_Process_of_translation

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英汉翻译 process of translation

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• 王小玉便启朱唇、发晧齿，唱了几句书儿。 • 译文1：Now open her rosy lip and her ivory white teeth shine, her song begins! • 译文2：Little Jade Wang then opened her vermilion lips, displaying her sparking white teeth, and sang several phrases. • 译文3：Little Jade then parted her lips and sang a few lines.
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译1：一月三十一日，史迪威抵达德里。尽管他对这个会议的态度十分消极，但最少在二十九天来，他第一次有了个洗澡的机会。
译2：：一月三十一日，史迪威公开露面，去德里参加会议。这次会议在他看看来不管有多么消极，至少为他提供了一个二十九天以来第一次洗澡的机会。
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(3) Clare stood still, and inclined his face towards hers. “Oh, Tessy!” he exclaimed. The girl’s cheeks burned to the breeze, and she could not look into his eyes for the emotion. (Hardy: Tess ，Ch. 23)
accurate comprehension
smooth expression
Careful proof reading
the prerequisite of translation
a key factor
correcting & improving

The process of translation

1. Understanding
• Read the original text for 3 times. • 1.skim the text with an aim to get the general meaning of the text and mark the difficult words and sentences. • 2.a close reading in which each word each sentence each paragraph is studied and each problem of understanding is solved. • 3.read the text for the third time and pay attention to the big picture of the original text to avoid just seeing the trees of a forest.
• 融融夜色中，熟睡的古城上空远远传来尖塔守夜人清晰的报时声： • “三… …点… …喽… …一切平安喽！”
• Any person leaving litter about instead of putting it in this basket will be liable to a fine of ￡5. • 任何不把凌乱的东西放入这个框内而任意乱扔的人将处以罚款5英镑。
• 汤姆猛地站了起来，动作异常敏捷。 • The present crisis in that country is no ordinary economic crisis which will pass away in time leaving everything much as it was before. • 这个国家当前的经济危机根本不是一般的经济危机，过些时候就会过去，然后和以往一样。

catti大赛例题

2022年“CATTI杯”全国翻译大赛英语样题及答案一、单项选择1. Which of the following statements about who is responsible for any error that might occur in the process of translation or interpreting is wrong?A. Translators must take all errors seriously no matter whether they occur in the source language or in the target language and correct them promptly.B. Once an interpreter finds that the speaker has made an obvious factual or logical mistake, he/she should correct it in his/her interpretation in a timely manner.C. When someone points out a mistake in the interpretation, the interpreter should immediately admit and correct it.D. If your translation needs to be revised by others, the quality of the translation remains your responsibility, including the errors that have occurred in the revised part.2. Avery had established himself as a/an __________ microbiologist, but had never imagined venturing into the new world of genes and chromosomes.A. efficientB. competentC. patientD. innocent3. It is imperative that the government _______ more investment into the autonomous driving industry.A. attractsB. shall attractC. attractD. attracted4. We have maintained consultation with the ASEAN（东盟）on the formulation of codes of conduct in the South China Sea area.A. 制定中国南海地区行为准则B. 拟定中国南海地区行动准则C. 签订中国南海地区行动准则D. 形成中国南海地区行为准则5. 中国航空航天技术比较先进，是成功把人类送上太空的国家之一。

英汉翻译 Process of Translation

③Function: Determining meaning of
words [Each word when used in a new context is a new word.( Firth)] Ex. It’s a difficult operation.
1.2.2Significance of contextual analysis for translation
参考译文
6.There are storms with thunder, lightning and hail. 暴雨来了，还夹着雷鸣、电闪和冰雹。
7.The snow was falling. Big flakes drifted with the wind like feathers. 雪在不停的下着，鹅毛似的雪片随风飘舞。
①Definition: Context is the situation in which language occurs. ②Classification: Linguistic context (word, sentence, paragraph, passage, book); Non-linguistic context (actual speech situation, whole cultural background) .
1.1 Linguistic analysis
FUNCTION ／＼
OBJECTS EVENTS
／
PERSONS
＼
THINGS／ACTIONS＼STATES
（人称）
（物称）
（行为）（状态）（时间点）（完成）
1.1.1Determining the meaning of phrases in a cognitivefunctional perspective

3.翻译的过程与方法

是指在转达原文意思时，使译文的表达形式和句法结构尽量同原文一致起来，能完全对等的就完全对等，不能完全对等的也要大致对等, 强调“形似”。但理想目标是做到“神”、“形”兼备。即不但表达原文内容，而且保持原文形式上的特点，如比喻、形象、民族特色等。
burn
one‟s boat 破釜沉舟 Walls have ears. 隔墙有耳 zebra line 斑马线（人行横道） dry red wine 干红 dry white wine 干白 win-win situation 双赢局面
The
cold weather frosted up the track last night. 审校前：昨晚寒冷的天气使跑道上结了霜。审校后：昨晚天气寒冷，跑道上结了霜。 It’s a lot easier to get in the hole than to get out again. 审校前：进洞容易出洞难。审校后：负债很容易，要把债还清却困难得多。
E.g.：
The present administration is a far cry from the last one. 现在行政人员在作风上与前任大不相同。
……but
not many movies are made in Hollywood today……. 译文一：但如今没有好多影片是在好莱坞摄制的。译文二：但如今好莱坞摄制的影片已经不多了。
表达，也就是把已经理解了的原作内容，选择适
所谓表达则是把自己所理解的内容，忠实而通顺地传达给译语的读者。表达是理解的结果和深化。表达的好坏，和理解的程度有关，也与译者对译文语言的掌握程度有关。表达是指将原文（即SL的信息），用TL重新说一遍，要求不失原意，保持原作的风格特色（即原文流畅的译文也要流畅，原文优美动人的译文也要优美动人，原文是艺术品译文也应该是艺术品），而且还要符合译语的表达习惯。

