The History of Father

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Father's Day

Maybe you can give songs
• • • • • Dance With My Father Father And Daughter Father's Day Papa, Can You Hear Me ? Best Father's Day Songs
1）“It doesn‘t matter who my father was; it matters who I remember he was.” -- Anne Sexton 爸爸是什么样的人并不重要，重要的是我心目的爸爸是什么样的人。—安妮-赛克顿
How people celebrate Father's Day?
• most people would buy their fathers a card. The card would probably have a nice message in it saying what a great Dad their father is. Some people do buy presents as well. • Popular gifts for Dads are probably ties, chocolates or socks because these are things that Dads can always use even if they don't want them. In the run-up to Father's Day, or indeed Mother's Day, there will be adverts on the TV giving us ideas of CDs or gadgets we can buy. Card shops will be full of mugs or pens and similar merchandise with 'World's Greatest Dad' written on them. • Some families might do things together to celebrate Father's Day like going for a meal. As a special treat, British people might give their Dad a bit of a rest – make him a cup of tea, or even wash his car and mow the lawn to make him feel really appreciated

高中英语不定冠词单选题60题

高中英语不定冠词单选题60题1. We have ___ knowledge of history.A. aB. anC. theD. /答案：D。

本题考查不可数名词前不定冠词的使用。

“knowledge”是不可数名词，表示“知识”，通常前面不用不定冠词，A 选项“a”用于可数名词单数前，B 选项“an”用于以元音音素开头的可数名词单数前，C 选项“the”表示特指，均不符合，所以选D。

2. It's ___ honor to be invited here.A. aB. anC. theD. /答案：B。

“honor”是以元音音素开头的抽象名词，当表示“一种荣幸”时，前面用不定冠词“an”，A 选项“a”用于以辅音音素开头的单词前，C 选项“the”表示特指，D 选项“/”用于不可数名词前且此处意思不符，所以选B。

3. He has ___ good understanding of English grammar.A. aB. anC. theD. /答案：A。

“understanding”在这里是可数名词，表示“理解”，“good”以辅音音素开头，所以用不定冠词“a”，B 选项“an”用于以元音音素开头的单词前，C 选项“the”表示特指，D 选项“/”不符合此处语法规则，故选A。

4. ___ air is necessary for all living things.A. AB. AnC. TheD. /答案：D。

“air”表示“空气”，是不可数名词，且此处是泛指，不需要用不定冠词，A 选项“a”和B 选项“an”用于可数名词单数前，C 选项“the”表示特指，均不符合，所以选D。

5. It's ___ useful book.A. aB. anC. theD. /答案：A。

“useful”是以辅音音素开头的形容词，“book”是可数名词单数，所以用不定冠词“a”，B 选项“an”用于以元音音素开头的单词前，C 选项“the”表示特指，D 选项“/”不符合此处语法规则，故选A。

八年级英语历史事件单选题50题

八年级英语历史事件单选题50题1. Who is known as the father of history?A. HerodotusB. ThucydidesC. PlatoD. Aristotle答案：A。

Herodotus 被称为“历史之父”。

选项B Thucydides 也是著名的历史学家，但不是“历史之父”。

选项C Plato 是哲学家。

选项D Aristotle 也是哲学家。

2. The ancient Egyptian pyramids were built for _.A. kingsB. priestsC. merchantsD. farmers答案：A。

古埃及金字塔是为国王建造的。

选项B priests 是祭司，金字塔不是为他们建造的。

选项C merchants 是商人，选项D farmers 是农民，都不符合。

3. In ancient Greece, the Olympic Games were held to honor _.A. ZeusB. ApolloC. AthenaD. Poseidon答案：A。

古代希腊奥运会是为了纪念宙斯举办的。

选项B Apollo 是阿波罗，选项C Athena 是雅典娜，选项D Poseidon 是波塞冬，都不是奥运会纪念的对象。

4. The Roman Empire was known for its _.A. democracyB. monarchyC. republicD. dictatorship答案：B。

罗马帝国以君主制闻名。

选项 A democracy 是民主，罗马帝国不是民主国家。

选项C republic 是共和国，罗马帝国后期不是共和国。

选项 D dictatorship 独裁统治不太准确地概括罗马帝国。

5. The ancient Silk Road connected _.A. Europe and AsiaB. Africa and AsiaC. America and AsiaD. Australia and Asia答案：A。

五年级英语电影类型单选题50题

五年级英语电影类型单选题50题1. There are many kinds of movies. Which one is not a movie type?A. ComedyB. HistoryC. ScienceD. Music答案：D。

本题考查常见电影类型名词。

选项A“Comedy”意为喜剧；选项B“History”可理解为历史题材电影；选项C“Science”可指科幻电影。

而选项D“Music”通常不是电影类型，而是音乐相关。

2. My father likes to watch ______ movies.A. actionB. romanticC. horrorD. cartoon答案：A。

“action”意为动作片，父亲一般喜欢看动作片。

选项B“romantic”是浪漫的，浪漫电影通常更受女性喜欢；选项C“horror”是恐怖的，可能不太适合父亲；选项D“cartoon”是卡通，相对来说不是父亲常看的类型。

3. Which of the following is a type of movie for children?A. ThrillerB. DocumentaryC. FantasyD. Animation答案：D。

“Animation”是动画电影，通常是儿童喜欢的类型。

选项A“Thriller”是惊悚片，不适合儿童；选项B“Documentary”是纪录片，儿童可能不太感兴趣；选项C“Fantasy”是奇幻电影，相对来说儿童更喜欢动画。

4. I love movies about space. What kind of movie do I like?A. War moviesB. Space moviesC. Adventure moviesD. Detective movies答案：B。

提到喜欢关于太空的电影，那就是“Space movies”太空电影。

选项A“War movies”是战争片；选项C“Adventure movies”是冒险片；选项D“Detective movies”是侦探片，都不符合关于太空的描述。

九年级英语历史主题单选题50题

九年级英语历史主题单选题50题1. Who is known for leading the American Civil War and abolishing slavery?A. George WashingtonB. Abraham LincolnC. Thomas JeffersonD. Franklin Roosevelt答案：B。

本题考查对美国历史人物的了解。

选项A 乔治·华盛顿是美国的开国元勋。

选项C 托马斯·杰斐逊是《独立宣言》的主要起草人。

选项D 富兰克林·罗斯福是在经济大萧条和二战时期发挥重要作用的总统。

而亚伯拉罕·林肯领导了美国内战并废除了奴隶制。

2. Which historical figure is associated with the discovery of gravity?A. Isaac NewtonB. Galileo GalileiC. Albert EinsteinD. Nikola Tesla答案：A。

