Progress and prospects of seawater desalination in China

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我国海水淡化若干问题及对策

第18卷第2期 2020年4月南水北调与水利科技（中英文）South-to-North Water Transfers and Water Science TechnologyVol.18 No. 2Apr. 2020DOI ： 10.13476/j. cnk i. nsbdqk. 2020.0043闫佳伟，王红瑞，朱中凡，等.我国海水淡化若干问题及对策[J].南水北调与水利科技（中英文），2020，18(2):199-210. YAN J W, WANG H R,ZHU Z F,et al. Relevant issues and countermeasures of seawater desalination in China[J]. South-to-North Water Transfers and Water Science Technology,2020,18(2) ： 199-210. (in Chinese)我国海水淡化若干问题及对策闫佳伟1>2，王红瑞h2，朱中凡1>2，白琪阶“2(1.北京师范大学水科学研究院，北京1〇〇875;2.城市水循环与海绵城市技术北京市重点实验室，北京100875)摘要:我国拥有1. 8万k m的海岸线，海洋资源丰富,海水淡化是解决水资源短缺，增加淡水资源的根本之道。

总结了海水淡化的利用情况，深人探究制约海水淡化发展的因素,分析了淡化海水的利用前景。

在分析国际海水淡化现状、经验及浙江舟山海水利用经验的基础上，针对我国海水淡化存在的问题，提出了我国海水淡化发展的对策：建议加大技术投人，发展政产学研商模式，降低经济成本;合理规划建设海水淡化项目.提高产能利用;加强对海水综合利用，减少环境污染;加强政策扶持，完善法规标准，不断推进海水淡化产业的发展。

关键词:海水淡化;制约因素;对策;前景;舟山中图分类号:TV213. 1文献标志码:A 开放科学（资源服务）标识码（OS1D):Relevant issues and countermeasures of seawater desalination in ChinaYAN Jiawei1*2 ,WANG Hongrui1-2 ,ZHU Zhongfan1*2 ,BAI Qijie1'2(1. College o f Water Science»Beijing Normal University, Beijing100875, China；2. Beijing Key Laboratory o f Urban Hydrological Cycle and Sponge City Technology，Beijing 100875，China) Abstract：China has a coastline of 18,000 kilometers,rich in marine resources. Desalination is the fundamental way to solve water shortages and increase freshwater resources. This paper summarized the utilization of seawater desalination,deeply explored the factors that restricted the development of desalination,and analyzed the utilization prospects of desalinated seawater. Based on the analysis of the current status and experiences of international desalination and seawater utilization in Zhoushan, Zhejiang, this study put forward the countermeasures for the development of seawater desalination in China. It was suggested to increase technical input,developed the model of government, industry, and research, to reduce economic costs, to reasonably plan and build seawater desalination projects. The projects may increase the utilization of production capacity, strengthen the comprehensive utilization of seawater,reducing the environmental pollution,strengthen policy support,improved laws and regulations,and continuously promoted the development of seawater desalination industry.Key words：desalination of seawater；constraints；countermeasures；prospects；Zhoushan近年来，随着社会经济的高速发展，水生态环境水、雨洪水、生活污水、矿井水等非常规水源逐渐引逐渐恶化，我国水资源供需矛盾将进一步加剧，海起政府和相关研究人员的重视。

海洋科学专业英语词汇

Chapter1 The History of Oceanography（一）【第一、二周】【十二周复习】meteorology botany sub-discipline basin interaction composition chart observation cruise atoll the British Isles Mediterranean Aegean Seas Arctic Antarctic seafloor drifting plants skeleton microscopically Atlantic Faroe Islands环礁航行盆地组成气象观测相互作用分支学科海图植物爱琴海骨骼显微镜水平地中海大西洋法罗群岛大不列颠群岛北极南极海床浮游生物Chapter1 The History of Oceanography（二）【第三周】【十三周复习】flux variation tropical accuracy joint specific sustain prime element mature hypothesis sea level continent margin federal联合假象热带的特殊的精确度、误差成熟通量变化元素维护边缘联邦的首要的海平面大陆Chapter 2 Earth: The Water Planet【第四周】【十四周复习】Surface area Coral sea equator volume crew mean depth marginal sea drain relatively meridian Persian Gulf bay gulf the Caribbean sea Baltic sea southern hemisphere子午圈表面积体积平均深度波斯湾加勒比海波罗的海赤道边缘海相反的、相对的南半球珊瑚海船员下陷宽海湾长海湾Chapter 3 The Sea Floor and Its Sediments（一）【第五周】【十五周复习】Sediment feature submersible survey scholar magnificent sample depression mariner sampling seabed mountain chains shallower regions mineral particle origin source deposit varies distribution general layer contrast constant accumulation oceanic crust intermediate well sorted gravel clay elsewhere displacement soluble descent spherical turbulent eddies latitude longitude水手源样品颗粒物海床矿物山脉浅海区域纬度经度洋壳可溶的中等的位移分选好的别处沙砾状的粘土沉积物下降特征采样潜水器壮观的纵览学者来源积累变化持续的分布对比、相反的通常的层下沉涡流球形的不稳定的Chapter 3 The Sea Floor and Its Sediments（二）【第六周】【十六周复习】Continental shelf grained mid-ocean –ridge process slope rise turbidity currents shore typical source compose thaw ice caps dominant preexisting abyssal lithogenous terrigenous weather technically sludge powder ooze overlying suspend calcareoussiliceous reddish concerning pattern quartz provide glacier overwhelm iron oxidize大陆架大陆坡大陆隆浊流岸粒度大洋中脊过程典型的冰盖冰川来源预先存在造岩的陆源的学术的污泥风化解冻主要的战胜组成深渊粉末悬浮状态铁氧化发红的石英方式提供有关的石灰质的硅质的软泥上层、表层Chapter 3 The Sea Floor and Its Sediments（三）【第七周】【十七周复习】Precipitation cosmogenous seaward estuary delta passive water column bombard erosion glacier currently steep plume suspension subtropical pelagic hydrothermal vents manganese nodules magnesium-rich disintegrate tektite quantity沉降水柱卷流热液孔锰结核富镁的宇宙碎屑轰击悬浮状分解熔融的向海的侵蚀亚热带河口冰川三角洲目前的被动的陡的远洋的量Chapter 3 The Sea Floor and Its Sediments（四）【第八周】Property superficial seaweed exploit dilute substitute sparse arid lead depletion fragment significant miner seam zinc strata multiplies ten to power six dislodge buoyancy十的六次方锌煤层矿工性质相当的铅耗竭的地层碎片干旱的稀少的浅海的开发替代物海藻稀释逐出，移走浮力Chapter 3 The Sea Floor and Its Sediments（五）【第十一周】Fertilizer sulfur acid hydrocarbon map methane nodule ashore anaerobic submarine nickel substantial swamp subject landslide ores volatile gas hydrate slump cobalt impurity solid component stage drill core alloy submerge operation厌氧的甲烷肥料水下的硫酸向岸的勘探结核状烃镍钴矿石大量存在滑坡沼泽天然气水合物承受挥发物山崩杂质操作，开采固体淹没成分合金阶段，步骤钻孔岩芯Chapter4 The Propertiies of Seawater【第十二周、第十三周】Molecule covalent bond be inversely proportional carbonic acid dip formula electrically neutral tenfold dissociate subtropic consist negatively alkaline bicarbonate per mill nucleus consequence basic arrow landlocked sea positively polar base respiration open ocean proton consequently logarithmic equilibrium neutron ever-changing by a factor of oxidation orbit concentration emission matter solution buffer gram ions runoff precipitation evaporate分子电中性碳酸氢根极中子溶液共价键10倍每千分之一碱不断变化缓冲反相关分解核子呼吸作用倍克碳酸的亚热带结果公海氧化离子舀（水）含有碱性的质子轨道径流分子式负的箭头方向然而浓度降雨量碱性的内陆海对数运算排放物蒸发正的平衡的物质Trace element iodine salt content conservation constituent complexes crystallization magma mantle irrigation crack permeable silica radiolatians碘能透过的地幔含盐量结晶作用地裂缝络合物灌溉保守成分痕量元素岩浆放射虫硅土Chapter4 The Propertiies of Seawater【第十四、五、六周】Compensation depth proportional regulate adsorption trench sill net mechanism solar decomposition anoxic annual specialized probes photosynthetic saturation predator substantially stagnant fjord成比例的海沟实质的太阳的补偿深度槛过饱和的分解，腐解捕食者年际的缺氧的调节净专用探针机制吸收光合作用停滞的峡湾。

