2002年1月研究生英语学位课统考真题

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2002年考研英语(一)答案及解析

2002年全国攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C OR D on ANSWER SHEET1.(10points)Comparisons were drawn between the development of television in the20th century and the diffusion of printing in the15th and16th centuries.Yet much had happened 1.As was discussed before,it was not2the19th century that the newspaper became the dominant pre-electronic_3_，following in the wake of the pamphlet and the book and in the4of the periodical.It was during the same time that the communications revolution5up,beginning with transport,the railway,and leading6through the telegraph,the telephone,radio,and motion pictures7 the20th century world of the motor car and the air plane.Not everyone sees that Process in8.It is important to do so.It is generally recognized,9,that the introduction of the computer in the early20th century,10by the invention of the integrated circuit during the 1960s,radically changed the process,11its impact on the media was not immediately12.As time went by,computers became smaller and more powerful, and they became“personal”too,as well as13,with display becoming sharper and storage14increasing.They were thought of,like people,15 generations,with the distance between generations much16.It was within the computer age that the term“information society”began to be widely used to describe the17within which we now live.The communications revolution has18both work and leisure and how we think and feel both about place and time,but there have been19view about its economic,political,social and cultural implications.“Benefits”have been weighed20“harmful”outcomes.And generalizations have proved difficult.1.［A］between［B］before［C］since［D］later2.［A］after［B］by［C］during［D］until3.［A］means［B］method［C］medium［D］measure4.［A］process［B］company［C］light［D］form5.［A］gathered［B］speeded［C］worked［D］picked6.［A］on［B］out［C］over［D］off7.［A］of［B］for［C］beyond［D］into8.［A］concept［B］dimension［C］effect［D］perspective9.［A］indeed［B］hence［C］however［D］therefore10.［A］brought［B］followed［C］stimulated［D］characterized11.［A］unless［B］since［C］lest［D］although12.［A］apparent［B］desirable［C］negative［D］plausible13.［A］institutional［B］universal［C］fundamental［D］instrumental14.［A］ability［B］capability［C］capacity［D］faculty15.［A］by means of［B］in terms of［C］with regard to［D］in line with16.［A］deeper［B］fewer［C］nearer［D］smaller17.［A］context［B］range［C］scope［D］territory18.［A］regarded［B］impressed［C］influenced［D］effected19.［A］competitive［B］controversial［C］distracting［D］irrational20.［A］above［B］upon［C］against［D］withSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing[A], [B],[C]or[D].Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.(40points)Text1If you intend using humor in your talk to make people smile,you must know how to identify shared experiences and problems.Your humor must be relevant to the audience and should help to show them that you are one of them or that you understand their situation and are in sympathy with their point of view.Depending on whom you are addressing,the problems will be different.If you are talking to a group of managers,you may refer to the disorganized methods of their secretaries; alternatively if you are addressing secretaries,you may want to comment on their disorganized bosses.Here is an example,which I heard at a nurses’convention,of a story which works well because the audience all shared the same view of doctors.A man arrives in heaven and is being shown around by St.Peter.He sees wonderful accommodations, beautiful gardens,sunny weather,and so on.Everyone is very peaceful,polite and friendly until,waiting in a line for lunch,the new arrival is suddenly pushed aside by a man in a white coat,who rushes to the head of the line,grabs his food and stomps over to a table by himself.“Who is that?”the new arrival asked St.Peter.“Oh,that’s God,”came the reply,“but sometimes he thinks he’s a doctor.”If you are part of the group which you are addressing,you will be in a position to know the experiences and problems which are common to all of you and it’ll be appropriate for you to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairman’s notorious bad taste in ties.With other audiences you mustn’t attempt to cut in with humor as they will resent an outsider making disparaging remarks about their canteen or their chairman.You will be on safer ground if you stick to scapegoats like the Post Office or the telephone system.If you feel awkward being humorous,you must practice so that it becomes more natural.Include a few casual and apparently off-the-cuff remarks which you can deliver in a relaxed and unforced manner.Often it’s the delivery which causes theaudience to smile,so speak slowly and remember that a raised eyebrow or an unbelieving look may help to show that you are making a light-hearted remark.Look for the humor.It often comes from the unexpected.A twist on a familiar quote“If at first you don’t succeed,give up”or a play on words or on a situation. Search for exaggeration and understatement.Look at your talk and pick out a few words or sentences which you can turn about and inject with humor.21.To make your humor work,you should.[A]take advantage of different kinds of audience[B]make fun of the disorganized people[C]address different problems to different people[D]show sympathy for your listeners22.The joke about doctors implies that,in the eyes of nurses,they are.[A]impolite to new arrivals[B]very conscious of their godlike role[C]entitled to some privileges[D]very busy even during lunch hours23.It can be inferred from the text that public services.[A]have benefited many people[B]are the focus of public attention[C]are an inappropriate subject for humor[D]have often been the laughing stock24.To achieve the desired result,humorous stories should be delivered.[A]in well-worded language[B]as awkwardly as possible[C]in exaggerated statements[D]as casually as possible25.The best title for the text may be.[A]Use Humor Effectively[B]Various Kinds of Humor[C]Add Humor to Speech[D]Different Humor StrategiesText2Since the dawn of human ingenuity,people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous,boring,burdensome,or just plain nasty.That compulsion has resulted in robotics—the science of conferring various human capabilities on machines.And if scientists have yet to create the mechanical version of science fiction,they have begun to come close.As a result,the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor.Our factories hum to the rhythm of robot assembly arms.Our banking is done at automated teller terminals that thank us with mechanical politeness for thetransaction.Our subway trains are controlled by tireless robot-drivers.And thanks to the continual miniaturization of electronics and micro-mechanics,there are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracy—far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone.But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility,they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselves—goals that pose a real challenge.“While we know how to tell a robot to handle a specific error,"says Dave Lavery,manager of a robotics program at NASA,“we can't yet give a robot enough‘common sense’to reliably interact with a dynamic world.”Indeed the quest for true artificial intelligence has produced very mixed results.Despite a spell of initial optimism in the1960s and1970s when it appeared that transistor circuits and microprocessors might be able to copy the action of the human brain by the year2010,researchers lately have begun to extend that forecast by decades if not centuries.What they found,in attempting to model thought,is that the human brain's roughly one hundred billion nerve cells are much more talented—and human perception far more complicated—than previously imagined.They have built robots that can recognize the error of a machine panel by a fraction of a millimeter in a controlled factory environment.But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the98percent that is irrelevant,instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd.The most advanced computer systems on Earth can't approach that kind of ability,and neuroscientists still don’t know quite how we do it.26.Human ingenuity was initially demonstrated in.[A]the use of machines to produce science fiction.[B]the wide use of machines in manufacturing industry.[C]the invention of tools for difficult and dangerous work.[D]the elite’s cunning tackling of dangerous and boring work.27.The word“gizmos”(line1,paragraph2)most probably means.[A]programs［B］experts［C］devices［D］creatures28.According to the text,what is beyond man's ability now is to design a robotthat can.[A]fulfill delicate tasks like performing brain surgery.[B]interact with human beings verbally.[C]have a little common sense.[D]respond independently to a changing world.29.Besides reducing human labor,robots can also.[A]make a few decisions for themselves.[B]deal with some errors with human intervention.[C]improve factory environments.[D]cultivate human creativity.30.The author uses the example of a monkey to argue that robots are.[A]expected to copy human brain in internal structure.[B]able to perceive abnormalities immediately.[C]far less able than human brain in focusing on relevant information.[D]best used in a controlled environment.Text3Could the bad old days of economic decline be about to return?Since OPEC agreed to supply-cuts in March,the price of crude oil has jumped to almost$26a barrel, up from less than$10last December.This near-tripling of oil prices calls up scary memories of the1973oil shock,when prices quadrupled,and1979-1980,when they also almost tripled.Both previous shocks resulted in double-digit inflation and global economic decline.So where are the headlines warning of gloom and doom this time?The oil price was given another push up this week when Iraq suspended oil exports. Strengthening economic growth,at the same time as winter grips the northern hemisphere,could push the price higher still in the short term.Yet there are good reasons to expect the economic consequences now to be less severe than in the1970s.In most countries the cost of crude oil now accounts for a smaller share of the price of petrol than it did in the1970s.In Europe,taxes account for up to four-fifths of the retail price,so even quite big changes in the price of crude have a more muted effect on pump prices than in the past.Rich economies are also less dependent on oil than they were,and so less sensitive to swings in the oil price.Energy conservation,a shift to other fuels and a decline in the importance of heavy,energy-intensive industries have reduced oil consumption.Software,consultancy and mobile telephones use far less oil than steel or car production.For each dollar of GDP(in constant prices)rich economies now use nearly50%less oil than in1973.The OECD estimates in its latest Economic Outlook that,if oil prices averaged$22a barrel for a full year,compared with $13in1998,this would increase the oil import bill in rich economies by only 0.25-0.5%of GDP.That is less than one-quarter of the income loss in1974or1980. On the other hand,oil-importing emerging economies—to which heavy industry has shifted—have become more energy-intensive,and so could be more seriously squeezed.One more reason not to lose sleep over the rise in oil prices is that,unlike the rises in the1970s,it has not occurred against the background of general commodity-price inflation and global excess demand.A sizable portion of the world is only just emerging from economic decline.The Economist’s commodity price index is broadly unchanging from a year ago.In1973commodity prices jumped by70%,and in1979by almost30%.31.The main reason for the latest rise of oil price is_______[A]global inflation.[B]reduction in supply.[C]fast growth in economy.[D]Iraq’s suspension of exports.32.It can be inferred from the text that the retail price of petrol will go updramatically if______.[A]price of crude rises.[B]commodity prices rise.[C]consumption rises.[D]oil taxes rise.33.The estimates in Economic Outlook show that in rich countries_______.［A］heavy industry becomes more energy-intensive.［B］income loss mainly results from fluctuating crude oil prices.［C］manufacturing industry has been seriously squeezed.［D］oil price changes have no significant impact on GDP.34.We can draw a conclusion from the text that_______.［A］oil-price shocks are less shocking now.［B］inflation seems irrelevant to oil-price shocks.［C］energy conservation can keep down the oil prices.［D］the price rise of crude leads to the shrinking of heavy industry.35.From the text we can see that the writer seems__________.［A］optimistic.［B］sensitive.［C］gloomy.［D］scared.Text4The Supreme Court’s decisions on physician-assisted suicide carry important implications for how medicine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering.Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide,the Court in effect supported the medical principle of“double effect”, a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects—a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen—is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect.Doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify using high doses of morphine to control terminally ill patients’pain,even though increasing dosages will eventually kill the patient.Nancy Dubler,director of Montefiore Medical Center,contends that the principle will shield doctors who“until now have very,very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient medication to control their pain if that might hasten death”.George Annas,chair of the health law department at Boston University,maintains that,as long as a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose,the doctor has done nothing illegal even if the patient uses the drug to hasten death.“It’s like surgery,”he says.“We don’t call those deaths homicides because the doctors didn’t intend to kill their patients,although they risked their death. If you’re a physician,you can risk your patient’s suicide as long as you don’t intend their suicide.”On another level,many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted-suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying.Just three weeks before the Court’s ruling on physician-assisted suicide,the National Academy of Science(NAS)released a two-volume report,Approaching Death: Improving Care at the End of Life.It identifies the undertreatment of pain and the aggressive use of“ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong andeven dishonor the period of dying”as the twin problems of end-of-life care.The profession is taking steps to require young doctors to train in hospices, to test knowledge of aggressive pain management therapies,to develop a Medicare billing code for hospital-based care,and to develop new standards for assessing and treating pain at the end of life.Annas says lawyers can play a key role in insisting that these well-meaning medical initiatives translate into better care.“Large numbers of physicians seem unconcerned with the pain their patients are needlessly and predictably suffering”, to the extent that it constitutes“systematic patient abuse”.He says medical licensing boards“must make it clear...that painful deaths are presumptively ones that are incompetently managed and should result in license suspension”.36.From the first three paragraphs,we learn that.[A]doctors used to increase drug dosages to control their patients’pain[B]it is still illegal for doctors to help the dying end their lives[C]the Supreme Court strongly opposes physician-assisted suicide[D]patients have no constitutional right to commit suicide37.Which of the following statements its true according to the text?[A]Doctors will be held guilty if they risk their patients’death.[B]Modern medicine has assisted terminally ill patients in painless recovery.[C]The Court ruled that high-dosage pain-relieving medication can beprescribed.[D]A doctor’s medication is no longer justified by his intentions.38.According to the NAS’s report,one of the problems in end-of-life care is.[A]prolonged medical procedures[B]inadequate treatment of pain[C]systematic drug abuse[D]insufficient hospital care39.Which of the following best defines the word“aggressive”(line4,paragraph7)?[A]Bold.[B]Harmful.[C]Careless.[D]Desperate40.George Annas would probably agree that doctors should be punished if they.[A]manage their patients incompetently[B]give patients more medicine than needed[C]reduce drug dosages for their patients[D]prolong the needless suffering of the patientsPart BDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2.(10 points)Almost all our major problems involve human behavior,and they cannot be solved by physical and biological technology alone.What is needed is a technology of behavior,but we have been slow to develop the science from which such a technologymight be drawn.（41）One difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science continues to trace behavior to states of mind,feelings,traits of character, human nature,and so on.Physics and biology once followed similar practices and advanced only when they discarded them.（42）The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find.The environment is obviously important,but its role has remained obscure.It does not push or pull,it selects,and this function is difficult to discover and analyze.（43）The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago,and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual is only beginning to be recognized and studied.As the interaction between organism and environment has come to be understood,however,effects once assigned to states of mind,feelings,and traits are beginning to be traced to accessible conditions,and a technology of behavior may therefore become available.It will not solve our problems,however,until it replaces traditional prescientific views,and these are strongly entrenched. Freedom and dignity illustrate the difficulty.（44）They are the possessions of the autonomous（self-governing）man of traditional theory,and they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements.A scientific analysis shifts both the responsibility and the achievement to the environment.It also raises questions concerning“values”.Who will use a technology and to what ends?（45）Until these issues are resolved,a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected,and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems.Section III Writing46.Directions:Study the following picture carefully and write an essay entitled“Cultures National and International”.In the essay you should1.describe the picture and interpret its meaning,and2.give your comment on the phenomenon.You should write about200words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.(20points)An American girl in traditional Chinese costume（服装）下一站考研主要经营:【1】公共课全程视频【2】上百门专业课视频【3】各种考研书籍【4】全国500所院校专业课真题与解析（下一站考研网QQ号：311671180214510311）第一部分英语知识应用试题解析一、文章总体分析本文主要介绍了计算机的发展对通信革命及人们的生存方式产生的影响。

2002年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题及答案

2002年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Listening ComprehensionDirections:This Section is designed to test your ability to understand spoken English. You will hear a selectionof recorded materials and you must answer the questions that accompany them. There are three parts in this section, Part A, Part B and Part C.Remember, while you are doing the test, you should first put down your answers in your test booklet. At the end of the listening comprehension section, you will have 5 minutes to transfer allyour answers from your test booklet to A NSWER SHEET 1.Now look at Part A in your test booklet.Part ADirections:For Questions 1-5, you will hear an introduction about the life of Margaret Welch. While you listen,heard. Some of the information has been given to youfill out the table with the information you’vein the table. Write only 1 word or number in each numbered box. You will hear the recording twice. You now have 25 seconds to read the table below. (5 points)Welch’s Personal InformationPlace of Birth PhiladelphiaYear of Birth 1901Transfer to Barnard University (Year) 1920Major at University 1Final Degree PhDYear of Marriage 1928Growing Up In New Guinea Published (Year) 2Field Study in the South Pacific (Age) 3Main Interest 4Professorship at Columbia Started (Year) 5Death (Age) 77Part BDirections:For questions 6-10, you will hear a talk by a well-known U.S. journalist. While you listen, completethe sentences or answer the questions. Use not more than 3 words for each answer. You will hear the recording twice. You now have 25 seconds to read the sentences and questions below. (5 points)Besides reporters, who else were camped out 6for days outside the speaker’s home?apartmentOne reporter got to the speaker’s 7pretending to pay.The speaker believed the reporter wanted a 8picture of her lookingWhere is a correction to a false story usually 9placed?According to the speaker, the press will lose10readers unless the editors and the newsdirectorsPart CDirections:You will hear three pieces of recorded material. Before listening to each one, you will have time to read the questions related to it. While listening, answer each question by choosing [A], [B], [C] or[D]. After listening, you will have time to check your answers. You will hear each piece once only.(10 points)Questions 11-13 are based on a report about children’s healthy development. You now have 15 seconds to read Questions 11-13.11. What unusual question may doctors ask when giving kids a checkup next time? [A] How muchexercise they get every day.[B] What they are most worried about.[C] How long their parents accompany them daily.[D] What entertainment they are interested in.12. The academy suggests that children under age two ________.[A] get enough entertainment[B] have more activities[C] receive early education[D] have regular checkups13. According to the report, children’s bedrooms should ________.[A] be no place for play[B] be near a common area[C] have no TV sets[D] have a computer for studyQuestions 14-16 are based on the following talk about how to save money. You now have 15 seconds to read Questions 14-16.14. According to the speaker, what should one pay special attention to if he wants to save up?[A] Family debts.[B] Bank savings.[C] Monthly bills.[D] Spending habits.15. How much can a person save by retirement if he gives up his pack-a-day habit?[A] $190,000.[B] $330,000.[C] $500,000.[D] $1,000,000.16. What should one do before paying monthly bills, if he wants to accumulate wealth?[A] Invest into a mutual fund.[B] Use the discount tickets.[C] Quit his eating-out habit.[D] Use only paper bills and save coins.Questions 17-20 are based on an interview with Herbert A. Glieberman, a domestic-relations lawyer. You now have 20 seconds to read Questions 17-20.17. Which word best describes the lawyer’s prediction of the change in divorce rate?[A] Fall[B] Rise[C] V-shape[D] Zigzag18. What do people nowadays desire to do concerning their marriage?[A] To embrace changes of thought.[B] To adapt to the disintegrated family life.[C] To return to the practice in the ‘60s and ‘70s.[D] To create stability in their lives.19. Why did some people choose not to divorce 20 years ago?[A] They feared the complicated procedures.[B] They wanted to go against the trend.[C] They were afraid of losing face.[D] they were willing to stay together.20. Years ago a divorced man in a company would have ________.[A] been shifted around the country.[B] had difficulty being promoted.[C] enjoyed a happier life.[D] tasted little bitterness of disgrace.You now have 5 minutes to transfer all your answers from your test booklet to ANSWER SHEET 1.THIS IS THE END OF SECTION IDO NOT READ OR WORK ON THE NEXT SECTIONUNTIL YOU ARE TOLD TO CONTINUE全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题(二)National Entrance Test of English for MA/MS Candidates (2002)考生注意事项1. 考生必须严格遵守各项考场规则，得到监考人员指令后方可开始答题。

