Microeconomics Real_Interest_Rate_2016
微观经济学Microeconomics-精品课件
• 参考教材 ：黄亚钧 郁义鸿主编 《微观经 济学》，高等教育出版社，2003年。
• 参考书目： • [美]H.范里安著 《微观经济学：现代观
点》，上海三联书店 上海人民出版社， 1994年； • [美]平狄克 鲁宾费尔德 著 《微观经济 学》，中国人民大学出版社，1997年。 • 黎诣远 《微观经济分析》，清华大学出 版社
13、He who seize the right moment, is the right man.谁把握机遇，谁就心想事成。21.7.1421.7.1 401:18:2501:18 :25July 14, 2021
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14、谁要是自己还没有发展培养和教 育好， 他就不 能发展 培养和 教育别 人。202 1年7月 14日星 期三上 午1时1 8分25 秒01:18:2521.nomic Man 经济人
• 如果说，稀缺是社会存在的经济概括， 那么，经济人这个概念就是对社会意 识的经济学概括。
• 经济学并不研究稀缺本身，而是研究 在稀缺条件下人的行为，也就是研究 经济人的行为。
© copyrights by Changde Zheng 2004. Economic college，Southwest University For Nationalities.
ii) Scarcity means that to have more of some things there must be less of others (Opportunity Cost): Production Possibilities Frontier
iii) Scarcity implies choice
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15、一年之计，莫如树谷；十年之计 ，莫如 树木； 终身之 计，莫 如树人 。2021 年7月上 午1时1 8分21. 7.1401:18July 14, 2021
经济学英语词汇大全解读经济学理论的专业术语
经济学英语词汇大全解读经济学理论的专业术语经济学是研究资源配置和价值决策的学科，它使用一些专业术语来描述和解释不同的经济现象和理论。
在本文中，我们将提供一个经济学英语词汇大全，以便更好地理解经济学的相关概念和理论。
一、宏观经济学（Macroeconomics）宏观经济学研究整体经济活动，包括国家的经济增长率、就业率、通货膨胀率等。
以下是一些宏观经济学中常用的词汇：1. Gross Domestic Product (GDP)：国内生产总值，衡量一个国家或地区在一定时间内所产生的全部最终产品和服务的价值。
2. Inflation：通货膨胀，指一国货币的持续贬值，导致物价普遍上升。
3. Unemployment Rate：失业率，表示劳动力市场上正在寻找工作但找不到的人数占劳动力总数的比例。
4. Interest Rate：利率，借贷资金的费用，也是货币政策调控的手段之一。
二、微观经济学（Microeconomics）微观经济学研究个体经济行为和市场供需关系。
以下是一些微观经济学中常用的词汇：1. Supply and Demand：供求关系，描述市场上商品或服务的供应量和需求量之间的关系。
2. Elasticity：弹性，衡量商品或服务的数量对价格变化的敏感程度。
3. Market Equilibrium：市场均衡，当供需达到平衡时，市场价格不再有明显的上升或下降趋势。
4. Utility：效用，表示个体对商品或服务的满意程度。
三、国际贸易（International Trade）国际贸易研究不同国家间的商品和服务交换。
以下是一些国际贸易中常用的词汇：1. Balance of Trade：贸易差额，表示一个国家的出口减去进口的差值。
2. Comparative Advantage：比较优势，指一个国家对某种商品或服务的生产成本相对较低。
3. Tariff：关税，一国政府对进口商品征收的税收。
4. Exchange Rate：汇率，用于表示一种货币与另一种货币之间的比率。
经济学专业术语(中英文对照)
经济学专业术语（中英文对照）目录1. 经济学原理 (2)2. 像经济学家一样思考 (2)3. 相互依存性与贸易的好处 (3)4. 供给与需求的市场力量 (3)5. 弹性及其应用 (4)6. 供给需求与政策 (4)7. 消费者、生产者与市场效率 (4)8. 赋税的应用 (4)9. 国际贸易 (5)10. 外部性 (5)11. 公共物品和公共资源 (5)12. 税制设计 (5)13. 生产成本 (6)14. 竞争市场上的企业 (7)15. 垄断 (7)16. 垄断竞争 (7)17. 寡头 (7)18. 生产要素市场 (8)19. 收入与歧视 (8)20. 收入不平等与贫困 (8)21. 消费者选择理论 (9)22. 微观经济学前沿 (9)23. 一国收入的衡量 (10)24. 生活费用的衡量 (10)25. 生产与增长 (10)26. 储蓄、投资和金融体系 (11)27. 金融学的基本工具 (11)28. 失业 (12)29. 货币制度 (12)30. 货币增长与通货膨胀 (13)31. 开放经济的宏观经济学 (14)32. 开放经济的宏观经济理论 (14)33. 总需求与总供给 (14)34. 货币政策和财政政策对总需求影响 (15)35. 通胀与失业之间的短期权衡取舍 (15)1.经济学原理经济:(economy)稀缺性:(scarcity)经济学:(economics)效率:(efficiency)平等:(equality)机会成本:(opporyunity cost)理性人:(rational people)边际变动:(marginal change)边际收益:(marginal benefit)边际成本:(marginal cost)激励:(incentive)市场经济:(market economy)产权:(property rights)市场失灵:(market failure)外部性:(externality)市场势力:(market power)生产率:(productivity)通货膨胀:(inflation)经济周期:(business cycle)2.