given set of(broad-band)passbands.We pay special attention to the most appropriate choice of passbands to improve future observation strategies.We will point out severe pitfalls,such as trends caused byfinite observational errors and unjustified a priori assumptions. 2M O D E L D E S C R I P T I O NIn Section2.1we present the basic properties of our evolutionary synthesis models.Section2.2is a general description of our cluster SED analysis algorithm,regardless of whether it is used to study the parameters of observed star clusters or of simulated artificial clus-ters.In Section2.3we present the specific properties of the artificial clusters(clusters for which SEDs are taken directly from our mod-els)used to simulate observed clusters and study the performance of our analysis tool.From Section3onwards only these artificial clusters are used.2.1Input modelsWe use the single stellar population(SSP)models presented in Schulz et al.(2002),with important improvements regarding the treatment of gaseous emission in the early stages of cluster evolu-tion,as presented in Anders&Fritze-v.Alvensleben(2003).These models include isochrones from the Padova group including the TP-AGB phase,and model atmosphere spectra from Lejeune,Cuisinier &Buser(1997,1998).These extend from90Åthrough160µm for five different metallicities,Z=0.0004,0.004,0.008,0.02=Z and0.05or[Fe/H]=−1.7,−0.7,−0.4,0and+0.4(i.e.matching the metallicities of the Padova isochrones),and gaseous emission (both lines and continuum)due to the ionizingflux from young massive stars.The models can be retrieved from http://www.uni-sw.gwdg.de/∼galev/panders/.For a general description of the stel-lar models see Bertelli et al.(1994)and Girardi et al.(2000);for details about the specific isochrones in our models see Schulz et al. (2002).All calculations presented here are based on a Salpeter IMF in the mass range of0.15to approximately70M (0.15to ap-proximately50M for super-solar metallicity,following from the Padova isochrones).Stellar synthesis models for a Scalo IMF are presented in Schulz et al.(2002)and Anders&Fritze-v.Alvensleben (2003),and are available from the aforementioned Web address.2.2General description of the analysis algorithmIn order to analyse observed SEDs of star clusters in terms of the individual cluster’s age,metallicity,extinction,and mass we calcu-late a grid of models for a large range of values for each of these parameters(except mass,which is a simple scaling of the model mass[M model=1.6×109M ]to the absolute observed cluster magnitudes).Input parameters for the analysis are the time evolu-tion of the spectra of the SSP models,and the derived magnitude evolution in the various passbands.The individual uncertainties contributing to the overall photomet-ric uncertainties are:the observational uncertainties,an estimated model uncertainty of0.1mag,and an uncertainty of an additional 0.1mag for passbands bluewards of the B band due to known cali-bration and model problems in the UV.The total uncertainty is the square-root of the quadratic sum of these individual errors.The ob-servational and model uncertainties are expected to be independent. Galactic extinction is taken into account by dereddening the observations using the Galactic extinction values from Schlegel, Finkbeiner&Davis(1998).First,we calculated dust-reddened spectra,using the starburst galaxy extinction law by Calzetti et al.(2000),assuming a fore-ground screen geometryk (λ)=2.659×(−1.857+1.040/λ)+4.05for0.63µm λ 2.20µm,k (λ)=2.659×(−2.156+1.509/λ−0.198/λ2+0.011/λ3) +4.05for0.09µm λ<0.63µmwith a reddenedfluxF red(λ)=F0(λ)×100.4×E s(B−V)×k (λ)and a range of values for the colour excess of the stellar continuum E s(B−V).Since the gaseous emission is relevant only for a short time and even then not the dominating term,the difference between the colour excess of the stellar continuum and that from nebular gas emission lines(e.g.Calzetti et al.2000)is neglected.We emphasize that the Calzetti law is valid only for starburst galaxies,while for‘normal’galaxies(i.e.undisturbed and quies-cent spiral and elliptical galaxies)it is probably at least marginally incorrect(due to the lower dust content in such galaxies).However, for our systematic uncertainty analysis,the specific shape of the extinction law assumed is of minor importance.We construct SEDs from these models by folding the spectra with a large number offilter response functions to obtain absolute magnitudes.The parameter resolutions are:(i)Age:4-Myr resolution for ages from4Myr to2.36Gyr, 20-Myr resolution for ages from2.36Gyr to14Gyr;(ii)Extinction:the resolution is E(B−V)=0.05mag,for E(B−V)=0.0–1.0mag;(iii)Metallicities:[Fe/H]=−1.7,−0.7,−0.4,0and+0.4,as given by the Padova isochrones;C 2004RAS,MNRAS347,196–212198P.Anders et al.(iv)Mass:an arbitrary model mass of M model=1.6×109M is used.When comparing our observed SEDs with the model SEDs we first determine the mass of the cluster by shifting the model SED on to the observed SED.A number of these model SEDs(for M cluster=M model)are shown in Fig.1,for thefive available metallicities and forfive representative ages used for the artificial clusters considered in this paper(see Section2.3).Each of the models in our grid is now assigned a certain probabil-ity to be the most appropriate one,given by a likelihood estimator of the form p∼exp(−χ2),whereχ2= (m obs−m model)2σ2obs,where m obs and m model are the observed and the model magnitudes in each band,respectively,andσobs are the observational uncertainties. The summation is over allfilters.Clusters with unusually large‘best’χ2are rejected,since this is an indication of calibration errors, features not included in the models(such as spectra dominated by Wolf–Rayet stars,objects younger than4Myr,etc.)or problems due to the limited resolution of the parameters.The cut-off level isset to a total probability 10−20,corresponding toχ2best 46.Thetotal probability per cluster is then normalized. Subsequently,the model with the highest probability is cho-sen as the‘best-fitting model’.Models with decreasing probabil-ities are summed up until reaching68.26per cent total probability (=1σconfidence interval)to estimate the uncertainties in the best-fitting model.These uncertainties are in fact upper limits,since their determination does not take into account effects like the existence of several solution‘islands’for one cluster(such as,e.g.the age–metallicity degeneracy,see below),and discretization in parameter space.For real observations,several passband combinations(containing at least four passbands)were used for the analysis,to minimize