与海洋能有关的英文

与海洋能有关的英文The Fundamentals and Applications of Ocean Energy.Ocean energy, a vast and untapped resource, holds the potential to power our future. It encompasses a diverse range of renewable energy sources derived from the ocean's natural motions, temperatures, and chemical processes. In this article, we delve into the various types of ocean energy, their working principles, and their potential applications.Types of Ocean Energy.1. Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC): OTEC harnesses the temperature difference between warm surface water and cooler deep-sea water to generate energy. It works by using a heat exchanger to convert the temperature difference into a pressure difference, which is then used to power a turbine and generate electricity.2. Tidal Energy: Derived from the rise and fall of tides, tidal energy can be harnessed using turbines placed in tidal streams or through the construction of tidal barrages. These turbines rotate due to the flow of water, generating electricity.3. Wave Energy: Wave energy converters capture the kinetic and potential energy of ocean waves. They typically consist of floating devices that use the motion of waves to power generators.4. Salinity Gradient Energy: This type of energy is harnessed from the difference in salinity between seawater and freshwater sources. It involves using this salinity difference to create a pressure gradient, which can be converted into electricity.5. Ocean Current Energy: Ocean current energy harnesses the kinetic energy of oceanic currents. Turbines placed in the path of these currents capture their energy, converting it into electricity.Applications of Ocean Energy.Ocean energy has the potential to power a wide range of applications, from small-scale residential uses to large-scale industrial and commercial applications. Here are some examples:1. Electricity Generation: Ocean energy can be used to generate electricity for grid-connected power systems, supplying renewable energy to communities and businesses.2. Desalination: By harnessing salinity gradient energy, ocean energy can be used to power desalination plants, providing freshwater to areas with limited access.3. Marine Transport: Ocean energy can power marine vehicles, such as boats and submarines, reducing dependency on fossil fuels.4. Remote Area Power Supply: In remote areas where access to traditional power grids is limited, ocean energy can provide a sustainable and reliable power supply.5. Environmental Monitoring: Ocean energy can be used to power environmental monitoring stations, enabling continuous monitoring of oceanic conditions and protecting marine ecosystems.Challenges and Future Prospects.While ocean energy holds immense potential, there are several challenges that need to be addressed to realize its full potential. These include technological limitations, environmental impacts, and economic feasibility.Technological advancements are crucial to improve the efficiency and reliability of ocean energy converters. Research and development efforts are ongoing to develop more efficient turbines, converters, and energy storage systems.Environmental impacts, such as the potential for ecological disruption and water pollution, must becarefully managed. Careful site selection, environmentalimpact assessments, and the use of sustainable construction materials are essential to mitigate these impacts.Economic feasibility is another key challenge. While the initial capital costs of ocean energy projects can be high, the long-term savings from using renewable energy can offset these costs. Policy incentives, such as subsidies and tax credits, can also help to make ocean energy more economically attractive.In conclusion, ocean energy represents a vast and untapped resource that has the potential to power our future. With ongoing research and development, technological advancements, and careful management of environmental impacts, ocean energy has the potential to play a significant role in meeting our energy needs in a sustainable and environmentally responsible manner.。

核能海水淡化

核能海水淡化摘要：我国被联合国认定为13个最贫水的国家之一，核能海水淡化是应对将来可能出现的全国大范围水危机的重要途径。

在竞争性方面，核能海水淡化在环保，缓解交通运输等方面，有很强的竞争能力；在经济性方面，其成本仍比国内水价高出2.8到9.97倍。

在环保、缓解交通运输负担等方面，其竞争能力强。

关键词：核能海水淡化竞争性引言我国人均水资源占有量仅为世界的109位，被联合国列为世界13个缺水国之一。

目前，我国解决缺水问题的途径主要有实施区域性调水、蓄水工程、节水以及污水回用等。

这些途径只能解决区域性缺水和季节性缺水问题，而不能从根本上解决资源性缺水问题。

另外，投资和成本问题也是要考虑的重要因素。

据专家预测，仅南水北调中线工程投资就将达1000亿元。

工程实施后，长江水流到北京按现行不变成本计算，综合成本将在5元/立方米以上，甚至更高。

有的资料认为，远程调水40公里，其成本将超过海水淡化[1]。

海水淡化仅需要低品质的热源，利用核能生产这种热源比采用化石燃料具有更高的能源利用率。

因此，积极发展核能海水淡化，是解决我国部分地区缺水,以及应对将来可能出现的淡水资源危机的重要途径。

1．海水淡化方法海水淡化是将含盐浓度为35000mg/L的海水淡化至500mg/L以下的工艺过程。

目前，工业规模的海水淡化技术分为两类：一类是利用膜技术的耗电工艺，即反渗透法（RO）,消耗的能量主要来自于高压泵所需的电能；另一类是耗热工艺,即利用热能加热海水，通过蒸发——冷凝物理过程生产淡水，包括低温多效蒸馏(LT—MED)和多级闪蒸技术(MSF)[2]。

低温蒸馏的造水装置是将加热管放于海水蒸发器体内，并浸于海水之中，加热蒸汽（称为一次蒸汽）在加热管内流动，将管外海水加热并蒸发，产生的蒸汽（称为二次汽）在冷凝器中冷凝成蒸馏水。