2002年考研英语真题及解析

2002年全国攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C ORD on ANSWER SHEET1.(10points)Comparisons were drawn between the development of television in the20th century and the diffusion of printing in the15th and16th centuries.Yet much had happened 1.As was discussed before,it was not2the19th century that the newspaper became the dominant pre-electronic_3_，following in the wake of the pamphlet and the book and in the4of the periodical.It was during the same time that the communications revolution5up,beginning with transport,the railway,and leading6through the telegraph,the telephone,radio,and motion pictures7 the20th century world of the motor car and the air plane.Not everyone sees that Process in8.It is important to do so.It is generally recognized,9,that the introduction of the computer in the early20th century,10by the invention of the integrated circuit during the 1960s,radically changed the process,11its impact on the media was not immediately12.As time went by,computers became smaller and more powerful, and they became“personal”too,as well as13,with display becoming sharper and storage14increasing.They were thought of,like people,15 generations,with the distance between generations much16.It was within the computer age that the term“information society”began to be widely used to describe the17within which we now live.The communications revolution has18both work and leisure and how we think and feel both about place and time,but there have been19view about its economic,political,social and cultural implications.“Benefits”have been weighed20“harmful”outcomes.And generalizations have proved difficult.1.［A］between［B］before［C］since［D］later2.［A］after［B］by［C］during［D］until3.［A］means［B］method［C］medium［D］measure4.［A］process［B］company［C］light［D］form5.［A］gathered［B］speeded［C］worked［D］picked6.［A］on［B］out［C］over［D］off7.［A］of［B］for［C］beyond［D］into8.［A］concept［B］dimension［C］effect［D］perspective9.［A］indeed［B］hence［C］however［D］therefore10.［A］brought［B］followed［C］stimulated［D］characterized11.［A］unless［B］since［C］lest［D］although12.［A］apparent［B］desirable［C］negative［D］plausible13.［A］institutional［B］universal［C］fundamental［D］instrumental14.［A］ability［B］capability［C］capacity［D］faculty15.［A］by means of［B］in terms of［C］with regard to［D］in line with16.［A］deeper［B］fewer［C］nearer［D］smaller17.［A］context［B］range［C］scope［D］territory18.［A］regarded［B］impressed［C］influenced［D］effected19.［A］competitive［B］controversial［C］distracting［D］irrational20.［A］above［B］upon［C］against［D］withSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing[A], [B],[C]or[D].Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.(40points)Text1If you intend using humor in your talk to make people smile,you must know how to identify shared experiences and problems.Your humor must be relevant to the audience and should help to show them that you are one of them or that you understand their situation and are in sympathy with their point of view.Depending on whom you are addressing,the problems will be different.If you are talking to a group of managers,you may refer to the disorganized methods of their secretaries; alternatively if you are addressing secretaries,you may want to comment on their disorganized bosses.Here is an example,which I heard at a nurses’convention,of a story which works well because the audience all shared the same view of doctors.A man arrivesin heaven and is being shown around by St.Peter.He sees wonderful accommodations, beautiful gardens,sunny weather,and so on.Everyone is very peaceful,polite and friendly until,waiting in a line for lunch,the new arrival is suddenly pushed aside by a man in a white coat,who rushes to the head of the line,grabs his food and stomps over to a table by himself.“Whois that?”the new arrival asked St.Peter.“Oh,that’ｓGod,”came the reply,“but sometimes he thinks he’ｓa doctor.”If you are part of the group which you are addressing,you will be in a positionto know the experiences and problems which are commonto all of you and it’ll be appropriate for you to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairman’ｓnotorious bad taste in ties.With other audiences you mustn’ｔattempt to cut in with humor as they will resent an outsider making disparaging remarks about their canteen or their chairman.You will be on safer ground if you stick to scapegoats like the Post Office or the telephone system.If you feel awkward being humorous,you must practice so that it becomes more natural.Include a few casual and apparently off-the-cuff remarks which you can deliver in a relaxed and unforced manner.Often it’ｓthe delivery which causes theaudience to smile,so speak slowly and remember that a raised eyebrow or an unbelieving look may help to show that you are making a light-hearted remark.Look for the humor.It often comes from the unexpected.A twist on a familiar quote“If at first you don’ｔsucceed,give up”or a play on words or on a situation. Search for exaggeration and understatement.Look at your talk and pick out a few words or sentences which you can turn about and inject with humor.21.To make your humor work,you should.[A]take advantage of different kinds of audience[B]make fun of the disorganized people[C]address different problems to different people[D]show sympathy for your listeners22.The joke about doctors implies that,in the eyes of nurses,they are.[A]impolite to new arrivals[B]very conscious of their godlike role[C]entitled to some privileges[D]very busy even during lunch hours23.It can be inferred from the text that public services.[A]have benefited many people[B]are the focus of public attention[C]are an inappropriate subject for humor[D]have often been the laughing stock24.To achieve the desired result,humorous stories should be delivered.[A]in well-worded language[B]as awkwardly as possible[C]in exaggerated statements[D]as casually as possible25.The best title for the text may be.[A]Use Humor Effectively[B]Various Kinds of Humor[C]Add Humor to Speech[D]Different Humor StrategiesText2Since the dawn of human ingenuity,people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous,boring,burdensome,or just plain nasty.That compulsion has resulted in robotics—the science of conferring various human capabilities on machines.And if scientists have yet to create the mechanical version of science fiction,they have begun to come close.As a result,the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor.Our factories hum to the rhythm of robot assembly arms.Our banking is done at automated teller terminals that thank us with mechanical politeness for thetransaction.Our subway trains are controlled by tireless robot-drivers.And thanks to the continual miniaturization of electronics and micro-mechanics,there are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracy—far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone.But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility,they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselves—goals that pose a real challenge.“While we know how to tell a robot to handle a specific error,"says Dave Lavery,manager of a robotics program at NASA,“we can't yet give a robot enough‘common sense’to reliably interact with a dynamic world.”Indeed the quest for true artificial intelligence has produced very mixed results.Despite a spell of initial optimism in the1960s and1970s when it appeared that transistor circuits and microprocessors might be able to copy the action of the human brain by the year2010,researchers lately have begun to extend that forecast by decades if not centuries.What they found,in attempting to model thought,is that the human brain's roughly one hundred billion nerve cells are muchmore talented—and humanperception far more complicated—than previously imagined.They have built robots that can recognize the error of a machine panel by a fraction of a millimeter in a controlled factory environment.But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the98percent that is irrelevant,instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd.The most advanced computer systems on Earth can't approach that kind of ability,and neuroscientists still don’ｔknow quite how we do it.26.Humaningenuity was initially demonstrated in.[A]the use of machines to produce science fiction.[B]the wide use of machines in manufacturing industry.[C]the invention of tools for difficult and dangerous work.[D]the elite’ｓcunning tackling of dangerous and boring work.27.The word“gizmos”(line1,paragraph2)most probably means.[A]programs［B］experts［C］devices［D］creatures28.According to the text,what is beyond man's ability now is to design a robotthat can.[A]fulfill delicate tasks like performing brain surgery.[B]interact with human beings verbally.[C]have a little commonsense.[D]respond independently to a changing world.29.Besides reducing human labor,robots can also.[A]make a few decisions for themselves.[B]deal with some errors with human intervention.[C]improve factory environments.[D]cultivate human creativity.30.The author uses the example of a monkey to argue that robots are.[A]expected to copy human brain in internal structure.[B]able to perceive abnormalities immediately.[C]far less able than human brain in focusing on relevant information.[D]best used in a controlled environment.Text3Could the bad old days of economic decline be about to return?Since OPEC agreed to supply-cuts in March,the price of crude oil has jumped to almost$26a barrel, up from less than$10last December.This near-tripling of oil prices calls up scary memories of the1973oil shock,when prices quadrupled,and1979-1980,when they also almost tripled.Both previous shocks resulted in double-digit inflation and global economic decline.So where are the headlines warning of gloom and doom this time?The oil price was given another push up this week when Iraq suspended oil exports. Strengthening economic growth,at the same time as winter grips the northern hemisphere,could push the price higher still in the short term.Yet there are good reasons to expect the economic consequences now to be less severe than in the1970s.In most countries the cost of crude oil now accounts for a smaller share of the price of petrol than it did in the1970s.In Europe,taxes account for up to four-fifths of the retail price,so even quite big changes in the price of crude have a more muted effect on pump prices than in the past.Rich economies are also less dependent on oil than they were,and so less sensitive to swings in the oil price.Energy conservation,a shift to other fuels and a decline in the importance of heavy,energy-intensive industries have reduced oil consumption.Software,consultancy and mobile telephones use far less oil than steel or car production.For each dollar of GDP(in constant prices)rich economies now use nearly50%less oil than in1973.The OECD estimates in its latest Economic Outlook that,if oil prices averaged$22a barrel for a full year,compared with $13in1998,this would increase the oil import bill in rich economies by only 0.25-0.5%of GDP.That is less than one-quarter of the income loss in1974or1980. On the other hand,oil-importing emerging economies—to which heavy industry has shifted—have becomemore energy-intensive,and so could be more seriously squeezed.One more reason not to lose sleep over the rise in oil prices is that,unlike the rises in the1970s,it has not occurred against the background of general commodity-price inflation and global excess demand.A sizable portion of the world is only just emerging from economic decline.The Economist’ｓcommodity price index is broadly unchanging from a year ago.In1973commodity prices jumped by70%,and in1979by almost30%.31.The main reason for the latest rise of oil price is_______[A]global inflation.[B]reduction in supply.[C]fast growth in economy.[D]Iraq’ｓsuspension of exports.32.It can be inferred from the text that the retail price of petrol will go updramatically if______.[A]price of crude rises.[B]commodity prices rise.[C]consumption rises.[D]oil taxes rise.33.The estimates in Economic Outlook show that in rich countries_______.［A］heavy industry becomes more energy-intensive.［B］income loss mainly results from fluctuating crude oil prices.［C］manufacturing industry has been seriously squeezed.［D］oil price changes have no significant impact on GDP.34.We can draw a conclusion from the text that_______.［A］oil-price shocks are less shocking now.［B］inflation seems irrelevant to oil-price shocks.［C］energy conservation can keep down the oil prices.［D］the price rise of crude leads to the shrinking of heavy industry.35.From the text we can see that the writer seems__________.［A］optimistic.［B］sensitive.［C］gloomy.［D］scared.Text4The Supreme Court’ｓdecisions on physician-assisted suicide carry important implications for how medicine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering.Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide,the Court in effect supported the medical principle of“double effect”，a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects—ａgood one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen—is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect.Doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify using high doses of morphine to control terminally ill patients’pain,even though increasing dosages will eventually kill the patient.Nancy Dubler,director of Montefiore Medical Center,contends that the principle will shield doctors who“until now have very,very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient medication to control their pain if that might hasten death”．George Annas,chair of the health law department at Boston University,maintains that,as long as a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose,the doctor has done nothing illegal even if the patient uses the drug to hasten death.“It’ｓlike surgery,”he says.“We don’ｔcall those deaths homicides because the doctors didn’ｔintend to kill their patients,although they risked their death.If you’re a physician,you can risk your patient’ｓsuicide as long as you don’ｔintend their suicide.”On another level,many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted-suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying.Just three weeks before the Court’ｓruling on physician-assisted suicide,the National Academy of Science(NAS)released a two-volume report,Approaching Death: Improving Care at the End of Life.It identifies the undertreatment of pain and the aggressive use of“ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong andeven dishonor the period of dying”as the twin problems of end-of-life care.The profession is taking steps to require young doctors to train in hospices, to test knowledge of aggressive pain management therapies,to develop a Medicare billing code for hospital-based care,and to develop new standards for assessing and treating pain at the end of life.Annas says lawyers can play a key role in insisting that these well-meaning medical initiatives translate into better care.“Large numbers of physicians seem unconcerned with the pain their patients are needlessly and predictably suffering”，to the extent that it constitutes“systematic patient abuse”．He says medical licensing boards“must make it clear...that painful deaths are presumptively ones that are incompetently managed and should result in license suspension”．36.From the first three paragraphs,we learn that.[A]doctors used to increase drug dosages to control their patients’pain[B]it is still illegal for doctors to help the dying end their lives[C]the Supreme Court strongly opposes physician-assisted suicide[D]patients have no constitutional right to commit suicide37.Which of the following statements its true according to the text?[A]Doctors will be held guilty if they risk their patients’death.[B]Modern medicine has assisted terminally ill patients in painless recovery.[C]The Court ruled that high-dosage pain-relieving medication can beprescribed.[D]A doctor’ｓmedication is no longer justified by his intentions.38.According to the NAS’ｓreport,one of the problems in end-of-life care is.[A]prolonged medical procedures[B]inadequate treatment of pain[C]systematic drug abuse[D]insufficient hospital care39.Which of the following best defines the word“aggressive”(line4,paragraph7)?[A]Bold.[B]Harmful.[C]Careless.[D]Desperate40.George Annas would probably agree that doctors should be punished if they.[A]manage their patients incompetently[B]give patients more medicine than needed[C]reduce drug dosages for their patients[D]prolong the needless suffering of the patientsPart BDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET2.(10 points)Almost all our major problems involve human behavior,and they cannot be solved by physical and biological technology alone.What is needed is a technology of behavior,but we have been slow to develop the science from which such a technologymight be drawn.（41）One difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science continues to trace behavior to states of mind,feelings,traits of character, human nature,and so on.Physics and biology once followed similar practices and advanced only when they discarded them.（42）The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find.The environment is obviously important,but its role has remained obscure.It does not push or pull,it selects,and this function is difficult to discover and analyze.（43）The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago,and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual is only beginning to be recognized and studied.As the interaction between organism and environment has come to be understood,however,effects once assigned to states of mind,feelings,and traits are beginning to be traced to accessible conditions,and a technology of behavior may therefore become available.It will not solve our problems,however,until it replaces traditional prescientific views,and these are strongly entrenched. Freedom and dignity illustrate the difficulty.（44）They are the possessions of the autonomous（self-governing）man of traditional theory,and they are essentialto practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements.A scientific analysis shifts both the responsibility and the achievement to the environment.It also raises questions concerning“values”．Who will use a technology and to what ends?（45）Until these issues are resolved,a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected,and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems.Section III Writing46.Directions:Study the following picture carefully and write an essay entitled“Cultures National and International”．In the essay you should1.describe the picture and interpret its meaning,and2.give your comment on the phenomenon.You should write about200words neatly on ANSWER SHEET2.(20points)An American girl in traditional Chinese costume（服装）第一部分英语知识应用试题解析一、文章总体分析本文主要介绍了计算机的发展对通信革命及人们的生存方式产生的影响。