the impact of calibration errors and statistical effects.A minimum of four passbands is required to determine the four free parameters of age,metallicity,extinction and mass independently(see also Anders et al.2004;de Grijs et al.2003a,b).Only clusters with observational errors 0.2mag in all passbands of a particular combination are included to minimize the uncertain-ties in the results(except for some artificial clusters considered in this paper,for which we adopt errors=0.3mag).For each com-bination,the best-fitting models and their associated parameter un-certainties are determined.For a given cluster all best-fitting mod-els(and the associated uncertainties)originating from the different passband combinations are compared.For each of these best-fitting models the product P of the relative uncertaintiesP=age+age−×mass+mass−×metallicity Z+metallicity Z−is calculated(the superscripts indicate the1σupper(+)and lower (−)limits,respectively).The relative uncertainty in the extinction is not taken into account,since the lower extinction limit is often zero.The data set with the lowest value of this product is adopted as the most representative set of parameters(with its corresponding parameter uncertainties)for the particular cluster being analysed. In cases where the algorithm converges to a single model,a generic uncertainty of30per cent for all parameters is assumed,in linearspace,corresponding to an uncertainty of+0.1−0.15dex in logarithmicparameter space.See also Anders et al.(2004)for an application to the star clusters in the dwarf starburst galaxy NGC1569,and de Grijs et al.(2003a,b)for applications of this algorithm to clusters in the interacting starburst galaxies NGC3310and NGC6745.2.3Artificial clustersIn this study we will use artificial clusters to investigate the uncer-tainties related to our analysis on the basis of a comparison with the model grid.The SED magnitudes of the‘ideal’artificial clusters are taken directly from the models.Standard parameters of these clus-ters are:metallicity[Fe/H]=0.0=[Fe/H] ,internal extinction E(B−V)=0.1,and ages of8Myr(‘cluster1’),60Myr(‘cluster 2’),200Myr(‘cluster3’),1Gyr(‘cluster4’),and10Gyr(‘cluster 5’).In this standard set only age variations,and neither metallic-ity nor extinction variations are considered initially,for reasons of clarity.The impact of varying the metallicity and extinction values is treated separately,see especially Section3.3.The cluster mass is the model’s mass,1.6×109M ,and the‘observational’errors are set to be0.1mag in eachfilter.Unless otherwise indicated,the clusters in this paper will have these standard parameters.For each of thesefive sets of artificial cluster parameters10000 cluster SEDs were generated by adding statistical noise to the mag-nitudes of the‘ideal’cluster.The errors are drawn from a Gaussian distribution with the Gaussianσcorresponding to the‘observa-tional’uncertainty(=0.1mag as standard value).All clusters are analysed separately with our algorithm in order to assess under which conditions and to what accuracy their input parameters are recovered by our method.Subsequently,all clusters originating from a given‘ideal’cluster are used to calculate median parameters and their associated uncertainties.The uncertainties are centred around the median solution;they serve as equivalents to the1σstandard deviation around the average values.However,for our analysis we chose to use the median instead of the average of the distribution,since we believe the median to be physically more relevant.We are interested infinding the most likely result when comparing our model grid with observations.Free parameters are the metallicity[Fe/H],the extinction E(B−V),log(age)and log(mass).[Fe/H]and log(age)are used instead of Z and age because the evolution of magnitudes is approximately linear in[Fe/H]and log(age).3S T U DY O F T H E AC C U R AC YO F O U R A NA LY S I S3.1Passbands included in our analysisWe consider the followingfilters(the impact of only slightly differ-entfilter response curves is small).Allfilters are taken from the set of availablefilters for observations of the Hubble Space Telescope (HST)/WFPC2,ACS,and NICMOS cameras.The standard set offilters is:HST WFPC2(and ACS)filters F336W(‘U’),F439W(‘B’),F555W(‘V’),F675W(‘R’),F814W (‘I’),NICMOS(NIC2camera)F110W(‘J’)and F160W(‘H’).This standard set will be referred to as‘UBVRIJH’.In addition the follow-ingfilters are included in our study as well:the HST WFPC2(and ACS where appropriate)widefilters F300W(‘wide U’),F450W (‘wide B’),F606W(‘wide V’)and F702W(‘wide R’);and the HST Str¨o mgrenfilters F336W(‘u’≡‘U’),F410M(‘v’),F467M(‘b’) and F547M(‘y’).In this paper we will use the term‘UV passband’essentially for the U band,and the term‘NIR passbands’for the J and H bands. In the relevantfigures,the horizontal lines mark the input values, and the symbols represent the median of the recovered values withC 2004RAS,MNRAS347,196–212200P.Anders et al.the associated uncertainties.The clusters with‘cluster number’=1 x<2are clusters with the youngest input age of8Myr,clusters with‘cluster number’=2 x<3are clusters with an input age of 60Myr,and so on(this offset is chosen for reasons of clarity). 3.2Choice of passband combinationFirst,we investigate which passbands contain the maximum amount of information,and hence which passbands are preferred for obser-vations,if one can obtain observations in only a limited number of passbands.This aims at improving future observing strategies. 3.2.1Importance of individual passbandsIn Fig.2we present the dispersions in our recovered parameters using the standard input parameters,and SEDs covering the full wavelength range UBVRIJH,compared with passband combina-tions where one of the UBVRIJH passbands is left out.Thisfigure provides direct evidence of the importance of the U band(and to a lesser degree also of the B band)for all stages of cluster evolution,while for ages>1Gyr also a lack of the V band results in problems in recovering the age.The systematic deviations from the input values for the combinations without the U or B bands are caused by an insufficiently accurate determination of the cluster metallicity.The resulting SED changes are therefore balanced by the analysis algorithm by adjusting the extinction and/or age,and are also accompanied by higher-than-input median masses in our fitted results.Systematic biases are only apparent in the age determination of the oldest artificial cluster(with a slight bias towards younger recovered ages),balanced by an overestimate of the internal extinction(which is a sign of the age–extinction