第二章翻译的过程TheProcessofTranslation

第二章翻译的过程The Process of Translation1.理解：1语义方面：1.1.1根据在句中的词类来选择.1)Like charges repel; unlike charges attract.相同的电荷相斥,不同的电荷相吸.2)Like knows like.3)I like translation more than writing.4)In the sunbeam passing through the windows there are fine grains of dust shining like gold. 在射入窗内的阳光里,细微的尘埃象金子一般在闪闪发亮.1.1.2. 根据上下文1)He was the last man to come, but he wasn’t late for the meeting..他是最后来的2)He is the last man to do it. 他决不会干那件事情的3)This is the last place where I expected to meet you.我怎么也没想到会在这个地方见到你.Take off:1)To take off her boots or to put them on was an agony to her, but it had been an agony for years.脱鞋或穿鞋对她一样痛苦,但这已是多年以来的痛苦了.2)He always sits on the very edge of his chair when he is working, as though about to take off.他工作的时候,总是坐在椅子边上,好象随时都会站起身来的样子.1.1.3 根据搭配来选择：light music轻音乐，light loss小损失，light car轻型汽车，light heart不专一的心，light step轻快的脚步，light manners轻浮的举止，light voice 轻声delicate skin娇嫩的皮肤/delicate upbringing娇生惯养/delicate living奢侈的生活/ delicate vase容易碰碎的花瓶/delicate diplomatic question微妙的外交问题/delicate difference/讲不大清楚的差别delicate ear for music对音乐有鉴赏力/ delicate touch/妙笔生花delicate features清秀的五官/delicate food美味的食物1.1.4 词语引申意1.1.4.1 具体形象引伸为该形象的代表属性1)There is a mixture of the tiger and the ape in the character of that smuggler毒枭的性格既残暴又狡猾1.1.4.2 抽象变具体1)there had been too much violence in that region那个地区发生了许多暴力事件2)The car in front of me stalled and I missed the green .停下了,错过了绿灯.3)Jewish-owned shops were shut down. Swastikas replaced six-pointed stars. The walls of anti-Semitism were closing in.犹太人的铺子关闭了.字旗取代了六角星旗.反犹太主义的包围圈一天紧似一天.1.1.5 complimentary or derogative terms1)Your country is a consistent and resolute champion of all the peoples who struggle against terrorism.。

翻译过程论

There are three basic translation processes: (a) the interpretation and analysis of the SL text; (b) the translation procedures, which may be direct, or on the basis of SL and TL corresponding syntactic structures, or through an underlying logical ‘interlanguage’; (c) the reformulation of the text in relation to the writer’s intention, the readers’ expectation, the appropriate norms of the TL, etc. The processes are to a small degree paralleled by translation as a science, a skill and an art. （英）纽马克（Newmark, P. ）著. 《翻译问题探讨》上海: 上海外语教育出版社,2001 P144 Peter Newmark. Approaches to Translation Pergamon Press Ltd., 1982
When we are translating, we translate with four levels more or less consciously in mind: (1) the SL text level, the level of language, where we begin and which we continually (but not continuously) go back to; (2) the referential level, the level of objects and events, real or imaginary, which we progressively have to visualize and build up, and which is an essential part, first of the comprehension, then of the reproduction process; (3) the cohesive level, which is more general, and grammatical, which traces the train of thought, the feeling tone (positive or negative) and the various presuppositions of the SL text. This level encompasses both comprehension and reproduction: it presents an overall picture, to which we may have to adjust the language level; (4) the level of naturalness, of common language appropriate to the writer or the speaker in a certain situation. Again, this is a generalized level, which constitutes a band within which the translator works, unless he is translating an authoritative text, in which case he sees the level of naturalness as a point of reference to determine the deviation-if anybetween the author’s level he is pursuing and the natural level. This level of naturalness is concerned only with reproduction. Finally, there is the revision procedure, which may be concerned or staggered according to the situation. This procedure constitutes at least half of the complete process. Newmark, P. A Textbook of Translation Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001 (p.19)

《高级英汉翻译》课程终结考试试卷（样题及答案和评分标准）

《⾼级英汉翻译》课程终结考试试卷（样题及答案和评分标准）Get ready for the final exams of English/ChineseTranslation (1&2)Part I E－C Translation Test1. Composition of the Test Papers & useful skills in coping with the tests“⾼级英汉翻译”课程●评价⽬标：重点测试学⽣英汉笔译的技巧，包括增译法、减译法、词类转移法、词序调整法、分译法、重译法、正说反译，反说正译法和习语翻译等。