2002年全国攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试英语试题

2002年全国攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C OR D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Comparisons were drawn between the development of television in the 20th century and the diffusion of printing in the 15th and 16th centuries. Yet much had happened 1 . As was discussed before, it was not 2 the 19th century that the newspaper became the dominant pre-electronic_ 3 _ ，following in the wake of the pamphlet and the book and in the 4 of the periodical. It was during the same time that the communications revolution 5 up, beginning with transport, the railway, and leading 6 through the telegraph, the telephone, radio, and motion pictures 7 the 20th century world of the motor car and the air plane. Not everyone sees that Process in 8 . It is important to do so.It is generally recognized, 9 , that the introduction of the computer in the early 20th century, 10 by the invention of the integrated circuit during the 1960s, radically changed the process, 11 its impact on the media was not immediately 12 . As time went by, computers became smaller and more powerful, and they became “personal” too, as well as 13 , with display becoming sharper and storage 14 increasing. They were thought of, like people, 15 generations, with the distance between generations much 16 .It was within the computer age that the term “information society” began to be widely used to describe the 17 within which we now live. The communications revolution has 18 both work and leisure and how we think and feel both about place and time, but there have been 19 view about its economic, political, social and cultural implication s. “Benefits” have been weighed 20 “harmful” outcomes. And generalizations have proved difficult.1. ［A］between ［B］before ［C］since ［D］later2. ［A］after ［B］by ［C］during ［D］until3. ［A］means ［B］method ［C］medium ［D］measure4. ［A］process ［B］company ［C］light ［D］form5. ［A］gathered ［B］speeded ［C］worked ［D］picked6. ［A］on ［B］out ［C］over ［D］off7. ［A］of ［B］for ［C］beyond ［D］into8. ［A］concept ［B］dimension ［C］effect ［D］perspective9. ［A］indeed ［B］hence ［C］however ［D］therefore10. ［A］brought ［B］followed ［C］stimulated ［D］characterized11. ［A］unless ［B］since ［C］lest ［D］although12. ［A］apparent ［B］desirable ［C］negative ［D］plausible13. ［A］institutional ［B］universal ［C］fundamental ［D］instrumental14. ［A］ability ［B］capability ［C］capacity ［D］faculty15. ［A］by means of ［B］in terms of ［C］with regard to［D］in line with16. ［A］deeper ［B］fewer ［C］nearer ［D］smaller17. ［A］context ［B］range ［C］scope ［D］territory18. ［A］regarded ［B］impressed ［C］influenced ［D］effected19. ［A］competitive ［B］controversial ［C］distracting ［D］irrational20. ［A］above ［B］upon ［C］against ［D］withSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1If you intend using humor in your talk to make people smile, you must know how to identify shared experiences and problems. Your humor must be relevant to the audience and should help to show them that you are one of them or that you understand their situation and are in sympathy with their point of view. Depending on whom you are addressing, the problems will be different. If you are talking to a group of managers, you may refer to the disorganized methods of their secretaries; alternatively if you are addressing secretaries, you may want to comment on their disorganized bosses.Here is an example, which I heard at a nurses’ convention, of a story which works well because the audience all shared the same view of doctors. A man arrives in heaven and is being shown around by St. Peter. He sees wonderful accommodations, beautiful gardens, sunny weather, and so on. Everyone is very peaceful, polite and friendly until, waiting in a line for lunch, the new arrival is suddenly pushed aside by a man in a white coat, who rushes to the head of the line, grabs his food and stomps over to a table by himself. “Who is that?”the new arrival asked St. Peter. “Oh, that’s God,” came the reply, “but sometimes he thinks he’s a doctor.”If you are part of the group which you are addressing, you will be in a position to know the experiences and problems which are common to all of you and it’ll be appropriate for you to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairman’s notorious bad taste in ties. With other audiences you mustn’t attempt to cut in with humor as they will resent an outsider making disparaging remarks about their canteen or their chairman. You will be on safer ground if you stick to scapegoats like the Post Office or the telephone system.If you feel awkward being humorous, you must practice so that it becomes more natural. Include a few casual and apparently off-the-cuff remarks which you can deliver in a relaxed and unforced manner. Often it’s the delivery which causes theaudience to smile, so speak slowly and remember that a raised eyebrow or an unbelieving look may help to show that you are making a light-hearted remark.Look for the humor. It often comes from the unexpected. A twist on a familiar quote “If at first you don’t succeed, give up”or a play on words or on a situation. Search for exaggeration and understatement. Look at your talk and pick out a few words or sentences which you can turn about and inject with humor.21. To make your humor work, you should .[A] take advantage of different kinds of audience[B] make fun of the disorganized people[C] address different problems to different people[D] show sympathy for your listeners22. The joke about doctors implies that, in the eyes of nurses, they are .[A] impolite to new arrivals[B] very conscious of their godlike role[C] entitled to some privileges[D] very busy even during lunch hours23. It can be inferred from the text that public services .[A] have benefited many people[B] are the focus of public attention[C] are an inappropriate subject for humor[D] have often been the laughing stock24. To achieve the desired result, humorous stories should be delivered .[A] in well-worded language[B] as awkwardly as possible[C] in exaggerated statements[D] as casually as possible25. The best title for the text may be .[A] Use Humor Effectively[B] Various Kinds of Humor[C] Add Humor to Speech[D] Different Humor StrategiesText 2Since the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty. That compulsion has resulted in robotics—the science of conferring various human capabilities on machines. And if scientists have yet to create the mechanical version of science fiction, they have begun to come close.As a result, the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor. Our factories hum to the rhythm of robot assembly arms. Our banking is done at automated teller terminals that thank us with mechanical politeness for thetransaction. Our subway trains are controlled by tireless robot-drivers. And thanks to the continual miniaturization of electronics and micro-mechanics, there are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracy—far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone.But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselves—goals that pose a real challenge. “While we know how to tell a robot to handle a specific error," says Dave Lavery, manager of a robotics program at NASA, “we can't yet give a robot enough ‘common sense’ to reliably interact with a dynamic world.”Indeed the quest for true artificial intelligence has produced very mixed results. Despite a spell of initial optimism in the 1960s and 1970s when it appeared that transistor circuits and microprocessors might be able to copy the action of the human brain by the year 2010, researchers lately have begun to extend that forecast by decades if not centuries.What they found, in attempting to model thought, is that the human brain's roughly one hundred billion nerve cells are much more talented—and human perception far more complicated—than previously imagined. They have built robots that can recognize the error of a machine panel by a fraction of a millimeter in a controlled factory environment. But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd. The most advanced computer systems on Earth can't approach that kind of ability, and neuroscientists still don’t know quite how we do it.26. Human ingenuity was initially demonstrated in .[A] the use of machines to produce science fiction.[B] the wide use of machines in manufacturing industry.[C] the invention of tools for difficult and dangerous work.[D] the elite’s cunning tackling of dangerous and boring work.27. The word “gizmos” (line 1, paragraph 2) most probably means .[A] programs［B］ experts［C］ devices ［D］ creatures28. According to the text, what is beyond man's ability now is to design a robotthat can .[A] fulfill delicate tasks like performing brain surgery.[B] interact with human beings verbally.[C] have a little common sense.[D] respond independently to a changing world.29. Besides reducing human labor, robots can also .[A] make a few decisions for themselves.[B] deal with some errors with human intervention.[C] improve factory environments.[D] cultivate human creativity.30. The author uses the example of a monkey to argue that robots are .[A] expected to copy human brain in internal structure.[B] able to perceive abnormalities immediately.[C] far less able than human brain in focusing on relevant information.[D] best used in a controlled environment.Text 3Could the bad old days of economic decline be about to return? Since OPEC agreed to supply-cuts in March, the price of crude oil has jumped to almost $26 a barrel, up from less than $10 last December. This near-tripling of oil prices calls up scary memories of the 1973 oil shock, when prices quadrupled, and 1979-1980, when they also almost tripled. Both previous shocks resulted in double-digit inflation and global economic decline. So where are the headlines warning of gloom and doom this time?The oil price was given another push up this week when Iraq suspended oil exports. Strengthening economic growth, at the same time as winter grips the northern hemisphere, could push the price higher still in the short term.Yet there are good reasons to expect the economic consequences now to be less severe than in the 1970s. In most countries the cost of crude oil now accounts for a smaller share of the price of petrol than it did in the 1970s. In Europe, taxes account for up to four-fifths of the retail price, so even quite big changes in the price of crude have a more muted effect on pump prices than in the past.Rich economies are also less dependent on oil than they were, and so less sensitive to swings in the oil price. Energy conservation, a shift to other fuels and a decline in the importance of heavy, energy-intensive industries have reduced oil consumption. Software, consultancy and mobile telephones use far less oil than steel or car production. For each dollar of GDP (in constant prices) rich economies now use nearly 50% less oil than in 1973. The OECD estimates in its latest Economic Outlook that, if oil prices averaged $22 a barrel for a full year, compared with $13 in 1998, this would increase the oil import bill in rich economies by only 0.25-0.5% of GDP. That is less than one-quarter of the income loss in 1974 or 1980. On the other hand, oil-importing emerging economies—to which heavy industry has shifted—have become more energy-intensive, and so could be more seriously squeezed.One more reason not to lose sleep over the rise in oil prices is that, unlike the rises in the 1970s, it has not occurred against the background of general commodity-price inflation and global excess demand. A sizable portion of the world is only just emerging from economic decline. The Economist’s commodity price index is broadly unchanging from a year ago. In 1973 commodity prices jumped by 70%, and in 1979 by almost 30%.31. The main reason for the latest rise of oil price is_______[A] global inflation. [B] reduction in supply.[C]fast growth in economy. [D] Iraq’s suspension of exports.32. It can be inferred from the text that the retail price of petrol will go updramatically if______.[A] price of crude rises. [B] commodity prices rise.[C] consumption rises. [D] oil taxes rise.33. The estimates in Economic Outlook show that in rich countries_______.［A］heavy industry becomes more energy-intensive.［B］income loss mainly results from fluctuating crude oil prices.［C］manufacturing industry has been seriously squeezed.［D］oil price changes have no significant impact on GDP.34. We can draw a conclusion from the text that_______.［A］oil-price shocks are less shocking now.［B］inflation seems irrelevant to oil-price shocks.［C］energy conservation can keep down the oil prices.［D］the price rise of crude leads to the shrinking of heavy industry.35. From the text we can see that the writer seems__________.［A］optimistic. ［B］sensitive. ［C］gloomy. ［D］scared.Text 4The Supreme Court’s decisions on physician-assisted suicide carry important implications for how medicine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering.Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, the Court in effect supported the medical principle of “double effect”, a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects—a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen—is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect.Doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify using high doses of morphine to control terminally ill patients’pain, even though increasing dosages will eventually kill the patient.Nancy Dubler, director of Montefiore Medical Center, contends that the principle will shield doctors who “until now have very, very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient medication to control their pain if that might hasten death”.George Annas, chair of the health law department at Boston University, maintains that, as long as a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose, the doctor has done nothing illegal even if the patient uses the drug to hasten death. “It’s like surgery,” he says. “We don’t call those deaths homicides because the doctors didn’t intend to kill their patients, although they risked their death. If you’re a physician, you can risk your patient’s suicide as long as you don’t intend their suicide.”On another level, many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted-suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying.Just three weeks before the Court’s ruling on physician-assisted suicide, theNational Academy of Science (NAS) released a two-volume report, Approaching Death: Improving Care at the End of Life. It identifies the undertreatment of pain and the aggressive use of “ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying” as the twin problems of end-of-life care.The profession is taking steps to require young doctors to train in hospices, to test knowledge of aggressive pain management therapies, to develop a Medicare billing code for hospital-based care, and to develop new standards for assessing and treating pain at the end of life.Annas says lawyers can play a key role in insisting that these well-meaning medical initiatives translate into better care. “Large numbers of physicians seem unconcerned with the pain their patients are needlessly and predictably suffering”, to the extent that it constitutes “systematic patient abuse”. He says medical licensing boards “must make it clear...that painful deaths are presumptiv ely ones that are incompetently managed and should result in license suspension”.36. From the first three paragraphs, we learn that .[A] doctors used to increase drug dosages to control their patients’pain[B] it is still illegal for doctors to help the dying end their lives[C] the Supreme Court strongly opposes physician-assisted suicide[D] patients have no constitutional right to commit suicide37. Which of the following statements its true according to the text?[A] Doctors will be held guilty if they risk their patients’death.[B] Modern medicine has assisted terminally ill patients in painless recovery.[C] The Court ruled that high-dosage pain-relieving medication can beprescribed.[D] A doctor’s medication is no longer justified by his intentions.38. According to the NAS’s report, one of the problems in end-of-life care is .[A] prolonged medical procedures [B] inadequate treatment of pain[C] systematic drug abuse [D] insufficient hospital care39. Which of the following best defines the word “aggressive”(line 4, paragraph7)?[A] Bold. [B] Harmful. [C] Careless. [D] Desperate40. George Annas would probably agree that doctors should be punished if they .[A] manage their patients incompetently[B] give patients more medicine than needed[C] reduce drug dosages for their patients[D] prolong the needless suffering of the patientsPart BDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)Almost all our major problems involve human behavior, and they cannot be solved by physical and biological technology alone. What is needed is a technology of behavior, but we have been slow to develop the science from which such a technology might be drawn.（41）One difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science continues to trace behavior to states of mind, feelings, traits of character, human nature, and so on. Physics and biology once followed similar practices and advanced only when they discarded them. （42）The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find. The environment is obviously important, but its role has remained obscure. It does not push or pull, it selects, and this function is difficult to discover and analyze.（43）The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago, and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual is only beginning to be recognized and studied. As the interaction between organism and environment has come to be understood, however, effects once assigned to states of mind, feelings, and traits are beginning to be traced to accessible conditions, and a technology of behavior may therefore become available. It will not solve our problems, however, until it replaces traditional prescientific views, and these are strongly entrenched. Freedom and dignity illustrate the difficulty. （44）They are the possessions of the autonomous（self-governing）man of traditional theory, and they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements. A scientific analysis shifts both the responsibility and the achievement to the environment. It also raises questions concerning “values”. Who will use a technology and to what ends? （45）Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems.Section III Writing46. Directions:Study the following picture carefully and write an es say entitled “Cultures National and International”.In the essay you should1. describe the picture and interpret its meaning, and2. give your comment on the phenomenon.You should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)An American girl in traditional Chinese costume（服装）第一部分英语知识应用试题解析一、文章总体分析本文主要介绍了计算机的发展对通信革命及人们的生存方式产生的影响。

2002年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题

2002年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题 (一)National Entrance Test of English for MA/MS Candidates (2002)考生注意事项1. 考生必须严格遵守各项考场规则, 得到监考人员指令后方可开始答题。

2. 答题前, 考生应将答题卡上的”考生姓名”、”报考单位”、”考试语种”、”考生编号”等信息填写清楚, 并与准考证上的一致。

3. 全国硕士研究生入学考试英语分为试题 (一) 、试题 (二) 。

4. 本试题为试题 (一), 共4页 (1～4页) 。

考生必须在规定的时间内作答。

5. 试题 (一) 为听力部分。

该部分共有A、B、C三节, 所有答案都应填写或填涂在答题卡1上。

A、B两节必须用蓝 (黑) 圆珠笔答题, 注意字迹清楚。

C节必须用2B铅笔按照答题卡上的要求填涂, 如要改动, 必须用橡皮擦干净。

6. 听力考试进行时, 考生应先将答案写或标记在试题上, 然后在听力部分结束前专门留出的5分钟内, 将答案整洁地誊写或转涂到答题卡1上。

仅写或标记在试题上不给分。

Section I Listening ComprehensionDirections:This Section is designed to test your ability to understand spoken English. You will hear a selection of recorded materials and you must answer the questions that accompany them. There are three parts in this section, Part A, Part B and Part C.Remember, while you are doing the test, you should first put down your answers in your test booklet. At the end of the listening comprehension section, you will have 5 minutes to transfer all your answers from your test booklet to ANSWER SHEET 1.Now look at Part A in your test booklet.Part ADirections:For Questions 1-5, you will hear an introduction about the life of Margaret Welch. While you listen, fill out the table with the informationyou’ve heard. Some of the information has been given to you in the table. Write only 1 word or number in each numbered box. You will hear the recording twice. You now have 25 seconds to read the table below. (5 points)Part BDirections:For questions 6-10, you will hear a talk by a well-known U.S. journalist. While you listen, complete the sentences or answer the questions. Use not more than 3 words for each answer. You will hear the recording twice. You now have 25 seconds to read the sentences and questions below. (5 points)Besides reporters, who else were camped out for days outside the speaker’shome?One re porter got to the speaker’s apartment pretending to pay.The speaker believed the reporter wanted a picture of her lookingWhere is a correction to a false story usually placed?According to the speaker, the press Arraywill lose readers unless the editorsand the news directorsPart CDirections:You will hear three pieces of recorded material. Before listening to each one, you will have time to read the questions related to it. While listening, answer each question by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. After listening, you will have time to check your answers. You will hear each piece once only. (10 points)Questions 11-13 are based on a report about children’s healthy development. You now have 15 seconds to read Questions 11-13.11. What unusual question may doctors ask when giving kids a checkup nexttime? [A] How much exercise they get every day.[B] What they are most worried about.[C] How long their parents accompany them daily.[D] What entertainment they are interested in.12. The academy suggests that children under age two ________.[A] get enough entertainment[B] have more activities[C] receive early education[D] have regular checkups13. According to the report, children’s bedrooms should ________.[A] be no place for play[B] be near a common area[C] have no TV sets[D] have a computer for studyQuestions 14-16 are based on the following talk about how to save money. You now have 15 seconds to read Questions 14-16.14. According to the speaker, what should one pay special attention toif he wants to save up?[A] Family debts.[B] Bank savings.[C] Monthly bills.[D] Spending habits.15. How much can a person save by retirement if he gives up his pack-a-dayhabit?[A] $190,000.[B] $330,000.[C] $500,000.[D] $1,000,000.16. What should one do before paying monthly bills, if he wants toaccumulate wealth?[A] Invest into a mutual fund.[B] Use the discount tickets.[C] Quit his eating-out habit.[D] Use only paper bills and save coins.Questions 17-20 are based on an interview with Herbert A. Glieberman, a domestic-relations lawyer. You now have 20 seconds to read Questions 17-20.17. Which word best describes the lawyer’s prediction of the change indivorce rate?[A] Fall[B] Rise[C] V-shape[D] Zigzag18. What do people nowadays desire to do concerning their marriage?[A] To embrace changes of thought.[B] To adapt to the disintegrated family life.[C] To return to the practice in the ‘60s and ‘70s.[D] To create stability in their lives.19. Why did some people choose not to divorce 20 years ago?[A] They feared the complicated procedures.[B] They wanted to go against the trend.[C] They were afraid of losing face.[D] they were willing to stay together.20. Years ago a divorced man in a company would have ________.[A] been shifted around the country.[B] had difficulty being promoted.[C] enjoyed a happier life.[D] tasted little bitterness of disgrace.You now have 5 minutes to transfer all your answers from your test booklet to ANSWER SHEET 1.THIS IS THE END OF SECTION IDO NOT READ OR WORK ON THE NEXT SECTIONUNTIL YOU ARE TOLD TO CONTINUE全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题 (二)National Entrance Test of English for MA/MS Candidates (2002)考生注意事项1. 考生必须严格遵守各项考场规则，得到监考人员指令后方可开始答题。

全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语真题2002年

全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语真题2002年(总分：80.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、{{B}}Section Ⅰ Listening Comprehension{{/B}}(总题数：20，分数：10.00)A.between √B.beforeC.sinceter解析：[试题分析] 本题是一道词义辨析题。

[详细解答] between在此处为副词，含义为“(表示时间)之间”；before含义为“在……之前”；since的含义为“从……开始”；later的含义为“后来”。

A.afterB.byC.duringD.until √解析：[试题分析] 本题是一道词义搭配题。

[详细解答] after的含义为“在……之后”；by的含义为“到……之前”；during的含义为“在……期间”；“until”与not搭配，含义为“直到……才”，根据上下文，此处选D最合适。

A.meansB.methodC.medium √D.measure解析：[试题分析] 本题是一道词义辨析题。

[详细解答] A，B，D三项的含义都为“方式，方法，手段”；C的含义为“媒介”。

因为此处指的是报纸，所以选择C项最合适。

A.processpany √C.lightD.form解析：[试题分析] 本题是一道词义搭配题。

[详细解答] in the process of的含义为“在……过程之中”；in the company的含义为“与……一起”；in the light of的含义为“按照，根据……”;in the form of 的含为“以……的形式”。

根据上下文，此处选B最合适。

A.gatheredB.speeded √C.workedD.picked解析：[试题分析] 本题是一动词词义搭配题。

[详细解答] gather up含义为“收集，收拢(分散的东西)”；speed up的含义为“加速……”；work up的含义为“逐渐发展；改进”；pick up含义为“拣起”。

(完整word版)2002年考研英语真题及答案,推荐文档

2002年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题及答案Section I Listening ComprehensionDirections:This section is designed to test your ability to understand spoken English. You will hear a selection of recorded materials and you must answer the questions that accompany them. There are three parts in this Section, Part A, Part B and Part C. Remember, while you are doing the test, you should first put down your answers in your test booklet. At the end of the listening comprehension section, you will have 5 minutes to transfer all your answers from your test booklet to ANSWER SHEET 1. Now look at Part A in your test booklet.Part ADirections:For Questions 1 - 5, you will hear an introduction about the life of Margaret Welch. While you listen, fill out the table with the information you've heard. Some of the information has been given to you in the table. Write only 1 word or number in each numbered box. You will hear the recording twice. You now have 25 seconds to read the table below. (5 points)Welch's Personal InformationPlace of Birth PhiladelphiaYear of Birth 1901Transfer to Barnard University (Year) 1920Major at University1Final Degree PhDYear of Marriage 1928Growing Up In New Guinea Published (Year)2Field Study in the South Pacific (Age)3Main Interest4Professorship at Columbia Started (Year)5Death (Age) 77Part B Directions:For questions 6 - 10, you will hear a talk by a well-known U.S. journalist. While you listen, complete the sentences or answer the questions. Use not more than 3 words for each answer. You will hear the recording twice. You now have 25 seconds to read the sentences and questions below. (5 points)Besides reporters, who else were camped out for days outside6the speaker's home?One reporter got to the speaker's apartment pretending to pay7The speaker believed the reporter wanted a picture of her looking8Where is a correction to a false story usually placed?9According to the speaker, the press will lose readers unless the 10editors and the news directorsPart C Directions:You will hear three pieces of recorded material. Before listening to each one, you will have time to read the questions related to it. While listening, answer each question by choosing A, B, C or D. After listening, you will have time to check your answers. You will hear each piece once only. (10 points)Questions 11 - 13 are based on a report about children's healthy development. You now have 15 seconds to read Questions 11 - 13.11. What unusual question may doctors ask when giving kids a checkup next time?[A] How much exercise they get every day.[B] What they are most worried about.[C] How long their parents accompany them daily.[D] What entertainment they are interested in.12. The academy suggests that children under age two[A] get enough entertainment.[B] have more activities.[C] receive early education.[D] have regular checkups.13. According to the report, children's bedrooms should[A] be no place for play.[B] be near a common area.[C] have no TV sets.[D] have a computer for study.Questions 14 - 16 are based on the following talk about how to save money. You now have 15 seconds to read Questions 14 - 16.14. According to the speaker, what should one pay special attention to if he wants to save up?[A] Family debts.[B] Bank savings.[C] Monthly bills.[D] Spending habits.15. How much can a person save by retirement if he gives up his pack-a-day habit?[A] $190,000.[B] $330,000.[C] $500,000.[D] $ 1,000,000.16. What should one do before paying monthly bills, if he wants to accumulate wealth?[A] Invest into a mutual fund.[B] Use the discount tickets.[C] Quit his eating-out habit.[D] Use only paper bills and save coins.Questions 17 - 20 are based on an interview with Herbert A. Glieberman,domestic-relations lawyer. You now have 20 seconds to read Questions 17 - 20.17. Which word best describes the lawyer's prediction of the change in divorce rate?[A]Fall.[B] Rise.[C] V-shape.[D] Zigzag.18. What do people nowadays desire to do concerning their marriage?[A] To embrace changes of thought.[B] To adapt to the disintegrated family life.[C] To return to the practice in the '60s and '70s.[D] To create stability in their lives.19. Why did some people choose not to divorce 20 years ago?[A] They feared the complicated procedures.[B] They wanted to go against the trend.[C] They were afraid of losing face.[D] They were willing to stay together.20. Years ago a divorced man in a company would have[A] been shifted around the country.[B] had difficulty being promoted.[C] enjoyed a happier life.[D] tasted little bitterness of disgrace.You now have 5 minutes to transfer all your answers from your test booklet to ANSWER SHEET 1.全国硕士研究生入学考试英语（二）National Entrance Test Of English for MA／MS Candidates(2002)考生注意事项1.考生必须严格遵守各项考场规则，得到监考人员指令后方可开始答题。