选项B 伽利略·伽利雷在天文学和物理学方面有重要贡献。

选项C 阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦提出了相对论。

选项D 尼古拉·特斯拉在电学方面成就显著。

艾萨克·牛顿发现了万有引力。

3. Who was the first emperor of the Roman Empire?A. Julius CaesarB. AugustusC. NeroD. Constantine答案：B。

选项A 尤利乌斯·恺撒是罗马共和国末期的军事统帅。

选项 C 尼禄是罗马帝国的皇帝，但不是第一位。

选项 D 君士坦丁大帝对基督教的发展有重要影响。

奥古斯都《Augustus）是罗马帝国的第一位皇帝。

4. Which historical figure is famous for inventing the printing press?A. Johannes GutenbergB. Leonardo da VinciC. MichelangeloD. William Shakespeare答案：A。

高考英语语法单选题40题

高考英语语法单选题40题1. I have ______ useful book. It's about ______ history of China.A. a; theB. an; /C. a; /D. an; the答案：A。

“useful”首字母发音为辅音音素，所以用“a”；“history of China”是特指中国的历史，用定冠词“the”。

2. There is ______ “h” in the word “hour”.A. aB. anC. theD. /答案：B。

“h”首字母发音为元音音素，所以用“an”。

3. He is playing ______ piano while she is playing ______ basketball.A. the; /B. /; theC. the; theD. /; /答案：A。

乐器前要加定冠词“the”，球类运动前不加冠词。

4. My mother is ______ teacher and my father is ______ engineer.A. a; anC. the; anD. a; the答案：A。

“teacher”首字母发音为辅音音素，用“a”；“engineer”首字母发音为元音音素，用“an”。

5. We had ______ wonderful time at the party last night.A. aB. anC. theD. /答案：A。

“have a wonderful time”是固定用法，表示“玩得很开心”。

6.The__of the students in our class is about fifty.A.numberB.numbersC.amountD.amounts答案：A。

本题考查名词的用法。

“the number of”表示“……的数量”，后面接可数名词复数，谓语动词用单数；“an amount of”和“amounts of”表示“大量的”，后面接不可数名词。

父亲传记英文作文

父亲传记英文作文英文：My father's biography is a story of perseverance, hard work, and determination. He was born in a small village in China and grew up in poverty. Despite the challenges he faced, he was determined to succeed and provide a better life for his family.Growing up, my father had to work hard to help support his family. He worked in the fields and helped his parents with their small business. Despite the long hours and hard work, he never gave up and always had a positive attitude.When he was older, my father moved to the city to find work. He started out doing odd jobs and eventually landed a job at a factory. He worked his way up the ranks and eventually became a manager. Through hard work and determination, he was able to provide a better life for his family.My father's story is a testament to the power of hard work and determination. He never gave up and alwaysbelieved in himself. His story inspires me to work hard and never give up on my dreams.中文：我父亲的传记是一个关于坚韧、努力和决心的故事。

关于父子的神仙作文开头结尾

关于父子的神仙作文开头结尾英文版The Divine Bond of Father and SonIn the annals of human history, the relationship between a father and a son has often been described as one of the most profound and enduring bonds. It is a tapestry woven with threads of love, understanding, expectations, and sometimes, misunderstandings. This bond, often compared to a divine one, is both the foundation of many families and a source of inspiration for countless stories.The beginning of this journey is often marked by the first moments of a son's life, when the father's gaze is filled with warmth and anticipation. The father, a towering figure in the young boy's life, is both a guide and a protector. His words and actions become the first lessons in life, shaping the son's values and perspectives. As the boy grows, the father's role transforms, evolving from a strict disciplinarian to a mentor and friend.The father's wisdom, gained through years of experience, becomes a valuable asset to the son. He learns from his father's mistakes, avoiding pitfalls and making better choices. The father, in turn, gains a new perspective on life through his son's energy, curiosity, and unfiltered honesty. This mutual growth and learning is the essence of the divine bond.However, like all relationships, the one between a father and a son is not always smooth sailing. Conflicts and misunderstandings arise, often due to generational gaps or differing expectations. These challenges, however, are not roadblocks but stepping stones to a deeper understanding and a stronger bond. Through these difficulties, the father and son learn to communicate more effectively, to understand each other's needs and aspirations.In the end, the journey of a father and a son is marked by moments of joy, sorrow, success, and failure. But what remains constant is the love and respect that undergird this relationship. As the son grows into a man, he looks back with gratitude onthe guidance and support of his father. And the father, watching his son flourish, finds fulfillment and peace in knowing that he has passed on not just his legacy but also his love.Such is the divine bond of father and son, a bond that transcends time and space, connecting generations across the ages. It is a testament to the enduring power of love and the beauty of human relationships.神仙般的父子情深在人类历史的长河中，父子之间的关系常常被描述为最深刻和持久的纽带之一。

人教精通版小学六年级上册英语阅读理解含答案(1)解析

人教精通版小学六年级上册英语阅读理解含答案(1)解析一、阅读理解1．阅读理解阅读理解Hello，I'm Liu Yun. Amy is my new pen pal. She lives in America. Her father is a doctor. He goes to work by car. Her mother is a TV reporter. She goes to work by subway. Amy is 12 years old. She likes listening to music. She goes to school by bus. She does homework and reads newspapers every day. Amy says her family will visit Beijing soon. I'm very excited.根据短文内容，选择正确答案。

（1）Where does Amy live？A. She lives in America.B. She lives in England.（2）How does Amy's mother go to work？A. She goes to work by car.B. She goes to work by subway.（3）What is Amy's hobby？A. She likes listening to music.B. She likes watching TV.（4）Does Amy do homework every day？A. Yes, she does.B. No, she doesn't.（5）Who will visit Beijing？A. Amy.B. Amy's family.【答案】（1）A（2）B（3）A（4）A（5）B【解析】【分析】①根据所给的短文，Amy is my new pen pal.She lives in America.艾米是我的新笔友.她住在美国.故选A.②根据所给的短文，She goes to work by subway.她乘地铁去上班.故选B.③根据所给的短文，Amy is 12 years old.She likes listening to music.艾米12岁.她喜欢听音乐.故选A.④根据所给的短文，She does homework and reads newspapers every day.她每天做作业和读报纸.故选A.⑤根据所给的短文，Amy says her family will visit Beijing soon.艾米一家不久将来北京.故选B.【点评】此题考查阅读理解.2．阅读理解阅读理解，选择正确的选项。