同时也考查相关的翻译理论知识、英语理解和汉语表达能⼒。

●命题原则：根据教材所涵盖的⽂章主题、体裁、翻译技巧以及与教材难度相当的书⾯语⾔材料命题。

英译汉的课外材料必须是从英语原著上选来的未经简化的⽂字。

涉及教材内容不少于50%。

●试题结构：“⾼级英汉翻译”课程终结考试试卷（样题）课程编号：ENBAE3 1001______ 学籍号：________________ 学习中⼼：________________ 姓名：________________ Information for the Examinees:This examination consists of FOUR sections. They are:Section I: Understanding of Theories (10 points, 15 minutes)Section II: Phrase Translation (25 points, 20 minutes)Section III: Sentence Translation (30 points, 25 minutes)Section IV: Passage Translation (35 points, 60 minutes)The total marks for this examination are 100 points. Time allowed forcompleting this examination is 2 hours (120 minutes)YOU MUST WRITE ALL YOUR ANSWERS ON THE ANSWER SHEET. Section I Understanding of Theories[10 points] Questions 1-10. (10 points)The following statements are about some translation theories you are familiar with. Decide whether these statements are true or false by writing T for "true" and F for "false" on your Answer Sheet.______1. Since Chinese and English belong to two different language families, one has to make some adjustments in lexicon and sentence structure to make the translated version smooth and natural.______2. Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source-language message, first in terms of meaning and second in terms of style.______3. Every language adopts the same system of classifying its experience.______4. It widely agreed that there are three stages in the procedure of translation: analysis, transfer, and restructuring.______5. A word may have several meanings, but its linguistic context will help to point out the exact meaning of that word. ______6. Semotactic marking, one aspect of linguistic context, refers to the situation when the meaning of a word in a sentence is specified by the grammatical construction of that sentence.______7. In translating from English to Chinese, one must repeat key words including nouns, verbs, and pronouns.______8. In the process of transfer, the conceptual content of the message has the highest priority. Therefore, there is no need to keep the original form of the source-language text.______9. The situational factors relate to the occasion and circumstances of the speech event and to the relationships between speakers.______10. Nida believes that in testing the translation, one must focus attention not upon the extent of verbal correspondence but upon the amount of dynamic equivalence.Section II Phrase Translation[25 points]Part 1. Questions 11-20. (10 points)Choose a better version of Chinese translation for each of the following phrases. Write your answers on the Answer Sheet.11. the journey across AfricaA. 遍及⾮洲的旅⾏B. 穿越⾮洲的旅⾏12. be behind scheduleA. 落后于计划B. 在计划后⾯13. play the fluteA. 玩笛⼦B. 吹笛⼦14. black teaA. 红茶B. ⿊茶15. like a cat on hot bricksA. 烫砖上的猫B. 热锅上的蚂蚁16. a concept inconceivable beforeA. ⼀个以前⽆法想象的概念B. ⼀个概念，在以前⽆法想象17. Dutch treatA. 打平伙B. 荷兰式的招待18. political campaignA. 政治运动B. 竞选活动19. mountain lionA. ⼭狮B. 美洲豹20. an instrument designed to extend the range of people's sensesA. ⼀个⽤来拓展⼈们感觉范围的⼯具B. ⼀个⼯具，⽤来拓展⼈们的感觉范围Part 2. Questions 21-30. (15 points)Translate the following phrases and write your answers on the Answer Sheet.21. a hard question ____________________22. hard water ____________________23. the last ten-day period of a month ____________________24. a good Christian ____________________25. a well-managed company ____________________26. particles moving around their atomic nucleus ____________________27. generations of painstaking observation ____________________28. an unlikely coalition of university professors ____________________29. a computer genius ____________________30. as much with courtesy as with force ____________________Section III Sentence Translation [30 points]Questions 31-40: Translate the following sentences using the translation skills and techniques you have learned from this course. Write your answers on the Answer Sheet.31. Nobody could count on his restraint or rationality.____________________________________________________________32. Modern skyscrapers began to appear in the city, taking away much of its ancient charm and mystery, which was considered as a great pity by many people.____________________________________________________________33. The news had already spread along the streets and lanes.____________________________________________________________34. The examination left no doubt that the victim had not died of a heart attack but had been killed.____________________________________________________________35. There was no use arguing. The die was cast.____________________________________________________________36. Twentieth century history shows the impressive adaptive capacity of international relations based on multinational principles and norms.____________________________________________________________37. We are very grateful to you for your effort to come all the way from China to present his document to us.____________________________________________________________38. The problem of refugees should be dealt with in an integrated manner.____________________________________________________________39. It is exciting to visit your great country.____________________________________________________________40. No one was more willing to do a favor for friend or neighbour than he.____________________________________________________________Section IV Passage Translation[35 points]Part 1. Question 41. (15 points)The following passage is about problems with Darwinian Theory. Please translate it into Chinese on your Answer Sheet. You may refer to the new words and expressions provided in the box below.If Darwinian Theory works so well, why challenge it? There are several reasons to do so. Although Darwinian Theory explains many of the facts of evolution better than any other theory, it does not necessarily explain the whole process. Also, some of the results of evolution do not match what Darwinian Theory would predict.For example, if evolution leads to a perfect adaptation through natural selection acting on random hereditary changes, the process ought to slow down as it gets closer to the optimum for each species because fewer favorable changes can be made. Indeed, someorganisms-cockroaches and sponges, for example, are so well adapted that they have changed very little in many millions of years.Their evolutionary rate does seem to have slowed down. We should also see decrease in the number of species as they compete with one another and unsuccessful species are eliminated. But we see no such slowing down, and the number of species appears to be at least as great now as in the geologic past and perhaps even greater.Part 2. Question 42. (20 points)The following passage is an excerpt from a book talking about the special joys of slow reading. Please translate it into Chinese on your Answer Sheet.I discovered the worth of super-slow reading years ago. Previously, if I had been really interested in a book, I would race from page to page, eager to know what came next. Now, I decided, I had to become a miser with words and stretch every sentence like a poor man spending his last dollar. I had started with the practical object of making my book last. But by the end of the second week I began to realize how much I was getting fromsuper-slow-reading itself. Sometimes just a particular phrase caught my attention, sometimes a sentence. I would read it slowly, analyze it, read it again-perhaps changing down into an even lower gear-and then sit for 20 minutes thinking about it before moving on. I was like a pianist studying a piece of music, phrase by phrase, rehearsing it, trying to discover and recreate exactly what the composer was trying to convey.参考答案与评分标准（样题）Section I Understanding of Theories[10 points] Questions 1-10. (10 points, 1 point each)1.T2.T3. F4.T5.T6. F7. F8. F9.T 10.T Section II Phrase Translation[25 points] Part 1. Questions 11-20. (10 points, 1 point each) 11. B 12. A 13. B 14. A 15. B16. A 17. A 18. B 19. B 20. APart 2. Questions 21-30. (15 points, 1.5 points each.)Marking guide:评分标准（共15分，每个1.5分）：1．译⽂应准确、完整。