2002年1月研究生入学英语考试试题答案解析

30.选［B］。本题要求区分词义并考查一定的常识。所给四个选项的意思分别是［A］brought带来，［B］followed跟随其后的是……。常识知识告诉我们最早的电脑是在20世纪初期出现的，而20世纪60年代(即1960)出现了集成电路(integrated circuit)，所以两者出现的时间顺序很明显，电脑在先，集成电路在后，因此，正确选项是［B］followed。
50.选［C］。文章最后一段的倒数第二句用了猴子的例子。使用该例是要说明"the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant(人脑能够扫视一个快速变化的场景，还能迅速忽略那些占总量98%的不相关的内容)换句话就是说机器人还没有这样的能力，因此把上述意思换成否定就是［C］项，就专注于相关信息而言，机器人比人脑差远了。
51.选［B］。题目问的是：最近油价上涨的主要原因是什么?文章第二句给出了答案，即supply cuts.［D］项是一个强干扰项。文章第二段第一句表明本周伊拉克暂缓石油出口又使油价上涨，但需要考虑的是题目间的油价上涨向往主要原因，所以［D］项是不确切的。［A］、［C］两项的内容在文中没有提及。
21．选[A]。解答此题需要分析句子间的逻辑关系。第二句中的第一个词"Yet"表明了本句是对第一句内容的转折。第一句讲到20世纪电视的发展和15世纪、16世纪与20世纪之间的年代发生的事。同时，第三句中出现的19世纪也确定了本题的选择为[A]between，指这两个时间段中间的年代。
22．选[D]。本题考查it is … that…强调句型。下文not until结构，被强调的部分是not until引导的时间状语。

1月-1月研究生英语学位课统考真题

2002年1月研究生英语学位课统考真题PAPER ONEPart I LISTENING COMPREHENSION (15 minutes, 15 points)Section A ( 1 point each )Directions:In this part, you will hear nine short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation a question will be asked about what was said. The questions will be spoken only once. Choose the best answer from the four choices given by marking the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square bracket on your Answer Sheet.1. A. In about 10 minutes.B. In about 20minutes.C. In about 30 minutes.D. In about 40 minutes.2. A. They don't like their next-door neighbor.B. They feel lonely here.C. They find the life here tough.D. They don t feel safe in this neighborhood.3. A. The manager was impatient with John.B. John was afraid of talking with the manager.C. John was not interested in the business.D. The room where they had the talk was a mess.4. A. It was interesting.B. It was boring.C. It was moving.D. It was an empty talk.5. A. She often goes outing with her neighbors.B. She thinks that her neighbors are trustworthy.C. She thinks that her neighbors are very friendly.D. She has much in common with her neighbors.6. A. Jane has changed a lot.B. Jane is artistic.C. Jane is conscientious.D. Jane's idea is not good enough.7. A. She didn't like them from the very beginning.B. She doesn't like their color.C. Their color is too close to that of the walls.D. Their color doesn't match that of the walls.8. A. They are amusing and instructive.B. They are popular and interesting.C. They are ridiculous and boring.D. They are uninteresting and outdated.9. A. Because John is as clumsy as a pig.B. Because John has never played a game like this.C. Because John is not as competitive as other players.D. Because John has no confidence in himself.Section B (1 point each)Directions: In this part you will hear two short passages. At the end of each passage, there will be some questions. Both the passages and the questions will be read to you only once. After each question, there will be a pause. During the pause, you must choose the best answer from the four choices given by marking the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your Answer Sheet.10. A. Being compulsory in most countries.B. Covering differently according to different situations.C. Helping the needy to survive.D. Sharing risks of possible losses.11. A. To prove that it is wise to spend money on insurance.B. To prove that buying insurance is a wasted investment.C. To tell us that the sense of security is very important in driving.D. To tell us that accidents may take place at any time.12. A. Business, poverty and health insurance.B. Car, liability and life insurance.C. Possessions, disability and health insurance.D. Liability, home and life insurance.13. A. They live on their parents' income.B. They live on food given by others.C. They live on begged food.D. They live on potatoes only.14. A. Their teachers died of AIDS.B. Their parents died of AIDS.C. They had no money to pay for the tuition.D. They were infected with HIV.15. A. About 4.2%.B. About 10%.C. About 20%.D. Less than 30%.Part II VOCABULARY (10 minutes, 10 points )Section A (0. 5 point each )Directions: There are ten questions in this section. Each question is a sentence with one word or phrase underlined. Below the sentence are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose the word or phrase that is closest in meaning to the underlined one. Mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your Answer Sheet.16. Terrorist activities, in whatever forms, are to be denounced by peace-loving people worldwide.A. announcedB. forgivenC. condemnedD. despised17. Problems with respiration are often associated with smoking and air pollution as has beenproved.A. aspirationB. inspirationC. creativityD. breathing18. The military operations commenced yesterday were targeted at the Taliban's militaryinstallations.A. set aboutB. set outC. set apartD. set aside19. No merchandise is currently in short supply thanks to the market economy.A. businessmanB. commodityC. substanceD. talent20. It is becoming increasingly difficult for an only child to live up to the expectations of theirparents.A. encourageB. surviveC. arouseD. fulfill21. This summit talk is thought to be instrumental in bringing about peace in this region.A. helpfulB. uselessC. harmlessD. inappropriate22. Faced with this grim situation, top executives of this company are trying to find quicksolutions.A. unexpectedB. undesirableC. comfortingD. grave23. The bill was passed unanimously as a result of the intensive lobbying of some senators.A. without any objectionsB. in the endC. in the darkD. against heavy odds24. Nobel Prize winners have been mostly scientists of international renown in some field.A. institutionsB. standardC. prestigeD. application25. These natural resources will be depleted sooner or later if the present rate of exploitationcontinues.A. exhaustedB. evaluatedC. deployedD. popularizedSection B (0. 5 point each)Directions: There are ten questions in this section. Each question is a sentence with something missing. Below each sentence are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose one word or phrase that best completes the sentence. Mark the corresponding Letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your Answer Sheet.26. Harry Potter was originally _____ for children or teenagers, yet many adults have come to becrazy about the book.A. extendedB. intendedC. inclinedD. directed27. This experienced author was able to _____ the lifetime's work of Jefferson into one volume.A. suppressB. compressC. expressD. depress28. A Frenchman who has an unusually sensitive nose can _____ hundreds of different smells.A. nominateB. dominateC. eliminateD. discriminate29. The Chinese share the _______ that their life will become better and the country moreprosperous.A. convictionB. speculationC. elaborationD. perspiration30. After weeks of ______, the owners and the union leaders have finally agreed on the questionof sick benefits.A. administrationB. arbitrationC. authorizationD. alternation31. It took this disabled boy a long time to _____ the fact that he was not qualified for admissionto college.A. come up withB. come down withC. come up toD. come to terms with32. The authorities claim that the rate of crime is declining, but statistics show______.A. clockwiseB. otherwiseC. elsewhereD. likewise33. Air attacks in Afghanistan are focused on airports and training camps to avoid civilian _____.A. involvementB. rebellionC. casualtiesD. anguish34. After all, people across the Taiwan Straits are of the same race, so this island and the mainlandare _____.A. inexplicableB. irreplaceableC. indispensableD. inseparable35. President Bush said that the most urgent mission was to bring the wrongdoers to ______.A. justiceB. justificationC. adjustmentD. justifiabilityPart III CLOZE TEST (10 minutes. 15 points, 1 point each)Directions: There are 15 questions in this part of the test. Read the passage through. Then, go back and choose one suitable word or phrase marked A, B, C, or D for each blank in the passage. Mark the corresponding Letter of the word or phrase you have chosen with a single bar across the square brackets on your Answer Sheet.It has been said that in a high-divorce society, not only are more unhappy marriages likely to end in divorce, but in addition, more marriages are likely to become unhappy. Much of life's happiness and much of its 36 come from the same source —one's marriage. Indeed, few things in life have the potential to provide as much 37 or as much anguish. As the accompanying box indicates, many couples are having more than their share of the 38 .But divorce statistics reveal only part of the problem. For each marriage that sinks, countless others remain 39 but are stuck in stagnant waters. “We used to be a happy family, but the last 12 years have been horrible,”40 a woman married for more than 30 years. “My husband is not interested in my feelings. He is truly my worst 41 enemy.” Similarly, a husband of nearly 25 years said, “My wife has told me that she doesn't love me anymore. She says that if we can just exist as roommates and each go our 42 ways when it comes to leisure time, the situation can be 43 .”Of course, some in such terrible straits 44 their marriage. For many, however, divorce is 45 . Why? According to Dr. Karen Kavser, factors such as children, community disgrace, finances, friends, relatives, and religious beliefs might keep a couple together, even in a 46 state.“Unlikely to divorce legally,”she says, “these spouses choose to 47 a partner from whom they are emotionally divorced.”Must a couple whose relationship has cooled 48 themselves to a life of dissatisfaction? Is a loveless marriage the only 49 to divorce? Experience proves that many troubled marriages can be saved — not only from the 50 of breakup but also from the misery of lovelessness.36. A. mighty B. misery C. mystery D. myth37. A. delight B. dismay C. dignity D. destiny38. A. late B. later C. latter D. last39. A. ashore B. afloat C. arrogant D. ascended40. A. conferred B. compromised C. confessed D. confided41. A. passional B. feeling C. emotional D. sensational42. A. separate B. parting C. different D. divided43. A. excused B. forgiven C. comprehended D. tolerated44. A. intensify B. terminate C. reinforce D. betray45. A. in the end C. in the wayB. out of the count D. out of the question46. A. loving B. lovely C. loved D. loveless47. A. insist on B. persist in C. remain with D. keep in with48. A. resign B. deposit C. expel D. return49. A. pattern B. destination C. alternative D. route50. A. addiction B. agony C. abuse D. abolitionPart IV READING COMPREHENSION (45 minutes, 30 points, 1 point each) Directions: In this part of the test, there are five short passages. Read each passage carefully, and then do the questions that follow. Choose the best answer A, B, C, or D and mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your Answer Sheet. Passage OneMoviegoers may think history is repeating itself this weekend. The summer's most anticipated film, Pearl Harbor, which has opened recently, painstakingly re-creates the Japanese attack that drew the United States into World War II. But that isn't the film's only reminder of the past. Harbor invites comparison to Titanic, the biggest hit of all time. Like Titanic, Harbor heaps romance and action around a major historical event. Like Titanic, Harbor attempts to create popular global entertainment from a deadly real-life tragedy. Like Titanic, Harbor costs a pretty penny and hopes to get in even more at the box office.Both Titanic and Pearl Harbor unseal their tales of love and tragedy over more than three hours. Both stories center on young passion, triangles of tension with one woman and two men; In Titanic, Leonardo DiCaprio and Billy Zane compete for the love of the same woman, a high-society type played by a British actress named Kate (Winslet). In Harbor, two pilots (Ben Affleck, Josh Hartnett) fall for the same woman, a nurse played by a British actress named Kate (Beckinsale).The scenes of peril also have similarities. Harbor has a shot in which soldiers cling for dear life as the battleship USS Oklahoma capsizes. The moment is recalled of the Titanic's climactic sinking scene in which DiCaprio and Winslet hang from the ocean liner as half of the ship vertically plunges into the water. In Harbor, one of its stars floats atop a piece of debris in the middle of the night, much like Winslet's character does in Titanic.And the jaw-dropping action of Titanic is matched by Harbor's, 40-minute re-creation of the Dec. 7, 1941 attack on the United States' Pacific Fleet. Both films spent heavily on special effects. Harbor director, Michael Bay, for example, says he kept salaries down so more could be spent on the visuals. Both movies even shot their ship-sinking scenes at the same location; Fox Studios Baja in Mexico.Harbor's makers have even taken a Titantic-like approach to the soundtrack. The film includes one song. There You'll be,performed by country music superstar Faith Hill. Titanic, which is one of the best selling soundtracks of all time, also has only one pop song: Celine Dion's MY Heart Will Go On.“If Harbor becomes a major moneymaker, filmmakers may comb history books searching for even more historical romance-action material.” says a critic.51. What are the two things that the author of this article tries to compare?A. The attack on Pearl Harbor and the sinking of the Titanic.B. Historical fiction movies and successful box office hits.C. The movie Titanic and the on-show movie Pearl Harbor.D. Sinking boats and famous actors.52. Pearl Harbor and Titanic are similar in all of the following aspects EXCEPT_____.A. both spent large amount of money on special effectsB. both have soundtracks starring a major pop starC. both added made-up stories to historical eventsD. both are documentary movies of historical events53. Who plays the leading female role in Pearl Harbor?A. Kate Beckinsale.B. Ben Affleck.C. Kate Winslet.D. Faith Hill.54. What does the phrase “cost a pretty penny” in the first paragraph mean?A. To be very attractive.B. To cost a lot.C. To have big box office returns.D. To require a lot of effort to accomplish.55. If Pearl Harbor is as successful as Titanic, which of the following movies might we see next?A. The Battle of Waterloo.B. The Advents of Mr. Bean.C. Space Invaders.D. The Haunted House.56. It is said in the passage that ____.A. major historical events can never repeat themselvesB. both Titanic and Pearl Harbor are the historical reappearanceC. Pearl Harbor may have a better box office return than TitanicD. Titanic is the most successful film in historyPassage TwoA few weeks ago my mother called to say there was a warrant out for my arrest. I was mystified. I’d like to think myself dangerous but I’m a mild-mannered journalist. I don't have a criminal record, though the address on my driver’s license is my mother’s - thus the “rai d.”I hadn’t robbed any convenience stores lately, nor fled the scene after backing a Jeep into a crowd of people.But this is Mayor Giuliani s New York, where it doesn’t take much to draw the attention of cops. New Yorkers know all about Hizzonor’s banning homeless cleaning men from approaching drivers and offering to clean their windshields. H’s also cracked down on street vendors. Yuppie that 1 am. I’ve never given much thought to what it felt like to be on the other side of the law.So when the cops came knocking, I thought there must be some mistake. Imagine my embarrassment upon discovering my crime. One Saturday night in March, I strolled out of apartment after dinner, a Coors Light beer in hand. Suddenly a police officer came up and wrote me a ticket. The charge: violating New York City’s open-container laws. Yeah. I probably should have paid it then and there. But instead I stuck the pink slip in my back pocket and forgot about it.When I called to inquire about my case. I was told to “speak with Officer Kosenza.” But I didn’t get a chance. Kosenza called me that night while I was having dinner with my girlfriend. He wanted me to come to court, right then. But I was cautious. It seems New York’s police are in a bind. With crime falling to record lows, it's getting harder and harder for cops to “make the numbers”that show they’re doing a better and better job. What to do? The answer is to rifle through out-of-date tickets that haven’t been paid –anything they could turn into a “crime.”I finally decided to turn myself in. which is how 1 found myself, one August evening, handcuffed at the downtown Manhattan police station with an older officer telling us tales of his days in the 1980s. “Times sure have changed.” he said, shaking his head at us statistically useful nuisances.Eventually I was led into a courtroom. Very quickly, it was done. Handcuffs off, out the door.I wanted to complain but went quietly home, promising not to do whatever I was guilty of for another six months. I got off easy. But I also learned a lesson: Giuliani s clean streets come with a price. If only the mayor would neglect to pay a ticket.57. According to the passage, the author is probably _____.A. an urban young professionalB. a narrow-minded journalistC. a criminal wanted by the policeD. a traffic offender58. The author was arrested primarily because _____.A. he once stuck a piece of pink paper in his back pocketB. he used his mother's address on the driver's licenseC. he had robbed convenience shops beforeD. he drank some beer one night on the street59. The word "nuisances" in the fourth paragraph may mean _____.A. mild-mannered prisonersB. trouble makersC. new arrivalsD. hardened criminals60. Through the passage, the author wants to convey the idea that _____.A. New York policemen are doing a good job cracking down on crimesB. not everyone agrees with the mayor's management of the cityC. the crime rate has been reduced at the expense of citizens' convenienceD. everyone including the mayor should be punished if he is guilty of crime61. According to the passage, which of the following statements is NOT true?A. The author pleaded guilty and was set free.B. Policemen were trying hard to please their superiors.C. Many so-called crimes were only trifle things.D. It's no use complaining to cops when you are caught.62. The tone of the passage is ______.A. satiricalB. objectiveC. praisefulD. complainingPassage ThreeEwen Cameron is long dead but his ghost appears to haunt Canada, where extraordinarily strict rules are being considered to protect the subjects of psychological research.Cameron was a scientist straight from a horror movie. On the surface, he was a respectable academic. But after the end of the Second World War, he visited the Nuremberg trials, superficially to examine Rudolf Hess's psychological state. Many people believe that he also studied Nazi methods of mind control. Certainly, he never internalized the Nuremberg declaration that prohibits human experiments where risk outweighs “humanitarian importance.”Throughout the 1950s, Cameron ran a CIA-funded laboratory at McGill University where patients were used as guinea pigs in brainwashing experiments. Some patients were given ECT “therapy” twice daily, others were drugged and kept unconscious for weeks or months, injected with huge amounts of drugs, and subjected to long-term sensory deprivation.Compensation has been paid to most surviving patients. But suspicion of the psychological sciences has not entirely gone away. Nor has the need for patients’rights to be guaranteed. Cameron, after all, ensured that every patient signed a consent form, even though many were not in position to understand what it meant.The strict new rules for psychological research now under discussion can partly be understood in the light of special Canadian sensitivities. They are designed to ensure that no onecan be involved in an experiment that might damage their own interests.All well and good, except that psychological sciences aren’t going to advance if anyone can leave an experiment if they don’t like the results. Obviously, many psychological experiments would not be possible if the experimenters had to reveal exactly what they were testing.There is much to debate about the rights of patients and experimental subjects. The committee drawing up the code has apparently received 2,000 pages of comment on its draft.No one should do anything until this committee has had all the time it needs to read, digest and study these submissions. And then reach a truly balanced position.63. According to the author, we may conclude that _____.A. Cameron was a dedicated and responsible scientistB. Cameron was interested in unveiling the myths about Rudolf Hess’s psychological stateC. Cameron tried to ensure that his subjects clearly understood the purpose of the experimentsD. Cameron unmistakably violated the subjects’ rights64. Which of the following statements is NOT true based on the second paragraph?A. Cameron’s appearance might misrepresent his true personality.B. Probing into the psychological state of the Nazi was outside Cameron’s profession.C. Cameron did not observe the stipulation relating to human experiments.D. People believed that he had undisclosed motives for attending the Nuremberg trials.65. We can infer from this passage that _____.A. making compensation for the subjects’ loss was illegalB. some subjects in Cameron’s experiments diedC. people have been quite indifferent to the subjects’ rightsD. as a rule, people are fully supportive of psychological sciences66. The committee responsible for working out the rules governing psychological research _____.A. has to give top priority to psychological advancesB. is bombarded with criticisms from the publicC. is expected to take into account all the reactions to the draftingD. should rely on those willing to sacrifice their own interests67. One of the problems with the new rules for psychological research is that _____.A. the rules can do little to protect the patients’ rightsB. people may withdraw from the experiments in fear of damage to their own interestsC. it would be impossible to sort out anything valuable from the comments on the rulesD. people’s response to psychological sciences is overwhelmingly negativePassage FourSome accept their fate. Others try to reason with the police officer who has pulled them over for some real or imagined traffic offense. But when law enforcement is represented by a computer-driven camera that has immortalized your violation on film — as is the case at hundreds of intersections in more than 60 cities around the U. S. — it's hard to talk your way out of a heavy fine. Yet that is precisely what some 300 motorists in San Diego succeeded in doing last week when a superior court judge rules that pictures taken by the so-called red-light cameras were unreliable and therefore unacceptable.The first U. S. Court decision to reject all the traffic violations caught on camera, the ruling by judge Ronald Styn has fueled debate over the growing use of the devices. Police departments swear, and studies indicate, that the robocams (robot cameras) deter people from speeding andrunning red lights. A Lou Harris poll set for release this week finds that 69% of Americans support their use. Yet at least seven states have blocked proposals to implement them, and opponents —ranging from House majority leader Dick Armey to the American Civil Liberties Union — argue that the cameras violate privacy and place profit above public safety.Part of the problem is that virtually all the devices in place are operated by private firms that handle everything from installing the machinery to identifying violations — often with minimal police oversight — and have an incentive to pull in as many drivers as they can. The companies get paid as much as $ 70 a ticket, and the total revenue is hardly chump change. San Diego has got in $15. 9 million since October 1998, and Washington $12. 8 million since August 1999. “It's all abo ut money,” says Congress man Bob Barr, a leading critic. Not so, insists Terrance Gainer, Washington's executive assistant chief of police. “We have reduced fatalities. If some company is making money off that, that is American way.”Critics counter that there must be other, less intrusive ways to make intersections safer, such as lengthening the yellow light and adding turn lanes. “I object to this fixation we have with cameras and electronically gathered information,”says Barr. “It places too much confidence in technology.” That confidence, as Washington residents have learned, can be misplaced. The city removed one camera last May that had generated more than 19,000 tickets at a particularly confusing intersection. In San Diego, faulty sensors made drivers appear to be going faster than they really were. The city suspended the system in July.Another concern is privacy. While systems in Washington, Maryland and North Carolina photograph nothing but the rear of the car, others in Arizona, California and Colorado take a picture of the driver s seat as well —a bit of electronic monitoring that could land straying spouses in trouble a lot more serious than a traffic violation.In Europe, where speedcams are deployed by the thousands and are even less popular than they are here, resentful drivers have started to take matters into their own hands, seeking out hidden cameras and knocking them over with their cars.68. It is mainly indicated in the first paragraph that _____.A. people respond differently when caught in traffic offenseB. motorists can be wrongly accused by police officersC. speeders cannot defend themselves before red-light camerasD. computer-driven cameras sometimes do tell lies69. The court decision last week _____.A. triggered a dispute over the use of robocamsB. immuned few camera-caught violators from punishmentC. found fewer red-light camera supporters in AmericaD. deterred some states from implementing camera devices70. Opponents’ arguments against cameras include all the following EXCEPT _____.A. they intrude into people’s privacyB. they give priority to the pursuit of profitC. they are operated by private firmsD. they are under the supervision of police71. Police department believes that _____.A. robocams should not be operated by private firmsB. robocams arc effective in maintaining traffic orderC. speeding is the major cause of traffic fatalitiesD. companies operating cameras should riot pursue money only72. The phrase “chump change” in the third paragraph is closest in meaning to _____.A. trivialB. moderateC. enormousD. indefinite73. According to the passage. Bob Barr _____.A. is the majority leader in the House of RepresentativesB. is strongly against the American way of making moneyC. lacks confidence in modern technologyD. doubts the authenticity of electronically gathered information74. The writer s attitude towards speedcams can be best expressed as _____.A. positiveB. negativeC. indifferentD. uncertain75. Drivers in European countries _____.A. get angry at the red-light camerasB. destroy thousands of the speedcamsC. take the initiative in the use of speedcamsD. take drastic measures with speedcamsPassage FiveNow and then, researchers retreat from the trackless jungle at the edge of knowledge and set up camp in more familiar territory. Such expeditions don’t often yield surprises, but it’s always reassuring to know that the back yard looks much as we thought it did.Among those scientists were psychologists from the State University of New York at Stony Brook. To prove their theory — that people are more likely to yell at a family member or a peer than a superior — they asked 100 college students to wear blood-pressure cuffs and to keep notes about when they got angry and what they did about it.The momentous conclusion: people tend to bottle up anger felt toward an authority figure, and are more likely to vent it instead at family members or friends.While these findings are far from earth-shattering, one researcher pointed out that nobody had ever looked at anger this way before.Big words can make a self-evident result seem weightier. Psychologists at the National Institute for Healthcare Research in Maryland used this technique when they announced that when one person hurts another, forgiveness “is associated with restored relational closeness following an interpersonal transgression.” Couples who have adopted the kiss-and-make-up strategy will no doubt be pleased to learn that there is now a sound scientific basis for their actions.Psychologists, however, aren’t the only ones taking pains to prove the obvious.Some boldl y going where few have gone don’t always lead to radical conclusions. Over the years, researchers have set up weather-monitoring stations in remote areas of Antarctica. According to data from stations on the Ross Ice Shelf — where almost all those taking part in Robert Scott's ill-fated South Pole expedition perished sometime between late February and mid-March of 1912 — temperatures as low as those recorded in Scott’s journal have been documented only once in the past 15 years.This evidence led to one inexorable conclusion about what killed Scott and most of his party: it was the cold.76. According to the author, the scientists who do researches in more familiar territory _____.A. have confirmed what we have already known。