像经济学家一样思考循环流量图:(circular-flow diagram)生产可能性边界:(production possibilities)微观经济学:(microeconomics)宏观经济学:(macroeconomics)实证表述:(positive statements)规范表述:(normative statements)有序数对:(ordered pair)3.相互依存性与贸易的好处绝对优势:(absolute advantage)机会成本:(apportunity cost)比较优势:(comparative advantage)进口品:(imports)出口品:(exports)4.供给与需求的市场力量市场:(market)竞争市场:(competitive market)需求量:(quantity demand)需求定理:(law of demand)需求表:(demand schedule)需求曲线:(demand curve)正常物品:(normal good)低档物品:(inferior good)替代品:(substitutes)互补品:(complements)供给量:(quantity supplied)供给定理:(law of supply)供给表:(supply schedule)供给曲线:(supply curve)均衡:(equilibrium)均衡价格:(equilibrium price)均衡数量:(equilibrium quantity)过剩:(surplus)短缺:(shortage)供求定理:(law of supply and demand)5.弹性及其应用弹性:(elasticity)需求价格弹性:(price elasticity of demand)总收益:(total revenue)需求收入弹性:(income elasticity)需求的交叉价格弹性:(cross-price elasticity)供给价格弹性:(price elasticity of supply)6.供给需求与政策价格上限:(price ceiling)价格下限:(price floor)税收归宿:(tax incidence)7.消费者、生产者与市场效率福利经济学:(welfare economics)支付意愿:(willingness to pay)消费者剩余:(consumer surplus)成本:(cost)生产者剩余:(producer surplus)效率:(efficiency)平等:(equality)8.赋税的应用无谓损失:(deadweight loss)9.国际贸易世界价格:(world price)关税:(tariff)10.外部性外部性:(externality)外部性内在化:(internalizing the externality)矫正税:(corrective taxes)科斯定理:(coase theorem)交易成本:(transaction cost)11.公共物品和公共资源排他性:(excludability)消费中的竞争性:(rivalry in consumption)私人物品:(private goods)公共物品:(public goods)公共资源:(common resources)俱乐部物品:(club goods)搭便车者:(free rider)成本-收益分析:(cost-benefit analysis)公地悲剧:(tragedy of commons)12.税制设计纳税义务:(tax lianility)预算赤字:(budget defict)预算盈余:(budget surplus)平均税率:(average tax rate)边际税率:(marginal tax rate)定额税:(lump-sum tax)受益原则:(benefits principle)支付能力原则:(ability-to-pay principle)纵向平等:(vertical equity)横向平等:(horizontal equity)比例税:(proportional tax)累退税:(regressive tax)累进税:(progressive tax)13.生产成本总收益:(total revenue)总成本:(total cost)利润:(profit)显性成本:(explicit costs)隐性成本:(implicit costs)经济利润:(economic profit)会计利润:(counting profit)生产函数:(production function)边际产量:(marginal product)边际产量递减:(diminishing marginal product)固定成本:(fixed costs)可变成本:(variable costs)平均总成本:(average total cost)平均固定成本:(average fixed costs)平均可变成本:(average variable costs)边际成本:(marginal cost)有效规模:(efficient scale)规模经济:(economies of scale)规模不经济:(diseconomies of scale)规模收益不变:(constant returns to scale) 14.竞争市场上的企业竞争市场:(competitive market)平均收益:(average revenue)边际收益:(marginal revenue)沉没成本:(sunk revenue)15.垄断垄断企业:(monopoly)自然垄断:(natural monopoly)价格歧视:(price discrimination)16.垄断竞争寡头:(oligopoly)垄断竞争:(monopolistic competition) 17.寡头博弈论:(game theory)勾结:(collusion)卡特尔:(cartel)纳什均衡:(Nash equilibrium)囚徒困境:(prisoners’ dilemma)占优策略:(dominant strategy)18.生产要素市场生产要素:(factors of production)生产函数:(production function)劳动的边际产量:(marginal product of labor)边际产量递减:(diminishing marginal product)边际产量值:(value of the marginal product)资本:(capital)19.收入与歧视补偿性工资差别:(compensating differential)人力资本:(human capital)工会:(union)罢工:(strike)效率工资:(efficiency)歧视:(discrimination)20.