degeneracy)and a minor bias towards smaller median masses.For the60-Myr-old artificial cluster,the metallicity determination leads to an underestimate(presumably due to the criss-crossing of the models and/or the non-negligible impact of the age–metallicity degeneracy at these ages)for all passband combinations,while for the oldest cluster the uncertainty in the metallicity determination encompasses almost the entire available range.In general,the median values recovered by our code agree fairly well with the input parameters,with the exceptions mentioned above.The parameter dispersions are largest for the young(ages 60Myr)and the oldest(age=10Gyr)clusters.This is caused by the criss-crossing of the models for young ages and theflat magni-tude evolution for old ages.The importance of the U and B band is immediately apparent from the overview of artificial SEDs presented in Fig.1.U and B are important for tracing the hook-like structure for young ages, while there appears to be a kink in the SEDs at the V band for older ages.3.2.2Combinations of four passbandsThe minimum number of passbands required to determine the four free parameters–age,metallicity,extinction and mass–indepen-dently is four.In Figs3and4we present the recovered parameters for UBVRIJH compared with various passband combinations con-sisting of four passbands,for opticalfilters only and including one near-infrared(NIR)band,respectively.For optical passbands only,the U band plays a major role once more,especially in determining the metallicity.Missing U-band in-formation leads to underestimates of the metallicity,thereby causing extinction values and ages to be adjusted improperly,and hence this also leads to incorrect mass estimates.Even in cases where the me-dian is recovered correctly,such clusters show the largest uncertain-ties.In some cases,missing B-band information has similar effects, especially for the youngest cluster,while for the oldest cluster the B band is vital to break the age–extinction degeneracy.Only for the oldest cluster does the V band contain vital information,which is in accordance with our results in Section3.2.1.For optical+NIR passbands,the situation is similar:the U band (and to a lesser degree also the B band)is essential.Generally,the offsets from the input values and the uncertainty ranges are smaller than for optical passbands only,thus proving the importance of NIR data.Choosing a NIR band closely resembling the K band instead of J or H would give similar results,possibly restricting the values slightly better.However,we concentrated on the H band since there are more observations available in H in the HST data archive than forfilters with longer central wavelengths.In Fig.4we also see the effect of a limited wavelength coverage: in all parameters,the RIJH combination gives the worst results(see also de Grijs et al.2003a).Similar,but less pronounced,is the effect for the UBVR combination.Fig.5compares the normal WFPC2UBVR system with the cor-responding passband combination using the WFPC2widefilters.In addition,results based on the medium band Str¨o mgrenfilter system of WFPC2are shown.In most cases the widefilter system gives slightly worse results than the standard system.However,driven by the widerfilter re-sponse curves and the associated smaller observational errors thanks to the largerflux throughput,the wide system might be preferable, e.g.for faint objects.Using the WFPC2Str¨o mgren medium-band system does not re-sult in significant improvements compared to wide-band systems.In conjunction with the lowerflux throughput(caused by the narrower bandwidth)this system seems less preferable for our purpose.We emphasize that this only holds for our SED analysis.In de Grijs et al.(2003a)we investigated the impact of the choice of passbands for the young cluster system(with ages of few×10–100Myr)in NGC3310with HST data from the UV through to the NIR.Starting with the full set of available passbands,we stud-ied the changes in accuracy of the recovered parameters if we repeated the analysis using only a subset of our passbands.By com-paring the results from our analyses using all passbands with those from smaller subsets we found severe biases in the age distributions originating from different passband combinations,in particular for combinations biased towards longer wavelengths(VIJH),but also for UV–UBV(covering shorter wavelengths only)and BVIJH,con-sistent with the results presented here.3.2.3Conclusions on the choice of passbandsFrom these comparisons we conclude that the passband com-binations for the most reliable parameter determination must include the U band,the B band,and use the maximum available wavelength range,preferably including at least one NIR band. If only observations in four passbands can be obtained,the best combinations are UBIH or UBVH,especially for genuinely old objects,and UBVI,if NIR data cannot be acquired.We emphasize once again that tracing the kink around the B/V band in the SEDs(see Fig.1)is vital.For improved metallicity determinations,and consequently for improved determinations of the other parameters as well,NIR data seem to be crucial (for young clusters the U/B bands are also important,in order toC 2004RAS,MNRAS347,196–212Systematic uncertainties in SED analysis201r e c o v e r e d e x t i n c t i o n E (B -V )-1.5-1-0.50.5123456r e c o v e r e d m e t a l l i c i t y [F e /H ]cluster number6.577.588.599.51010.5r e c o v e r e d l o g (a g e )cluster number88.599.51010.511r e c o v e r e d l o g (m a s s )cluster number Figure 2.Dispersion of recovered properties of arti ficial clusters,assuming availability of UBVRIJH and passband combinations rejecting one of the UBVRIJH passbands,as indicatedin the legend.Cluster parameters are standard.r e c o v e r e d e x t i n c t i o n E (B -V )-1.5-1-0.50.5123456r e c o v e r e d m e t a l l i c i t y [F e /H ]cluster number6.577.588.599.51010.5r e c o v e r e d l o g (a g e )cluster number88.599.51010.511r e c o v e r e d l o g (m a s s )cluster numberFigure 3.Dispersion of recovered properties of arti ficial clusters,assuming availability of various optical passband combinations,as indicated in the legend.Cluster parameters are standard.C2004RAS,MNRAS 347,196–212202P .Anders etal.Figure 4.Dispersion of recovered properties of arti ficial clusters,assuming availability of various optical +NIR passband combinations,as indicated in the legend.Cluster parameters are standard.r e c o v e r e d e x t i n c t i o n E (B -V )-1.5-1-0.50.5123456r e c o v e r e d m e t a l l i c i t y [F e /H ]cluster number6.577.588.599.51010.5r e