英语语法术语

英语语法术语语法术语：语法grammar 句法syntax 词法morphology 结构structure 层次rank 句子sentence 从句clause 词组phrase词类part of speech 单词word 实词notional word 虚词structrural word名词noun 专有名词proper noun 普通名词common noun 可数名词countable noun不可数名词uncountable noun 抽象名词abstract noun 具体名词concret moun物质名词material noun 集体名词collective noun 个体名词individual noun 介词preposition连词conjunction 动词verb 主动词main verb 及物动词transitive verb不及物动词intransitive verb 系动词link verb 助动词auxiliary verb 情态动词modal verb规则动词regular verb 不规则动词irregular verb 短语动词phrasal verb 限定动词finite verb非限定动词infinite verb 使役动词causative verb 感官动词verb of senses 动态动词event verb静态动词state verb 感叹词exclamation 形容词adjective 副词adverb方式副词adverb of manner 程度副词adverb of degree 时间副词adverb of time地点副词adverb of place 修饰性副词adjunct 连接性副词conjunct 疑问副词interogative adverb 关系副词relative adverb 代词pronoun 人称代词personal pronoun 物主代词possesive pronoun 反身代词reflexive pronoun相互代词reciprocal pronoun 指示代词demonstrative pronoun 疑问代词interrogative pronoun 关系代词relative pronoun 不定代词indefinite pronoun 物主代词possecive pronoun 名词性物主代词nominal possesive prnoun 形容词性物主代词adjectival possesive pronoun冠词article 定冠词definite article 不定冠词indefinite article 数词numeral基数词cardinal numeral 序数词ordinal numeral 分数词fractional numeral 形式form单数形式singular form 复数形式plural form 限定动词finite verb form非限定动词non-finite verb form 原形base form 从句clause从属句subordinate clause 并列句coordinate clause 名词从句nominal clause定语从句attributive clause 状语从句adverbial clause 宾语从句object clause 主语从句subject clause 同位语从句appositive clause时间状语从句adverbial clause of time 地点状语从句adverbial clause of place 方式状语从句adverbial clause of manner 让步状语从句adverbial clause of concession原因状语从句adverbial clause of cause 结果状语从句adverbial clause of result 目的状语从句adverbial clause of purpose 条件状语从句adverbial clause of condition 真实条件状语从句adverbial clause of real condition非真实条件状语从句adverbial clause of unreal condition含蓄条件句adverbial clause of implied condition 错综条件句adverbial clause of mixed condition 句子sentence 简单句simple sentence 并列句compound sentence 复合句complex sentence并列复合句compound complex sentence 陈述句declarative sentence疑问句interrogative sentence 一般疑问句general question 特殊疑问句special question 选择疑问句alternative question 附加疑问句tag question 反义疑问句disjunctive question 修辞疑问句rhetorical question感叹疑问句exclamatory question存在句existential sentence 肯定句positive sentwence 否定句negative sentence祈使句imperative sentence 省略句elliptical sentence 感叹句exclamatory sentence基本句型basic sentence patern句子成分members of sentences主语subject 谓语predicate 宾语object 双宾语dual object直接宾语direct object 间接宾语indirect object 复合宾语complex object 同源宾语cognate object补语complement 主补subject complement 宾补object complement 表语predicative定语attribute 同位语appositive 状语adverbial句法关系syntatic relationship并列coordinate 从属subordination 修饰modification 前置修饰pre-modification后置修饰post-modification 限制restriction 双重限制double-restriction 非限制non-restriction数number单数形式singular form 复数形式plural form 规则形式regular form 不规则形式irregular form格case普通格common case 所有格possessive case 主格nominative case 宾格objective case性gender阳性masculine 阴性feminine 通性common 中性neuter人称person第一人称first person 第二人称second person 第三人称third person时态tense过去将来时past future tense 过去将来进行时pastfuture continuous tense过去将来完成时past future perfect tense 一般现在时present simple tense一般过去时past simple tense 一般将来时future simple tense现在完成时past perfect tense 过去完成时presentperfect tense将来完成时future perfect tense 现在进行时presentcontinuous tense过去进行时past continuous tense 将来进行时future continuous tense过去将来进行时past future continuous tense 现在完成进行时present perfect continuous tense过去完成进行时past perfect continuous tense语态voice主动语态active voice 被动语态passive voice语气mood陈述语气indicative mood 祈使语气imperative mood 虚拟语气subjunctive mood否定negation否定范围scope of negation 全部否定full negation局部否定partial negation 转移否定shift of negation语序order自然语序natural order 倒装语序inversion全部倒装full inversion 部分倒装partial inversion直接引语direct speech 间接引语indirect speech自由直接引语free direct speech 自由间接引语free indirect speech一致agreement主谓一致subject-predicate agreement 语法一致grammatical agreement概念一致notional agreement 就近原则principle of proximity 强调emphasis 重复repetition 语音pronunciation 语调tone升调rising tone 降调falling tone 降升调falling-rising tone文体style正式文体formal 非正式文体informal 口语spoken/oral English 套语formulistic expression英国英语British English 美国英语American English 用法usage感情色彩emotional coloring褒义commendatory 贬义derogatory 幽默humorous讽刺sarcastic挖苦ironic课堂用语1．上课（Beginning a class）（1）Let’s start now．／Let’s beg in our class／lesson．（2）Stand up，please．（3）Sit down，Pease．2．问候（Greeting）（4）Hello，boys and girls／children．（5）Good morning，class／everyone／everybody／children／boys and girls．（6）Good afternoon，class／everyone／everybody／children／boys and girls．（7）How are you today？3．考勤（Checking attendance）（8）Who’s on duty today？／Who’s helping this morning／today？