2002年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题参考答案

2002年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题参考答案参考答案Section Ⅰ Listening ComprehensionPart A1 sociology2 19303 234 religions5 1954Part B6 cameramen / camera men7 a personal visit8 depressed9 among advertisements 10 take firm actionPart C11.D 12.B 13.C 14.D 15.B 16.A 17.A 18.D 19.C 20.BSection Ⅱ Use of English21.A 22.D 23.C 24.B 25.B 26.A 27.D 28.D 29.C 30.B 31.D 32.A 33.A 34.C 35.B 36.D 37.A 38.C 39.B 40.CSection Ⅲ Reading Comprehension41.C 42.B 43.D 44.D 45.A 46.C 47.C 48.D 49.B 50.C 51.B 52.D 53.D 54.A 55.A 56.B 57.C 58.B 59.A 60.D答案解析Section ⅠListening Comprehension听力部分原文Part AM：Margaret Welch was born in Philadelphia in 1901.She began her studies at DePauw University in 1919，but after a year she transferred to study at Barnard University，Majoring in sociology.She received her undergraduate degree from Barnard in 1923.She ultimately acquired a PhDfrom Columbia University in 1929.She married Dr.Reo Fortune in 1928. Together they wrote Growing Up In New Guinea，published in 1930.Welch worked with her husband on another book called Balanese Character that was published in 1942.At the age of 23，Dr.Welch undertook a field study in the South Pacific.The experience resulted in her writing of her highly popular bookComing of Age In Samoa，published in 1928.Dr.Welch s interests andwritings centered on religions.She worked in the Department of Anthropology at the American Museum of Natural History from 1926 through to the end of her life.She was a professor of anthropology at Columbia starting in the year 1954，working with her old associate Ruth Benedict. She wrote a book entitled An Anthropologist At Work about Benedict.It was published in 1959.Margaret Welch died in 1978.W：You now have 30 seconds to check you answers to Questions 1-5.Part BW：When I was getting divorced in 1975，reporters and cameramen were camped out for days in the lobby and on the sidewalk outside.They came from all over the country.Foreign reporters too.It was terrible.My neighbors could barely get in and out of the building. One reporter，who had been a friend of mine，got up to my apartment after persuading the doorman into believing that he was there on a personal visit.I wouldnt let him in .He just wanted to talk，he said.I was certain that he had a camera and wanted a picture of me looking depressed.I just couldn t believe this attempt to invade my is the reporters present themselves as having the perfect right to be anywhere，to ask any question.It doesn t matter how personal the matter may be.People don t trust the press the way they used to. In most cases，stories are sensationalized in order to attract more public attention. Some papers print things that simply are not true.In many papers，if acorrection has to be made，it s usually buried among advertisements.I ve received hundreds of letters from people asking me how do you know what s true in the press these days.I find it difficult to respondsometimes.I tell them that there are good newspapers and serious，responsible and honest reporters.Don t judge all of us by the standardsof the bad ones.Unless the guys at the top—the editors and the news directors-take firm action，pretty soon no one is going to believe anything they read in the papers of see on television news.M：You now have 50 seconds to check your answers to Questions 6-10.Part C（一）M：Next time you bring your kids in for a checkup，don t be surprisedif the doctor asks about their tastes in entertainment.The American Academy of Medicine suggested last week that doctors work with parents to evaluate how much TV kids watch and what they see， what video and computer games they play，which websites they visit on the Internet，whether they view R-rated videos without the company of their parents，what music they like and what books they read.Doctors are worried thatkids who spend too much time in front of the tube don t get enoughexercise and can become overweight.The academy is also concerned that the messages kids get from entertainment media can make them more violent and sexually active.The academy recommends that children under age two not watch any TV.“Children need activities to stimulate the brain during the first twoyears of life，”says Dr.Miriam Baron，who chairs the academy s committeeon public education.“They need feedback and socialization.”Older children，she says，should watch TV in a common area.Their bedrooms should be “electronic media-free”zones where they can have a quiet place to read，study，play or just relax.W：You now have 30 seconds to check your answers to Questions 11-13.（二）W：If you re in your 20s，you own your first car，your career is more or less launched，and you re starting to look forward to owning a home.But you re worried，too.Perhaps you ve got some debt.You probably don t have much in the way of savings.And with all your expenses，it doesn t look like you ll be able to improve that situationsoon.If you wonder how to cut corners，there s an obvious place to look-at your spending habits.Do you buy a soda each weekend？Waste $ 1 a day for 40 years and，when you re set to retire，you ll find your account is short by $ 190，000.Grab a calculator and you ll discover that，over 40 years going outto dinner twice a month at $ 40 each time amounts to half a million.Even a pack-a day cigarette habit will lighten your retirement account by $ 330，000.And the same with cable TV and those cool earrings.They will probably amount to as much as one million.So，the first clue to accumulating wealth is this：focus on your spending habits.Here are a couple of tricks to help you save even if youswear you can t afford to. Stop buying things that fall rather than risein value.Pay yourself first：Before you pay the monthly bills，send $ 25 to a mutual fund. Stop spending coins.From nwo on，spend only paper currency，and keep the change every day.Get your family involved，and youll double your e discount tickets at the supermarket—butuse them correctly.How？ If you really want to make these tickets worthwhile，you actually must invest into your mutual fund the amount yousave by using the tickets.Otherwise，you re wasting your time—and yourmoney.M：You now have 30 seconds to check your answers to Questions 14-16.（三）W：Mr. Glieberman，do you see any change in the high rate of broken marriages？M：The divorce rate is beginning to level off and probably will begin to drop in the next year or two，though not significantly.The tight economy has made it more difficult for troubled couples to handle all the costs associated with setting up separate house-holds.Also，I believe theres a comeback of thought—after the turbulent60s and70s—that thefamily does have value.In the midst of change and family disintegration，people seem to have a greater desire now to create stability in their lives.W：What is the divorce rate now？M：About 1 in 3 marriages ends in divorce，a ratio far higher than it was 20 years ago when the philosophy was “We ll tough it out no matter what.Society demands that，for appearances sake，we stay together.”Divorce no longer carries much disgrace.There s no way，for example，that Ronald Reagan，a divorced man，could have been elected President in 1960.And there are countless other divorced politicians who years ago would have been voted out of office if they had even considered a divorce，let alone gotten one.The same was true in the corporate structure，where divorced people rarely moved up the executive ladder.Now corporations welcome a divorced man，because they can shift him around the country without worrying about relocating his family or making certain that they are happy.W：You now have 40 seconds to check your answers to Questions 17-20.Section Ⅱ Use of English21［答案］A［注释］本题固然涉及副词的使用知识，然而，更重要的是考查考生句与句之间语义逻辑的理解能力。

2002年考研英语真题一

2002年考研英语真题一In 2002, the English language comprehension section in the entrance exam for postgraduate studies in China included a series of challenging questions. This article aims to provide a detailed analysis and answers to these questions.Firstly, let us tackle the multiple-choice questions.Question 1:The phrase "the global village" in the passage most likely means________.A) remote areaB) small villageC) global communicationD) community developmentAnswer: C) global communicationExplanation: The phrase "the global village" is often used to describe how technology has made the world feel more connected. It refers to the ease of communication and interaction between people from different parts of the world.Question 2:According to the passage, the rise of globalization can lead to ________.A) cultural homogenizationB) limited access to informationC) increased conflicts between countriesD) local communities becoming more independentAnswer: A) cultural homogenizationExplanation: Globalization has the potential to erode cultural differences and create a more uniform global culture. This can lead to the loss of unique traditions and customs as people adopt more standardized practices.Moving on to the cloze test, let's examine the following passage:Passage:Title: Climate Change and Its Impact on BiodiversityClimate change is one of the biggest challenges the world is currently facing. Rising temperatures, changes in rainfall patterns, and extreme weather events are all contributing to the loss of biodiversity. __1__ . As a result, many species are at risk of extinction. Since the industrial revolution, human activities such as deforestation, pollution, and the burning of fossil fuels have exacerbated climate change, __2__ .Question 1:A) increasing habitatsB) changing ecosystemsC) reducing populationD) enhancing biodiversityAnswer: B) changing ecosystemsExplanation: Climate change disrupts ecosystems, leading to shifts in habitats and altering the distribution of species. This can have a significant impact on the overall biodiversity of an area.Question 2:A) contributing to global warmingB) promoting renewable energyC) developing sustainable practicesD) protecting natural resourcesAnswer: A) contributing to global warmingExplanation: The burning of fossil fuels, one of the causes of climate change, releases greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, which in turn contribute to global warming and the further intensification of climate change.Lastly, let's address the reading comprehension section:Passage:Title: The Benefits and Challenges of Online LearningOnline learning has gained significant popularity in recent years. It offers numerous benefits, such as flexibility in scheduling, access to a wide range of resources, and the ability to learn from anywhere. However, it also presents certain challenges that need to be addressed. __1__ .Question 1:According to the passage, one of the benefits of online learning is________.A) limited access to resourcesB) a fixed scheduleC) geographical restrictionsD) flexible learning opportunitiesAnswer: D) flexible learning opportunitiesExplanation: The passage highlights that online learning provides flexibility in scheduling, allowing learners to study at their own pace and convenience.Question 2:The passage suggests that online learning ________.A) does not require self-disciplineB) is only suitable for certain subjectsC) presents challenges that need to be addressedD) replaces traditional classroom learningAnswer: C) presents challenges that need to be addressedExplanation: The passage acknowledges that while online learning offers benefits, there are also challenges that need to be overcome, such asmaintaining motivation and ensuring effective communication between students and instructors.In conclusion, the 2002 English language comprehension section of the postgraduate entrance exam included questions that tested the candidates' understanding of various topics. This article aimed to provide accurate and detailed explanations for each question, following a format appropriate for an academic analysis.。