收入不平等与贫困贫困率:(poverty rate)贫困率:(poverty line)实物转移支付:(in-kind transfers)生命周期:(life cycle)持久收入:(permanent income)功利主义:(utilitariansm)效用:(utilitariansm)自由主义:(liberalism)最大最小准则:(maximin criterion)负所得税:(negative income tax)福利:(welfare)社会保险:(social insurance)自由至上主义:(libertarianism)21.消费者选择理论预算约束线:(budget constraint)无差异曲线:(indiffernnce curve)边际替代率:(marginal rate of subtitution)完全替代品:(perfect substitudes)完全互补品:(perfect complements)正常物品:(normal good)低档物品:(inferior good)收入效应:(income effect)替代效应:(substitution effect)吉芬物品:(Giffen good)22.微观经济学前沿道德风险:(moral hazard)代理人:(agent)委托人:(principal)逆向选择:(adverse selection)发信号:(signaling)筛选:(screening)政治经济学:(political economy)康多塞悖论:(condorcet paradox)阿罗不可能性定理:(Arrow’s impossibility)中值选民定理:(median vater theorem)行为经济学:(behavioral economics)23.一国收入的衡量微观经济学:(microeconomics)宏观经济学:(macroeconomics)国内生产总值:(gross domestic product,GDP)消费:(consumption)投资:(investment)政府购买:(government purchase)净出口:(net export)名义GDP:(nominal GDP)真实GDP:(real GDP)GDP平减指数:(GDP deflator)24.生活费用的衡量消费物价指数:(consumer price index,CPI)通货膨胀率:(inflation rate)生产物价指数:(produer price index,PPI)指数化:(indexation)生活费用津贴:(cost-of-living allowance,COLA)名义利率:(nominal interest rate)25.生产与增长生产率:(productivity)物质资本:(physical capital)人力资本:(human capital)自然资源:(natural resources)技术知识:(technological knoeledge)收益递减:(diminishing returns)追赶效应:(catch-up effect)26.储蓄、投资和金融体系金融体系:(financial system)金融市场:(financial markets)债券:(bond)股票:(stock)金融中介机构:(financial intermediaries)共同基金:(mutual fund)国民储蓄:(national saving)私人储蓄:(private saving)公共储蓄:(public saving)预算盈余:(budget surplus)预算赤字:(budget deficit)可贷资金市场:(market for loanable funds)挤出:(crowding out)27.金融学的基本工具金融学:(finance)现值:(present value)终值:(future value)复利:(compounding)风险厌恶:(risk aversion)多元化:(diversification)企业特有风险:(firm-specific risk)市场风险:(market risk)基本面风险:(fundamental analysis)有效市场假说:(efficient markets by pothesis)信息有效:(informational efficiency)随机游走:(random walk)28.失业劳动力:(laborforce)失业率:(unemployment rate)劳动力参与率:(labor-force participation rate)自然失业率:(natural rate of unemployment)周期性失业:(cyclical unemployment)失去信心的工人:(discouraged workers)摩擦性失业:(frictional unemployment)结构性失业:(structural unemployment)寻找工作:(job search)失业保险:(unemployment insurance)工会:(union)集体谈判:(collective bargaining)罢工:(strike)效率工资:(essiciency wages)29.货币制度货币:(money)交换媒介:(medium of exchange)计价单位:(unit of account)价值储藏手段:(store of value)流动性:(liquidity)商品货币:(commodity money)法定货币:(fiat money)通货:(currency)活期存款:(demand deposits)联邦储备局:(Federal Reserve)中央银行:(central bank)货币供给:(money supply)货币政策:(monetary policy)准备金:(reserves)部分准备金银行:(fractional-reserve banking)准备金率:(reserve ratio)货币乘数:(money multiplier)银行资本:(bank capital)杠杆:(leverage)杠杆率:(leverage ratio)资本需要量:(capital requirement)公开市场操作:(open-market operations)贴现率:(discount rate)法定准备金:(reserve requirements)补充金融计划:(supplementary financing program)联邦基金利率:(federal funds rate)30.