c o v e r e d l o g (a g e )cluster number88.599.51010.511r e c o v e r e d l o g (m a s s )cluster numberFigure 5.Dispersion of recovered properties of arti ficial clusters,comparing various wide and medium-band HST filters,as indicated in the legend.Cluster parameters are standard.C2004RAS,MNRAS 347,196–212Systematic uncertainties in SED analysis203Figure6.Dispersion of recovered properties of artificial clusters,assuming availability of UBVRIJH magnitudes and varying observational errors,as indicated in the legend.Other parameters are standard.determine the metallicity correctly).However,due to the limited metallicity resolution(and the numerous effects the metallicity has on the synthetic magnitudes),the metallicity determination remains the weakest point in our cluster analysis algorithm,and presumably in any routine using synthetic magnitudes from stellar isochrones or tracks.3.3Varying the input parametersIn this section we investigate to what extent the input parameters can be recovered as a function of their respective values and obser-vational errors.3.3.1Using all sevenfiltersFig.6shows,for a range of observational uncertainties,the re-liability of our recovered parameters if the standard set offilters (UBVRIJH)is available.We caution that we still apply the model uncertainty of0.1mag(and an additional uncertainty of0.1mag for UV passbands).A slight trend towards an underestimate of the ages,balanced by a slight overestimate of the internal extinction and an occasional underestimate of the metallicity,is seen.However,even for the largest observational errors of0.3mag that we tested for,all recov-ered parameters are consistent with the input parameters,within the uncertainties.With increasing observational errors,there seems to be a trend to underestimate the ages for the oldest cluster,balanced by an increasing overestimate of the internal extinction.For genuinely old cluster systems,this degeneracy can be broken by restricting the extinction range.This is generally justified,since such systems are usually dust-poor,if not dust-free,and show fairly homogeneous extinction distributions.Fig.7shows that the degree to which our code recovers the input parameters is largely independent of the input extinction value,with the exception of the ages recovered for the oldest artificial clusters (in this latter case clear signs of the age–extinction degeneracy are apparent).The remaining deviations of the median recovered values from the input values are always less than0.2dex,and in most cases even smaller.The deviations in metallicity and extinction are one step in resolution(except for the extinction of the oldest cluster, which is,in most cases,two steps off).Small trends for increasing age underestimates with lower input extinction are discernible. Fig.8indicates good agreement between the input parameters and their recovered values for allfive metallicities.Median extinc-tion values and metallicities match the input values very well.The age determination is correct to log(age) 0.25dex.The mass is recovered very well,as is the extinction.The various metallicity input values are in general correctly recovered,but in a few cases a difference of one resolution step is seen.3.3.2Using the minimum of fourfiltersThe followingfigures show the accuracy if observations in only the minimum of four passbands are available(i.e.a more realistic case). We discuss the best-suited four-passband combination identified in Section3.2.2,including the H band,i.e.the combination UBIH. Fig.9shows significant trends caused by increasing observational errors,especially for the oldest clusters.For the other clusters,the trends are less severe,with deviations of less than a factor of2,C 2004RAS,MNRAS347,196–212。
风格迁移代码流程
风格迁移代码流程
风格迁移代码的流程可以分为以下几个步骤：
1. 数据准备：首先，需要准备好两组数据：一组是风格源图片的数据集，另一组是待迁移的目标图片的数据集。
可以使用现有的数据集，也可以自行收集和准备数据。
2. 模型选择和训练：选择适合的深度学习模型进行风格迁移，常用的模型有CycleGAN、StarGAN等。
使用源图片数据集和目标图片数据集训练该模型，以使得模型能够学习到风格的特征。
3. 预处理：对目标图片进行预处理，包括尺寸调整、归一化等操作，以便与模型输入要求相符。
4. 风格迁移：将预处理后的目标图片输入到训练好的模型中，进行风格迁移操作。
模型将会将目标图片的风格迁移到源图片的风格上，并生成一张新的图片。
5. 后处理：对风格迁移生成的图片进行后处理，包括去噪、调整对比度等操作，以提升图像质量。
6. 输出结果：将经过后处理的图片输出保存，供后续使用。
需要注意的是，风格迁移是一项复杂的任务，其具体实现涉及到的步骤和方法可以根据具体的需求和模型而有所差异。
上述流程只是一个基本的概述，并不能涵盖所有情况。
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a r X i v :a s t r o -p h /0509459v 1 15 S e p 2005Draft version February 5,2008Preprint typeset using L A T E X style emulateapj v.11/12/01TYPE I ULIRGS:TRANSITION STAGE FROM ULIRGS TO QSOSNozomu Kawakatu 1International School for Advanced Studies,Via Beirut 2-4,34014Trieste,ItalyNaohisa Anabuki 2Department of Earth and Space Science,Graduate School of Science,Osaka University,1-1Machikaneyama,Toyonaka,560-0043Osaka,JapanTohru Nagao 3Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri,Largo Enrico Fermi,5,50125Firenze,ItalyNational Astronomical Observatory of Japan,2-21-1Osawa,Mitaka,Tokyo 151-8588,Japan Masayuki Umemura 4Center for Computational Sciences,University of Tsukuba,Ten-nodai,1-1-1Tsukuba,Ibaraki,305-8577,JapanandTakao Nakagawa 5Institute of Space and Astronautical Science,Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency,JAXA,3-1-1Yoshinodai,Sagamihara,Kanagawa 229-8510,JapanDraft version February 5,2008ABSTRACTWe examine whether the ultraluminous infrared galaxies that contain a type I Seyfert nucleus (a type I ULIRG)are in the transition stage from ULIRGs to quasi-stellar objects (QSOs).To inspect this issue,we compare the black hole (BH)mass,the bulge luminosity and the far infrared luminosity among type I ULIRGs,QSOs and elliptical galaxies.As a result,we find the following results;(1)The type I ULIRGs have systematically smaller BH masses in spite of the comparable bulge luminosity relative to QSOs and elliptical galaxies.