英语单词父亲的由来

英语单词父亲的由来The Origin of the English Word "Father"The English word "father" holds a rich history and etymological background that spans multiple languages and cultural contexts. Its evolution is not just a linguistic phenomenon; it is a testament to the universal bond between parent and child, a bond that transcends cultural and linguistic barriers.The earliest recorded forms of the word "father" can be traced back to the Proto-Indo-European language family, a group of languages that are believed to have originated in the second millennium BCE in the steppes of Eurasia. From this ancient linguistic root, the word "father" spread to various Indo-European languages, undergoing various phonological changes along the way.In Old English, the word "father" was spelled "fāder" or "fadēr," which is cognate with modern German "Vater"and Dutch "vader." This Old English form retained the basic structure of the Proto-Indo-European root, with the "fa-" portion reflecting the ancient consonant sounds and the "-。

爸爸的过去史英文作文

爸爸的过去史英文作文英文：My father's past history is something that has always intrigued me. Growing up, I never really knew much abouthis life before he became a father. All I knew was that he had grown up in a small town in the countryside and had moved to the city to pursue his career.It wasn't until I was older that my father began toopen up about his past. He told me stories of his childhood, of the struggles his family faced and how they had to work hard to make ends meet. He spoke of his first job as a delivery boy, and how he had to ride his bike for hours every day to make his deliveries.As he continued to share his stories, I began to see my father in a different light. I saw him as a young man who had faced many challenges and had worked hard to overcome them. I saw him as a person who had experienced bothsuccess and failure, and had learned valuable lessons from both.One of the things that stands out to me the most about my father's past is his determination. Despite facing many obstacles, he never gave up on his dreams. He continued to work hard and pursue his goals, even when it seemed likethe odds were against him.中文：我父亲的过去历史一直是我感到好奇的事情。

关于莎士比亚的四大悲剧英文作文

关于莎士比亚的四大悲剧英文作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1William Shakespeare is one of the most renowned playwrights in the history of English literature. His works include a range of genres, but his tragedies are perhaps the most famous. Among his many tragedies, there are four in particular that are widely regarded as his greatest: "Hamlet," "Othello," "King Lear," and "Macbeth.""Hamlet" is Shakespeare's longest play and one of his most well-known tragedies. It tells the story of Prince Hamlet of Denmark, who seeks revenge against his uncle Claudius, who has murdered Hamlet's father in order to seize the throne. The play explores themes of madness, revenge, and moral corruption, and is known for its famous soliloquies, including Hamlet's iconic "To be or not to be" speech."Othello" is a tragedy about the Moorish general Othello, who is manipulated by his ensign Iago into believing that his wife Desdemona is unfaithful. The play is known for its exploration of themes such as jealousy, racism, and the destructive power ofsuspicion. The character of Iago is considered one of Shakespeare's most complex and villainous antagonists."King Lear" is a tragedy about the titular King of Britain, who decides to divide his kingdom among his three daughters based on their declarations of love for him. When his youngest daughter Cordelia refuses to flatter him, Lear banishes her and descends into madness. The play explores themes of power, family, and the consequences of folly and pride."Macbeth" is a tragedy about a Scottish general who is urged by his ambitious wife to murder King Duncan and seize the throne. Macbeth's actions lead to a spiral of bloodshed and paranoia, as he becomes consumed by guilt and fear. The play is renowned for its portrayal of the corrupting influence of unchecked ambition.These four tragedies are among Shakespeare's most enduring works, and they continue to be performed and studied by audiences and scholars around the world. Each play explores themes of power, betrayal, and the human condition, and their tragic protagonists are some of the most memorable characters in literature. Shakespeare's ability to craft complex plots, vivid language, and unforgettable characters has solidified his reputation as one of the greatest playwrights in history.篇2William Shakespeare is widely regarded as one of the greatest playwrights in the history of English literature. Among his many works, four tragedies stand out as some of the most celebrated and enduring pieces of literature ever written. These four tragedies are Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, and Macbeth. Each of these tragedies explores themes of power, betrayal, love, and the complexities of human nature.In Hamlet, the titular character grapples with the murder of his father and seeks revenge against his uncle, who has usurped the throne. As the play unfolds, Hamlet's internal struggles and moral dilemmas are brought to the forefront, leading to a tragic and bloody conclusion. Hamlet's famous soliloquy "To be or not to be" captures the essence of his existential crisis and his contemplation of life and death.Othello tells the story of the Moorish general Othello, who is manipulated by his ensign Iago into believing that his wife Desdemona is unfaithful. The play delves into themes of jealousy, deception, and racism, culminating in a tragic ending where Othello murders Desdemona out of a misguided sense of honor. Othello's unraveling mental state and the tragic consequences ofhis actions showcase the destructive power of jealousy and deception.King Lear is a tragic tale of a king who divides his kingdom among his three daughters, only to be betrayed and driven to madness by the cruelty of his two eldest daughters. The play explores themes of loyalty, filial love, and the consequences of pride and hubris. King Lear's descent into madness and his eventual realization of his mistakes highlight the fragility of human relationships and the inevitability of suffering.Macbeth follows the tragic downfall of the eponymous Scottish general, who is driven by ambition and the prophecies of the three witches to commit regicide and seize the throne. As Macbeth's thirst for power grows, he descends into paranoia and madness, leading to a series of murders and his eventual downfall. The play explores themes of fate, free will, and the corrupting influence of power, showcasing the tragic consequences of unchecked ambition.In conclusion, Shakespeare's four great tragedies - Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, and Macbeth - continue to captivate audiences and readers alike with their timeless themes, complex characters, and profound insights into the human condition. These works serve as enduring reminders of the power ofShakespeare's storytelling and his ability to explore the depths of tragedy and redemption in the human experience.篇3William Shakespeare is widely regarded as one of the greatest playwrights in the English language, and his works have left an indelible mark on the literary world. Among his many plays, his four major tragedies – "Hamlet," "Othello," "King Lear," and "Macbeth" – stand out as timeless classics that continue to captivate audiences centuries after they were first written."Hamlet" is perhaps Shakespeare's most famous tragedy, telling the story of Prince Hamlet of Denmark, who seeks revenge against his uncle Claudius for murdering his father, the former king. The play explores themes of revenge, betrayal, madness, and mortality, and is known for its complex characters and iconic soliloquies, including Hamlet's famous speech: "To be, or not to be: that is the question." The play's exploration of the human psyche and the nature of existence has made it a perennial favorite among audiences and scholars alike."Othello" is another of Shakespeare's great tragedies, centered around the Moorish general Othello, his wife Desdemona, and the villainous Iago. The play explores themes ofjealousy, manipulation, and racism, as Iago orchestrates Othello's downfall through a web of lies and deceit. Othello's tragic flaw, his jealousy, ultimately leads to his undoing, making "Othello" a powerful exploration of the destructive power of jealousy and suspicion."King Lear" is a tragedy that tells the story of the aging King Lear, who decides to divide his kingdom among his three daughters based on their declarations of love for him. When his youngest daughter, Cordelia, refuses to flatter him, Lear disowns her and sets in motion a series of tragic events that ultimately lead to his own downfall. "King Lear" explores themes of family, power, and madness, and is known for its bleak portrayal of human nature and the consequences of greed and betrayal."Macbeth" is perhaps Shakespeare's darkest tragedy, telling the story of the ambitious Scottish general Macbeth, who is driven to murder and tyranny by the prophecies of three witches. As Macbeth and his wife Lady Macbeth descend into madness and guilt, their actions lead to a cycle of violence and bloodshed that ultimately culminates in their own deaths. "Macbeth" is a chilling exploration of ambition, guilt, and the corruption of power, and is known for its supernatural elements and unforgettable characters.In conclusion, Shakespeare's four major tragedies –"Hamlet," "Othello," "King Lear," and "Macbeth" – are timeless masterpieces that continue to resonate with audiences around the world. Through their exploration of themes such as revenge, jealousy, madness, and ambition, these plays offer profound insights into the human condition and the complexities of the human psyche. As Shakespeare himself wrote in "Macbeth," "What's done cannot be undone," reminding us of the enduring power of his tragic works to provoke thought, spark debate, and evoke powerful emotions in all who experience them.。