蒸发器内的压力为较高的真空。

为了提高造水比，可以采用多级蒸发系统。

在这种系统中，第一级蒸发器产生二次汽，直接送入下一级蒸发器中作加热蒸汽之用。

海水淡化与饮用水

附录英文原文Desalination and water1 Introduction Water is the source of life. Who have life-sustaining water, people live longer and have to drink the health of the role of non-polluting water. Not only human life can not be separated from water, industrial and agricultural production are inseparable from the water. Therefore, water for human survival and development is crucial, especially in the human face water shortages, "water will soon become a serious social crisis. After the oil crisis of the next water crisis is" a serious case, solve the water has aroused worldwide attention. As early as 1977, the United Nations to convene the General Assembly of the water on to the world the warning was issued.Nearly 30 years, both developing and developed countries to address the water issue has become to ensure that people live a normal life and sustainable economic development an important task. To solve the task of drinking water there are three, the first having water to drink, to solve the problem of water shortage, and the second could not have contaminated drinking water, address water pollution problems, the third to drink a healthy effect on the human body of water to address the drinking activated to deal with the issue of water. These three aspects of drinking water mission, although of different priorities, but the health of the guarantor, is the need to address co-ordinate the development. This article links the task to solve the three aspects of drinking water to discuss the development of our country use and desalination of sea water so the problem of drinking water and recommendations. 2 "Water" is the eternal subject of humanOn the problem of water shortage, there is a recognized international standard, is generally believed that the country's per capita share of renewable fresh water annual volume of 1700 tons in the following, as a dry country, 1,000 tons in the following countries as a serious water shortage. At present, the world's populationaccounted for 40% of severe water shortage in more than 80 countries.The mostserious water shortage in the Middle East. Saudi Arabia of water per capita per year is only 249 tons, 95 tons of Kuwait, Israel, 300 tons, 936 tons of Egypt. Water shortage not only affects a country's economic development and people's normal life, but also caused by inter-State conflicts. United Nations panel on global warming, the President, the famous meteorologist John. Heap Lord that with global warming led to a number of opposing countries to compete for dwindling water resources in conflict, the outbreak of the 21st century will be water wars. 1993 47th session of the General Assembly decided on March 22 each year as "World Water Day", calling on other countries on the global prevalence of the problem of water shortage and water pollution caused by vigilant and carry out corresponding activities to raise public awareness of flooding is very correct.China's water shortage is a serious country. Although water resources are 2800 billion m3, ranks sixth in the world, the per capita resources are 2220m3. However, the inclusion of the United Nations to China's water-poor countries, because of our spatial and temporal distribution of water resources extremely uneven, the time focus on water resources, flood season every year for 4 months, water in 2 / 3 is difficult to make use of the flood. The regional distribution of water resources do not match, the Yellow River, Huaihe River, Haihe River Basin, the country's total land area of 13.4%, accounting for 39 percent of arable land, population accounts for 35%, GDP (gross domestic product) accounted for 32% of the water resources account for only 7.7% per capita of about 500m3. In recent years, the area north of consecutive drought in the Yangtze River, has been used in Tianjin last year Panjiakou reservoir dead storage, but also the beginning of the Yellow River to Tianjin urgent emergency water diversion project. Weihai last year to deal with "dry" the development of more than 1 m3 of water a fixed water charge increases 40-fold measures. In addition, water pollution, China's more rain in the South also exists in varying degrees of water pollution, some areas also very serious. Therefore, in the face of "dry" a serious situation, it is necessary to ensure that people live a normal life and the sustainable development of the national economy, to solve the problem of water shortage and also3Human beings be able to overcome the "water" crisisAs long as people of all countries in addressing the issue of water ways, andactively increase income and reduce expenditure, and actively carry out theconstruction of water conservancy projects, the development of agriculture and otherwater-saving drip irrigation projects to poor areas of developed countries to lend ahelping hand, we will certainly be able to overcome the world " water shortage "crisis.The Middle East has long been a "dry" areas. They use the technology developedwater use and desalination, drip irrigation projects on agricultural development toalleviate shortages of fresh water crisis in the country played an important use. Theirexperience is worthy of our attention.Issues in our country both in the water more than water (floods) of the trouble,and little water (drought) concerns. We must have a long-term flood protectionprogram, a defeat of the open source of water-saving programs of drought, a strongprogram to prevent water pollution, and implement effective, we can overcome the"water" problems.At present, we have overcome the "water" issues, awareness is not uniform, thepace is also inconsistent, were not effective, implement, and even the existence ofcreating "water shortage" a serious phenomenon. For example, industrial andagricultural production in our daily life and the people waste a lot of water, seriousneglect of expenditure; more important in open water, but the use of rainwater, the useof urban sewage, especially for not taking water do not pay enough attention to notpay enough attention to the use of rivers, lakes, soil and water conservation, do notattach importance to the prevention of water pollution, so that the country's watersources of funds and the situation is ignored, think. On its causes, mainly the lack ofawareness of water resources, the lack of a sense of crisis of water resources, lack ofawareness of the ecological environment of water and soil protection, therefore,resulting in the destruction of vegetation, soil erosion, rivers, lakes, groundwaterpollution a serious situation.The idea is to guide action. China should take advantage of the annual "WorldWater Day" to carry out the awareness of water resources, water resources, a sense of urgency to protect the ecological environment of water and soil awareness campaigns to raise public awareness of the flooding. In particular, so that our cadres at all levels up to flood alert is very important. We are a socialist country, from the theory is most concerned about sustainable human development countries, we have the issue ofsustainable use of water resources, efforts should be made an example to the world. 4 The development of desalination of sea water use and the significance of andmeansMore than 97% of Earth's water is difficult to direct human use of water. This huge body of water contains water inexhaustible volume of fresh water resources and other wealth of material resources. At present, land in the face of human and material resources of fresh water scarcity a constant threat, the development and utilization accounted for 96.5% of fresh water resources and accounting for 3.5% of a variety of rich mineral resources is the inevitable trend of development. For the development of China's water use, is to solve water shortage problems, developing the national economy and building a great maritime power of the strategic significance of strategic measures.However, the development and utilization of sea water to ease the water shortage situation in China's strategic significance, in our country has not yet attracted sufficient attention. The development and utilization of water resources have a direct use and desalination of sea water use. The direct use of sea water a lot to ease the water shortage in coastal industrial city plays an important role. According to statistics, the coastal city of water more than 80% of the total industrial water, industrial water and more than 80% of the industrial cooling water. At present, the developed coastal cities in the electric power, metallurgical, chemical, petroleum, coal, building materials, food industry, to do water cooling water has reached 90%. China's Dalian, Qingdao, Tianjin, Shanghai and other coastal cities have also started the use of seawater for cooling, washing, printing and dyeing, chemical salt, but also far less than developed countries. The use of sea water for flushing, the Hong Kong SAR of China's nearly 40-year history, and China's coastal cities, water shortages, there is nota city to use sea water for flushing.The development of desalination use abroad soon.According to theInternational Desalination Association 1998 survey statistics, the world's 100m3 / d of desalination device for more than a total of 12,451 units, making the total amount of water has reached 22.735 million m3 / d. Than in the previous survey cycle statistics, the number increased by 39%, making the total increase of 64% water. In particular, have expanded rapidly in some countries in the Middle East. It is reported that Saudi Arabia's 60 desalination on a large scale industries development, and set up a desalination Corporation, has overall responsibility for project construction and management of desalination. They have established the world's 25 large-scale desalination plant, the construction of a desalination water supply world's longest pipeline, pipeline diameter and 1.5 meters long and 466 kilometers from the eastern part of the desalinated water supply to the capital, Riyadh. Saudi Arabia's desalination industry have not only solved the problem of water shortage in the western region, but also for the 1 / 3 region with electricity. Over the past 20 years, China has made significant development in desalination, a number of island residents for the establishment of a desalination plant drinking water, coastal industries, such as power plants have begun to do with the boiler for water desalination. In general, however, development is not fast.On the understanding of its causes and the force of habit or problem. To speed up China's current water use and industrial development, we must step up publicity to increase awareness of flooding not only the awareness of efforts to increase the water use of the popular propaganda, to make people fully aware of the significance of water use and practical sexual. At the same time to speed up the development of a water use and the correct way to industry. We believe that the development of water use efficiency must be, from a technical and process management efforts to reduce costs; the use of state-sponsored demonstration project to use sea water and the construction of the demonstration zone, a point to face, the development of joint ventures and other means of speeding up the desalination of sea water and its use and an important way of industrial development. We hope that, like Tianjin, Qingdao,Yantai, Dalian, Zhoushan city, such as severe water shortage, to take the lead in developing the use and desalination of sea water, state-sponsored demonstration projects, demonstration areas, first of all to the development of results in these cities. 5Suggestions(1) to enhance awareness of the development and utilization of sea water. Positive publicity to enhance the whole nation, especially the cadres at all levels to fresh water to sea water, it is necessary to develop awareness of the wealth and enhance the breadth and depth of production into a sense of responsibility, sense of mission, people firmly believe that the development and utilization of water resources and material resources of fresh water is development prospects are unlimited, on the national economy has great significance for sustainable development.(2) engage in water demonstration project, the construction of the demonstration zone. Such as national support for the establishment of power plants in coastal sea water utilization demonstration project (including the activation of desalination of sea water for drinking water project), the establishment of urban residents in coastal sea water for flushing the demonstration zone, which speed up the development of the cause of water use, will be able to play an effective role .(3) enterprises are the mainstay of the market, the establishment of a joint venture between the development of the sea. Combination of demonstration projects, the national research institutes and enterprises together to unite business and enterprise, the water use and water equipment manufacturers to use business to form water such as the use of technology and engineering companies.(4) activation of desalination process, there must be provided for national policy and support. Desalination of sea water depends on the activation of market mechanisms to deal with, but also increased support for government policies, such as the development of the environmental protection industry, as required by the Government must be able to better deal with the activation process to deal with the promotion of drinking is conducive to people's health. Desalination of sea water for drinking water, can be reassuring.译文海水淡化与饮用水一引言水是生命之源。

海水提取镁的操作流程化学方程式

海水提取镁的操作流程化学方程式1.首先，我们需要收集海水作为镁的原料。

First, we need to collect seawater as the source of magnesium.2.然后，对海水进行过滤和沉淀操作，以去除杂质。

Next, the seawater is filtered and precipitated to remove impurities.3.海水经过过滤后，我们需要蒸发海水以浓缩镁的含量。

After filtration, the seawater needs to be evaporated to concentrate the magnesium content.4.在蒸发过程中，镁会在溶液中沉淀出来。

During the evaporation process, magnesium willprecipitate out of the solution.5.接下来，将沉淀的镁进行过滤和洗涤。

The precipitated magnesium is then filtered and washed.6.随后，通过加热和其他化学处理，可以将镁从沉淀物中提取出来。

Subsequently, magnesium can be extracted from the precipitate through heating and other chemical treatments.7.最后，得到的镁可以通过干燥和净化来得到最终产品。

Finally, the obtained magnesium can be further purified through drying and purification processes.8.海水中镁提取的过程需要严格控制温度和化学物质的使用。

The process of extracting magnesium from seawater requires strict control of temperature and the use of chemicals.9.提取镁的过程需要耗费大量的能源和资源。

公共英语一级阅读文章《海水盐度》

公共英语一级阅读文章《海水盐度》一级的难度不大，但是阅读理解还是不少考生容易出错的。

下面，为大家送上一篇公共英语一级阅读文章，欢送阅读。

If the salinity of ocean waters is analyzed, it is found to vary only slightly from place to place. Nevertheless, some of these small changes are important. There are three basic processes that cause a change in oceanic salinity.One of these is the subtraction of water from the ocean by means of evaporation - conversion of liquid water to water vapor. In this manner the salinity is increased, since the salts stay behind. If this is carried to the extreme, of course, white crystals of salt would be left behind.The opposite of evaporation is precipitation, such as rain, by which water is added to the ocean. Here the ocean is being diluted so that the salinity is decreased. This may our in areas of high rainfall or in coastal regions where rivers flow into the ocean. Thus salinity may be increased by the subtraction of water by evaporation, or decreased by the addition of fresh water by precipitation or runoff.Normally, in tropical regions where the sun is very strong, the ocean salinity is somewhat higher than it is in other parts of the world where there is not as muchevaporation. Similarly, in coastal regions where rivers dilute the sea, salinity is somewhat lower than in other oceanic areas.A third process by which salinity may be altered is associated with the formation and melting of sea ice. When sea water is frozen, the dissolved materials are left behind. In this manner, sea water directly beneath freshly formed sea ice has a higher salinity than it did before the ice appeared. Of course, when this ice melts, it will tend to decrease the salinity of the surrounding water. In the Weddell Sea Antarctica, the densest water in the oceans is formed as a result of this freezing process, which increases the salinity of cold water. This heavy water sinks and is found in the deeper portions of the oceans of the world.如果我们分析海水的盐度，会发现地区间只有轻微的变化，然而有些小的变化是重要的。

钛板在船舶方面应用

The earliest titanium boat was a primary attack submarine manufactured by the former Soviet Union in 1978-1983. It is considered that the pressure hull was made of titanium. Submarine water displacement of 2800t, underwater displacement of 3600t, diving depth of 600m. The earliest civilian titanium boat is competitive speedboat, released in may 1985, registered in foreign countries. The speedboat is 17m long, 4m wide, 2.5m high and weighs 2.8t. Except for FRP for cabins, everything from the frame to the hull is composed of titanium. Based on the necessary strength calculations, a 4mm-15mm thick titanium plate was used on the bottom of the ship, pure titanium plate 2.5mm in thickness on the deck, stairs, a steering wheel and a rudder shaft were also made of titanium rods.