(2)The far-infrared luminosity of most type I ULIRGs is larger than the Eddington luminosity.We show that above results do not change significantly for 3type I ULIRGs that we can estimate the visual extinction from the column density.Also,for all 8type I ULIRGs,we investigate the effect of uncertainties of BH mass measurments and our sample bias,so that it turns out that our results do not alter even if we consider above two effects.In addition,Anabuki (2004)revealed that their X-ray properties are similar to those of the narrow line Seyfert 1galaxies.These would indicate that active galactic nuclei (AGNs)with a high mass accretion rate exist in the type I ULIRGs.Based on all of these findings,we conclude that it would be a natural interpretation that type I ULIRGs are the early phase of BH growth,namely the missing link between ULIRGs and QSOs.Moreover,by comparing our results with a theoretical model of a coevolution scenario of a QSO BH and a galactic bulge,we show clearly that this explanation would be valid.Subject headings:galaxies:active —galaxies:bulges —galaxies:formation —galaxies:starburst —quasars:general —black hole1.introductionUp to now,the Infrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS )made the remarkable discovery of a new class of galax-ies,the ultraluminous infrared galaxies (ULIRGs,i.e.,those having infrared luminosities greater than L IR (8−1000µm)≥1012L ⊙),which emit the bulk of their energy at infrared wavelengths.A lot of studies (e.g.,Sanders &Mirabel 1996)have established that ULIRGs are gas-rich galaxies that in most cases have undergone a recent strong interaction with other galaxies eventually leading to a com-plete merger of the two.A commonly accepted explana-tion is that during such a galaxy collision the interstellar medium is transported toward the circumnuclear environ-ment and is concentrated and compressed there,thus re-sulting in starburst on scales of less than a few kiloparsecs.In the next phase,the low angular momentum gas in the starburst region may fall into and accrete onto the central massive BH.In addition,the luminosity and space den-sity of ULIRGs are similar to those of QSOs.Moreover,the luminosity function of IRAS galaxies is of a double power-low type,and thus differs from that of the normal galaxies that show exponential rollover and is rather sim-ilar to that of QSOs or starbursts (Scoville 1992).Thus,it has been suggested that ULIRGs are powered by the heavily obscured QSOs (e.g.,Sanders et al.1988)or the starbursts (Joseph &Wright 1985).However,the physical1kawakatu@sissa.it2anabuki@ess.sci.osaka-u.ac.jp 3tohru@arcetri.astro.it4umemura@ccs.tsukuba.ac.jp 5nakagawa@ir.isas.jaxa.jp12Kawakatu et al.relation between ULIRGs and QSOs has been an issue of long standing.For the early type galaxies and QSOs,recent high spatial-resolution observations have suggested that the mass of a supermassive black hole(SMBH)tightly cor-relates with the mass,the velocity dispersion,and the luminosity of a galactic bulge(e.g.,Kormendy&Rich-stone1995;Richstone et al.1998;Laor1998;Tremaine et al.2001;McLure&Dunlop2001,2002;Marconi&Hunt 2003;Kawakatu&Umemura2004).It has been found that the relatively low-z QSO hosts are mostly luminous and well-evolved early-type galaxies(e.g.,McLeod&Rieke 1995;Bahcall et al.1997;Hooper,Impey,&Foltz1997; McLoed,Rieke&Storrie-Lombardi1999;Brotherton et al. 1999;Kirhaokos et al.1999;McLure et al.1999;McLure, Dunlope,&Kukula2000;Falomo et al.2003;Dunlop et al.2003).Recently,Veilleux,Sanders&Kim(1999) have shown that the percentage of AGNs is30−50%for L IR>1012L⊙.Thesefindings suggest that the formation of a ULIRG,a SMBH,a galactic bulge and a QSO would be related to each other.However,this physical link is an open question.From the theoretical points of view,Kawakatu, Umemura&Mori(2003;hearafter KUM03)suggested a potential mechanism to build up a SMBH.They consider the effect of the radiation drag6,which extracts angular momentum from interstellar medium in starburst galaxies and thereby drives the mass accretion onto a galactic cen-ter(Umemura2001;Kawakatu&Umemura2002;Sato et al.2004).On the basis of the radiation drag model, they proposed a new picture for a QSO formation.First, we regarded classical ULIRGs as the starburst galaxies, in which there is little AGN activity(if any).Next,we predicted the possibility of the“proto-QSO phase”,which is the optically thin and the total luminosity is dominated still by the bulge stars,although there is significant AGN activity in them.In this phase,a BH is still growing through the mass accretion and the BH-to-bulge mass ra-tio is smaller than that of QSOs and elliptical galaxies. And then,once a BH has grown fully and the central AGN dominates the total luminosity,the galaxy is regarded as a QSO(see alsofigures in KUM03).However,a proto-QSO has not been identified observationally yet although it is essential to clarify what objects correspond to proto-QSOs.Recently,ultra deep X-ray observations suggested that the submillimeter galaxies(SMGs)at z≃1−3have the mass accretion rates approximately an order of magnitude lower than those of the coeval QSOs,assuming the Edding-ton luminosity(Alexander et al.2005).Moreover,Borys et al.(2005)found that SMGs have smaller BH masses than QSOs with respect to the same mass range of bulges, and thus the SMGs may correspond to the“proto-QSO”predicted in KUM03.In the nearby galaxies,Canalizo& Stockton(2001)proposed that the infrared-selected type I AGNs(hereafter we refer them the“type I ULIRGs”) are a transitional stage between ULIRGs and QSOs as their host galaxies are undergoing the tidal interactions or the mergers accompanied by the massive starbursts(see also Zheng et al.2002;L´ipari et al.2005).In addition,most of them indicate the full width with half-maximum (FWHM)of the broad Hβline less than2000km/s(Zheng et al.2002),thus AGNs would be actually narrow line Seyfert1galaxies(NLS1s).Recently,Anabuki(2004) studied27ULIRGs using the X-ray imaging and spec-troscopic observations with ASCA,Chandra,and XMM-Newton.Among their sample,10ULIRGs were identified as the type I ULIRGs.After correcting the absorption ef-fects,he found that seven luminous type I ULIRGs show the soft X-ray excess,the SED with a steep photon index (Γ2−10kev>2),and also the violentflux change(excess variance∼0.01−0.1),which are characteristic properties of NLS1s.These X-ray properties would imply that AGNs with smaller BHs and high mass accretion rates exist in type I ULIRGs(e.g.,Pound et al.1995;Boller et al.1996; Mineshige et al.2000).Moreover,Mathur et al.