my father英文作文80字

my father英文作文80字全文共10篇示例，供读者参考篇1My father is the best father in the world! He is super cool and funny. He always makes me laugh and we have a lot of fun together.My dad is tall and strong. He works really hard at his job to take care of our family. Sometimes he comes home late, but he always has time to play games with me before bedtime.My favorite thing to do with my dad is go fishing. He taught me how to cast a line and reel in a big fish. It's so exciting when we catch something! My dad also helps me with my homework and takes me to soccer practice.My dad is really smart too. Whenever I have a question, he always knows the answer. He tells me all kinds of interesting things about science, history, and nature. He is like a walking encyclopedia!But the best thing about my dad is how much he loves me. He gives the best hugs and kisses, and he always tells me how proud he is of me. I'm so lucky to have him as my dad.I love my father so much and I know he loves me too. He is my hero and my best friend. I can't imagine my life without him. Thanks for being the best dad ever, Daddy!篇2My father is the best dad in the whole world! He is very tall and strong, like a superhero. He works hard every day to take care of our family. He is always busy, but he still finds time to play with me and help me with my homework.My father is very funny and always makes me laugh. He tells the best jokes and funny stories. Sometimes he pretends to be a monster and chases me around the house. I scream and run away, but I know he is just playing and will never hurt me.My father is also very smart. He knows how to fix things around the house and he teaches me how to do it too. He helps me with my math homework and always explains things in a way that I can understand. He is patient and never gets mad when I make mistakes.My father is my hero. He is always there for me when I need him. He gives the best hugs and makes me feel safe. I know that no matter what, he will always love me. I am so lucky to have him as my dad. I hope I can be just like him when I grow up. I love you, dad!篇3My FatherMy father is the best dad in the world! He is really cool and always makes me laugh. He is tall and strong, just like a superhero. Whenever I have a problem or need help, he is always there for me.My dad works really hard to take care of our family. He goes to work every day and always comes home with a big smile on his face. He tells me that it's important to work hard and to never give up on my dreams. He is my biggest inspiration and I want to be just like him when I grow up.One of my favorite things to do with my dad is to play soccer. He is really good at playing soccer and always teaches me new tricks. We spend a lot of time practicing together and it's so much fun. My dad is also really good at fixing things around thehouse. Whenever something breaks, he is the first person I go to for help.My dad is also a great cook. He makes delicious meals for our family and always makes sure we have enough to eat. One of my favorite dishes that he makes is spaghetti with meatballs. It's so yummy!I love my dad so much and I am so grateful to have him in my life. He is the best dad anyone could ask for and I love spending time with him. I hope to make him proud and be just as amazing as he is when I grow up. I love you, dad!篇4My father is the best dad in the world! He is super cool and always takes care of me. I love spending time with him and doing all sorts of fun things together.My dad is really good at playing soccer. He taught me how to kick the ball and score goals. Sometimes we have a mini soccer match in our backyard and it is so much fun. My dad is really fast and can run really well. He always tells me to practice and never give up. I want to be just like him when I grow up.My dad also helps me with my homework. He is really smart and knows a lot of things. Whenever I have trouble with my math problems or spelling words, he sits down with me and explains everything until I understand. I am so lucky to have him as my dad.One of my favorite things to do with my dad is going on adventures. We like to go camping, hiking, and fishing together. My dad teaches me how to build a campfire, pitch a tent, and catch fish. He is like a real-life superhero who knows how to do everything.Even though my dad is busy with work, he always makes time for me. We have our special traditions like movie nights on Fridays and pancake breakfasts on Sundays. I cherish these moments with him and I know that he loves me more than anything in the world.I am so grateful to have such an amazing dad. He is my hero, my mentor, and my best friend. I love you, dad!篇5My Dad is the best! He's like a superhero to me. He's tall and strong and always there to protect me and make me feel safe.Every morning, my Dad wakes up early to go to work. He works hard to make sure our family has everything we need. Sometimes he comes home late, but he always has a big smile on his face when he sees me.My Dad is really smart too. Whenever I have a question about my homework or about the world, he always knows the answer. He helps me with my math problems and teaches me new things every day.But my favorite thing about my Dad is how much fun we have together. We play basketball in the backyard, go on bike rides, and watch movies on the couch. He always makes me laugh with his silly jokes and funny stories. I love spending time with him.I know my Dad loves me very much. He gives the best hugs and always tells me how proud he is of me. I'm so lucky to have him as my Dad. He's my hero, my role model, and my best friend.I love you, Dad!篇6My father is the best dad in the whole wide world! He is tall and strong, with a big smile that lights up the room. I love spending time with him because he is so much fun to be around.My dad works hard to provide for our family. He wakes up early in the morning and goes to work to make sure we have everything we need. Sometimes he comes home late, but he always has a big hug and a kiss for me. I know he loves me more than anything in the world.My favorite thing to do with my dad is play sports. He teaches me how to throw a ball, ride a bike, and swim in the pool. He is patient and kind, and always cheers me on no matter what.I feel so proud when he tells me how well I did.My dad is also really funny. He tells the best jokes and always makes me laugh. We have inside jokes that only we understand, and it makes me feel special to have that bond with him. He is my best friend, and I know I can always count on him to be there for me.I am so lucky to have a dad like mine. He is my hero, my role model, and my rock. I love him more than words can say, and I hope he knows how much he means to me. I will always cherish the memories we make together and the love we share. My dad is the greatest, and I am so grateful to have him in my life.篇7My father is the best in the whole wide world! He is very tall and strong, just like a superhero. Every morning, he wakes up very early and goes to work to support our family. He works so hard to make sure we have everything we need.My father is also very smart. Whenever I have a question about my homework, he's always there to help me figure it out. He knows a lot of things and he teaches me new stuff every day. He even helps me with my school projects and science experiments.But, my favorite thing about my father is how fun he is. He loves to play games with me and take me to the park to play on the swings and slides. He tells me jokes and makes me laugh all the time. I love spending time with him because he always makes it so much fun.I hope one day I can be just like my father. He is my hero and I love him so much. I am grateful for everything he does for our family and I know he will always be there for me, no matter what. My father is the best, and I'm so lucky to have him in my life.篇8My dad is the best dad in the whole wide world! He is tall and strong, with big muscles like a superhero. He always makes me feel safe and protected.My dad works really hard to take care of our family. He goes to work every day and doesn't come home until late, but he always has time to play with me and help me with my homework. He is really smart and knows the answer to every question I ask him.My dad is also really funny. He tells the silliest jokes and makes me laugh all the time. Sometimes he pretends to be a monster and chases me around the house, but I know he is just playing. He is the best at making me smile when I am feeling sad.My dad is a great cook too. He makes the most delicious pancakes for breakfast on Sundays and grills the best burgers in the summer. He always lets me help him in the kitchen and teaches me how to cook different things.My dad is my hero. He is always there for me no matter what, and I know I can always count on him. I love my dad more than anything in the world, and I am so lucky to have him as my father.篇9My father is the best dad in the whole wide world! He is the coolest, funniest, kindest, and smartest dad ever. I love spending time with him and doing all kinds of fun things together.My dad wakes up early in the morning to go to work so that he can provide for our family. He works very hard to make sure we have everything we need. Even though he is busy, he always finds time to play with me and help me with my homework. He is a super dad!My dad is also really funny. He tells the silliest jokes and makes me laugh all the time. He loves to play games with me and always lets me win (even though I know he's just pretending). We have so much fun together and I always look forward to our special father-daughter time.But my dad is not just fun and games, he is also very smart. Whenever I have a question about anything, my dad is always there to explain things to me in a way that I can understand. He is like my own personal teacher and I learn so much from him every day.I am so lucky to have such an amazing father. He is my hero, my role model, and my best friend. I love him more than anything in the world and I know that he will always be there for me no matter what. Thank you, dad, for being the best dad ever!篇10My father is the best in the whole wide world! He is my hero and my best friend. I want to tell you all about him.First of all, my father is very tall and strong. He can fix anything around the house and he always helps me with my homework. Whenever I have a problem, I know that I can count on him to make things right. He is like a superhero to me!My daddy also loves to play sports with me. We go outside and kick the soccer ball around or throw the baseball back and forth. He is really good at sports and he always encourages me to do my best. I love spending time with him and playing games together.One thing that I really admire about my father is his hard work. He goes to work every day to provide for our family and make sure we have everything we need. He is a great example of what it means to be responsible and caring.Another thing that I love about my dad is his sense of humor. He always makes me laugh with his silly jokes and funny stories. He can turn any boring day into a fun adventure with just a smile and a laugh.In conclusion, my father is the most amazing person in my life. He is loving, kind, funny, and hardworking. I am so lucky to have him as my dad and I will always cherish our special bond. I love you, dad!。