（9）Is everyone／everybody here／present？（10）Is anyone away？／Is anybody away？（11）Is anyone absent？／Is anybody absent？（12）Who’s absent？／Who’s away？（13）Where is he／she？（14）Try to be on time．／Don’t be late next time．（15）Go back to your seat，please．（16）What day is it today？（17）What’s the date today？（18）What’s the weather like today？（19）What’s it like outside？4．宣布（Announcing）（20）Let’s start working．／Let’s begin／start a new lesson．／Let’s begin／start our lesson．（21）First，let’s review／do some review．（22）What did we learn In the last lesson？（23）Who can tell／remember what we did In the last lesson／yesterday？（24）Now we’re going to do some thing new／different．／Now let’s learn something new．（25）We have some now words／sentences．5．提起注意（Directing attention）（26）Ready？／Are you ready？（27）Did you get there？／Do you understand？（28）Is that clear？（29）Any volunteers？（30）Do you know what to do？（31）Be quiet，please．／Quiet，please．（32）Listen，please．（33）Listen carefully，please．（34）Listen to the tape recorder／the recording．（35）Look carefully，please．（36）Look over here．（37）Watch carefully．（38）Are your watching？（39）Please look at the black-board／picture／map…（40）Pay attention to your spelling／pronunciation．6．课堂活动（Classroom activities）（41）Start！／Start now．（42）Everybody together．／All together．（43）Practise in a group．／Practise In groups／In groups，please．（44）Get into groups of three／four…（45）Every body find a partner／friend．（46）In pairs，please．（47）One at a time．／Let’s do It one by one．（48）Now you，please．／Your turn（Students name）．（49）Next，please．Now you do the same，please．（50）Let’s act．／Let’s act out／do the dialogue．（51）Who wants to be A？（52）Practise the dialogue，please．（53）Now Tom will be A，and the other half will be B．（54）Please take（play）the part of…（55）Whose turn is It？（56）It’s your turn.（57）Wait your turn，please．（58）Stand inline．／Line up．（59）One by one．／One at a time，please．（60）In twos．／In pairs．（61）Don’t speak out．（62）Turn around．7．请求（Request）（63）Could you please try It again？（64）Could you please try the next one？（65）Will you please help me？8．鼓励（Encouraging）（66）Can you try？（67）Try，please．（68）Try your best．／Do your best．（69）Think it over and try again．（70）Don’t be afraid／shy．9．指令（Issuing a command）（7）Say／Read after me，please．（72）Follow me，please．（73）Do what do．（7）Repeat，please．／Repeat after me．（75）Once more，please．／One more time，please．（7）Come here，please．（77）Please come to the front．／Come up and write on the blackboard／chalkboard．（78）Come and write It on the blackboard．（79）Please go back to your seat．（80）In English，please．（81）Put your hand up，please．Raise your hand，please．（82）Put your hands down，please．／Hands down，please．（83）Say it／Write it in Chinese／English．（84）Please take out your books．（85）Please open your books at page…／Find page…／Turn to Page…（86）Please answer the question／questions．／Please answer my qllllst1On（s）．（87）Please read this letter／word／sentence out loud．／Please readout this letter／word／sentence．（88）Please stop now．／Stop now，please．／Stop here，please．（89）Clean up your desk／the classroom，please．（90）It’s clean－up time．／Tidy up your desk／the classroom．（91）Put your things away．／Clean off your desk．／Pick up the scraps·（92）Clean the blackboard．（93）Plug in the tape－recorder，please．（94）Put the tape－recorder away．（95）Put the tap，In it’s box／cassette．（96）Listen and repeat．（97）Look and listen．（98）Repeat after me．（99）Follow the words．（100）Fast．／Quickly！／Be quick，please．（101）Hurry！／Hurry up，please．（102）Slow down，please．（10）Slowly．（104）Bring me some chalk，please．10．禁止和警告（Prohibition and warning）（105）Stop talking．／Stop talking now，please．（106）Don’t talk．／Everybody quiet，please．（107）Don’t be silly．（108）Settle down．11．评价（109）Good，thank you．（10）Good／Very good．／God job．／Good work．／Good example．（111）A good answer．／Nice work．（112）Excellent．／Great！／Well done．／Very good．／I like the way you（13）That’s Interesting！（114）Don’t worry about It．／No problem．（115）OK！／That’s OK．（116）I don’t think so．（117）That’s not quite right，any other answers？／That’s close／That’s almost right．（118）Not quite，can anyone help him／her？／try again．（119）A good try．12．布置作业（Setting homework）（120）For today’s homework…（121）Practise after class．／Practise at home．（122）Say it out loud，before you write It down．（123）Copy／Print／Write each word twice．（124）Remember（Memorize）these words／sentences．（125）Learn these words／these sentences／this text by heart．（126）Do your homework．／Do the next lesson．／Do the new work．13．下课（Dismissing the class）（127）Hand in your workbooks，please．（128）Time is up．（129）The bell is ringing．（130）There’s the bell．（131）There goes the bell．（132）Let’s stop here．（133）That’s all for today．（134）Class is over．（135）Good bye．／Bye．／See you next time。