Negation(正说反译、反说正译)

Translation concerning negationAims: to understand the features of Chinese and English as regards negation, the application of negation in the process of translationKey points: the application of negation in the process of translationDifficulties: affirmative 肯定in Chinese but negative in English, negative in Chinese but affirmative in EnglishTeaching procedures:Negation being an important conception in one’s expression of thoughts, expressions of negations is to be found in any tongue. This is naturally true of Chinese and English. However, the ways of indicating negation are quite different in the two languages. This frequently causes a lot of trouble to translators, who if not careful enough, would often make mistakes.1. Features of the two languages as regards negation●1. Both languages have negatives or expressions formed with negatives. In modern Chinese, the much-used negative words are: 不,没,别. These words express three different meanings: 不signifies表示denial of a statement;没denial of a being or occurrence(,非and 否can be put under this category);别dissuasion or prohibition(甭,勿,and 莫can be put under this category)●The oft-used negatives in English are “not”, and “no”, in addition to “nothing”, ”nobody” “none”, “without”, “ neither…nor”, “never”, etc.●Chinese negatives are generally capable of producing derivatives, particularly the word 不, 无and 非. Their derivatives are equivalent to English words formed by adding affixes, e.g. 不法unlawful, 不便inconvenient, 无边boundless,非正规军irregulars●In English, apart from using negatives to express negation, words with a negative sense can be formed by adding affixes to roo t words. The affixes thus used are mainly “less”suffix “un” “in”, and “non”●However, English words formed with affixes with a negative, while adjective and nouns formed with “un” such as “unavoidable” and “unbelief” are negative, for instance, verbs forme d with affixes such as “unclasp” and “uncork” affirmative.●In Chinese, words formed with negatives are generally negative in sense but in some cases they assume new meaning like 非常, which practically means 很.●In English, the same word formed with a different affix differs in meaning (compare discord with uncord). Sometimes, words formed with different affixes 词缀with a negative sense would produce words with different implications含义---derogatory贬义and the other non-derogatory褒义. For instance, immoral means 不道德,and is therefore derogatory while unmoral means 非道德,无道德观念的,and is therefore non derogatory. 1．W arm-up exercises2．I don't’ think Tom is correct.3．I don’t think Xiaoming is coming tomorrow.4．A re you not going tomorrow?---- No, I am not going .5．A frica is not kicking out W estern imperialism in order to invite other new masters.6．T he world today is far from peaceful.7．O ur PLA is worthy of being called a great army of the people.8．H e tried his best to overcome the lack of technical data.9．T he window refused to open.10．Y esterday he failed to get to school on time.11．They excluded children from getting in.12．The building is in a state of neglect.13．He is often absent- minded.14．To do this is beyond me.15．Lei Feng’s noble deeds are above all praise.16．I, rather than you , should do the work.17．The truth is quite other than what you think.18．She refrained from laughing.19．She was refused admitance by them.20．An opportunity is not likely to repeat itself.21．Live up to the expectations of our own people and the people throughout the world.22．Slips are scarely avoidable when you are new to your work.23．The meetings were marked by such an absence of lively discussions that at times they were almost on the piont of breaking up.24．Avoid operating the keys roughly.25．The scientists made a solemn plege at the conference, saying, “W e’ll forever live up to what our Party expecs of us.”26．The evidence is conclusive, excluding all possibilities of doubt.27．That fellow is far from being honest.28．Luan Ping stood still, trying vainly (in vain) to answer the battery of questions Y ang Zirong raised.29．That served to strenghen instead of weaken our determination.30．But for their help. W e should not succeeded in this experiment.31．All that glitters is not gold.32．All is not lost.33．All criminals are murderers.34．But aal men are born to reign.35．All that flatter you too much are not faithful friends.36．Both children are not clever.37．W e never thought of nothing wrong.我们从来没有想到有什么错误。