司马迁简介英语作文

司马迁简介英语作文Sima Qian, the renowned Chinese historian, is widely regarded as the father of Chinese historiography. Born around 145 BCE during the Western Han dynasty, Sima Qian's life and work have had a profound impact on the development of historical scholarship in China and beyond. His magnum opus, the Shiji or Records of the Grand Historian, is a monumental work that has shaped the understanding of ancient Chinese history for centuries.Sima Qian's early life was marked by a strong scholarly tradition within his family. His father, Sima Tan, was the Grand Astrologer at the imperial court and had a deep interest in philosophy and history. Sima Qian followed in his father's footsteps, receiving a comprehensive education that encompassed a wide range of subjects, including astronomy, mathematics, and the Confucian classics.After his father's death, Sima Qian continued his work at the imperial court, serving as the Grand Historian under the Han Emperor Wu. This position allowed him to access a wealth of historical records anddocuments, which he meticulously studied and compiled into his magnum opus, the Shiji.The Shiji is a remarkable work of historical scholarship, covering a vast span of Chinese history, from the mythical Yellow Emperor to the reign of Emperor Wu. Sima Qian's approach to history was revolutionary for his time, as he sought to present a comprehensive and objective account of events, rather than the traditional dynastic histories that often focused on the deeds of individual rulers.One of the most notable aspects of the Shiji is its use of biographies to provide a more nuanced and detailed understanding of historical figures. Sima Qian's biographies are not mere recitations of facts, but rather richly textured portraits that delve into the motivations, struggles, and personal experiences of his subjects. This approach allowed him to capture the complexity and humanity of the individuals who shaped the course of Chinese history.In addition to his groundbreaking work on the Shiji, Sima Qian also made significant contributions to the development of Chinese historiography more broadly. He introduced new methods of historical analysis, such as the use of chronological tables and the integration of geography, astronomy, and other fields of knowledge into his historical narratives.Sima Qian's legacy extends far beyond his own lifetime. The Shiji has remained an essential text for scholars and students of Chinese history, and its influence can be seen in the work of countless historians and writers who have followed in his footsteps. The depth and breadth of his scholarship have earned him a revered place in the pantheon of Chinese intellectual giants, and his work continues to inspire and inform our understanding of the past.Despite the enduring significance of his contributions, Sima Qian's life was not without its challenges and hardships. In the course of his duties as Grand Historian, he incurred the wrath of the Han Emperor for his criticism of the emperor's treatment of a political rival. As punishment, Sima Qian was sentenced to castration, a cruel and humiliating fate that he endured with remarkable dignity and resilience.Even in the face of this devastating personal tragedy, Sima Qian remained dedicated to his work, continuing to write and revise the Shiji until his death. His commitment to the pursuit of historical truth and his unwavering integrity in the face of adversity have made him a revered and inspirational figure, not just in China but throughout the world.In conclusion, Sima Qian's life and work have left an indelible mark on the field of Chinese historiography. His masterpiece, the Shiji,stands as a testament to his scholarly brilliance, his unwavering dedication, and his profound impact on our understanding of the past. As we continue to study and appreciate the richness of Chinese history, the name of Sima Qian will forever be remembered as one of its most influential and enduring figures.。