316L奥氏体不锈钢的腐蚀行为

316L奥氏体不锈钢的腐蚀行为范强强【摘要】综述了316L奥氏体不锈钢应用过程中的腐蚀行为，包括晶间腐蚀、应力腐蚀开裂、缝隙腐蚀、环烷酸腐蚀、大气腐蚀和海水腐蚀。

同时介绍了合金元素Mo、N和Al，以及电解质类型、温度、浓度等因素对其腐蚀行为的影响。

最后讨论了应用中存在的问题，并对未来的发展做了一些展望。

%The common corrosion behaviors of 316L austenitic stainless steel during the application process were reviewed,Including intergranular corrosion, stress corrosion cracking, atmospheric corrosion, crevice corrosion, naphthenic acid corrosion and seawater corrosion,At the same time introducing the influences of the alloy elements such as Mo, N and Al, and the electrolyte types, temperature and concentration on the corrosion behaviors. finally discussing some application problems of 316L austenitic stainless steel and making some prospects for the future development.【期刊名称】《全面腐蚀控制》【年(卷),期】2013(000)011【总页数】5页(P39-43)【关键词】316L;奥氏体不锈钢;腐蚀行为【作者】范强强【作者单位】华东理工大学，上海200237【正文语种】中文【中图分类】TG178316L奥氏体不锈钢是一种含Mo的超低碳不锈钢，含碳量小于0.0 3%，相当于我国的00Cr17Ni14Mo2钢[1～3]。