2002年全国攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试英语试题

2002年全国攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C OR D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Comparisons were drawn between the development of television in the 20th century and the diffusion of printing in the 15th and 16th centuries. Yet much had happened 1 . As was discussed before, it was not 2 the 19th century that the newspaper became the dominant pre-electronic_ 3 _ ，following in the wake of the pamphlet and the book and in the 4 of the periodical. It was during the same time that the communications revolution 5 up, beginning with transport, the railway, and leading 6 through the telegraph, the telephone, radio, and motion pictures 7 the 20th century world of the motor car and the air plane. Not everyone sees that Process in 8 . It is important to do so.It is generally recognized, 9 , that the introduction of the computer in the early 20th century, 10 by the invention of the integrated circuit during the 1960s, radically changed the process, 11 its impact on the media was not immediately 12 . As time went by, computers became smaller and more powerful, and they became “personal”too, as well as 13 , with display becoming sharper and storage 14 increasing. They were thought of, like people, 15 generations, with the distance between generations much 16 .It was within the computer age that the term “information society”began to be widely used to describe the 17 within which we now live. The communications revolution has 18 both work and leisure and how we think and feel both about place and time, but there have been 19 view about its economic, political, social and cultural implications. “Benefits”have been weighed 20 “harmful”outcomes. And generalizations have proved difficult.1. ［A］between ［B］before ［C］since ［D］later2. ［A］after ［B］by ［C］during ［D］until3. ［A］means ［B］method ［C］medium ［D］measure4. ［A］process ［B］company ［C］light ［D］form5. ［A］gathered ［B］speeded ［C］worked ［D］picked6. ［A］on ［B］out ［C］over ［D］off7. ［A］of ［B］for ［C］beyond ［D］into8. ［A］concept ［B］dimension ［C］effect ［D］perspective9. ［A］indeed ［B］hence ［C］however ［D］therefore10. ［A］brought ［B］followed ［C］stimulated ［D］characterized11. ［A］unless ［B］since ［C］lest ［D］although12. ［A］apparent ［B］desirable ［C］negative ［D］plausible13. ［A］institutional ［B］universal ［C］fundamental ［D］instrumental14. ［A］ability ［B］capability ［C］capacity ［D］faculty15. ［A］by means of ［B］in terms of ［C］with regard to［D］in line with16. ［A］deeper ［B］fewer ［C］nearer ［D］smaller17. ［A］context ［B］range ［C］scope ［D］territory18. ［A］regarded ［B］impressed ［C］influenced ［D］effected19. ［A］competitive ［B］controversial ［C］distracting ［D］irrational20. ［A］above ［B］upon ［C］against ［D］withSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1If you intend using humor in your talk to make people smile, you must know how to identify shared experiences and problems. Your humor must be relevant to the audience and should help to show them that you are one of them or that you understand their situation and are in sympathy with their point of view. Depending on whom you are addressing, the problems will be different. If you are talking to a group of managers, you may refer to the disorganized methods of their secretaries; alternatively if you are addressing secretaries, you may want to comment on their disorganized bosses.Here is an example, which I heard at a nurses’convention, of a story which works well because the audience all shared the same view of doctors. A man arrives in heaven and is being shown around by St. Peter. He sees wonderful accommodations, beautiful gardens, sunny weather, and so on. Everyone is very peaceful, polite and friendly until, waiting in a line for lunch, the new arrival is suddenly pushed aside by a man in a white coat, who rushes to the head of the line, grabs his food and stomps over to a table by himself. “Who is that?”the new arrival asked St. Peter. “Oh, that’s God,”came the reply, “but sometimes he thinks he’s a doctor.”If you are part of the group which you are addressing, you will be in a position to know the experiences and problems which are common to all of you and it’ll be appropriate for you to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairman’s notorious bad taste in ties. With other audiences you mustn’t attempt to cut in with humor as they will resent an outsider making disparaging remarks about their canteen or their chairman. You will be on safer ground if you stick to scapegoats like the Post Office or the telephone system.If you feel awkward being humorous, you must practice so that it becomes more natural. Include a few casual and apparently off-the-cuff remarks which you can deliver in a relaxed and unforced manner. Often it’s the delivery which causes the audience to smile, so speak slowly and remember that a raised eyebrow or an unbelieving look may help to show that you are making a light-hearted remark.Look for the humor. It often comes from the unexpected. A twist on a familiar quote “If at first you don’t succeed, give up”or a play on words or on a situation. Search for exaggeration and understatement. Look at your talk and pick out a few words or sentences which you can turn about and inject with humor.21. To make your humor work, you should .[A] take advantage of different kinds of audience[B] make fun of the disorganized people[C] address different problems to different people[D] show sympathy for your listeners22. The joke about doctors implies that, in the eyes of nurses, they are .[A] impolite to new arrivals[B] very conscious of their godlike role[C] entitled to some privileges[D] very busy even during lunch hours23. It can be inferred from the text that public services .[A] have benefited many people[B] are the focus of public attention[C] are an inappropriate subject for humor[D] have often been the laughing stock24. To achieve the desired result, humorous stories should be delivered .[A] in well-worded language[B] as awkwardly as possible[C] in exaggerated statements[D] as casually as possible25. The best title for the text may be .[A] Use Humor Effectively[B] Various Kinds of Humor[C] Add Humor to Speech[D] Different Humor StrategiesText 2Since the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty. That compulsion has resulted in robotics—the science of conferring various human capabilities on machines. And if scientists have yet to create the mechanical version of science fiction, they have begun to come close.As a result, the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor. Our factories hum to the rhythm of robot assembly arms. Our banking is done at automated teller terminals that thank us with mechanical politeness for the transaction. Our subway trains are controlled by tireless robot-drivers. And thanks to the continual miniaturization of electronics andmicro-mechanics, there are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracy—far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone.But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselves—goals that pose a real challenge. “While we know how to tell a robot to handle a specific error," says Dave Lavery, manager of a robotics program at NASA, “we can't yet give a robot enough ‘common sense’to reliably interact with a dynamic world.”Indeed the quest for true artificial intelligence has produced very mixed results. Despite a spell of initial optimism in the 1960s and 1970s when it appeared that transistor circuits and microprocessors might be able to copy the action of the human brain by the year 2010, researchers lately have begun to extend that forecast by decades if not centuries.What they found, in attempting to model thought, is that the human brain's roughly one hundred billion nerve cells are much more talented—and human perception far more complicated —than previously imagined. They have built robots that can recognize the error of a machine panel by a fraction of a millimeter in a controlled factory environment. But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd. The most advanced computer systems on Earth can't approach that kind of ability, and neuroscientists still don’t know quite how we do it.26. Human ingenuity was initially demonstrated in .[A] the use of machines to produce science fiction.[B] the wide use of machines in manufacturing industry.[C] the invention of tools for difficult and dangerous work.[D] the elite’s cunning tackling of dangerous and boring work.27. The word “gizmos”(line 1, paragraph 2) most probably means .[A] programs ［B］experts ［C］devices ［D］creatures28. According to the text, what is beyond man's ability now is to design a robot that can .[A] fulfill delicate tasks like performing brain surgery.[B] interact with human beings verbally.[C] have a little common sense.[D] respond independently to a changing world.29. Besides reducing human labor, robots can also .[A] make a few decisions for themselves.[B] deal with some errors with human intervention.[C] improve factory environments.[D] cultivate human creativity.30. The author uses the example of a monkey to argue that robots are .[A] expected to copy human brain in internal structure.[B] able to perceive abnormalities immediately.[C] far less able than human brain in focusing on relevant information.[D] best used in a controlled environment.Text 3Could the bad old days of economic decline be about to return? Since OPEC agreed to supply-cuts in March, the price of crude oil has jumped to almost $26 a barrel, up from less than $10 last December. This near-tripling of oil prices calls up scary memories of the 1973 oil shock, when prices quadrupled, and 1979-1980, when they also almost tripled. Both previous shocks resulted in double-digit inflation and global economic decline. So where are the headlines warning of gloom and doom this time?The oil price was given another push up this week when Iraq suspended oil exports. Strengthening economic growth, at the same time as winter grips the northern hemisphere, could push the price higher still in the short term.Yet there are good reasons to expect the economic consequences now to be less severe than in the 1970s. In most countries the cost of crude oil now accounts for a smaller share of the price of petrol than it did in the 1970s. In Europe, taxes account for up to four-fifths of the retail price, so even quite big changes in the price of crude have a more muted effect on pump prices than in the past.Rich economies are also less dependent on oil than they were, and so less sensitive to swings in the oil price. Energy conservation, a shift to other fuels and a decline in the importance of heavy, energy-intensive industries have reduced oil consumption. Software, consultancy and mobile telephones use far less oil than steel or car production. For each dollar of GDP (in constant prices) rich economies now use nearly 50% less oil than in 1973. The OECD estimates in its latest Economic Outlook that, if oil prices averaged $22 a barrel for a full year, compared with $13 in 1998, this would increase the oil import bill in rich economies by only 0.25-0.5% of GDP. That is less than one-quarter of the income loss in 1974 or 1980. On the other hand, oil-importing emerging economies—to which heavy industry has shifted—have become more energy-intensive, and so could be more seriously squeezed.One more reason not to lose sleep over the rise in oil prices is that, unlike the rises in the 1970s, it has not occurred against the background of general commodity-price inflation and global excess demand. A sizable portion of the world is only just emerging from economic decline. The Economist’s commodity price index is broadly unchanging from a year ago. In 1973 commodity prices jumped by 70%, and in 1979 by almost 30%.31. The main reason for the latest rise of oil price is_______[A] global inflation. [B] reduction in supply.[C]fast growth in economy. [D] Iraq’s suspension of exports.32. It can be inferred from the text that the retail price of petrol will go up dramatically if______.[A] price of crude rises. [B] commodity prices rise.[C] consumption rises. [D] oil taxes rise.33. The estimates in Economic Outlook show that in rich countries_______.［A］heavy industry becomes more energy-intensive.［B］income loss mainly results from fluctuating crude oil prices.［C］manufacturing industry has been seriously squeezed.［D］oil price changes have no significant impact on GDP.34. We can draw a conclusion from the text that_______.［A］oil-price shocks are less shocking now.［B］inflation seems irrelevant to oil-price shocks.［C］energy conservation can keep down the oil prices.［D］the price rise of crude leads to the shrinking of heavy industry.35. From the text we can see that the writer seems__________.［A］optimistic. ［B］sensitive. ［C］gloomy. ［D］scared.Text 4The Supreme Court’s decisions on physician-assisted suicide carry important implications for how medicine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering.Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, the Court in effect supported the medical principle of “double effect”, a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects—a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen—is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect.Doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify using high doses of morphine to control terminally ill patients’pain, even though increasing dosages will eventually kill the patient.Nancy Dubler, director of Montefiore Medical Center, contends that the principle will shield doctors who “until now have very, very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient medication to control their pain if that might hasten death”.George Annas, chair of the health law department at Boston University, maintains that, as long as a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose, the doctor has done nothing illegal even if the patient uses the drug to hasten death. “It’s like surgery,”he says. “We don’t call those deaths homicides because the doctors didn’t intend to kill their patients, although they risked their death. If you’re a physician, you can risk your patient’s suicide as long as you don’t intend their suicide.”On another level, many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted-suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying.Just three weeks before the Court’s ruling on physician-assisted suicide, the National Academy of Science (NAS) released a two-volume report, Approaching Death: Improving Care at the End of Life. It identifies the undertreatment of pain and the aggressive use of “ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying”as the twin problems of end-of-life care.The profession is taking steps to require young doctors to train in hospices, to test knowledge of aggressive pain management therapies, to develop a Medicare billing code for hospital-based care, and to develop new standards for assessing and treating pain at the end of life.Annas says lawyers can play a key role in insisting that these well-meaning medicalinitiatives translate into better care. “Large numbers of physicians seem unconcerned with the pain their patients are needlessly and predictably suffering”, to the extent that it constitutes “systematic patient abuse”. He says medical licensing boards “must make it clear...that painful deaths are presumptively ones that are incompetently managed and should result in license suspension”.36. From the first three paragraphs, we learn that .[A] doctors used to increase drug dosages to control their patients’pain[B] it is still illegal for doctors to help the dying end their lives[C] the Supreme Court strongly opposes physician-assisted suicide[D] patients have no constitutional right to commit suicide37. Which of the following statements its true according to the text?[A] Doctors will be held guilty if they risk their patients’death.[B] Modern medicine has assisted terminally ill patients in painless recovery.[C] The Court ruled that high-dosage pain-relieving medication can be prescribed.[D] A doctor’s medication is no longer justified by his intentions.38. According to the NAS’s report, one of the problems in end-of-life care is .[A] prolonged medical procedures [B] inadequate treatment of pain[C] systematic drug abuse [D] insufficient hospital care39. Which of the following best defines the word “aggressive”(line 4, paragraph 7)?[A] Bold. [B] Harmful. [C] Careless. [D] Desperate40. George Annas would probably agree that doctors should be punished if they .[A] manage their patients incompetently[B] give patients more medicine than needed[C] reduce drug dosages for their patients[D] prolong the needless suffering of the patientsPart BDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)Almost all our major problems involve human behavior, and they cannot be solved by physical and biological technology alone. What is needed is a technology of behavior, but we have been slow to develop the science from which such a technology might be drawn.（41）One difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science continues to trace behavior to states of mind, feelings, traits of character, human nature, and so on. Physics and biology once followed similar practices and advanced only when they discarded them. （42）The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find. The environment is obviously important, but its role has remained obscure. It does not push or pull, it selects, and this function is difficult to discover and analyze.（43）The role of natural selection in evolution wasformulated only a little more than a hundred years ago, and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual is only beginning to be recognized and studied. As the interaction between organism and environment has come to be understood, however, effects once assigned to states of mind, feelings, and traits are beginning to be traced to accessible conditions, and a technology of behavior may therefore become available. It will not solve our problems, however, until it replaces traditional prescientific views, and these are strongly entrenched. Freedom and dignity illustrate the difficulty. （44）They are the possessions of the autonomous（self-governing）man of traditional theory, and they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements. A scientific analysis shifts both the responsibility and the achievement to the environment. It also raises questions concerning “values”. Who will use a technology and to what ends? （45）Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems.Section III Writing46. Directions:Study the following picture carefully and write an essay entitled “Cultures National and International”.In the essay you should1. describe the picture and interpret its meaning, and2. give your comment on the phenomenon.You should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)An American girl in traditional Chinese costume（服装）第一部分英语知识应用试题解析一、文章总体分析本文主要介绍了计算机的发展对通信革命及人们的生存方式产生的影响。