小学下册T卷英语第1单元综合卷

小学下册英语第1单元综合卷英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1.The crocodile lurks in the ________________ (水中).2.An atom consists of protons, neutrons, and ______.3.The ancient Egyptians wrote on _______ made from papyrus. (纸)4.What is the opposite of "hot"?A. WarmB. ColdC. CoolD. FreezingB5.The eagle is a ______ (猛禽) that can see far away.6.What is the capital of Japan?A. BeijingB. SeoulC. TokyoD. BangkokC7.The __________ was an important event in the history of the United States. (内战)8.I have a ______ in my backpack.9.The _______ (青蛙) is often green in color.10.The ______ teaches us about human rights.11. A _____ (温室种植) can extend the growing season.12.Who is known as the "Father of Geometry"?A. EuclidB. PythagorasC. ArchimedesD. Fibonacci13.I have a pet _______ (仓鼠) that runs on a wheel.14.I like to watch ________ (电影) with my family.15.What is the process of converting a liquid into a gas called?A. MeltingB. FreezingC. EvaporationD. CondensationC16. A _____ (vine) grows along fences.17.The ________ grows in water and floats.18.The burning of fossil fuels contributes to ________ change.19.The invention of the printing press allowed for the spread of _____.20. A chemical reaction can involve the formation of _____.21.I enjoy _______ (参加) cooking classes.22.The garden is full of ______ (flowers).23.What do we call the place where we learn?A. OfficeB. SchoolC. StoreD. LibraryB24.Planting can foster a sense of ______ (社区精神).25.What is the name of the famous desert in Australia?A. AtacamaB. SimpsonC. SaharaD. OutbackB Simpson26.What is the name of the famous ship that sank in 1912?A. Queen MaryB. TitanicC. LusitaniaD. Andrea Doria27.The __________ is the capital city of Japan.28.What is the boiling point of water?A. 90°CB. 100°CC. 80°CD. 120°CB29.My brother likes to play _____ (basketball/tennis).30.The ______ (松鼠) gathers food for winter.31.What do you use to cut paper?A. GlueB. ScissorsC. TapeD. RulerB32.I found a ________ in my pocket.33.What is the name of the region of space where light cannot escape?A. Black HoleB. SingularityC. Event HorizonD. Gravity Well34.Materials that do not conduct electricity are called ________.35.My sister loves her toy _______ (我妹妹喜欢她的玩具_______).36.My favorite snack is ________.37.What do we call a movie that tells a story through moving pictures?A. DocumentaryB. AnimationC. FilmD. TheaterC38.I saw a _____ (狐狸) in the woods.39.听录音排序。

人教版小学3年级英语试题【答案和题解】

人教版小学3年级英语试题【答案和题解】(共50道题)下面有答案和解题分析一、综合题1.She _______ (sing) a song now.2.My father __________ (1) work at an office. He __________ (2) wake up at 7:00 in the morning and __________ (3) go to work by car. He __________ (4) finish work at 6:00 in the evening. In the evening, he __________ (5) spend time with our family.3.Tom is at the park, and he is learning to ride his __________. His dad is helping him balance and steer. After a few tries, Tom finally feels __________ and is able to ride on his own. He is very proud of himself and feels __________ because he has learned a new skill.4.David and his family are visiting a __________ in the city. They go to see many__________ and learn about the history of the country. David is fascinated by the__________, which is displayed in the center of the museum. After touring the museum, they go to a nearby __________ to have lunch.5.We ______ (have) a science class this morning. Our teacher ______ (teach) us about the solar system. I ______ (learn) that the Earth ______ (move) around the Sun. The teacher ______ (ask) us to make a model of the solar system for the next class. I ______ (be) excited to start working on it.6.My sister __________ (love) animals, especially cats. She __________ (want) to adopt a kitten, and she __________ (look) for one online. She __________ (spend) a lot of time researching how to take care of a cat. I __________ (think) she __________ (be) very excited about it.7.Sophie is in the kitchen with her mom. They are making __________ (1) for breakfast. Sophie helps by mixing the __________ (2) and __________ (3). They pour the mixture into a __________ (4) and cook it on the stove.8.She _______ (like / likes / liked) to watch movies.9.Which animal says "meow"?A. CatB. DogC. CowD. Duck10.I _______ (go) to bed at 9:00 PM every day.11.My parents _______ (work) in a hospital.12.Which one is a month of the year?A. MondayB. JuneC. WinterD. Sunday13.They _______ (not) watch TV after school.14.Anna is playing with her __________ in the living room. She is building a__________. She uses small pieces to create different shapes. After a while, she finishes building the __________ and shows it to her parents.15.I _______ (go) shopping every Saturday.16.I _______ (go) to the park every day.17.I _______ (am/are) a student.18.What is the color of grass?A. GreenB. BrownC. YellowD. Blue19.What do we use to write?A. ForkB. PenC. SpoonD. Cup20.They _______ (eat) lunch at 12:30 every day.21.Which of these is a vegetable?A. TomatoB. BananaC. AppleD. Carrot22.Which animal is known for being slow?A. RabbitB. TurtleC. CheetahD. Dog23.She _______ (go) to school by bike every day.24.Which of these animals is known for making honey?A. LionB. BearC. BeeD. Tiger25.He _______ (not/like) to wake up early.26.My sister _______ (have) a new book.27.He _______ (does / do / did) not understand the question.28.Which of these is a famous city?29.I _______ (eat/eats) breakfast at 7:00 AM.30.Which one is used to play soccer?A. BallB. SpoonC. PlateD. Knife31.She _______ (like) playing basketball.32.He _______ (drink/drinks) water after exercise.33.How many days are there in a week?A. FiveB. SevenC. NineD. Ten34.This afternoon, I __________ (go) to the mall with my friends. We __________ (shop) for clothes and __________ (eat) at a restaurant. I __________ (buy) a new shirt, and my friend __________ (buy) a hat. After shopping, we __________ (watch) a movie at the cinema. It __________ (be) a fun day.35.What do you use to write?A. ForkB. PencilC. KnifeD. Plate36.Which of these is a season?A. SundayB. MarchC. WinterD. January37.She _______ (not/play) the piano.38.In my class, we have many __________. Some of my classmates are very__________, and others are __________. We work together to __________ and help each other. My friend Lily is very __________ and always makes me __________. We enjoy __________ together and often talk about __________. I like being in a class with __________ students.39.I __________ (not, understand) the math question yesterday. My teacher__________ (explain) it again, and this time I __________ (get) it. Now, I __________ (feel) more confident about the test.st weekend, we ______ (go) to a fun fair with our friends. The sun ______ (shine) brightly and the sky ______ (be) very clear. We ______ (ride) the Ferris wheel and______ (eat) cotton candy. My little brother ______ (enjoy) the carousel, while I ______ (prefer) the roller coaster. After that, we ______ (watch) a magic show, and it ______ (be) amazing.41.Which of these is used for cutting things?42.Yesterday, I ______ (go) to the zoo with my family. We ______ (see) many animals like lions, elephants, and monkeys. The monkeys ______ (play) in the trees, and the lions ______ (sleep) under the shade. I ______ (take) lots of photos, and we ______ (have) a picnic near the pond. It ______ (be) a fun day.43.I ______ (study) for my English test right now. I ______ (read) a book and ______ (write) some notes. I ______ (feel) nervous because the test ______ (be) tomorrow. I______ (hope) I ______ (do) well on it.44.Which of these is a pet?A. CatB. ElephantC. LionD. Tiger45.Which of these is a means of transport?A. HouseB. AirplaneC. TreeD. Chair46.He _______ (like) to play football.47.I _______ (watch) TV when you called me.48.On Sundays, my family and I __________ (1) to the park to play sports. My brother __________ (2) to play basketball, and I __________ (3) soccer with my friends. Sometimes, we __________ (4) a picnic, and we __________ (5) sandwiches and fruit.49.Which of these is a kind of fruit?A. BananaB. CarrotC. PotatoD. Onion50.I _______ (go) to bed at 9 pm every night.(答案及解释)。