翻译的标准、过程

I. Some views by Western scholars
II. The most popular and accepted views by some Chinese scholars III. Commonly Accepted Criteria for translation

Some views by Western scholars:

文学翻译的最高理想可以说是“化“。把作品从一国文字转变成另一国文字，既不能因语言习惯的差异而露出生硬牵强的痕迹，又能完全保存原作的风味，那就算得入于“化境”。
瞿秋白：在翻译中大胆地运用新的表现方式方法，
新的字眼，新的句法
刘重德：“信、达、切”
谭载喜：“东张西望”法、“瞻前顾后”法
许渊冲： “三美”
(Page 9, 初学翻译的人，在掌握翻译的标准上，容易出现两个极端：一是过分拘泥于原文的字面， “照葫芦画瓢”，作出生硬拗口、“貌似神离”的翻译；二是滥用译语的习惯语，特别是四字结构，生搬硬套，导致陈腐俗滥、走腔变调的翻译。)

Process of translation
Comprehension （理解） Reproduction / Expression（表达） Checking / Proofreading（审校）

The most popular and accepted sayings by some Chinese scholars 严复鲁迅傅雷钱钟书

严复：“信、达、雅”

“译”事三难：信、达、雅。求其信，已大难矣。顾信矣不达，虽译犹不译也，则达尚焉。……译文取明深意，故词句之间，时有所颠倒附益，不斤斤于字比句次，而意义则不倍本文。……至原文词理本深，难于共喻，则当前思后衬，以显其意。凡此经营，皆以为达：为达，即以为信也。《易》曰：“修辞立诚”。子曰“辞达而已！” 又曰：“言之无文，行之不远”。三者乃文章正轨，亦即为译事楷模。故信达而外，求其尔雅。 ―――《天演论* 译例言》

课堂PPT内容：Chapter2：Translation Process

Chapter 2: Process of TranslationProcess of Translation•(1) Understanding Source Language (Source Text)•英国著名语言学家弗斯（J.R. Firth[1890-1960]）说过：Each word when used in a new context is a new word. （即是说：一个词的词义随其所在上下文而变化，或同一个词用在不同的地方会有不同的意思。

）因为英语大部分单词都有一词多义现象（polysemy）。

先看汉语中的一词多义现象：•---他说：“她这个人挺有意思。

”她说：“他这人挺有意思。

”于是有人传言：他和她有了意思，要赶快意思意思。

他发火了，说：“你们这样瞎说是什么意思。

”传言者有点不好意思，便解释说：仅仅是开开玩笑而矣，绝对没有别的意思。

“事后，有人说：”真有意思。

“也有人说：”真没意思。

”（彭小化06-08-24）（短短一百多字里竟出现了11个各有其意思的“意思”，对搞翻译的人来说，读起来确确实实有点意思吧？）•这就涉及“确定词义”:根据上下文,找出单词或词语的确切的contextual meaning。

•---Last evening I went to a do held by our China Study Group.•昨晚我去参加了我们中国研究会的集会（do: n.social function集会,娱乐宴聚活动）•---He had not got any damages.•他没有受到任何损害。

*（他没有得到任何赔偿金。

）•---Mr. Collins had a compliment, and an allusion to throw in here,which were kindly smiled on by the mother and daughter. (J.Austen: Pride and Prejudice)•原译：说到这里，柯林斯先生赶忙恭维了一句，又举了个例子，母女俩听了，都粲然一笑。

教案5：翻译的过程

The Process of Translation翻译的过程1. Hatim &Mason's View:Hatim &Mason states in their book “Discourse and The Translator”:“Aids to translators are improving all the time, but the basic problems faced by translators in their work remain the same. In broad and general terms, these can be listed as follows:(1) Comprehension of source text:(a) parsing of text (grammar and lexis)(b) access to specialised knowledge(c) access to intended meaning(2) Transfer of meaning(a) relaying lexical meaning(b) relaying grammatical meaning(c) relaying rhetorical meaning, including implied or inferrable meaning, for potential readers.(3) Assessment of target text:(a) readability(b) conforming to generic and discoursal conventions(c) judging adequacy of translation for specified purpose.” (2001: 21)2. Peter Newmark's View：the SL text levelthe process the referential levelthe cohesive levelthe level of naturalness1.文本层次（the SL text level）----指原文的字面意思。