海洋发展与海洋保护的平衡英语作文

海洋发展与海洋保护的平衡英语作文全文共6篇示例，供读者参考篇1The Wondrous Oceans and Our Role as GuardiansHave you ever stood on a beach and gazed out at the vast, blue ocean stretching as far as the eye can see? The oceans are truly amazing places, filled with countless creatures and hiding unimaginable treasures beneath the waves. We humans rely on the oceans in so many ways too. But we must be careful not to take the oceans for granted. It's up to us to protect them while still benefiting from their riches.The oceans cover about 70% of our planet's surface. Can you imagine how incredibly big that is? Within the salty depths lives a kaleidoscope of marine life, from tiny shrimp to the largest animal on Earth - the blue whale. Brightly colored fish dart through coral reefs while sharks prowl the open waters. Even unexplored regions like the deepest ocean trenches teem with bizarre life forms.The oceans provide us with bounties that make our lives better in many ways. Let me give you some examples that might surprise you:• Food - The oceans are the source of nutritious fish, shellfish, seaweed and other seafood that feeds billions of people worldwide. Without healthy oceans, we would go hungry!• Jobs - Lots of people have careers related to the oceans - fishermen, marine biologists, ship captains, and many others. Their livelihoods depend on the seas.• Resources - From the oceans, we obtain salt, minerals, sand for making glass, and even sources of energy like offshore oil and gas. We need these natural resources to fuel our modern lifestyles.• Transportation - Huge cargo ships crisscross the oceans carrying goods and products all over the world. Can you imagine trying to move all that stuff by truck or train instead?• Oxygen - You might not realize it, but over half of the world's oxygen is produced by tiny ocean plants called phytoplankton. We need that oxygen to breathe!• Fun - Who doesn't enjoy going to the beach, swimming, snorkeling, sport fishing or other fun activities on or in the water? The oceans keep us all entertained.With all these benefits, you can understand why nations want to make use of the oceans through shipping, fishing, drilling for oil and gas, mining, and other industries. Economic development involving the seas helps countries prosper and provide jobs and resources.However, we must find a balance between developing the oceans for human needs and preserving the health of marine environments. Why? Because our careless actions are damaging the oceans in terrible ways:• Overfishing depletes fish populations, throwing food webs out of balance. Some species face extinction from overfishing.• Pollution from factories, sewage, and plastic waste is choking the waters and killing marine life. Have you seen pictures of turtles trapped in plastic waste? So sad!• Oil spills smother birds a nd sea creatures in thick, toxic sludge. It can take decades for an ecosystem to recover from a major spill.• Carbon emissions are making the oceans more acidic. This harms shellfish and corals by dissolving their shells and skeletons.• Bottom tr awling, where huge fishing nets are dragged across the seafloor, destroys entire habitats like coral reefs and sponge gardens. What a mess!If we ruin the oceans, all those benefits like food, jobs, resources, fun and even the air we breathe will disappear. Whole ocean food chains will collapse. Coastal regions will flood as sea levels rise. The impacts would be catastrophic.So how can we strike that critical balance between developing the oceans' riches while still protecting marine environments? We must use the oceans responsibly and sustainably:First, we have to stop overfishing by setting strict catch limits and creating marine reserves where fishing is banned. This allows depleted fish populations to recover.Next, we need strong laws against ocean dumping and strict enforcement to prevent pollution from choking our seas with trash, chemicals and plastics.Cleaner energy sources like offshore wind farms and wave energy must replace dirty activities like offshore drilling that can spill oil and damage ecosystems.We should encourage sustainable aquaculture, carefully farming fish and shellfish in enclosed areas without disrupting the natural environment.Protecting vulnerable habitats like coral reefs, mangrove swamps, and breeding/nesting grounds for marine life is crucial too. Limiting coastline development preserves these critical areas.Technology like desalination plants can provide fresh water without overtaxing rivers and underground aquifers that feed into the oceans. Efficient water recycling reduces wastewater pollution as well.Finally, we must all do our part as responsible citizens - reducing household waste, conserving water and energy, and being good stewards of our beautiful ocean environments.The oceans have provided for humanity for millennia. But now the oceans are in crisis, buckling under unsustainable human demands. It is up to all of us to respect and protect thesevital waters while still benefiting from their bounties through responsible ocean development policies.As kids, we need to learn now about the immense value of our oceans and the importance of being good ocean stewards. We are the future guardians of these incredible waters. With knowledge, awareness and sustainable practices, we can develop the oceans wisely while preserving their majesty for generations to come.Our wondrous oceans are counting on us! Let's work to keep their ecosystems healthy by balancing human uses with robust conservation efforts. Both humankind and the oceans themselves will be all the better for it.篇2The Wonders of the Ocean and How to Keep Them SafeThe ocean is so amazing! It covers most of our planet and is home to countless cool creatures. From tiny shrimp to huge whales, the ocean has lots of awesome animals. It's fun to learn about all the different fish, sharks, dolphins, octopuses, and other sea life.But the ocean isn't just for animals. It's also really important for people too. We get lots of our food from the ocean, like fish, shrimp, and crabs. Many people work as fishermen to catch this seafood for us to eat. The ocean also provides fun activities for humans. People love going to the beach to swim, surf, build sandcastles, and have picnics. Some people even go scuba diving under the water to see the marine life up close!The ocean up close is like being in another world. There are tall swaying kelp forests, brightly colored coral reefs, and schools of shimmering fish everywhere you look. The ocean floor has fascinating landscapes with valleys, canyons, and underwater mountains. There are even strange creatures lurking in the deep, dark parts of the ocean that we haven't discovered yet!Ships use the ocean to transport goods all around the world too. Big cargo ships can carry tons of products across the seas to different countries. Oil and gas companies also get valuable resources like oil and natural gas from deep under the ocean floor.With all these amazing things the ocean provides, it's really important that we take good care of it. Unfortunately, people have not always been good at protecting the ocean environment. Pollution from litter, chemicals, and plastics is very harmful to sealife. Oil spills from ships or offshore drilling can devastate ocean habitats. Overfishing has drastically reduced the numbers of many fish species.Climate change is another huge threat to the ocean. As the Earth gets warmer, the ocean is absorbing a lot of that extra heat. This causes sea levels to rise, which can flood coastal cities and disrupt ocean currents that many animals rely on. The warming waters and more acidic conditions are also damaging sensitive coral reef ecosystems.Clearly, we need to find a good balance between using and protecting the ocean's resources. Economic activities like fishing, shipping, and energy production are important for many people's jobs and for providing food, goods, and energy we need. But these industries must be carefully regulated and monitored to minimize harm to the marine environment.On an individual level, each one of us can do small things to help too. We can reduce our plastic use, recycle, and properly dispose of chemicals and other pollutants so they don't end up in the ocean. When visiting beaches, we should clean up any litter. And we can support organizations working to conserve ocean habitats and species.I hope we can all work together to keep the amazing ocean healthy for generations to come. It provides us with so many wonderful resources and incredible ecosystems to explore and appreciate. With some care and responsible practices, we can develop the ocean's economic potential while still preserving its breathtaking natural beauty and diverse life. The wondrous ocean has tons of mysteries still waiting to be uncovered!篇3The Mighty Oceans and How to Keep Them HealthyHave you ever been to the beach and played in the waves? Or maybe you've seen pictures of the bright blue ocean stretching out as far as the eye can see. The oceans are some of the most amazing places on planet Earth!The oceans cover about 70% of the earth's surface. They are home to millions of different animals like whales, sharks, octopuses, and colorful fish. We even get a lot of our food from the oceans - things like fish, shrimp, and seaweed. Pretty cool, right?But as great as the oceans are, they face some big challenges too. Humans are doing things that make the oceans sick and polluted. If we're not careful, the oceans could get so pollutedand damaged that many ocean animals might go extinct and the oceans won't be fun to visit anymore.The first big issue is plastic pollution. Humans throw away way too much plastic, and a lot of it ends up in the oceans. I'm talking about things like plastic bags, straws, bottles, and food containers. Marine animals often mistake this plastic for food and can get really sick if they eat it. Huge patches of garbage made of plastic and other trash are forming in the oceans, which is just awful.Another problem is oil spills from ships and oil rigs. When oil spills into the ocean, it's incredibly hard to clean up. The oil can spread for miles and suffocate or poison many marine animals. Oil spills are some of the worst environmental disasters.Overfishing is an issue too. Humans have gotten really good at catching fish with huge trawlers and advanced fishing equipment. But if we take too many fish from the ocean, we could drive some species to extinction. It's important to fish sustainably so there are always enough fish left over to reproduce.Climate change and ocean acidification are issues caused mostly by humans burning fossil fuels. As the earth gets warmer due to climate change, ocean temperatures rise, sea levels go up,ocean currents change, and animals can't adapt fast enough. Plus, the oceans absorb some of the carbon dioxide from the air, making the water more acidic over time. This extra acidity makes it hard for corals and shellfish to grow.So those are some of the biggest threats to the oceans right now. It's a lot to take in for a kid, I know! But don't worry, there is still hope if we act soon to fix these problems.For plastic pollution, we need to reduce how much new plastic we use in the first place. We should use reusable bags, bottles, and containers instead of single-use plastics whenever possible. We should also have good recycling programs set up and do beach clean-ups to collect plastic litter before it can get into the oceans.Strict regulations need to be in place to prevent oil spills. Oil companies should have to follow very strict safety rules, and there should be big penalties when spills happen. Using renewable energy like solar and wind is another way to reduce our need for offshore oil drilling.We need to let our fisheries recover by setting catch limits, creating marine protected areas, stopping illegal fishing, and letting young fish go. Giving fish populations a chance to rebuild will help sustain this crucial food source.To fight climate change and ocean acidification, humans have to stop pumping so much carbon dioxide into the atmosphere from burning fossil fuels. We should walk, bike, and use public transit more instead of driving. We can get our electricity from renewable sources like solar, wind, and nuclear power rather than coal and oil. Even simple steps like turning off lights when we leave the room can make a difference.Scientists are also looking at ways to pull carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere and store it underground, kind of like throwing the greenhouse gases in the trash can instead of just leaving them in the air. We may also be able to make the ocean water less acidic again by adding chemicals to neutralize the acid. Technologies like these could be a big help, but we'll have to see if they work and don't cause other problems.As you can see, protecting the oceans is going to take a huge effort from everyone - individuals, companies, governments, and scientists all working together. If we want to keep enjoying and benefiting from the beautiful oceans, we need to make some changes to how we treat them.The oceans are one of nature's greatest treasures. They provide us with food, oxygen, transportation pathways, and breathtaking scenery. The amazing diversity of marine life is likesomething out of a fantasy world. We're lucky to have such incredible oceans on our planet.So the next time you go to the beach or see a picture of the boundless ocean waters, remember how special they are. And remember that it's up to us to take care of the oceans so they can be healthy and amazing for many generations to come. Let's keep our mighty oceans blue!篇4The Oceans: Using Them but Not Losing ThemHi, my name is Jimmy and I'm going to tell you all about the oceans today. The oceans are really cool and really important. They cover most of our planet and have all kinds of awesome animals like whales, sharks, dolphins, and beautiful coral reefs. But the oceans also help people in lots of ways too.People use the oceans for lots of stuff. Fishermen catch fish from the oceans that we eat for food. Big cargo ships sail across the oceans carrying products and goods from one country to another. This is how we get things from far away places. There are also oil rigs and wind farms in the oceans. The oil rigs pump oil out of the sea floor which gets turned into gasoline for our cars. And the wind farms use the ocean winds to make electricity.The oceans are so vast and seem so huge that it might not seem like humans could ever cause them harm. But sadly, people's activities are creating some big problems for the health of the oceans. Pollution, overfishing, and damage to ocean habitats are really hurting ocean life.Pollution is one of the biggest threats. Trash and litter that gets thrown on the ground can easily get blown or washed into storm drains that lead straight to the ocean. All kinds of plastic and other garbage ends up floating around in the ocean and getting consumed by marine animals. This plastic can make them really sick or even kill them. Toxic chemicals and oil spills from ships are other forms of ocean pollution.Another major problem is overfishing. With bigger boats and more advanced fishing gear, commercial fishing companies are taking way more fish out of the ocean than can be naturally replenished. This could drive many fish populations to extinction if it keeps going at this rapid pace. In some areas, there are hardly any fish left at all from too much overfishing.Damage to ocean habitats is also causing a lot of trouble. As coastal areas get more crowded with humans, we are knocking down mangrove forests and developing too close to coral reefs. The runoff from farms and cities is choking reefs with pollutionand sediment. Some fishing practices like dragging huge nets across the bottom are smashing up entire reef ecosystems. All of this habitat loss is making it really hard for ocean life to survive and thrive.So as you can see, the oceans are in some serious peril from human activities. We really need to find a better way to balance using the oceans for our needs while still protecting them. It's not an easy line to walk, but the oceans are so important that we have to try our best.I think one key篇5The Delicate Balance of the Big Blue OceanThe ocean is so huge and amazing! It covers almostthree-quarters of our planet with its bright blue waters. I love learning about all the incredible creatures that live in the ocean - from the mighty whale shark, the biggest fish in the sea, to the tiny shrimp no bigger than my finger.The ocean gives us so many wonderful things. It provides food like tasty fish, shrimp, and crabs that make my mouth water. The ocean is also home to beautiful coral reefs in every color ofthe rainbow. I've seen pictures and they look like bright underwater gardens!But as much as I love and appreciate the ocean, I've also learned that humans are hurting it in some bad ways. We have to be really careful and try to protect the ocean as much as we can.One big problem is water pollution. You wouldn't believe some of the gross stuff that can end up in the ocean! Things like chemicals, plastic litter, and even oil spills are incredibly harmful for ocean animals and plants. Just imagine how you would feel if someone dumped a bunch of trash and toxic waste into your home. The poor sea creatures have no choice but to swim in that contaminated environment.Overfishing is another danger to ocean life. I love eating fish, but fishermen have to be really careful not to take too many fish out of the ocean. If they catch too many adult fish before those fish can breed and have babies, it's possible for entire species to go extinct forever! That would be so sad to lose those amazing and unique ocean animals.Then there's the threat of climate change causing ocean temperatures and sea levels to rise. As the water gets warmer, it can bleach and kill off coral reefs. And with rising sea levels,some island homes for humans and animals could eventually wind up underwater. That's really scary to think about!But it's not all doom and gloom - there's still hope if we act soon to protect the ocean. Scientists and leaders all around the world are working hard on solutions. In school, we've learned about reducing our use of single-use plastics, recycling as much as possible, and picking up litter from beaches and waterways so it doesn't wash out into the open ocean. Those are great steps everyone can take to cut down on ocean pollution.We've also talked about the importance of creating more marine protected areas. These are safe zones in the ocean where fishing and other activities are limited or banned completely, giving ocean habitats and species a chance to recover and thrive. Marine biologists have figured out that bigger protected areas tend to be more effective.Additionally, we need to keep making progress on developing renewable energy sources like solar, wind, and water power. Those create way less greenhouse gas emissions than burning fossil fuels like oil and gas. With cleaner energy, we can slow down climate change and its effects on the oceans.Since overfishing is such a big concern, another key solution is establishing sustainable fishing practices. That means onlytaking from the ocean what can naturally be replaced through reproduction and growth over time. It's like only picking the allowed number of apples from a tree each year to ensure it keeps living and producing apples. With sustainable fishing rules in place, we can keep enjoying seafood without wiping out fish populations.The ocean has given us so much by feeding us, regulating our climate, and providing homes for such fascinating life. It would be so unbearably sad to lose the wonderful gift of our world's vast ocean due to human carelessness and overconsumption.As I learn more about the challenges facing the ocean, I've come to realize we need to find a careful balance. On one side, the ocean provides many resources and opportunities that have allowed human civilization to develop and thrive over thousands of years. But on the other side, we must respect and protect the health of the ocean so it can continue sustaining us for thousands of years more.It's a delicate dance of using the ocean's bounty wisely while not taking too much. We'll need cooperation between nations, scientists, leaders, fishermen, and people everywhere to preserve this essential resource that helps make life on Earth possible. I'mhopeful that if we all do our part, we can keep the big blue ocean healthy and beautiful for generations to come.篇6Here's an essay on balancing ocean development and ocean conservation, written from a primary school student's perspective (around 2000 words in English):My Love for the Ocean and Why We Need to Protect ItHi, my name is Emma, and I'm nine years old. Today, I want to share with you something that's really important to me – the ocean! I love the ocean so much. It's big, blue, and full of amazing creatures. Just thinking about it makes me feel happy and calm.But did you know that the ocean is in trouble? Humans are doing things that are hurting the ocean and all the animals that live there. It makes me really sad to think about it. That's why we need to protect the ocean and take care of it.At the same time, we also need the ocean for things like food, transportation, and even fun activities like swimming and snorkeling. So we have to find a way to use the ocean withouthurting it. It's not an easy thing to do, but I think we can figure it out if we all work together.Let me tell you about some of the cool things I've learned about the ocean and why it's so important.First of all, the ocean is huge! It covers more than 70% of the Earth's surface. That's a lot of water! And it's home to millions of different plants and animals, from tiny plankton to massive whales. Every time I go to the beach or look at pictures of the ocean, I'm amazed by all the different creatures that live there.The ocean is also really important for our planet. It helps to regulate the climate and weather patterns. It's like a big air conditioner for the Earth! And it produces a lot of the oxygen that we breathe. Can you imagine what would happen if we didn't have the ocean? It would be a disaster!But the ocean is facing a lot of threats from human activities. One of the biggest problems is pollution. Every year, millions of tons of trash, chemicals, and other pollutants end up in the ocean. This can harm or even kill the animals that live there. I've seen pictures of sea turtles and dolphins tangled up in plastic bags and fishing nets, and it makes me so sad.Another big threat is overfishing. Humans are catching too many fish, and some species are becoming endangered or even extinct. This can upset the balance of the ocean's ecosystems and make it harder for the ocean to stay healthy.Climate change is also a major issue. As the Earth's temperature rises, the ocean is getting warmer and more acidic. This can cause coral reefs to die and make it harder for some animals to survive.But it's not all bad news! There are things we can do to help protect the ocean. One of the most important things is to reduce pollution. We need to be more careful about how we dispose of our trash and chemicals. We can also use less plastic and recycle more.Another thing we can do is to support sustainable fishing practices. This means catching fish in a way that doesn't deplete the populations or harm the environment. Some fishermen are using special nets that allow smaller fish to escape, and they're only catching what they need.We。