货币增长与通货膨胀铲除通胀:(whip Inflation Now)货币数量论:(quantity theory of money)名义变量:(nominal variables)真实变量:(real variables)古典二分法:(classiacl dichotomy)货币中性:(monetary neutrality)货币流通速度:(velocity of money)数量方程式:(quantity equation)通货膨胀税:(inflation tax)费雪效应:(Fisher effect)皮鞋成本:(shoeleather cost)菜单成本:(menu costs)31.开放经济的宏观经济学封闭经济:(closed economy)开放经济:(open economy)出口:(exports)净出口:(net exports)贸易余额:(trade balance)贸易盈余:(trade surplus)贸易平衡:(balanced trade)贸易赤字:(trade deficit)资本净流出:(net capital outflow)名义汇率:(nominal exchange rate)升值:(appreciation)贬值:(depreciation)真实汇率:(real exchange rate)购买力平价:(purchasing-power parity)32.开放经济的宏观经济理论贸易政策:(trade policy)资本外逃:(capital flight)33.总需求与总供给衰退:(recession)萧条:(depression)总需求与总供给模型:(model of aggregate demand and aggregate supply)总需求曲线:(aggregate-demand curve)总供给曲线:(aggregate-supply curve)自然产出水平:(natural level of output)滞胀:(stagflation)34.货币政策和财政政策对总需求影响流动性偏好理论:(theory of liquidity)财政政策:(fisical policy)乘数效应:(multiplier effect)挤出效应:(crowding-out effect)自动稳定器:(automatic stabilizers)35.通胀与失业之间的短期权衡取舍菲利普斯曲线:(phillips curve)自然率假说:(natural-rate hypothesis)供给冲击:(supply shock)牺牲率:(sacrifice ratio)理性预期:(rational expectations)。
宏观经济学关键词中英文对照
Productivity（生产率） physical capital（物质资） human capital（人力资本） natural resources（自然资源） technological knowledge（技术知识） diminishing returns（收益递减） catch-up effect（追赶效应） Efficiency of labor（劳动效率） Labor-augmenting technological progress（劳动扩大型技术进步） neoclassical model of economic growth(新古典经济增长模型) Endogenous growth theory（内生增长理论） Solow growth model （索洛增长模型） Steady state（稳定状态） Golden Rule level of capital（资本的黄金规则水平）
IS–LM model（IS—LM模型） IS curve（IS曲线） LM curve（LM曲线） Theory of liquidity preference（流动性偏好理论） Recession（衰退） Depression（萧条） model of aggregate demand and aggregate supply aggregate-demand curve（总需求曲线） aggregate-supply curve （总供给曲线） Stagflation（滞胀） Aggregate demand （总需求曲线） Aggregate supply（总供给曲线） Demand shocks（需求冲击） Supply shocks （供给冲击） Phillips curve（菲利普斯曲线）
Gross domestic product (GDP)（国内生产总值） Consumer price index (CPI)（消费者价格指数） Unemployment rate（失业率） National income accounting（国民收入核算） Stocks and flows（存量与流量） Value added（增值） Imputed value（估算值） Nominal versus real GDP（名义与实际GDP） GDP deflator（GDP平减指数） National income accounts identity（国民收入核算恒等式） Consumption（消费） Investment（投资） Government purchases（政府购买） Net exports（净出口） Labor force（劳动力） Labor-force participation rate（劳动力参工率） Okun’s law（奥肯定理）
西方经济学词汇(中英文对照)
1.Microeconomics 微观经济学2.Macroeconomics 宏观经济学3.Primary sector 第一产业4.Secondary sector 第二产业5.Tertiary sector 第三产业6.Opportunity cost 机会成本7.Scarcity 稀缺8.Production possibility frontier 生产可能性边界9.Production possibility curve 生产可能性曲线10.Factors of production 生产要素11.Demand 需求12.Demand curve 需求曲线13.Supply 供给14.Supply curve 供给曲线15.Marginal utility边际效用16.Total utility总效用17.Elasticity 弹性18.Price elasticity of demand 需求的价格弹性19.Cross elasticity of demand 需求的交叉弹性20.Income elasticity of demand 需求的收入弹性21.Equilibrium 均衡22.Equilibrium price 均衡价格23.Short