改变自己英文直译作文

改变自己英文直译作文英文：As a language learner, I have always been fascinated by the process of translation and the differences between languages. It's interesting how a simple sentence can be expressed in so many different ways in different languages. For example, the English phrase "I love you" can be translated into Chinese as "我爱你" (wǒ ài nǐ), which has a slightly different word order and pronunciation.When it comes to translating a whole essay or a piece of writing, it becomes even more challenging. Not only do you have to consider the literal meaning of the words, but also the cultural nuances and idiomatic expressions that may not have direct equivalents in the other language. Take the English expression "It's raining cats and dogs" for example. This idiom doesn't exist in Chinese, so a translator would have to find an equivalent expression that conveys the same meaning in the target language.Translating also requires a deep understanding of the context in which the original text was written. For instance, if I were to translate a passage from a novel, I would need to not only understand the plot and characters, but also the author's writing style and the cultural references that may not be familiar to readers of thetarget language.中文：作为一个语言学习者，我一直对翻译的过程和不同语言之间的差异感到着迷。

笔译三级英语作文模板

笔译三级英语作文模板英文回答：I. Introduction。

Translation is a complex and multifaceted process that requires a deep understanding of both the source and target languages, as well as the cultural and linguistic context of the text being translated. As a translator, it is essential to possess strong linguistic skills, cultural sensitivity, and a thorough understanding of the subject matter being translated. In addition, translators must be able to work independently and meet deadlines, while maintaining high standards of accuracy and quality.II. The Process of Translation。

The process of translation typically involves the following steps:1. Analysis: The translator carefully examines the source text to identify its meaning, structure, and style.2. Interpretation: The translator interprets the meaning of the source text into the target language, taking into account the cultural and linguistic differences between the two languages.3. Drafting: The translator creates a draft translation that is faithful to the meaning of the source text, while also being clear, concise, and stylistically appropriate in the target language.4. Revision: The translator carefully reviews the draft translation, checking for accuracy, completeness, and consistency.5. Proofreading: Once the translation is complete, it is proofread by a second translator or editor to ensurethat it is free from errors.III. Challenges in Translation。

带我们参观翻译英语

带我们参观翻译英语A Tour of Translation English。

Translation English is a specialized field that involves the conversion of text from one language to another. It is a complex process that requires a deep understanding of both the source and target languages, as well as cultural nuances and idiomatic expressions. In this article, we will take a tour of translation English and explore the various aspects of this fascinating field.The Basics of Translation English。

At its core, translation English involves taking a piece of text in one language and rendering it into another language while maintaining the original meaning and intent. This can be done for a variety of purposes, such as to facilitate communication between people who speak different languages, to provide access to information in another language, or to enable the dissemination of literature andother forms of art across linguistic barriers.The process of translation English typically involves several steps. First, the translator must analyze thesource text to understand its meaning and intent. This requires a deep understanding of the source language, aswell as the cultural and social context in which the text was written. Once the translator has a clear understandingof the source text, they can begin the process of rendering it into the target language.One of the key challenges of translation English is the need to maintain the meaning and intent of the source text while also adapting it to the target language and culture. This requires a deep understanding of both the source and target languages, as well as an appreciation for thecultural and social differences that may exist between them.The Role of the Translator in Translation English。

beyond翻译

beyond翻译Beyond: Exploring the World of TranslationIntroduction:Translation is an essential aspect of global communication. Through the process of translation, information is conveyed from one language to another, bridging the gaps between diverse cultures and facilitating understanding. One company that has become synonymous with quality translation services is Beyond. This document aims to explore the world of translation, with a particular focus on Beyond and its contributions to the field.1. The Importance of Translation:Translation plays a crucial role in bridging linguistic and cultural barriers. It allows people from different parts of the world to communicate, exchange ideas, and access information. In today's globalized world, where businesses reach international markets and individuals travel across borders, translation has become an indispensable tool for effective communication.2. Beyond: A Leading Translation Company:Beyond is a leading translation company that specializes in providing high-quality and accurate translation services across various industries and languages. Established in 2005, Beyond has built a strong reputation for delivering exceptional translation services to clients worldwide. The company's team of professional translators possesses extensive linguistic knowledge and expertise in diverse subject areas.3. Translation Services Offered by Beyond:Beyond offers a wide range of translation services tailored to meet the specific needs of clients. These services include document translation, website localization, multimedia translation, interpretation, transcription, and more. Beyond ensures that each translation project is handled by a qualified translator who is a native speaker of the target language, guaranteeing accuracy and cultural sensitivity.4. Technology and Translation:Beyond recognizes the significant role that technology plays in the translation process. The company utilizes advanced translation tools and software to enhance efficiency and maintain consistency across translations. These tools, such as computer-assisted translation (CAT) tools, enable translators to work more effectively and deliver faster turnaround times without compromising quality.5. Quality Assurance:At Beyond, ensuring the highest quality translations is a top priority. The company follows a stringent quality assurance process, including translation, editing, and proofreading stages. A team of experienced linguists reviews each translation to ensure accuracy, clarity, and adherence to the client's requirements. This meticulous process guarantees that every translation meets Beyond's high standards and exceeds client expectations.6. Industry Expertise:Beyond caters to a wide range of industries, including legal, medical, technical, marketing, and more. The company's team of translators has in-depth knowledge and experience in these industries, allowing them to handle highly specialized and technical content with precision. By understanding the industry-specific terminology and context, Beyond ensures the accuracy and relevance of every translation.7. Client Satisfaction:Beyond strives for complete client satisfaction. The company values open communication and collaboration with clients, allowing them to provide feedback and ensure that their specific requirements are met. Beyond's dedication todelivering excellent customer service sets them apart in the translation industry.8. Beyond's Contribution to the Translation Community:Beyond is not only committed to serving clients but also to the development and progression of the translation industry. The company actively engages with professional translation associations and organizations to promote best practices and knowledge sharing. Beyond's contribution to the translation community helps foster growth, professionalism, and innovation in the field.Conclusion:Translation is an essential aspect of global communication, and Beyond plays a significant role in breaking down linguistic and cultural barriers. Through their dedication to quality, technology integration, industry expertise, and customer satisfaction, Beyond has established itself as a trusted and leading translation company. As the world becomes increasingly interconnected, the importance of translation services like those provided by Beyond will only continue to grow.。