(2000) suggested that NLS1s may be Sy1s in the early stage of their evolution if the BHs in NLS1s are under massive with respect to their host bulges.Hence,it is likely that all of above characteristics support the hypothesis that the type I ULIRGs are the early phase of BH growth.However,the previous works have never examined that the BH-to-bulge relation among type I ULIRGs,QSOs and elliptical galax-ies.By investigating this issue,we can reveal whether type I ULIRGs have systematically smaller BH than QSOs and elliptical galaxies.By combining the BH-bulge relation for type I ULIRGs with the previous works for type I ULIRGs, we will test if they are really“proto-QSOs”,which are the transition phase from ULIRGs into QSOs.To this end,we demonstrate the relation among type I ULIRGs,QSOs,el-liptical galaxies on a BH mass(M BH)versus an absolute R-band magnitude of a galactic bulge(M R(bulge)).Also, we examine a BH mass(M BH)and a far-infrared(FIR) luminosity(L FIR)for type I ULIRGs and QSOs,in order to constrain the origin of type I ULIRGs.The paper is organized as follows.In§2,we describe how type I ULIRGs,QSOs and elliptical galaxies are se-lected.In§3,we briefly review the technique of estimating BH masses from the broad emission-line widths for type I ULIRGs.In§4,we plot the data of type I ULIRGs in the M BH−M R(bulge)diagram and also compare them with that of QSOs and elliptical galaxies.Next,we show the M BH−L FIR elation for type I ULIRGs and QSOs, and then compare with each others.Finally,we constrain the optical extinction of the central regions for type I ULIRGs by using the results of hard X-ray observations. In§5,we summarize our observational results for the type I ULIRGs,and then we compare them with one of the the-oretical models(KUM03model).Section6is devoted to the conclusions.Through this paper,we adopt the Hub-ble parameter H0=75km s−1Mpc−1and the deceleration parameter q0=0.5,and have converted the results from published papers to this cosmology to facilitate with com-parisons.2.sample selectionThe aim of our study is to clear if type I ULIRGs are really the transition phase from ULIRGs into QSOs.To accomplish this,we need to use a type I ULIRG sample as the data of FWHM(Hβ),the optical luminosity at5100˚A6The radiation drag in the solar system is known as the Poynting-Robertson effect.Note that,in the early universe,Compton drag force has a similar effect on the formation of massive BHs(Umemura,Loeb,&Turner1993).Type I ULIRGs3in the rest frame and the R-band absolute magnitude of host bulges are coeval in these objects.For comparison, we also compile an optically-selected QSO sample and an elliptical galaxy sample,for which the BH mass and the R-band absolute magnitude of a bulge are available.The details of these samples are given as follows.(1)The type I ULIRG sample is from Zheng et al. (2002).This sample was compiled from ULIRGs in the QDOT redshift survey(Lawrence et al.1999),the1Jy ULIRG survey(Kim&Sanders1988),and an IR QSO sample selected from the cross-correlation of IRAS Point-Source Catalogue with the ROSAT All-Sky Survey cat-alog(Boller et al.1992).All the type I ULIRGs se-lected by Zheng et al.(2002)are ULIRGs with mid-infrared to far-infrared properties from IRAS observations. From this sample,we choose all8type I ULIRGs(IRAS F07599+6508,IRAS F11119+3257,IRAS Z11598-0112, IRAS F13342+3932,IRAS F15462-0450,IRAS F21219-1757,Mrk231,and Mrk1014),for which have both data of the width of broad Hβline,the luminosity at 5100˚A and the R-band absolute magnitude of host galax-ies,M R(bulge).Therefore,these objects are the best and maximal sample to achieve our aim at this time.As for8 type I ULIRGs,we obtain the FWHM(Hβ)and the opti-cal luminosity at5100˚A in the rest frame by Zheng et al. (2002)and M R(bulge)by Veilleux et al.(2002).In their paper,the contribution from the R-band absolute magni-tude of AGNs were removed for M R(bulge)(see Veilleux et al.2002for this procedure).In addition,according to Veilleux et al.2002,all8type I ULIRGs are the single nucleus onjects.In Zheng sample,23/25type I ULIRGs have the optical luminosity at5100˚A and the width of broad Hβline.Then,we have compared the8selected objects with the rest15objects for these two properties. Figure1shows the optical luminosity at5100˚A against the width of broad Hβline.Thefilled red circles denote the8 selected type I ULIRGs,while the open red circles repre-sent the rest15type I ULIRGs whose bulge luminosities were not available.As seen in thisfigure,the8selected type I ULIRGs would be representative of large population with respect to the optical luminosity at5100˚A and the width of broad Hβline.In addition,the significant dif-ferences between our sample and the rest does not appear for the rages of the redshift(0.1<z<0.4)and infrared luminosity(L IR>1012L⊙).(2)The optically-selected QSO sample comprises29 Palomar Green quasars(PG QSOs)from30luminous quasars(M V<−23)published by McLure&Dun-lop(2001).This QSO sample consists of two optically matched subsamples of17radio-quiet QSOs and13radio-loud QSOs.The advantage of this sample is that all mem-bers have accurate bulge luminosities available from two-dimensional modeling of HST images.The average red-shift of the QSO sample is around0.2.In this paper, we excluded PG0157+001(Mrk1014)from the optically-selected QSO sample since it is categorized by type I ULIRGs.All29QSOs have the data of a BH mass and R-band magnitude of a bulge compiled by McLure&Dunlop (2001)and Dunlop et al.(2003).In their paper,the con-tribution from the R-band absolute magnitude of AGNs were also removed for M R(bulge).For13PG QSOs in our sample,their infraredflux was taken from Sanders et al.(1989)and Haas et al.(2000,2003).(3)The elliptical galaxy sample consists of20objects drawn from the list of37nearby inactive galaxies with dynamical BH measurements published by Kormendy& Gebhardt(2002).In this paper,our main purpose is to in-vestigate the physical link between type I ULIRGs,QSOs and elliptical galaxies.Thus,we excluded those galaxies in the Kormendy&Dunlop list that were not E-type mor-phology(including lenticulars).The Kormendy&Geb-hardt list is made up of20E-type galaxies.All20ellipti-cal galaxies have the data of the BH mass and the B-band absolute magnitude of the bulge(Kormendy&Gebhardt 2002;Gebhardt2003).To convert the B-band magnitude to the R-band,standard bulge colors of B-R=1.57were assumed(Fukugita et al.1995).We summarized the various physical parameters of type I ULIRGs,QSOs and elliptical galaxies in Table1.Hβ FWHM (km s-1)Log(λLλ(51A)/ergs-1)oFig.1.—Optical luminosity at5100˚A against the width of broad Hβline.Thefilled red circles denote the8selected type I ULIRGs, while the open red circles represent the rest15type I ULIRGs.The distribution of the8selected type I ULIRGs are similar to that of the rest.3.black hole estimate of type i ulirgsAs mentioned§2,the BH masses of QSOs and elliptical galaxies have been already estimated by previous works, but we do not have those of8type I ULIRGs.Thus, we need to estimate them within the present paper.The method to estimate a BH mass is based on the assump-tion that the motion of ionized gas clouds moving around the black hole is dominated by the gravitational force and the clouds within the broad line region(BLR)is virialized (e.g.,Peterson&Wandel1999,2000).Thus,the central black hole mass can be expressed by M BH≈R BLR v2/G, where v is the velocity dispersion of matter at the size of the broad line region R BLR,which is gravitationally bound to the BH.Then,the central mass can be estimated asM BH=1.5×105 R BLR103km s−1 2M⊙.