中考英语文学创作英语阅读理解20题

中考英语文学创作英语阅读理解20题1<背景文章>"Jane Eyre" is a renowned classic English literary work. Written by Charlotte Bronte, it tells the story of an orphan named Jane Eyre.Jane Eyre endures a difficult childhood. She is sent to live with her cruel aunt, Mrs. Reed, at Gateshead Hall. There, she is treated unfairly and suffers from the cold - heartedness of her aunt and cousins. However, Jane is a strong - willed and independent girl. She refuses to be cowed by their ill - treatment.Later, Jane is sent to Lowood School. The conditions there are harsh, but she meets her friend Helen Burns, who is kind - hearted and patient. Helen's influence helps Jane to grow in her own way. Jane stays at Lowood for several years, becoming a teacher herself.As an adult, Jane becomes a governess at Thornfield Hall, where she falls in love with her employer, Mr. Rochester. Mr. Rochester is a complex character. He is brooding, passionate, and has a dark secret in his past. Jane is attracted to his intelligence and his complex personality.The main theme of "Jane Eyre" is about love, independence, and social class. Jane struggles with her feelings for Mr. Rochester while also maintaining her sense of self - worth and independence. In a society wheresocial class is highly important, Jane, as a poor governess, challenges the norms by falling in love with a wealthy man.This novel is of great significance in literary history. It was one of the first novels to focus on a female protagonist's inner thoughts and feelings so deeply. It also challenges the traditional Victorian ideas about women and social class.1. <问题1>What is the main character Jane Eyre like?A. Weak - willed and dependent.B. Strong - willed and independent.C. Cruel and cold - hearted.D. Shy and timid.答案：B。

2.Shakespeare

[126]
Shakespeare’s Language
Shakespeare wrote in ―Early Modern English.‖ EME was not very different from ―Modern English,‖

Shakespeare’s Language
A mix of old and very new Rural and urban words/images Understandable by the lowest peasant and the highest noble

`A Lover's Complaint' The Passionate Pilgrim The Phoenix and The Turtle

"Shall I compare thee to a summer's day? Thou art more lovely and more temperate..." Lines from Shakespeare's Sonnet 18.
Four Great Tragedies
Hamlet(1601)
哈姆雷特
Othello(1604)
奥赛罗
King Lear(1605)
李尔王
Macbeth(1606)
麦克白
HIS COMEDIES

His comedies celebrate human social life even as they expose human folly. By means that are sometimes humiliating, even painful, characters learn greater wisdom and emerge with a clearer view of reality.