经过英文翻译

经过英文翻译Translation by Machine:Through English TranslationEnglish translation is the process of converting text from one language (the source language) to another language (the target language) in order to reach a wider audience and bridge the communication gap between different cultures.Translation has been practiced for centuries as a means of facilitating communication between different nations and peoples. It plays a crucial role in various areas such as business, diplomacy, literature, and tourism, allowing people from diverse linguistic backgrounds to connect and understand each other.With the globalization of the world and the advancement of technology, the demand for high-quality English translation has significantly increased. English, as one of the most widely spoken languages globally, has become the lingua franca of international communication. Therefore, accurate and effective translation from other languages to English has become essential.English translation involves not only linguistic skills but also cultural understanding. Translators must possess a deep knowledge of both the source and target cultures in order to accurately convey the intended meaning of the original text. This requires extensive research, critical thinking, and creativity.The process of English translation involves several steps. First, thetranslator must thoroughly understand the source text in order to grasp its meaning and context. They then analyze the structure and linguistic features of the source language and find corresponding equivalents in the target language. This requires an in-depth understanding of grammar, vocabulary, and idiomatic expressions.Next, the translator begins the actual translation process by selecting appropriate words and phrases to convey the message accurately. They must also ensure that the translation reads naturally and fluently in the target language. This often involves making choices based on the intended audience, tone, and style of the text.After completing the initial translation, the translator reviews and edits the translated text to ensure accuracy, consistency, and coherence. They also check for any errors or omissions and make any necessary revisions. This quality control process is essential to produce a polished and professional translation.Finally, the translated text goes through a proofreading and editing stage. Native speakers of the target language review the translation for any errors or areas that may need improvement. This step is crucial in guaranteeing the highest possible quality of the final translation.In conclusion, English translation is a complex and invaluable process that allows people from different cultures and linguistic backgrounds to connect and understand each other. It requires not only language proficiency but also cultural knowledge and critical thinking. With the increasing demand for high-quality translationin today's globalized world, English translation continues to play a significant role in facilitating effective communication and fostering cultural exchange.。