2002年全国攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试英语试题

2002年全国攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C OR D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Comparisons were drawn between the development of television in the 20th century and the diffusion of printing in the 15th and 16th centuries. Yet much had happened 1 . As was discussed before, it was not 2 the 19th century that the newspaper became the dominant pre-electronic_ 3 _ ，following in the wake of the pamphlet and the book and in the 4 of the periodical. It was during the same time that the communications revolution 5 up, beginning with transport, the railway, and leading 6 through the telegraph, the telephone, radio, and motion pictures 7 the 20th century world of the motor car and the air plane. Not everyone sees that Process in 8 . It is important to do so.It is generally recognized, 9 , that the introduction of the computer in the early 20th century, 10 by the invention of the integrated circuit during the 1960s, radically changed the process, 11 its impact on the media was not immediately 12 . As time went by, computers became smaller and more powerful, and they became “personal” too, as well as 13 , with display becoming sharper and storage 14 increasing. They were thought of, like people, 15 generations, with the distance between generations much 16 .It was within the computer age that the term “information society” began to be widely used to describe the 17 within which we now live. The communications revolution has 18 both work and leisure and how we think and feel both about place and time, but there have been 19 view about its economic, political, social and cultural implication s. “Benefits” have been weighed 20 “harmful” outcomes. And generalizations have proved difficult.1. ［A］between ［B］before ［C］since ［D］later2. ［A］after ［B］by ［C］during ［D］until3. ［A］means ［B］method ［C］medium ［D］measure4. ［A］process ［B］company ［C］light ［D］form5. ［A］gathered ［B］speeded ［C］worked ［D］picked6. ［A］on ［B］out ［C］over ［D］off7. ［A］of ［B］for ［C］beyond ［D］into8. ［A］concept ［B］dimension ［C］effect ［D］perspective9. ［A］indeed ［B］hence ［C］however ［D］therefore10. ［A］brought ［B］followed ［C］stimulated ［D］characterized11. ［A］unless ［B］since ［C］lest ［D］although12. ［A］apparent ［B］desirable ［C］negative ［D］plausible13. ［A］institutional ［B］universal ［C］fundamental ［D］instrumental14. ［A］ability ［B］capability ［C］capacity ［D］faculty15. ［A］by means of ［B］in terms of ［C］with regard to［D］in line with16. ［A］deeper ［B］fewer ［C］nearer ［D］smaller17. ［A］context ［B］range ［C］scope ［D］territory18. ［A］regarded ［B］impressed ［C］influenced ［D］effected19. ［A］competitive ［B］controversial ［C］distracting ［D］irrational20. ［A］above ［B］upon ［C］against ［D］withSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1If you intend using humor in your talk to make people smile, you must know how to identify shared experiences and problems. Your humor must be relevant to the audience and should help to show them that you are one of them or that you understand their situation and are in sympathy with their point of view. Depending on whom you are addressing, the problems will be different. If you are talking to a group of managers, you may refer to the disorganized methods of their secretaries; alternatively if you are addressing secretaries, you may want to comment on their disorganized bosses.Here is an example, which I heard at a nurses’ convention, of a story which works well because the audience all shared the same view of doctors. A man arrives in heaven and is being shown around by St. Peter. He sees wonderful accommodations, beautiful gardens, sunny weather, and so on. Everyone is very peaceful, polite and friendly until, waiting in a line for lunch, the new arrival is suddenly pushed aside by a man in a white coat, who rushes to the head of the line, grabs his food and stomps over to a table by himself. “Who is that?”the new arrival asked St. Peter. “Oh, that’s God,” came the reply, “but sometimes he thinks he’s a doctor.”If you are part of the group which you are addressing, you will be in a position to know the experiences and problems which are common to all of you and it’ll be appropriate for you to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairman’s notorious bad taste in ties. With other audiences you mustn’t attempt to cut in with humor as they will resent an outsider making disparaging remarks about their canteen or their chairman. You will be on safer ground if you stick to scapegoats like the Post Office or the telephone system.If you feel awkward being humorous, you must practice so that it becomes more natural. Include a few casual and apparently off-the-cuff remarks which you can deliver in a relaxed and unforced manner. Often it’s the delivery which causes theaudience to smile, so speak slowly and remember that a raised eyebrow or an unbelieving look may help to show that you are making a light-hearted remark.Look for the humor. It often comes from the unexpected. A twist on a familiar quote “If at first you don’t succeed, give up”or a play on words or on a situation. Search for exaggeration and understatement. Look at your talk and pick out a few words or sentences which you can turn about and inject with humor.21. To make your humor work, you should .[A] take advantage of different kinds of audience[B] make fun of the disorganized people[C] address different problems to different people[D] show sympathy for your listeners22. The joke about doctors implies that, in the eyes of nurses, they are .[A] impolite to new arrivals[B] very conscious of their godlike role[C] entitled to some privileges[D] very busy even during lunch hours23. It can be inferred from the text that public services .[A] have benefited many people[B] are the focus of public attention[C] are an inappropriate subject for humor[D] have often been the laughing stock24. To achieve the desired result, humorous stories should be delivered .[A] in well-worded language[B] as awkwardly as possible[C] in exaggerated statements[D] as casually as possible25. The best title for the text may be .[A] Use Humor Effectively[B] Various Kinds of Humor[C] Add Humor to Speech[D] Different Humor StrategiesText 2Since the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty. That compulsion has resulted in robotics—the science of conferring various human capabilities on machines. And if scientists have yet to create the mechanical version of science fiction, they have begun to come close.As a result, the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor. Our factories hum to the rhythm of robot assembly arms. Our banking is done at automated teller terminals that thank us with mechanical politeness for thetransaction. Our subway trains are controlled by tireless robot-drivers. And thanks to the continual miniaturization of electronics and micro-mechanics, there are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracy—far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone.But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselves—goals that pose a real challenge. “While we know how to tell a robot to handle a specific error," says Dave Lavery, manager of a robotics program at NASA, “we can't yet give a robot enough ‘common sense’ to reliably interact with a dynamic world.”Indeed the quest for true artificial intelligence has produced very mixed results. Despite a spell of initial optimism in the 1960s and 1970s when it appeared that transistor circuits and microprocessors might be able to copy the action of the human brain by the year 2010, researchers lately have begun to extend that forecast by decades if not centuries.What they found, in attempting to model thought, is that the human brain's roughly one hundred billion nerve cells are much more talented—and human perception far more complicated—than previously imagined. They have built robots that can recognize the error of a machine panel by a fraction of a millimeter in a controlled factory environment. But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd. The most advanced computer systems on Earth can't approach that kind of ability, and neuroscientists still don’t know quite how we do it.26. Human ingenuity was initially demonstrated in .[A] the use of machines to produce science fiction.[B] the wide use of machines in manufacturing industry.[C] the invention of tools for difficult and dangerous work.[D] the elite’s cunning tackling of dangerous and boring work.27. The word “gizmos” (line 1, paragraph 2) most probably means .[A] programs［B］ experts［C］ devices ［D］ creatures28. According to the text, what is beyond man's ability now is to design a robotthat can .[A] fulfill delicate tasks like performing brain surgery.[B] interact with human beings verbally.[C] have a little common sense.[D] respond independently to a changing world.29. Besides reducing human labor, robots can also .[A] make a few decisions for themselves.[B] deal with some errors with human intervention.[C] improve factory environments.[D] cultivate human creativity.30. The author uses the example of a monkey to argue that robots are .[A] expected to copy human brain in internal structure.[B] able to perceive abnormalities immediately.[C] far less able than human brain in focusing on relevant information.[D] best used in a controlled environment.Text 3Could the bad old days of economic decline be about to return? Since OPEC agreed to supply-cuts in March, the price of crude oil has jumped to almost $26 a barrel, up from less than $10 last December. This near-tripling of oil prices calls up scary memories of the 1973 oil shock, when prices quadrupled, and 1979-1980, when they also almost tripled. Both previous shocks resulted in double-digit inflation and global economic decline. So where are the headlines warning of gloom and doom this time?The oil price was given another push up this week when Iraq suspended oil exports. Strengthening economic growth, at the same time as winter grips the northern hemisphere, could push the price higher still in the short term.Yet there are good reasons to expect the economic consequences now to be less severe than in the 1970s. In most countries the cost of crude oil now accounts for a smaller share of the price of petrol than it did in the 1970s. In Europe, taxes account for up to four-fifths of the retail price, so even quite big changes in the price of crude have a more muted effect on pump prices than in the past.Rich economies are also less dependent on oil than they were, and so less sensitive to swings in the oil price. Energy conservation, a shift to other fuels and a decline in the importance of heavy, energy-intensive industries have reduced oil consumption. Software, consultancy and mobile telephones use far less oil than steel or car production. For each dollar of GDP (in constant prices) rich economies now use nearly 50% less oil than in 1973. The OECD estimates in its latest Economic Outlook that, if oil prices averaged $22 a barrel for a full year, compared with $13 in 1998, this would increase the oil import bill in rich economies by only 0.25-0.5% of GDP. That is less than one-quarter of the income loss in 1974 or 1980. On the other hand, oil-importing emerging economies—to which heavy industry has shifted—have become more energy-intensive, and so could be more seriously squeezed.One more reason not to lose sleep over the rise in oil prices is that, unlike the rises in the 1970s, it has not occurred against the background of general commodity-price inflation and global excess demand. A sizable portion of the world is only just emerging from economic decline. The Economist’s commodity price index is broadly unchanging from a year ago. In 1973 commodity prices jumped by 70%, and in 1979 by almost 30%.31. The main reason for the latest rise of oil price is_______[A] global inflation. [B] reduction in supply.[C]fast growth in economy. [D] Iraq’s suspension of exports.32. It can be inferred from the text that the retail price of petrol will go updramatically if______.[A] price of crude rises. [B] commodity prices rise.[C] consumption rises. [D] oil taxes rise.33. The estimates in Economic Outlook show that in rich countries_______.［A］heavy industry becomes more energy-intensive.［B］income loss mainly results from fluctuating crude oil prices.［C］manufacturing industry has been seriously squeezed.［D］oil price changes have no significant impact on GDP.34. We can draw a conclusion from the text that_______.［A］oil-price shocks are less shocking now.［B］inflation seems irrelevant to oil-price shocks.［C］energy conservation can keep down the oil prices.［D］the price rise of crude leads to the shrinking of heavy industry.35. From the text we can see that the writer seems__________.［A］optimistic. ［B］sensitive. ［C］gloomy. ［D］scared.Text 4The Supreme Court’s decisions on physician-assisted suicide carry important implications for how medicine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering.Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, the Court in effect supported the medical principle of “double effect”, a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects—a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen—is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect.Doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify using high doses of morphine to control terminally ill patients’pain, even though increasing dosages will eventually kill the patient.Nancy Dubler, director of Montefiore Medical Center, contends that the principle will shield doctors who “until now have very, very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient medication to control their pain if that might hasten death”.George Annas, chair of the health law department at Boston University, maintains that, as long as a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose, the doctor has done nothing illegal even if the patient uses the drug to hasten death. “It’s like surgery,” he says. “We don’t call those deaths homicides because the doctors didn’t intend to kill their patients, although they risked their death. If you’re a physician, you can risk your patient’s suicide as long as you don’t intend their suicide.”On another level, many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted-suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying.Just three weeks before the Court’s ruling on physician-assisted suicide, theNational Academy of Science (NAS) released a two-volume report, Approaching Death: Improving Care at the End of Life. It identifies the undertreatment of pain and the aggressive use of “ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying” as the twin problems of end-of-life care.The profession is taking steps to require young doctors to train in hospices, to test knowledge of aggressive pain management therapies, to develop a Medicare billing code for hospital-based care, and to develop new standards for assessing and treating pain at the end of life.Annas says lawyers can play a key role in insisting that these well-meaning medical initiatives translate into better care. “Large numbers of physicians seem unconcerned with the pain their patients are needlessly and predictably suffering”, to the extent that it constitutes “systematic patient abuse”. He says medical licensing boards “must make it clear...that painful deaths are presumptiv ely ones that are incompetently managed and should result in license suspension”.36. From the first three paragraphs, we learn that .[A] doctors used to increase drug dosages to control their patients’pain[B] it is still illegal for doctors to help the dying end their lives[C] the Supreme Court strongly opposes physician-assisted suicide[D] patients have no constitutional right to commit suicide37. Which of the following statements its true according to the text?[A] Doctors will be held guilty if they risk their patients’death.[B] Modern medicine has assisted terminally ill patients in painless recovery.[C] The Court ruled that high-dosage pain-relieving medication can beprescribed.[D] A doctor’s medication is no longer justified by his intentions.38. According to the NAS’s report, one of the problems in end-of-life care is .[A] prolonged medical procedures [B] inadequate treatment of pain[C] systematic drug abuse [D] insufficient hospital care39. Which of the following best defines the word “aggressive”(line 4, paragraph7)?[A] Bold. [B] Harmful. [C] Careless. [D] Desperate40. George Annas would probably agree that doctors should be punished if they .[A] manage their patients incompetently[B] give patients more medicine than needed[C] reduce drug dosages for their patients[D] prolong the needless suffering of the patientsPart BDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)Almost all our major problems involve human behavior, and they cannot be solved by physical and biological technology alone. What is needed is a technology of behavior, but we have been slow to develop the science from which such a technology might be drawn.（41）One difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science continues to trace behavior to states of mind, feelings, traits of character, human nature, and so on. Physics and biology once followed similar practices and advanced only when they discarded them. （42）The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find. The environment is obviously important, but its role has remained obscure. It does not push or pull, it selects, and this function is difficult to discover and analyze.（43）The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago, and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual is only beginning to be recognized and studied. As the interaction between organism and environment has come to be understood, however, effects once assigned to states of mind, feelings, and traits are beginning to be traced to accessible conditions, and a technology of behavior may therefore become available. It will not solve our problems, however, until it replaces traditional prescientific views, and these are strongly entrenched. Freedom and dignity illustrate the difficulty. （44）They are the possessions of the autonomous（self-governing）man of traditional theory, and they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements. A scientific analysis shifts both the responsibility and the achievement to the environment. It also raises questions concerning “values”. Who will use a technology and to what ends? （45）Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems.Section III Writing46. Directions:Study the following picture carefully and write an es say entitled “Cultures National and International”.In the essay you should1. describe the picture and interpret its meaning, and2. give your comment on the phenomenon.You should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)An American girl in traditional Chinese costume（服装）第一部分英语知识应用试题解析一、文章总体分析本文主要介绍了计算机的发展对通信革命及人们的生存方式产生的影响。

2002考研英语真题(英一二通用)答案+解析

2002年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题(一)Section I Listening ComprehensionDirections:This Section is designed to test your ability to understand spoken English.You will hear a selection of recorded materials and you must answer the questions that accompany them.There are three parts in this section,Part A,Part B and Part C.Remember,while you are doing the test,you should first put down your answers in your test booklet.At the end of the listening comprehension section,you will have5minutes to transfer all your answers from your test booklet to ANSWER SHEET1.Now look at Part A in your test booklet.Part ADirections:For Questions1-5,you will hear an introduction about the life of Margaret Welch.While you listen,fill out the table with the information you’ve heard.Some of the information has been given to you in the table.Write only1word or number in each numbered box.You will hear the recording twice.You now have25seconds to read the table below.(5points)Death(Age)77Part BDirections:For questions6-10,you will hear a talk by a well-known U.S.journalist.While you listen, complete the sentences or answer the e not more than3words for each answer.You will hear the recording twice.You now have25seconds to read the sentences and questions below.(5points)Besides reporters,who else were camped out for days6outside the speaker’s home?One reporter got to the speaker’s apartment7 pretending to pay.The speaker believed the reporter wanted a picture of8her lookingWhere is a correction to a false story usually placed?9According to the speaker,the press will lose readers10unless the editors and the news directorsPart CDirections:You will hear three pieces of recorded material.Before listening to each one,you will have time to read the questions related to it.While listening,answer each question by choosing[A],[B],[C] or[D].After listening,you will have time to check your answers.You will hear each piece once only.(10points)Questions11-13are based on a report about children’s healthy development.You now have15 seconds to read Questions11-13.11.What unusual question may doctors ask when giving kids a checkup next time?[A]Howmuch exercise they get every day.[B]What they are most worried about.[C]How long their parents accompany them daily.[D]What entertainment they are interested in.12.The academy suggests that children under age two________.[A]get enough entertainment[B]have more activities[C]receive early education[D]have regular checkups13.According to the report,children’s bedrooms should________.[A]be no place for play[B]be near a common area[C]have no TV sets[D]have a computer for studyQuestions14-16are based on the following talk about how to save money.You now have15 seconds to read Questions14-16.14.According to the speaker,what should one pay special attention to if he wants to save up?[A]Family debts.[B]Bank savings.[C]Monthly bills.[D]Spending habits.15.How much can a person save by retirement if he gives up his pack-a-day habit?[A]$190,000.[B]$330,000.[C]$500,000.[D]$1,000,000.16.What should one do before paying monthly bills,if he wants to accumulate wealth?[A]Invest into a mutual fund.[B]Use the discount tickets.[C]Quit his eating-out habit.[D]Use only paper bills and save coins.Questions17-20are based on an interview with Herbert A.Glieberman,a domestic-relations lawyer.You now have20seconds to read Questions17-20.17.Which word best describes the lawyer’s prediction of the change in divorce rate?[A]Fall[B]Rise[C]V-shape[D]Zigzag18.What do people nowadays desire to do concerning their marriage?[A]To embrace changes of thought.[B]To adapt to the disintegrated family life.[C]To return to the practice in the‘60s and‘70s.[D]To create stability in their lives.19.Why did some people choose not to divorce20years ago?[A]They feared the complicated procedures.[B]They wanted to go against the trend.[C]They were afraid of losing face.[D]they were willing to stay together.20.Years ago a divorced man in a company would have________.[A]been shifted around the country.[B]had difficulty being promoted.[C]enjoyed a happier life.[D]tasted little bitterness of disgrace.You now have5minutes to transfer all your answers from your test booklet to ANSWER SHEET1.THIS IS THE END OF SECTION IDO NOT READ OR WORK ON THE NEXT SECTIONUNTIL YOU ARE TOLD TO CONTINUE全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题(二)National Entrance Test of English for MA/MS Candidates(2002)考生注意事项1.考生必须严格遵守各项考场规则，得到监考人员指令后方可开始答题。