Part+One+++General+History

Part One General HistoryAncient Times：Greece and RomeEuropeans were by no means the pioneers of human civilization. Half of recorded history had passed before anyone in Europe could read of write. The priests of Egypt began to keep written records between 4000 and 3000 B.C., but two thousand years later the poems of Homer were still being circulated in the Greek city-states by word of mouth. Shortly after 3000 B.C., while the pharaohs were building the pyramids, Europeans were laboriously setting up the huge, unwrought stones called megaliths, of which Stonehenge is the best-known example. In a word, until after 2000 B.C., Europe was in the Neolithic or New Stone Age. This was in truth a great age in human history, the age in which human beings learned to make and use sharp tools, weave cloth, build living quarters, domesticate animals, plant seeds, harvest crops, and sense the returning cycles of the months and years. But the Near East —Egypt, the Euphrates and Tigris valley, the island of Crete, and the shores of the Aegean Sea(which belonged more to Asia than to Europe)—had reached its Neolithic Age two thousand years before Europe. By about 4000 B.C., the Near East was already moving into the Bronze Age.After about 2000 B.C., in the dim , dark continent that Europe then was ,there began to be great changes that are now difficult to trace. Europeans, too, learned how to smelt and forge metals, with the Bronze Age setting in about 2000 B.C. and the Iron Age about 1000 B.C. There was also asteady infusion of new peoples into Europe. They spoke languages related to languages now spoken in India and Iran, to which similar peoples migrated at about the same time. All these languages(whose interconnection was not known until the nineteenth century) are now referred to as Indo-European, and the people who spoke them, merging with and imposing their speech upon older European stock, became the ancestors both of the classical Greeks and Romans and of the Europeans of modern times. All European languages today are Indo-European with the exceptions of Basque, which is thought to be a survival from before the Indo-European invasion, and of Finnish and Hungarian, which were brought into Europe from Asia some centuries later. It was these invading Indo-Europeans who diffused over Europe the kind of speech from which the Latin, Greek, Germanic, Slavic, Celtic, and Baltic languages were later derived.The Greek WorldThe first Indo-Europeans to emerge into the clear light of history, in what is now Europe, were the Greeks. They filtered down through the Balkan peninsula to the shores of the Aegean Sea about 1900 B.C. , undermining the older Cretan civilization, and occupying most of what has since been called Greece by 1300 B.C. Beginning about 1150 B.C. , other newcomers consisted of separate barbaric tribes and their coming ushered in several centuries of chaos and unrest before a gradual stabilization and revival began in the ninthcentury. The Iliad and the Odyssey, written down about 800 B.C. , but composed and recited much earlier, probably refer to wars between the Greeks and other centers of civilization, of which one was at Troy in Asia Minor. The siege of Tory is thought to have occurred about 1200 B.C.The Greeks proved to be as gifted a people as mankind has ever produce, achieving supreme heights in thought and letters. They absorbed the knowledge of the, to them, mysterious East, the mathematical lore of the ancient Chaldeans, the arts and crafts that they found in Asia Minor and on voyages to Egypt. They added immediately to everything that they learned. It was the Greeks of the fifth and fourth centuries B.C. who first became fully conscious of the powers of the human mind, who formulated what the Western world long meant by the beautiful, and who first speculated on political freedom.As they settled down, the Greeks formed tiny city-states, all independent and often at war with one another, each only a few miles across, and typically including a coastal city and its adjoining farmlands. Athens, Corinth, Sparta were such city-states. Many were democratic; all citizens ( i. e. , all grown men except slaves and “ metics ”, or outsiders ) congregated in the marketplace to elect official and discuss their public business. Politics was turbulent in the small Greek states. Democracy alternated with aristocracy, oligarchy, despotism, and tyranny. From this rich fund of experience was born systematic political science as set forth in the unwritten speculations of Socrates and inthe republic of Plato and the Politics of Aristotle in the fourth century before Christ. The Greeks also were the first to write history as a subject distinct from myth and legend. Herodotus, “the Father of History,”traveled throughout the Greek world and far beyond, ferreting out all he could learn of the past; and Thucydides, in his account of the wars between Athens and Sparta, presented history as a guide enlightened citizenship and constructive statecraft.Perhaps because they were a restless and vehement people, the Greeks came to prize the “classical” virtues, which they were the first to define. For them, the ideal lay in moderation, or a golden mean. They valued order, balance, symmetry, clarity, and control. Their statues revealed their conception of what man ought to be―a noble creature, dignified, poised, unterrified by life or death, master of himself and of his feelings. Their architecture, as in the Parthenon, made use of exactly measured angles and rows of columns. The classical “order,”or set of carefully wrought pillars placed in a straight line at specified intervals, represented the firm impress of human reason on the brute materials of nature. The same sense of form was thrown over the torrent of human words. Written language became contrived, carefully planned, organized for effect. The epic poem, the lyric, the drama, the oration, along with history and the philosophic dialogue, each with its own rules and principles of composition, became the “forms”within which, in Western civilization, men long continued to express their thoughts.Reflecting on the world about them, the Greeks concluded thatsomething more fundamental existed beyond the world of appearances, that true reality was not what met the eye. With other peoples, and with the Greeks themselves in earlier times, this same realization had led to the formation of myths, dealing with invisible but might beings known as gods and with faraway places on the tops of mountains，beneath the earth, or in a world that followed death. Greek thinkers set to criticizing the web of math. They looked for rational or natural explanations of what was at work behind the variety and confusion that they saw. Some, observing human sickness, said that disease was not a demonic possession, but a natural sequence of conditions in the body, which could be identified, understood, foreseen, and even treated in a natural way. Others, turning to physical nature, said that all mater was in reality composed of a very few things ―of atoms or elements ―which they usually designated as fire, water, earth, and air. Some said that change was a kind of illusion, all basic reality being uniform; some, that only change was real, and that the world was a flux. Some, like Pythagoras, found the enduring reality in “number ,”or mathematics. The Greeks, in short, laid the foundations for science. Studying also the way in which the mind worked, or ought to work if it was to reach truthful conclusions, they developed the science of logic. The great codifier or Greek thought on almost all subjects in the classical period was Aristotle, who lived in Athens from 384 to 322 B.C.The Roman WorldIn 146 B.C. the Greeks of Greece were conquered by a new people, theRomans. The Romans, while keeping their own Latin language, rapidly absorbed what they could of the intellectual and artistic culture of the Greeks. Over a period of two or three centuries they assembled an empire in which the whole world of ancient civilization（west of Persia）was included. Egypt , Greece, Asia Minor, Syria all became Roman provinces, but in them the Romans had hardly any deep influence except in a political sense. In the West ―in what are now Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco, Spain, Portugal, France, Switzerland, Belgium, and England ―the Romans, though ruthless in their methods of conquest, in the long run acted as civilizing agents, transmitting to these hitherto backward countries the age-old achievements of the East and the more recent culture of Greece and of Rome itself. So thorough was the Romanization that in the West Latin even became the currently spoken language. It was later wiped out in Africa by Arabic but survives to this day, transformed by time, in the languages of France, Italy, Spain, Portugal, and Rumania.In the Roman Empire, which lasted with many vicissitudes from about 31 B. C. to the latter part of the fifth century A. D. , virtually the civilized world of the ancient West was politically united and enjoyed generations of internal peace. Rome was the center, around which in all directions lay the “circle of lands ,”the orbis terrarium, the known world ―that is, as known in the West , for the Han Empire at the same time in China was also a highly organized cultural and political entity. The Roman Empire consisted essentially of thecoasts of the Mediterranean Sea, which provided the great artery of transport and communication, and from which no part of the Empire, except northern Gaul (France), Britain, and the Rhineland, was more than a couple of hundred miles away. Civilization was uniform; there were on distinct nationalities; the only significant cultural difference was that east of Italy the predominant language was Greek, in Italy and west of it, Latin. Cities grew up everywhere, engaged in a busy commercial life and exchange of ideas with one another. They remained most numerous in the east, where most of the manufacturing crafts and the densest population were still concentrated, but they sprang up also in the east ―indeed, most of the older cities of France, Spain, England, and western and southern Germany boast of some kind of origin under the Romans.The distinctive aptitude of the Romans lay in organization, administration, government, and law. Never before had armies been so systematically formed, maintained over such long periods, dispatched at a word of command over such distances, or maneuvered so effectively on the field of battle. Never had so many peoples been governed from a single center. The Romans had at first possessed self-governing and republican institutions, but they lost them in the process of conquest, and the governing talents which they displayed in the days of the empire were of an authoritarian character ―talents, not for self-governing, but for managing, coordinating, and ruling the manifold and scattered parts of one enormous system. Locally, cities and city- statesenjoyed a good deal of autonomy. But above them all rose a pyramid of imperial officials and provincial governors, culminating in the emperor at the top. The empire kept peace, the pax Romana, and even provided a certain justice as between its many peoples. Lawyers worked on the body of principles known ever afterward as Roman law.Roman judges had somehow to settle disputes between persons of different regions, with conflicting local customs, for example, two merchants of Spain and Egypt. The Roman law came therefore to hold that no custom is necessarily right, that there is a higher or universal law by which fair decisions may be made, and that this higher, universal, or “natural”law, or “law of nature,”will be understandable or acceptable to all men, since it arises from human nature and reason. Here the lawyers drew on Greek philosophy for support. They held also that law derives its force from being enacted by a proper authority (not merely from custom, usage, or former legal cases); this authority to make law they called majestas, or sovereign power, and they attributed it to the emperor. Thus the Romans emancipated the idea of law from mere custom on the one hand and mere caprice on the other; they regarded it as something to be formed by enlightened intelligence, consistently with reason and the nature of things; and they associated it with the solemn action of official power. It must be added that Roman law favored the state, or the public interest as seen by the government, rather than the interests or liberties of individual persons. These principles, together with more specificideas on property, debt, marriage, wills, etc. , were in later centuries to have a great effect in Europe.The thousand years during which Greco–Roman civilization arose and flourished were notable in another way even more momentous for all the later history of mankind. It was in this period that the greatest world religions came into being.。