conversion词性的转换

Conversion 词性的转换Aims: how to use the technique of conversion in the process of translation Key points: definition of conversion, application of conversionDifficulties: application of conversion in the process of translation Teaching procedures:Generally speaking, a translator is not supposed to change the parts of speech 词性of the original work at will. However, because English and Chinese are two entirely different languages, a translator should not follow the parts of speech of the original mechanically. As a matter of fact, a word in one language belonging to a certain part of speech has often to be converted into a different part of speech to conform to the usage of the language to be translated into. And this is what“conversion” means.•So by “conversion” we mean that in translation a word in the source language belonging to a certain part of speech is not necessarily to be turned into the same part of speech in the target language.•Conversion is one of the important techniques and is needed primarily by the difference in syntactic syntactic adj.依据造句法的structure and idiomatic ways in the two languages. That‘s to say English and Chinese differ greatly in manner of expression. •Chinese: more verbs and fewer nouns and prepositions are used than in English.•English: more nouns and prepositions and fewer verbs are used than in Chinese.•This phenomenon appears to be just a difference in the use of different parts of speech, but in fact it shows thespecial features of either language in diction, syntax, conventional ways of expression, etc.•Secondly, as in the case of English , some words in nouns or adjective forms are often used to express the idea of action, thus serving as verbs.***1. English nouns into Chinese verbs or vice versa•(1) English into Chinese•The Chinese language has a sentence construction with consecutiv连续的, 联贯的 predicates 谓语by which verbs can be used freely, so it often occurs that several verbs appear in a row in a Chinese sentence. For example:• happiness of having such a sister was their first effusion,and the fair ladies mingled in embraces and tears of joy.•她们首先倾吐了要做姑嫂的喜悦,两位小姐高兴地一次次拥抱,洒下了欣喜的泪花.• Thought of the terrible scene made his flesh creep.•一想到那可怕的景象他就毛骨悚然.•3. The application of computers makes for a tremendous rise in labor productivity.•使用计算机可以大大提高劳动生产率.• has no such natural protection from a flood of Hollywood products.•英国没有这种天然的保护来阻挡好来坞影片长驱直入.•5. It is my conviction n.深信, 确信, 定罪, 宣告有罪that though men may be no more wicked than they always have been, they seem less likely to be ashamed. 1，conviction n.深信, 确信, 定罪, 宣告有罪2，wicked adj.坏的, 邪恶的, 缺德的, 不道德的, 恶劣的, 刻毒的, 淘气的•我相信,人们虽然未必比以前还要不讲道德,但似乎要比以前更加不知羞耻.(2) Chinese into English•据商业部最近预测,今年全国市场需要家用电冰箱一百万台,十年内将持续增长.•National demand for home refrigerators, estimated at one million this year, will keep rising within the next ten years, according to a recent forecast by the ministry of Commerce.•我未必会教你游泳,我想我的小弟弟比我教得好.•I am afraid I can’t teach you swimming.I think my little brother is a better teacher than I.2. English prepositions into Chinese verbs or vice versa•In many cases, prepositions in English can be used to replace Chinese verbs. This method can make our English translation terse and comply with English usage. For example:•1. I saw that his face was pale. I followed his eyes and looked across the room to a woman who was setting a trayof drinks before some customers.•我见他脸色煞白. 我循着他的目光,看见餐厅那边有个女人端着托盘给几位客人上饮料.•So the following examples will reveal the importance of conversion from English prepositions into Chinese verbs and vice versa.•!” Away she skimmed over the lawn, up the path, up the steps, across the veranda,.阳台, 走廊and into the porch.•2. The computer is of high sensibility. Sensibility n.敏感性•3. Machine parts of irregular shape can be washed very clean by ultrasonics. ultrasonics n.超音波学•4 The shaft 转动轴turns about its axis.3. Conversion of English adjectives to Chinese verbs•(1) English into Chinese•Some Adjectives In English that form Complete predicates with link verbs should be converted to verbs in Chinese. They denote vt.指示, 表示such Psychological states as perception感觉, sentiment sentiment n.情操, 情感, 情绪, 观点, 多愁善感, 感情, conception, desire, consciousness etc. For example:•1. With the unemployment high , the dollar low, and the stock market in distress, the economy became the President’s sternest严峻的 trial.•随着失业人数的增长,美圆的贬值,股票市场的不景气,经济问题成了总统最严峻的考验.•2. This student is not content with his progress.•这个学生不满足于自己所取得的进步.• fact that she was able to send a message was a hint . But I had to be cautious.•她能够给我带信这件事是个暗示.但我还得小心谨慎才是.• have said that they are not sure they can save his life.•医生们说他们不敢肯定能否救得了他的命.•Such adjectives in common use include: convinced 相信certain 确定glad 高兴afraid 害怕anxious渴望doubtful 怀疑aware 觉察ashamed 惭愧careful 当心delightedsorry 可惜 ignorant 不知道thankful 感谢confident 深信 content 满足(2)Chinese to English1. 他非常热爱科学研究,但对晋级提升毫无兴趣.•He is keen on scientific research butindifferent to promotion.•2. 她宽宏大量,富于同情心, 并且顺从听话.•She is tolerant, sympathetic and obedient.(4)Conversion of nouns in Chinese to verbs In English and Vice versa•In translation it often happens that Chinese Verbs are converted to English nouns. In other cases however, the opposite is true , that is , Chinese nouns are converted to English verbs. For example:•(1) Chinese to English•1.在张家界时我们看到一个高耸的岩石, 它的形状像是一根金鞭.•When we were at Zhangjiajie , we saw a towering towering .高耸的, 杰出的, 激烈的rock which was shaped like a golden whip.• 2. 气体和固体的区别,在于前者比后者有更大的压缩性.•Gases differ from solids in that the former have greater compressibility than the latter.•3我本不敢开口提这事, 可是他信里的口气十分严厉.•I didn’t really want to mention it , but he sounded very serious in his letter.•4. 这类计算机的发明是他们在科学中所取得的伟大成就的象征.•The invention of this kind of computers symbolizes the great achievements they have made in science.(2)English to Chinese•1. The products of this small factory are characterized by their fine workmanship and durability.•这个小厂产品的主要特点是工艺精湛,经久耐用.• operation of a machine needs some knowledge of its performance.•操作机器需要懂得机器的一些性能.•3. The volume of trade has increased tremendously, the advantage of both countries.•贸易额有了很大的增长,这给两国都带来了好处.5 When nouns in English are translated into verbs in Chinese , the adjectives modifying the former are usually changed to adverbs in the other language .•. Occasionally a drizzle came down , and the intermittent flashes of lightening made us turn apprehensive glances toward Zero.•偶尔下一点毛毛雨，断断续续的闪电使得我们不时忧虑地朝着零区方向望去。