海水淡化工程施工质量的验收及档案整理

装”“转动机械安装”“管道及支吊架安装”“分部试运”。

其中“设备安装”包含的分项工程有澄清设备安装、过滤设备安装、反渗透设备安装、加药设备安装、其他设备安装(管道混合器安装、金属结构水箱安装、混凝土结构水箱安装、起重机安装等)；“转动机械安装”包含的分项工程有原水泵安装、超滤进水泵安装、超滤反洗泵安装、超滤产水泵安装、反渗透进水泵安装、反渗透高压泵安装、反渗透增压泵安装、反渗透浓水泵安装、反渗透冲洗水泵安装、反渗透产水泵安装、卸料泵安装、罗茨风机安装等；“管道及支吊架安装”包括管道安装和支吊架安装；“分部试运”包括阀门调整、系统严密性试验、设备单体试运、转动机械试运、系统冲洗等。

检验批是最小的施工质量验收单元，以“过滤设备安装”这个分项工程为例，其包含的检验批有滤池装置安装、变孔隙度滤池装置安装、超滤装置安装、机械过滤器安装、纤维球过滤器安装、活性炭过滤器安装、自清洗过滤器安装、过滤器填料等；“原水泵安装”包含原水泵检查和原水泵安装两个检验批。

(2)制定施工检测计划。

在工程施工前，建设单位应组织施工单位制订质量目标，由施工单位编制施工检测计划，交监理单位审查和监督实施。

施工单位按时间顺序划分施工前、施工中和施工后的三个阶段制定工程材料、单体设备、中间产品和工程实体等检测顺序；按工程项目施工过程中的不同工艺阶段确定每个工艺阶段的检测项目[2]。

2 质量验收的组织和内容施工质量验收包含施工活动全过程的验收和工程完工验收[3]。

通过不同阶段的验收进行质量控制，使整个工程各部分最大程度发挥其功能，以保障工程的长期稳定运行。

质量验收按检验批、分项工程、分部工程和单位工程的顺序逐级进行。

当验收后不能达到质量标准要求时，需要经过返修处理或者重新施工后自检合格再进行验收。

2.1 检验批验收的组织和内容检验批施工完成后施工单位应先进行自检，经自检合格后填写《检验批施工质量验收表》，再由专业监理工程师和施工单位质检员共同参与，依据规定的检验项目逐条进行检查、验收，0 引言在海水淡化工程建设过程中，施工质量直接影响海水淡化系统产水水质和产水量，也影响海水淡化设备的使用寿命。

研究海洋的重要性英语作文

研究海洋的重要性英语作文The Importance of Studying the OceansThe oceans cover more than 70% of the Earth's surface and play a vital role in the planet's ecosystem. They are home to a vast array of marine life, regulate the global climate, and provide essential resources for human activities. As such, the study of the oceans is of paramount importance, and it is crucial that we continue to expand our understanding of these vast and complex systems.One of the primary reasons why the study of the oceans is so important is the role they play in regulating the global climate. The oceans absorb a significant amount of the Earth's heat, and they also play a crucial role in the water cycle, with evaporation from the oceans providing much of the moisture that falls as precipitation on land. This means that the oceans have a profound impact on weather patterns and climate across the globe, and understanding these processes is essential for predicting and responding to the effects of climate change.In addition to their role in the climate system, the oceans also provide a wealth of resources that are essential for human survivaland well-being. The oceans are a major source of food, with millions of people around the world relying on seafood as a primary source of protein. They also provide a range of other resources, such as minerals, energy sources, and even potential sources of new medicines and other valuable compounds.Despite the importance of the oceans, they remain poorly understood in many ways. Much of the ocean floor remains unmapped, and there is still a great deal of uncertainty about the complex interactions between the physical, chemical, and biological processes that shape the oceans. This lack of knowledge makes it difficult to effectively manage and protect these vital resources, and it also limits our ability to predict and respond to the effects of human activities on the oceans.To address these challenges, researchers around the world are engaged in a wide range of studies aimed at expanding our understanding of the oceans. These studies involve a variety of techniques, including field observations, remote sensing, and computer modeling, and they cover a broad range of topics, from the physical and chemical properties of the oceans to the complex interactions between marine ecosystems and the human activities that impact them.One area of particular importance in the study of the oceans is thefield of marine biology. Marine biologists study the diverse array of organisms that live in the oceans, from microscopic plankton to massive whales, and they are working to understand the complex relationships and interdependencies that exist within marine ecosystems. This knowledge is essential for developing effective strategies for managing and protecting these ecosystems, which are under increasing threat from a range of human activities, including overfishing, pollution, and climate change.Another important area of study in the field of oceanography is the physical and chemical processes that shape the oceans. Oceanographers study the movement of ocean currents, the distribution of temperature and salinity, and the chemical composition of seawater, among other things. This knowledge is essential for understanding the role of the oceans in the global climate system, as well as for developing effective strategies for managing and protecting marine resources.In addition to these more traditional areas of study, there is also growing interest in the potential of the oceans to provide new sources of energy and other valuable resources. For example, researchers are exploring the possibility of extracting energy from the oceans through technologies such as wave and tidal power, as well as the potential of deep-sea mining to access valuable minerals and other resources. While these technologies are still in the earlystages of development, they hold the promise of providing new sources of energy and resources that could help to meet the growing demands of a rapidly expanding global population.Overall, the study of the oceans is a critical area of research that has far-reaching implications for our understanding of the planet and our ability to manage and protect its vital resources. By continuing to expand our knowledge of the oceans, we can better understand and address the complex challenges that we face in the 21st century, from climate change to sustainable resource management. It is clear that the oceans will continue to play a central role in the future of our planet, and the study of these vast and complex systems will be essential for ensuring a sustainable and prosperous future for all.。