(1) The velocity dispersion v can be estimated from the FWHM of Hβbroad line emission v=fv FWHM,by as-suming the BLR gas is in isotropic motions(f=√4Kawakatu et al. R BLR is the distance of the emission-line clouds respond-ing to the central continuum variation as determined from reverberation mappings(see Kaspi et al.2000):R BLR=(32.9+2.0−1.9) λLλ(5100˚A)rest1044erg s−1 0.70±0.033v FWHM3/2to estimate theBH mass for QSOs,while Mclure&Dunlop used f=3/2,and thus our estimation for QSO BHs is three times assmall as their estimation.As seen in Figure2,we have found that type I ULIRGshave systematically smaller BH mass than QSOs and el-liptical galaxies in spite of the comparable bulge luminos-ity,if the visual extinction effect is small(A V<3)fortype I ly,the BH mass ranges are M BH≈106−8M⊙for type I ULIRGs and M BH≈108−9M⊙forQSOs and elliptical galaxies.However,if A V of all type IULIRGs is larger than∼3,the BH mass of type I ULIRGswould be similar to that of QSOs.Thus,in order to justifyif a BH mass of type I ULIRGs is systematically small,weneed to constrain the effect of the visual extinction,whichwill be discussed in§4.3.On the other hands,if the extinc-tions for their host galaxies are significant,then the datapoints just move on top in Figure2.In short,this effectmakes the difference between the BH-mass distributionsof type I ULIRGs,QSOs and ellipticals large.In addition,wefind that the elliptical galaxies are located at slightlylower parts than QSOs in Figure2.According to KUM03,this result may indicate that the hosts of QSOs are slightlyyounger than that of elliptical galaxies(for details,see§5).Type I ULIRGs5M R (b u l g e )Fig. 2.—Absolute R -band bulge magnitude versus black hole mass for 8type I ULIRGs (red circles),29QSOs (blue squares)and 20elliptical galaxies (green circles).The black hole masses for type I ULIRGs are derived from their broad H βline widths by using equation (3).The black hole masses for QSOs are given by McLure &Dunlop (2001)and Dunlop et al.(2003).The black hole masses for elliptical galaxies are the dynamical estimates as Kormendy &Gebhardt (2003)and Gebhardt et al (2003).The black horizontal arrow shows the extinction effects for the BLR of type I ULIRGs.The under line below the name of objects denote that they have the same properties at hard X-ray band like NLS1s (Anabuki 2004).The solid line is the best-fitting relation for the optical QSOs,which is log (M BH /M ⊙)=−0.61(±0.08)M R (mag)−5.47(±1.82).The sym-bols “(E/D)”denote the objects can fit with both de Vaucouleurs profile (elliptical-like)and exponential profile (disk-like)for R and K ′band (Veilleux et al.2002).Finally,we check the effects of systematic errors in the methods used to evaluate BH masses and the effect of our sample bias.First,we discuss the systematic errors in methods.As for the type I ULIRGs,the uncertainties of the BH mass were estimated by error propagation using the optical luminosity at 5100˚A and FWHM of H βmea-surements given by Zheng et al.(2002).The mean error of the BH mass is a factor 1.3.Although McLure &Dunlop (2001)did not show the uncertainties of BH masses clearly,in general the BH mass in the this way (see §3)is accurate within a factor 2-3(e.g.,Wang &Lu 2001;Marziani et al.2003;Shemmer et al.2004).As seen in Figure 2,except for Mrk231,the BH mass of type I ULIRGs are ten times as small as that of QSOs and elliptical galaxies at the fixed R -band magnitude of bulge.Furthermore,the mean error of BH mass for elliptical galaxies is a factor 3.Thus,it would be clear that the systematic difference of BH masses between type I ULIRGs and QSOs (or ellipticals)can not be explained by only systematic errors in methods of BH mass measurements.On the other hands,as shown in §2,the 8selected type I ULIRGs would be representative of large population.Thus,the rage of BH masses in other 12type I ULIRGs are similar to that of the 8selected type I ULIRGs with M BH =106−8M ⊙.The rest three objects have massive BHs with ≈109M ⊙.As a consequence,12type I ULIRGs would be located farthest from the loca-tion of QSOs if the range of R -band magnitude of bulge is from -22to -24that is typical range for the 8selected type I ULIRGs.Thus,we found that the systematic dif-ference we found in M R (bulge)−M BH diagram would not be the effect of our sample bias.We should keep in mind that othee results we will show later (Figure 2and 3)also do not change significantly by the systematic errors in the BH measurements and the effect of our sample bias.4.2.M BH -L FIR RelationFigure 3shows that the BH mass-to-FIR luminosity re-lation,M BH −L FIR [40−500µm]using the derived BH mass (see Table 1)and the FIR luminosity for 8type I ULIRGs (Zheng et al.2002).In order to compare the result of type I ULIRGs with that of QSOs,we select 13PG QSOs from the sample selected by McLure &Dunlop (2001)and Dun-lop et al.(2003).All 13PG QSOs have the data of the IRAS flux densities at 60and 100µm (Sanders et al.1989;Haas et al.2000,2003).As for 13PG QSOs,we calculated their far-infrared luminosities following formula (Sanders &Mirabel 1996),based on the flux densities from the IRAS Faint Source Catalog:L FIR [40−500µm]=4πd L CF FIR ,where the scale factor C (=1.4−1.8)is the correction fac-tor required to account principally for extrapolated flux longward of the IRAS 100µm filter,and F FIR is defined as 1.26×10−14×(2.58f 60+f 100)[W m −2]with f 60and f 100being the IRAS flux densities at 60and 100µm in unit of Jy.Here,we employ C =1.8.The red circles show the type I ULIRGs and the blue squares and arrows represent QSOs.The black horizontal arrow shows the optical ex-tinction effect for the BLRs of type I ULIRGs.The thick solid line denotes the luminosity ratio of far infrared to Eddington luminosity (L FIR /L Edd )equals unity.The thin solid,dashed and dot-dashed line are L FIR /L Edd =10,L FIR /L Edd =0.1and L FIR /L Edd =0.01,respectively.Fig. 3.