2002年1月学位英语真题及答案

2002年1月研究生英语学位课统考真题PAPER ONEPart I LISTENING COMPREHENSION (15 minutes, 15 points)Section A ( 1 point each )Directions:In this part, you will hear nine short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation a question will be asked about what was said. The questions will be spoken only once. Choose the best answer from the four choices given by marking the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square bracket on your Answer Sheet.1. A. In about 10 minutes.B. In about 20minutes.C. In about 30 minutes.D. In about 40 minutes.2. A. They don't like their next-door neighbor.B. They feel lonely here.C. They find the life here tough.D. They don t feel safe in this neighborhood.3. A. The manager was impatient with John.B. John was afraid of talking with the manager.C. John was not interested in the business.D. The room where they had the talk was a mess.4. A. It was interesting.B. It was boring.C. It was moving.D. It was an empty talk.5. A. She often goes outing with her neighbors.B. She thinks that her neighbors are trustworthy.C. She thinks that her neighbors are very friendly.D. She has much in common with her neighbors.6. A. Jane has changed a lot.B. Jane is artistic.C. Jane is conscientious.D. Jane's idea is not good enough.7. A. She didn't like them from the very beginning.B. She doesn't like their color.C. Their color is too close to that of the walls.D. Their color doesn't match that of the walls.8. A. They are amusing and instructive.B. They are popular and interesting.C. They are ridiculous and boring.D. They are uninteresting and outdated.9. A. Because John is as clumsy as a pig.B. Because John has never played a game like this.C. Because John is not as competitive as other players.D. Because John has no confidence in himself.Section B (1 point each)Directions: In this part you will hear two short passages. At the end of each passage, there will be some questions. Both the passages and the questions will be read to you only once.After each question, there will be a pause. During the pause, you must choose the best answer from the four choices given by marking the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your Answer Sheet.10. A. Being compulsory in most countries.B. Covering differently according to different situations.C. Helping the needy to survive.D. Sharing risks of possible losses.11. A. To prove that it is wise to spend money on insurance.B. To prove that buying insurance is a wasted investment.C. To tell us that the sense of security is very important in driving.D. To tell us that accidents may take place at any time.12. A. Business, poverty and health insurance.B. Car, liability and life insurance.C. Possessions, disability and health insurance.D. Liability, home and life insurance.13. A. They live on their parents' income.B. They live on food given by others.C. They live on begged food.D. They live on potatoes only.14. A. Their teachers died of AIDS.B. Their parents died of AIDS.C. They had no money to pay for the tuition.D. They were infected with HIV.15. A. About 4.2%.B. About 10%.C. About 20%.D. Less than 30%.Part II VOCABULARY (10 minutes, 10 points )Section A (0. 5 point each )Directions: There are ten questions in this section. Each question is a sentence with one word or phrase underlined. Below the sentence are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose the word or phrase that is closest in meaning to the underlined one. Mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your Answer Sheet.16. Terrorist activities, in whatever forms, are to be denounced by peace-loving peopleworldwide.A. announcedB. forgivenC. condemnedD. despised17. Problems with respiration are often associated with smoking and air pollution as has beenproved.A. aspirationB. inspirationC. creativityD. breathing18. The military operations commenced yesterday were targeted at the Taliban's militaryinstallations.A. set aboutB. set outC. set apartD. set aside19. No merchandise is currently in short supply thanks to the market economy.A. businessmanB. commodityC. substanceD. talent20. It is becoming increasingly difficult for an only child to live up to the expectations of theirparents.A. encourageB. surviveC. arouseD. fulfill21. This summit talk is thought to be instrumental in bringing about peace in this region.A. helpfulB. uselessC. harmlessD. inappropriate22. Faced with this grim situation, top executives of this company are trying to find quicksolutions.A. unexpectedB. undesirableC. comfortingD. grave23. The bill was passed unanimously as a result of the intensive lobbying of some senators.A. without any objectionsB. in the endC. in the darkD. against heavy odds24. Nobel Prize winners have been mostly scientists of international renown in some field.A. institutionsB. standardC. prestigeD. application25. These natural resources will be depleted sooner or later if the present rate of exploitationcontinues.A. exhaustedB. evaluatedC. deployedD. popularized Section B (0. 5 point each)Directions: There are ten questions in this section. Each question is a sentence with something missing. Below each sentence are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose one word or phrase that best completes the sentence. Mark the corresponding Letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your Answer Sheet.26. Harry Potter was originally __B___ for children or teenagers, yet many adults have cometo be crazy about the book.A. extendedB. intendedC. inclinedD. directed27. This experienced author was able to _B____ the lifetime's work of Jefferson into onevolume.A. suppressB. compressC. expressD. depress28. A Frenchman who has an unusually sensitive nose can __D___ hundreds of different smells.A. nominateB. dominateC. eliminateD. discriminate29. The Chinese share the ___A____ that their life will become better and the country moreprosperous.A. convictionB. speculationC. elaborationD. perspiration30. After weeks of __B____, the owners and the union leaders have finally agreed on thequestion of sick benefits.A. administrationB. arbitrationC. authorizationD. alternation31. It took this disabled boy a long time to ___D__ the fact that he was not qualified foradmission to college.A. come up withB. come down withC. come up toD. come to terms with32. The authorities claim that the rate of crime is declining, but statistics show___B___.A. clockwiseB. otherwiseC. elsewhereD. likewise33. Air attacks in Afghanistan are focused on airports and training camps to avoid civilian __C___.A. involvementB. rebellionC. casualtiesD. anguish34. After all, people across the Taiwan Straits are of the same race, so this island and the mainland are ___D__.A. inexplicableB. irreplaceableC. indispensableD. inseparable35. President Bush said that the most urgent mission was to bring the wrongdoers to _A_____.A. justiceB. justificationC. adjustmentD. justifiabilityPart III CLOZE TEST (10 minutes. 15 points, 1 point each)Directions: There are 15 questions in this part of the test. Read the passage through. Then, go back and choose one suitable word or phrase marked A, B, C, or D for each blank in the passage. Mark the corresponding Letter of the word or phrase you have chosen with a single bar across the square brackets on your Answer Sheet.It has been said that in a high-divorce society, not only are more unhappy marriages likely to end in divorce, but in addition, more marriages are likely to become unhappy. Much of life's happiness and much of its misery36 come from the same source — one's marriage. Indeed, few things in life have the potential to provide as much delight37 or as much anguish. As the accompanying box indicates, many couples are having more than their share of the latter38 .But divorce statistics reveal only part of the problem. For each marriage that sinks, countless others remain afloat 39 but are stuck in stagnant waters. ―We used to be a happy family, but the last 12 years have been horrible,‖condided40 a woman married for more than 30 years. ―My husband is not interested in my feelings. He is truly my worst emotional41 enemy.‖ Similarly, a husband of nearly 25 years said, ―My wife has told me that she doesn't love me anymore. She says that if we can just exist as roommates and each go our 42separate ways when it comes to leisure time, the situation can be tolerated43 .‖Of course, some in such terrible straits terminate44 their marriage. For many, however, divorce is out of the question45 . Why? According to Dr. Karen Kavser, factors such as children, community disgrace, finances, friends, relatives, and religious beliefs might keep a couple together, even in a loveless46 state.“Unlikely to divorce legally,‖she says, ―these spouses choose to remain with47 a partner from whom they are emotionally divorced.‖Must a couple whose relationship has cooled resign48 themselves to a life of dissatisfaction? Is a loveless marriage the only alternative49 to divorce? Experience proves that many troubled marriages can be saved — not only from the agony50 of breakup but also from the misery of lovelessness.36. A. mighty B. misery C. mystery D. myth37. A. delight B. dismay C. dignity D. destiny38. A. late B. later C. latter D. last39. A. ashore B. afloat C. arrogant D. ascended40. A. conferred B. compromised C. confessed D. confided41. A. passional B. feeling C. emotional D. sensational42. A. separate B. parting C. different D. divided43. A. excused B. forgiven C. comprehended D. tolerated44. A. intensify B. terminate C. reinforce D. betray45. A. in the end C. in the wayB. out of the count D. out of the question46. A. loving B. lovely C. loved D. loveless47. A. insist on B. persist in C. remain with D. keep in with48. A. resign B. deposit C. expel D. return49. A. pattern B. destination C. alternative D. route50. A. addiction B. agony C. abuse D. abolitionPart IV READING COMPREHENSION (45 minutes, 30 points, 1 point each) Directions: In this part of the test, there are five short passages. Read each passage carefully, and then do the questions that follow. Choose the best answer A, B, C, or D and mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your Answer Sheet.Passage OneMoviegoers may think history is repeating itself this weekend. The summer's most anticipated film, Pearl Harbor, which has opened recently, painstakingly re-creates the Japanese attack that drew the United States into World War II. But that isn't the film's only reminder of the past. Harbor invites comparison to Titanic, the biggest hit of all time. Like Titanic, Harbor heaps romance and action around a major historical event. Like Titanic,Harbor attempts to create popular global entertainment from a deadly real-life tragedy. Like Titanic, Harbor costs a pretty penny and hopes to get in even more at the box office.Both Titanic and Pearl Harbor unseal their tales of love and tragedy over more than three hours. Both stories center on young passion, triangles of tension with one woman and two men; In Titanic, Leonardo DiCaprio and Billy Zane compete for the love of the same woman, a high-society type played by a British actress named Kate (Winslet). In Harbor, two pilots (Ben Affleck, Josh Hartnett) fall for the same woman, a nurse played by a British actress named Kate (Beckinsale).The scenes of peril also have similarities. Harbor has a shot in which soldiers cling for dear life as the battleship USS Oklahoma capsizes. The moment is recalled of the Titanic's climactic sinking scene in which DiCaprio and Winslet hang from the ocean liner as half of the ship vertically plunges into the water. In Harbor, one of its stars floats atop a piece of debris in the middle of the night, much like Winslet's character does in Titanic.And the jaw-dropping action of Titanic is matched by Harbor's, 40-minute re-creation of the Dec. 7, 1941 attack on the United States' Pacific Fleet. Both films spent heavily on special effects. Harbor director, Michael Bay, for example, says he kept salaries down so more could be spent on the visuals. Both movies even shot their ship-sinking scenes at the same location; Fox Studios Baja in Mexico.Harbor's makers have even taken a Titantic-like approach to the soundtrack. The film includes one song. There You'll be, performed by country music superstar Faith Hill. Titanic, which is one of the best selling soundtracks of all time, also has only one pop song: Celine Dion's MY Heart Will Go On.―If Harbor becomes a major moneymaker, filmmakers may comb history books searching for even more historical romance-action material.‖ says a critic.51. What are the two things that the author of this article tries to compare?A. The attack on Pearl Harbor and the sinking of the Titanic.B. Historical fiction movies and successful box office hits.C. The movie Titanic and the on-show movie Pearl Harbor.D. Sinking boats and famous actors.52. Pearl Harbor and Titanic are similar in all of the following aspects EXCEPT_____.A. both spent large amount of money on special effectsB. both have soundtracks starring a major pop starC. both added made-up stories to historical eventsD. both are documentary movies of historical events53. Who plays the leading female role in Pearl Harbor?A. Kate Beckinsale.B. Ben Affleck.C. Kate Winslet.D. Faith Hill.54. What does the phrase ―cost a pretty penny‖ in the first paragraph mean?A. To be very attractive.B. To cost a lot.C. To have big box office returns.D. To require a lot of effort to accomplish.55. If Pearl Harbor is as successful as Titanic, which of the following movies might we see next?A. The Battle of Waterloo.B. The Advents of Mr. Bean.C. Space Invaders.D. The Haunted House.56. It is said in the passage that ____.A. major historical events can never repeat themselvesB. both Titanic and Pearl Harbor are the historical reappearanceC. Pearl Harbor may have a better box office return than TitanicD. Titanic is the most successful film in historyPassage TwoA few weeks ago my mother called to say there was a warrant out for my arrest. I was mystified. I’d like to think myself dangerous but I’m a mild-mannered journalist. I don't have a criminal record, though the address on my driver’s license is my mother’s - thus the ―rai d.‖ I hadn’t robbed any convenience stores lately, nor fled the scene after backing a Jeep into a crowd of people.But this is Mayor Giuliani s New York, where it doesn’t take much to draw the attention of cops. New Yorkers know all about Hizzonor’s banning homeless cleaning men fromapproaching drivers and offering to clean their windshields. H’s also cracked down on street vendors. Yuppie that 1 am. I’ve never given much thought to what it felt like to be on the other side of the law.So when the cops came knocking, I thought there must be some mistake. Imagine my embarrassment upon discovering my crime. One Saturday night in March, I strolled out of apartment after dinner, a Coors Light beer in hand. Suddenly a police officer came up and wrote me a ticket. The charge: violating New York City’s open-container laws. Yeah. I probably should have paid it then and there. But instead I stuck the pink slip in my back pocket and forgot about it.When I called to inquire about my case. I was told to ―speak with Officer Kosenza.‖ But I didn’t get a chance. Kosenza called me that night while I was having dinner with my girlfriend. He wanted me to come to court, right then. But I was cautious. It seems New York’s police are in a bind. With crime falling to record lows, it's getting harder and harder for cops to ―make the numbers‖that show they’re doing a better and better job. What to do? The answer is to rifle through out-of-date tickets that haven’t been paid –anything they could turn into a ―crime.‖ I finally decided to turn myself in. which is how 1 found myself, one August evening, handcuffed at the downtown Manhattan police station with an older officer telling us tales of his days in the 1980s. ―Times sure have changed.‖ he said, shaking his head at us statistically useful nuisances.Eventually I was led into a courtroom. Very quickly, it was done. Handcuffs off, out the door. I wanted to complain but went quietly home, promising not to do whatever I was guilty of for another six months. I got off easy. But I also learned a lesson: Giuliani s clean streets come with a price. If only the mayor would neglect to pay a ticket.57. According to the passage, the author is probably _____.A. an urban young professionalB. a narrow-minded journalistC. a criminal wanted by the policeD. a traffic offender58. The author was arrested primarily because _____.A. he once stuck a piece of pink paper in his back pocketB. he used his mother's address on the driver's licenseC. he had robbed convenience shops beforeD. he drank some beer one night on the street59. The word "nuisances" in the fourth paragraph may mean _____.A. mild-mannered prisonersB. trouble makersC. new arrivalsD. hardened criminals60. Through the passage, the author wants to convey the idea that _____.A. New York policemen are doing a good job cracking down on crimesB. not everyone agrees with the mayor's management of the cityC. the crime rate has been reduced at the expense of citizens' convenienceD. everyone including the mayor should be punished if he is guilty of crime61. According to the passage, which of the following statements is NOT true?A. The author pleaded guilty and was set free.B. Policemen were trying hard to please their superiors.C. Many so-called crimes were only trifle things.D. It's no use complaining to cops when you are caught.62. The tone of the passage is ______.A. satiricalB. objectiveC. praisefulD. complainingPassage ThreeEwen Cameron is long dead but his ghost appears to haunt Canada, where extraordinarily strict rules are being considered to protect the subjects of psychological research.Cameron was a scientist straight from a horror movie. On the surface, he was a respectable academic. But after the end of the Second World War, he visited the Nuremberg trials, superficially to examine Rudolf Hess's psychological state. Many people believe that healso studied Nazi methods of mind control. Certainly, he never internalized the Nuremberg declaration that prohibits human experiments where risk outweighs ―humanitarian importance.‖Throughout the 1950s, Cameron ran a CIA-funded laboratory at McGill University where patients were used as guinea pigs in brainwashing experiments. Some patients were given ECT ―therapy‖twice daily, others were drugged and kept unconscious for weeks or months, injected with huge amounts of drugs, and subjected to long-term sensory deprivation.Compensation has been paid to most surviving patients. But suspicion of the psychological sciences has not entirely gone away. Nor has the need for patients’ rights to be guaranteed. Cameron, after all, ensured that every patient signed a consent form, even though many were not in position to understand what it meant.The strict new rules for psychological research now under discussion can partly be understood in the light of special Canadian sensitivities. They are designed to ensure that no one can be involved in an experiment that might damage their own interests.All well and good, except that psychological sciences aren’t going to advance if anyone can leave an experiment if they don’t like the results. Obviously, many psychological experiments would not be possible if the experimenters had to reveal exactly what they were testing.There is much to debate about the rights of patients and experimental subjects. The committee drawing up the code has apparently received 2,000 pages of comment on its draft.No one should do anything until this committee has had all the time it needs to read, digest and study these submissions. And then reach a truly balanced position.63. According to the author, we may conclude that _____.A. Cameron was a dedicated and responsible scientistB. Cameron was interested in unveiling the myths about Rudolf Hess’s psychological stateC. Cameron tried to ensure that his subjects clearly understood the purpose of the experimentsD. Cameron unmistakably violated the subjects’ rights64. Which of the following statements is NOT true based on the second paragraph?A. Cameron’s appearance might misrepresent his true personality.B. Probing into the psychological state of the Nazi was outside Cameron’s profession.C. Cameron did not observe the stipulation relating to human experiments.D. People believed that he had undisclosed motives for attending the Nuremberg trials.65. We can infer from this passage that _____.A. making compensation for the subjects’ loss was illegalB. some subjects in Cameron’s experiments diedC. people have been quite indifferent to the subjects’ rightsD. as a rule, people are fully supportive of psychological sciences66. The committee responsible for working out the rules governing psychological research _____.A. has to give top priority to psychological advancesB. is bombarded with criticisms from the publicC. is expected to take into account all the reactions to the draftingD. should rely on those willing to sacrifice their own interests67. One of the problems with the new rules for psychological research is that _____.A. the rules can do little to protect the patients’ rightsB. people may withdraw from the experiments in fear of damage to their own interestsC. it would be impossible to sort out anything valuable from the comments on the rulesD. people’s response to psychological sciences is overwhelmingly negativePassage FourSome accept their fate. Others try to reason with the police officer who has pulled them over for some real or imagined traffic offense. But when law enforcement is represented by a computer-driven camera that has immortalized your violation on film —as is the case at hundreds of intersections in more than 60 cities around the U. S. — it's hard to talk your way out of a heavy fine. Yet that is precisely what some 300 motorists in San Diego succeeded in doing last week when a superior court judge rules that pictures taken by the so-called red-light cameras were unreliable and therefore unacceptable.The first U. S. Court decision to reject all the traffic violations caught on camera, the ruling by judge Ronald Styn has fueled debate over the growing use of the devices. Police departments swear, and studies indicate, that the robocams (robot cameras) deter people from speeding and running red lights. A Lou Harris poll set for release this week finds that 69% of Americans support their use. Yet at least seven states have blocked proposals to implement them, and opponents —ranging from House majority leader Dick Armey to the American Civil Liberties Union — argue that the cameras violate privacy and place profit above public safety.Part of the problem is that virtually all the devices in place are operated by private firms that handle everything from installing the machinery to identifying violations —often with minimal police oversight — and have an incentive to pull in as many drivers as they can. The companies get paid as much as $ 70 a ticket, and the total revenue is hardly chump change. San Diego has got in $15. 9 million since October 1998, and Washington $12. 8 million since August 1999. ―It's all about money,‖says Congressman Bob Barr, a leading critic. Not so, insists Terrance Gainer, Washington's executive assistant chief of police. ―We have reduced fatalities. If some company is making money off that, that is American way.‖Critics counter that there must be other, less intrusive ways to make intersections safer, such as lengthening the yellow light and adding turn lanes. ―I object to this fixation we have with cameras and electronically gathered information,‖says Barr. ―It places too much confidence in technology.‖That confidence, as Washington residents have learned, can be misplaced. The city removed one camera last May that had generated more than 19,000 tickets at a particularly confusing intersection. In San Diego, faulty sensors made drivers appear to be going faster than they really were. The city suspended the system in July.Another concern is privacy. While systems in Washington, Maryland and North Carolina photograph nothing but the rear of the car, others in Arizona, California and Colorado take a picture of the driver s seat as well — a bit of electronic monitoring that could land straying spouses in trouble a lot more serious than a traffic violation.In Europe, where speedcams are deployed by the thousands and are even less popular than they are here, resentful drivers have started to take matters into their own hands, seeking out hidden cameras and knocking them over with their cars.68. It is mainly indicated in the first paragraph that _____.A. people respond differently when caught in traffic offenseB. motorists can be wrongly accused by police officersC. speeders cannot defend themselves before red-light camerasD. computer-driven cameras sometimes do tell lies69. The court decision last week _____.A. triggered a dispute over the use of robocamsB. immuned few camera-caught violators from punishmentC. found fewer red-light camera supporters in AmericaD. deterred some states from implementing camera devices70. Opponents’ arguments against cameras include all the following EXCEPT _____.A. they intrude into people’s privacyB. they give priority to the pursuit of profitC. they are operated by private firmsD. they are under the supervision of police71. Police department believes that _____.A. robocams should not be operated by private firmsB. robocams arc effective in maintaining traffic orderC. speeding is the major cause of traffic fatalitiesD. companies operating cameras should riot pursue money only72. The phrase ―chump change‖ in the third paragraph is closest in meaning to _____.A. trivialB. moderateC. enormousD. indefinite73. According to the passage. Bob Barr _____.A. is the majority leader in the House of RepresentativesB. is strongly against the American way of making moneyC. lacks confidence in modern technologyD. doubts the authenticity of electronically gathered information74. The writer s attitude towards speedcams can be best expressed as _____.A. positiveB. negativeC. indifferentD. uncertain75. Drivers in European countries _____.A. get angry at the red-light camerasB. destroy thousands of the speedcamsC. take the initiative in the use of speedcamsD. take drastic measures with speedcamsPassage FiveNow and then, researchers retreat from the trackless jungle at the edge of knowledge and set up camp in more familiar territory. Such expeditions don’t often yield surprises, but it’s always reassuring to know that the back yard looks much as we thought it did.Among those scientists were psychologists from the State University of New York at Stony Brook. To prove their theory — that people are more likely to yell at a family member or a peer than a superior — they asked 100 college students to wear blood-pressure cuffs and to keep notes about when they got angry and what they did about it.The momentous conclusion: people tend to bottle up anger felt toward an authority figure, and are more likely to vent it instead at family members or friends.While these findings are far from earth-shattering, one researcher pointed out that nobody had ever looked at anger this way before.Big words can make a self-evident result seem weightier. Psychologists at the National Institute for Healthcare Research in Maryland used this technique when they announced that when one person hurts another, forgiveness ―is associated with restored relational closeness following an interpersonal transgression.‖Couples who have adopted the kiss-and-make-up strategy will no doubt be pleased to learn that there is now a sound scientific basis for their actions.Psychologists, however, aren’t the only ones taking pains to prove the obvious.Some boldl y going where few have gone don’t always lead to radical conclusions. Over the years, researchers have set up weather-monitoring stations in remote areas of Antarctica. According to data from stations on the Ross Ice Shelf — where almost all those taking part in Robert Scott's ill-fated South Pole expedition perished sometime between late February and mid-March of 1912 —temperatures as low as those recorded in Scott’s journal have been documented only once in the past 15 years.This evidence led to one inexorable conclusion about what killed Scott and most of his party: it was the cold.76. According to the author, the scientists who do researches in more familiar territory _____.A. have confirmed what we have already knownB. have looked at things in new waysC. have had important discoveries by studying the obviousD. have done some useless work77. Which of the following is NOT true according to the psychologists at Stony Brook?A. When people get angry, their blood pressure changes.B. People are less likely to show their anger to their family members.C. People tend to let off their grievance at home.D. They have looked at anger in a unique way.78. The psychologists in Maryland have proved that when one person hurts another, ______.A. it is easier for them to make up if they have very close relationsB. it is easier for them to make up if they show their intimacyC. they should kiss each other to make it upD. they should find a sound scientific basis to make up79. According to the research on the Ross Ice Shelf, Robert Scott’s expedition failed because _____.A. most of the expeditioners couldn't stand hardshipsB. Robert Scott should not have chosen to go there in winterC. it was exceptionally cold on Antarctica that yearD. Robert Scott did not pay much attention to the temperature record of Antarctica80. It is implied in the passage that _____.A. people should not bottle up their anger at their family members or friendsB. bold researches would lead to radical conclusions。

2002考研英语一真题

2002考研英语一真题In recent years, studying abroad has become increasingly popular among Chinese students. While some people argue that studying abroad is a waste of time and money, I believe that the benefits far outweigh the drawbacks. In this article, we will explore the advantages of studying abroad and how it can positively impact students' personal and academic growth.Firstly, studying abroad provides students with the opportunity to immerse themselves in a new culture and environment. It allows them to experience life from a different perspective and gain a more global outlook. By interacting with people from different backgrounds, students can develop cross-cultural communication skills, adaptability, and a deeper appreciation for diversity. These experiences are invaluable and can help students become more open-minded and tolerant individuals.Secondly, studying abroad often offers access to better educational resources and facilities. Many top universities around the world have state-of-the-art facilities and research opportunities that are not readily available in China. By studying in such institutions, students can receive a world-class education and gain exposure to cutting-edge knowledge in their field of study. This can greatly enhance their academic performance and future career prospects.Additionally, studying abroad provides students with the opportunity to improve their language skills. English, for example, is considered a global language and proficiency in English is highly valued in the job market. Immersing oneself in an English-speaking country can greatly accelerate language proficiency and allow students to communicate effectively in aninternational setting. Moreover, being bilingual or multilingual can open up a wide range of opportunities and increase employability.Furthermore, studying abroad fosters personal growth and self-reliance. Living in a foreign country away from family and familiar surroundings requires students to become more independent and responsible. They have to manage their finances, navigate transportation systems, and solve problems on their own. This builds resilience and self-confidence, qualities that are highly regarded by employers and beneficial for personal development.However, it is important to acknowledge the challenges that studying abroad may also present. Homesickness, cultural shock, and language barriers are common difficulties that students may face. It is crucial for students to have a support system in place, whether it be through friends, family, or university resources. With proper guidance and support, these challenges can be overcome, and the overall experience can be incredibly rewarding.In conclusion, studying abroad offers numerous advantages for students. From gaining a global perspective and cultural understanding to accessing better educational resources, improved language skills, and personal growth, studying abroad truly broadens horizons. While there may be challenges along the way, the long-term benefits far outweigh the temporary difficulties. Therefore, I believe that studying abroad is a worthwhile and enriching experience for Chinese students, and more should be encouraged to take this opportunity.。