Bioprospecting in the Deep Sea

Bioprospecting in the Deep SeaThe deep sea, often described as the last frontier on Earth, holds a wealth of biodiversity and untapped resources. Bioprospecting in the deep sea involves the search for novel bioactive compounds with potential pharmaceutical, industrial, and biotechnological applications. This emerging field has gained increasing attention due to the unique and diverse organisms that thrive in the extreme conditions of the deep ocean.One of the key reasons for bioprospecting in the deep sea is the vast potential for discovering new bioactive compounds with therapeutic benefits. Many deep-sea organisms have developed unique biochemical pathways and compounds to survive in the harsh environment of high pressure, low temperature, and limited sunlight. These adaptations have led to the evolution of novel molecules that possess pharmaceutical properties, such as antimicrobial, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory activities.Researchers have identified a wide range of bioactive compounds from deep-sea organisms that show promising potential for drug development. For example, compounds extracted from deep-sea sponges have demonstrated anti-tumor properties, while bacteria found in hydrothermal vents produce enzymes with industrial applications. By studying these organisms and their bioactive compounds, scientists can unlock new avenues for drug discovery and biotechnological innovation.In addition to pharmaceutical applications, bioprospecting in the deep sea also offers opportunities for sustainable economic development. The commercialization of bioactive compounds from deep-sea organisms can create new industries and revenue streams. Some companies have already capitalized on the potential of deep-sea bioprospecting by developing products derived from marine organisms, such as cosmetics, nutritional supplements, and biomaterials.However, bioprospecting in the deep sea raises ethical and environmental concerns that need to be addressed. The exploitation of marine biodiversity for commercial gain must be done responsibly to ensure the conservation of deep-sea ecosystems and the equitable sharing of benefits. International regulations and guidelines, such as the UnitedNations Convention on the Law of the Sea and the Nagoya Protocol, seek to govern access and benefit-sharing arrangements for genetic resources from the deep sea.Furthermore, the sustainable management of deep-sea resources is essential to prevent overexploitation and ensure the long-term viability of marine ecosystems. Conservation measures, such as the establishment of marine protected areas and the implementation of ecosystem-based management approaches, are crucial for safeguarding the biodiversity of the deep sea. Collaboration between scientists, policymakers, industry stakeholders, and local communities is essential to balance the economic potential of bioprospecting with the need for environmental sustainability.Overall, bioprospecting in the deep sea offers exciting prospects for discovering new bioactive compounds, advancing drug development, and promoting economic growth. Through responsible research and sustainable practices, we can harness the potential of deep-sea biodiversity while safeguarding the integrity of marine ecosystems for future generations.。

高二英语海洋科学单选题40题

高二英语海洋科学单选题40题1. The dolphin is known for its ____ intelligence.A. amazingB. amazedC. amazeD. amazement答案：A。

本题考查形容词的用法。

A 选项“amazing”意为“令人惊奇的”，修饰物；B 选项“amazed”意为“感到惊奇的”，修饰人；C 选项“amaze”是动词，不符合此处词性要求；D 选项“amazement”是名词。

“intelligence”是物，所以用“amazing”修饰。

2. The shark has sharp ____ to catch its prey.A. teethB. toothC. toothsD. toothes答案：A。

本题考查名词复数形式。

“tooth”的复数是“teeth”，C、D 选项形式错误，根据常识鲨鱼有很多锋利的牙齿，所以用复数“teeth”。

3. The octopus can change its color to ____ from enemies.A. hideB. hidesC. hidden答案：A。

本题考查动词不定式。

“to”后跟动词原形，“hide from”表示“躲避”，B 选项是第三人称单数形式，C 选项是过去分词，D 选项是动名词，均不符合此处要求。

4. The whale is one of the ____ animals in the world.A. largeB. largerC. largestD. largely答案：C。

本题考查形容词最高级。

“one of + the + 形容词最高级+ 名词复数”表示“最……之一”，A 选项是原级，B 选项是比较级，D 选项“largely”是副词，所以用“largest”。

5. The starfish moves very ____.A. slowB. slowlyC. slowerD. slowest答案：B。

关于海洋发现与保护平衡的英语作文

关于海洋发现与保护平衡的英语作文Balancing Marine Exploration and Conservation: Navigating the Delicate Interplay.The vast expanse of the ocean, teeming with unfathomable biodiversity, beckons us with an irresistible allure, driving our insatiable quest for knowledge and resources. However, this pursuit, while essential for scientific advancement and economic sustenance, must be tempered with an unwavering commitment to preserving the ocean's delicate ecosystems. Striking a harmonious balance between marine exploration and conservation presents a complex challenge that demands our utmost diligence and thoughtful stewardship.The Importance of Marine Exploration.Marine exploration serves as a vital catalyst for scientific discovery, technological innovation, and informed decision-making. By venturing into unchartedwaters, scientists unravel the mysteries of the deep, uncovering new species, unlocking the secrets of marine ecosystems, and expanding our understanding of the planet's complex dynamics. Such knowledge empowers us to develop sustainable fishing practices, protect endangered species, and mitigate the impacts of human activities on ocean health.Moreover, marine exploration fosters technological advancements that drive scientific exploration and societal progress. The development of submersibles, deep-sea imaging systems, and environmental sensors has revolutionized our ability to delve into the depths of the ocean, unlocking previously inaccessible realms. These technological breakthroughs not only enhance scientific research but also have practical applications in various fields, such as offshore energy, medicine, and navigation.The Imperative of Marine Conservation.While marine exploration offers immense benefits, it also poses potential risks to the fragile ocean environment.Uncontrolled extraction of marine resources, pollution, and habitat destruction have led to a decline in biodiversity, disrupted ecosystem function, and impaired ocean health. Conservation measures are paramount to mitigate these impacts and ensure the long-term sustainability of ocean resources.Protecting marine ecosystems requires establishing marine protected areas (MPAs), reducing plastic pollution, combating overfishing, and implementing sustainable coastal development practices. MPAs, such as marine sanctuaries and national parks, provide safe havens for marine life, allowing populations to recover and ecosystems to thrive. Reducing plastic pollution involves implementing waste reduction strategies, promoting recycling, and advocating for the responsible disposal of plastics. Combating overfishing requires responsible fishing practices, including quotas, size limits, and closed fishing seasons. Sustainable coastal development incorporates environmentally friendly building techniques, erosion control measures, and habitat restoration projects to minimize the impacts of human activities on marineecosystems.Balancing Exploration and Conservation: A Delicate Act.Navigating the delicate interplay between marine exploration and conservation requires a holistic approach that embraces both scientific advancement and environmental sustainability. Sustainable exploration practices minimize the impact on marine ecosystems while allowing for valuable scientific research. For instance, researchers can utilize non-invasive sampling methods, such as remote sensing and environmental DNA analysis, to gather data without disturbing sensitive habitats.Collaboration and partnerships between scientists, conservationists, and policymakers are crucial for developing and implementing effective marine exploration and conservation strategies. Transdisciplinary research teams, involving experts from diverse fields, foster innovative solutions and ensure that scientific knowledge informs conservation efforts. Policymakers play a vitalrole in establishing regulations and incentives thatpromote sustainable exploration and protect marine ecosystems.Public engagement and education are equally importantin fostering a culture of ocean stewardship. Raising awareness about the importance of both marine exploration and conservation empowers individuals to make informed decisions and support policies that protect our oceans. Public outreach programs, such as citizen scienceinitiatives and educational campaigns, can engage thepublic in monitoring marine ecosystems, advocating for conservation measures, and promoting sustainable practices.Conclusion.The ocean, an indispensable resource for humanity, holds both immense promise and vulnerability. Balancing marine exploration and conservation is not merely a choice but a responsibility we must embrace with unwavering determination. By embracing sustainable exploration practices, fostering collaboration, engaging the public, and implementing comprehensive conservation measures, wecan unlock the ocean's secrets while ensuring its enduring legacy for generations to come. The delicate interplay between marine exploration and conservation is not one of compromise but rather of synergy, where scientific advancement and environmental sustainability walk hand in hand, charting a course towards a prosperous and sustainable future for our planet and its oceans.。

电解海水制氢技术与发展现状

电解海水制氢技术与发展现状程小波许壮翟俊香王永涛北京低碳清洁能源研究院北京 102211摘要：沿海地区有着丰富的光能、风能和海水资源，沿海地区利用其优势发展绿氢有着十分光明的前景。