—Far-infrared luminosity versus the black hole mass for 8type I ULIRGs (red circles)and 13PGQSOs (blue squares and arrows).The black horizontal arrow shows the effect of visual extinction for the BLRs of type I ULIRGs.The thick solid line de-notes the luminosity ratio of far-infrared to Eddington luminosity (L FIR /L Edd )equals unity.The thin solid,dashed and dot-dashed line are L FIR /L Edd =10,L FIR /L Edd =0.1and L FIR /L Edd =0.01,respectively.As seen in Figure 3,it turns out that the FIR luminos-ity is larger than the Eddington luminosity for most type I ULIRGs in Figure 3.By contrast,the FIR luminosity is more than one order of magnitude smaller than Eddington luminosity for QSOs,namely L FIR <0.1L Edd .This may indicate AGNs in type I ULIRGs with a high mass ac-cretion rate,or the existence of another power source,for which the promising candidate is a starburst.On this is-sue,we will discuss §5.1.In addition,Figure 3shows that type I ULIRGs have systematically a smaller BH mass than QSOs at fixed the FIR luminosity.On the other hands,the large far-infrared luminosity would imply the6Kawakatu et al.plenty of dusty gas(e.g.,Haas et al.2003).Hence,for type I ULIRGs it would show that the mass ratios of the total dusty gas to the BH are much larger than that of QSOs. It would indicate that BH masses of type I ULIRGs have growth potential.4.3.Optical Extinction EffectAs mentioned in§4.1and§4.2,we found that type I ULIRGs have systematically smaller BHs than that of QSOs at given the absolute magnitude of bulge and given the FIR luminosity.However,the BH masses of type I ULIRGs would depend on the optical extinction effect, namely,the heavily extinction makes the derived BH mass smaller(see the horizontal arrow in Figure2and3).On the other hands,it is well-known that Balmer decrement is a standard evaluation of optical extinction of the nar-row line regions(e.g.,Osterbrock1989).However,this method is generally invalid to estimate the amount of the visual extinction toward BLRs,because theflux ratios of broad Balmer lines are sometimes seriously affected by col-lisional excitation effects.As a complementary approach, the hard X-ray observations enable us to make a measure-ment of the extinction toward the nucleus,and to con-strain the BH mass more reliably.We should note that many observations suggested that the absorption column density(N H)derived from hard X-ray is systematically large relative to optical extinction of A V under the as-sumption of Galactic gas/dust mass ratio(e.g.,Maiolino et al.2001a;Watanabe et al.2004).Thus,we esti-mate the optical extinction of3type I ULIRGs(IRAS F11119+3257,IRAS Z11598-0112and Mrk1014)with therelation A V/N H=4.8+14.1−3.6×10−23mag cm−2(1σdis-persion),which is derived from the AGN observations (Maiolino et al.2001b).As for two BAL QSOs(IRAS F07599+6508and Mrk231),the A V/N H relation for nor-mal QSOs would not hold on BAL QSOs.However,re-cent works have found that the optical extinction of BAL QSOs is around0.1-1by comparing the composite non-BAL QSO spectra with the composite BAL QSO spectra (e.g.,Brotherton et al.2001;Richard et al.2003).There-fore,the optical extinction of two BAL QSO in our sample may be less than A V=1.We summarize the visual ex-tinctions for type I ULIRGs in Table3.As for at least3 type I ULIRGs to be able to estimate the visual extinction from the column density,we show that our results(§4.1 and§4.2)do not change drastically.4.4.Summary of observational resultsBased on the above results,we summarize ourfindings on type I ULIRGs as follows.(1)The BH mass of type I ULIRGs is systematically smaller than QSOs and ellipti-cal galaxies despite of the comparable bulge luminosity to them.(2)Most type I ULIRGs have particularly large FIR luminosity against the Eddington luminosity.We show that above results do not change significantly for3type I ULIRGs even if we consider the effects of the visual ex-tinction.Also,for8type I ULIRGs,we investigate the effect of uncertainty of BH mass measurements and our sample bias,so that we found that our results do not al-ter.Additionally,their X-ray luminosity properties are similar to those of NLS1s,whose X-ray properties reflect a high mass accretion rate(Anabuki2004in details).From all thesefindings,it would be a natural explanation that type I ULIRGs are the early phase of BH growth,namely the transition stage from ULIRGs to QSOs.In the next section,we will investigate whether this interpretation is reasonable by comparing our results with the theoretical prediction.5.discussionsBased on our observational results for8type I ULIRGs, we have suggested that type I ULIRGs would be the tran-sition stage from ULIRGs to QSOs.However,it has not been cleared that the physical relationship between type I ULIRGs,QSOs and elliptical galaxies with the objec-tive of the coevolution of host galaxies and SMBHs.For this purpose,we compare our results with the theoretical predictions of a coevolution scenario of the galactic bulges and SMBHs.5.1.A Coevolution Scheme for SMBHs and GalacticBulgesRecently,KUM03have constructed a physical model for a coevolution of a QSO BH and an early-type host galaxy. This model is based on the radiation drag incorporating the realistic chemical evolution that reproduces the color-magnitude relation of present-day bulge.Here,we briefly review the essence of their model as a pre-arrangement of the following discussions.In their model,they used an evolutionary spectral synthesis code‘PEGASE’(Fioc &Rocca-Volmerange1997),in order to treat the realis-tic chemical evolution of the galactic bulges.According to results of KUM03,after a galactic wind epoch t w,the bolometric luminosity is shifted from the host-dominant phase to the AGN-dominant phase(the QSO phase)at the transition time t crit.The former phase(t w<t<t crit) corresponds to the early stage of a growing BH,because the mass accretion rate during this phase is so high that the mass growth of BH is significant.They defined this phase as a“proto-QSO”.The proto-QSO phase is pro-ceeded by an optically thick phase before the galactic wind,which would correspond to a classical ULIRG.In this phase,they predicted that the BH is much smaller than the QSO phase.After the AGN luminosity exhibits a peak at t cross,it fades out abruptly because almost all of the matter around BH has fallen onto the central BH.The fading nucleus could be a low luminosity AGN(LLAGN).5.2.Are Type I ULIRGs Missing Link Between ULIRGsand QSOs?By using KUM03model,we predict the evolution of M R(bulge)and M BH for the different masses of bulges in Figure4.Here,we calculate the evolutional tracks in the M R-M BH diagram for4different masses of bulges (M g0=1010,1011,1012,and2×1012M⊙),where M g0is the initial gas mass in galactic bulges.In thisfigure,we assume a Salpeter-type initial mass function(IMF)to be φ=dn/d log m∗=A(m∗/M⊙)−1.35for a mass range of [0.1M⊙,60M⊙].The star formation rate(SFR)per unit mass at time t,C(t),is assumed to be proportional to the gas mass fraction f g,C(t)=kf g at t<t w and at t≥t w C(t)=0,where k is the constant rate coefficient.In Table 4,we summarize the model parameters(M g0,k,t w,t crit,。