电解海水制氢比其他制氢方式更有优势，解决了淡水资源不足、海上风电和太阳能利用率低的问题。

但是电解海水制氢也面临不小挑战。

首先讨论了电解海水制氢路线，介绍了国内外海水制氢现状。

然后详细讨论了海水淡化电解制氢和直接海水制氢存在问题并介绍了电解海水制氢技术最新进展。

结论是：直接海水制氢更具优势是未来重点发展方向。

关键词：海水制氢海水电解绿氢中图分类号：TQ116.21文献标识码：A 文章编号：1672-3791(2024)04-0124-05 Hydrogen Production Technology by Electrolyzing Seawater andIts Current Development StatusCHENG Xiaobo XU Zhuang ZHAI Junxiang WANG YongtaoNational Institute of Clean and Low-Carbon Energy, Beijing, 102211 ChinaAbstract:Coastal areas have the abundant resources of solar energy, wind energy and seawater, and there are very bright prospects for coastal areas to utilize their advantages to develop green hydrogen. Electrolyzing seawater for hydrogen production has more advantages than other hydrogen production methods, and it solves the problems of insufficient freshwater resources and the low utilization of offshore wind power and solar energy, but electrolyzing seawater for hydrogen production also faces enormous challenges. This article first discusses the route of electrolyz⁃ing seawater for hydrogen production, and introduces the current situation of electrolyzing seawater for hydrogen production at home and abroad. Then it detailedly discusses existing problems in desalting and electrolyzing seawa⁃ter for hydrogen production and direct seawater for hydrogen production, and introduces the latest progress of hy⁃drogen production technology by electrolyzing seawater. Direct seawater for hydrogen production has more advan⁃tages, and it is the key development direction in the future.Key Words: Seawater; Hydrogen production; Electrolysis of seawater; Green hydrogen随着世界气候变暖，全球各国一起应对气候变化，《巴黎协定》的签署是全球178个缔约方一起应对气候变化的统一行动。

The secrets of the ocean Acidification

The secrets of the ocean Acidification Ocean acidification is a pressing issue that poses a significant threat to marine ecosystems worldwide. The process of ocean acidification is primarily driven by the absorption of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, which leads to a decrease in the pH levels of seawater. This decrease in pH has far-reaching consequences for marine life, as it can disrupt the ability of certain organisms, such as corals and shellfish, to build their calcium carbonate shells and skeletons. This can have cascading effects throughout the food chain, ultimately impacting the health and stability of entire marine ecosystems. One of the key factors contributing to ocean acidification is the burning of fossil fuels, which releases large quantities of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. This carbon dioxide is then absorbed by the oceans, where it reacts with seawater to form carbonic acid. As a result, the pH of the oceans has decreased by approximately0.1 units since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution. This may not seem likea significant change, but even small decreases in pH can have profound effects on marine life. The impacts of ocean acidification are already being felt in many parts of the world. For example, coral reefs, which are highly sensitive to changes in pH, are experiencing widespread bleaching events and die-offs due to ocean acidification. This not only threatens the biodiversity of coral reef ecosystems but also jeopardizes the livelihoods of millions of people who depend on these ecosystems for food, income, and coastal protection. Additionally, shellfish such as oysters and mussels are struggling to build their shells in more acidic waters, leading to declines in populations and economic losses forshellfish farmers. In addition to its direct effects on marine organisms, ocean acidification can also have broader implications for global climate change. For example, the loss of coral reefs and other marine ecosystems can reduce the oceans' capacity to absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, leading to further increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide levels. This creates a dangerous feedback loop that exacerbates both ocean acidification and climate change, further threatening the health of our planet. Addressing the issue of ocean acidification will require coordinated efforts at the local, national, and international levels. Governments, businesses, and individuals all have a role to play in reducingcarbon emissions and mitigating the impacts of ocean acidification. This could involve implementing policies to limit carbon emissions, investing in renewable energy sources, and supporting research and monitoring efforts to better understand and address the effects of ocean acidification on marine ecosystems. Ultimately, the secrets of ocean acidification are not so secret anymore. The science is clear: our oceans are becoming more acidic at an alarming rate, with profound consequences for marine life and global climate. It is up to all of us to take action to protect our oceans and ensure a sustainable future for generations to come. By working together to address the root causes of ocean acidification, we can help preserve the beauty and diversity of our oceans for future generations to enjoy.。

探索海域的重要性英语作文

探索海域的重要性英语作文英文回答：Exploring the vast expanse of the world's oceans is of paramount importance for a multitude of reasons. Firstly, oceans cover over 70% of the Earth's surface, making them the largest single ecosystem on the planet. They are home to an astonishing array of marine life, from microscopic plankton to colossal whales, and provide vital habitats for countless species. Understanding and protecting these ecosystems is crucial for maintaining the health and biodiversity of our planet.Secondly, oceans play a pivotal role in regulating the Earth's climate. They absorb and store vast amounts of carbon dioxide, mitigating the effects of climate change. Additionally, ocean currents distribute heat and moisture around the globe, influencing weather patterns and shaping regional climates. Exploring these processes and developing a better understanding of ocean dynamics is essential formitigating the impacts of climate change and ensuring a sustainable future for our planet.Thirdly, oceans are a vital source of food and economic opportunity. Fish and other marine resources provide sustenance for billions of people worldwide, and thefishing industry supports millions of jobs. Additionally, oceans hold immense potential for renewable energy, such as tidal and wave power, which can help reduce our reliance on fossil fuels and transition to a cleaner, more sustainable energy future.Moreover, exploring the oceans can lead to groundbreaking scientific discoveries and technological advancements. The ocean depths remain largely unexplored, and they hold countless secrets that could revolutionize our understanding of life on Earth. From deep-sea hydrothermal vents that support unique ecosystems to undiscovered species with potential medical applications, the ocean frontier offers limitless opportunities for scientific exploration and technological innovation.In conclusion, exploring the oceans is of paramount importance for safeguarding our planet's biodiversity, mitigating climate change, ensuring food security, unlocking economic opportunities, and fueling scientific progress. By investing in ocean exploration and research, we unlock the potential to build a sustainable and prosperous future for generations to come.中文回答：探索浩瀚无边的世界海洋至关重要，原因有很多。

写海的作文作文英语

The sea is a vast expanse of water that covers more than70%of the Earths surface. It is a source of life,a habitat for countless marine species,and a symbol of freedom and mystery.Writing an essay about the sea can be an enriching experience,as it allows us to explore its many facets.IntroductionBegin your essay by setting the tone.You might start with a vivid description of the sea to capture the readers imagination:Stretching out as far as the eye can see,the sea is a boundless canvas of blues,a realm where the suns reflection dances upon its surface,creating a spectacle of shimmering light.It is both a tranquil haven and a powerful force,capable of nurturing life and unleashing natures fury.Historical SignificanceDiscuss the seas role in history.How has it shaped human civilization?Throughout history,the sea has been a highway for trade,exploration,and conquest. From the ancient mariners of the Phoenicians to the great age of sail,the sea has been the stage for some of humanitys most daring endeavors.It has connected cultures,facilitated the exchange of ideas,and driven the progress of civilizations.Biological DiversityExplain the importance of the sea in terms of biodiversity:The sea is a treasure trove of biological diversity.It is home to the largest coral reef systems,teeming with vibrant marine life.From the microscopic plankton to the majestic whales,each creature plays a vital role in the delicate balance of the marine ecosystem. Cultural ImpactExplore the cultural impact of the sea on art,literature,and folklore:The sea has long been a muse for artists,poets,and musicians.It has inspired stories of adventure,romance,and tragedy.From Homers Odyssey to the paintings of Turner,the seas allure has captured the human imagination,reflecting our deepest fears and aspirations.Environmental ChallengesAddress the environmental challenges the sea faces today:Sadly,the sea is under threat.Pollution,overfishing,and climate change are causing irreversible damage to marine ecosystems.Coral bleaching,the loss of biodiversity,and rising sea levels are but a few of the consequences of our actions.Personal ConnectionShare a personal connection or experience with the sea to make the essay more relatable:I have always been drawn to the sea.The first time I dipped my toes into its cool waters,I felt a sense of belonging.The rhythmic sound of the waves crashing against the shore is a melody that resonates within me,a reminder of the seas timeless presence.ConclusionConclude your essay by summarizing the key points and leaving the reader with a thoughtprovoking statement:The sea is more than just a body of water it is a living testament to the interconnectedness of our planet.As we continue to explore its depths and marvel at its beauty,let us also remember our responsibility to protect it for future generations.The sea,in its vastness and mystery,reminds us of the boundless potential of our own existence. Remember to use descriptive language,engaging metaphors,and a variety of sentence structures to make your essay about the sea both informative and captivating.。