run短期24.Long run长期25.Consumer surplus消费者剩余26.Producer surplus生产者剩余27.Externalities外部性28.negative externalities 负的外部性29.positive externalities 正的外部性30.the law of diminishing marginal utility 边际效用递减规律31.budget line 预算线32.Marginal 边际33.Marginal cost 边际成本34.Marginal revenue边际收益35.Merit goods 有益品36.Demerit goods 有害品37.public goods公共品38.quasi-public goods 准公共品39.private goods 私有品40.moral hazard 道德危险41.adverse selection 逆向选择42.Average 平均43.Average product 平均产量44.fixed costs 固定成本45.variable costs 可变成本46.average costs 平均成本47.diseconomy of scale规模不经济48.specialization 专业化49.Cost minimization 成本最小化50.Input投入51.Normal profit正常利润52.Abnormal profit超额利润53.Productive efficiency 生产效率54.Perfect competition完全竞争55.Monopoly垄断56.barrier to entry 进入障碍57.Product differentiation差异产品58.Monopolistic competition 垄断竞争59.Price discrimination 价格歧视60.oligopoly 寡头61.Duopoly双寡头62.Nash equilibrium纳什均衡63.Game theory 博弈论64.Marginal product of labour 劳动的边际产量65.Demand for labour 对劳动力的需求66.Aggregate demand 总需求67.Marginal cost of labour 劳动的边际成本68.Elasticity of demand for labor 劳动力的需求弹性69.Paradox of thrift 节约悖论70.Price level 价格水平71.Trade unions 行会，商会72.Perfectly competitive labour market 完全竞争劳动力市场73.Transfer earnings 转让收益74.Gross Domestic Product 国内生产总值75.Gross National Product 国民生产总值76.money GDP 名义GDP77.real GDP 实际GDP78.Aggregate supply 总供给79.nominal value 名义价值80.real value 实际价值81.Injections 注入82.Withdrawals 漏出83.Consumption 消费84.budget deficit 预算赤字85.budget surplus 预算盈余86.balanced budget 均衡预算87.Keynesians 凯恩斯主义学派88.Monetarists 货币主义学派89.Savings 储蓄90.average propensity to consume 平均消费倾向91.average propensity to save 平均储蓄倾向92.marginal propensity to consume 边际消费倾向93.marginal propensity to save 边际储蓄倾向94.Investment 投资ernment spending 政府支出96.export 出口97.import 进口98.Accelerator 加速器99.Interest 利息率100.The multiplier乘数101.Full employments完全就业102.balance of payments 国际收支平衡表103.deficit赤字104.surplus 盈余105.Demand side policies 需求方面政策106.Supply side policies 供给方面政策107.Reflationary policies 再膨胀政策108.Deflationary policies 通货紧缩政策109.inflation 通货膨胀110.deflation 通货紧缩111.Inflationary gap通货膨胀缺口112.Deflationary gap通货紧缩缺口113.Automatic stabilizer自动稳定器114.Expansionary police扩张政策115.Contractionary policy紧缩政策116.Keynesian fiscal policy凯恩斯财政政策117.fiscal policy 财政政策118.monetary policy 货币政策119.exchange policy 汇率政策120.liquidity trap 流动性陷进121.transaction motive 交易动机122.precautionary motive 预防动机123.speculative motive 投机动机124.cost-push inflation 成本推动型的通货膨胀125.retail price index 零售价格指数126.redistribution of income 收入再分配127.new classical 新古典主义128.absolute advantage 绝对优势parative advantage相对优势130.free trade自由贸易131.economies of scale规模经济132.quotas 配额133.exchange controls外汇管制134.infant industry 幼稚工业135.Tariff关税136.free trade area自由贸易区137.custom union关税同盟138.economic union 经济同盟139.dumping倾销140.Trade creation贸易创造141.trade diversion 贸易转移。
经济学专业术语(中英文对照)
经济学专业术语（中英文对照）目录1. 经济学原理 (2)2. 像经济学家一样思考 (2)3. 相互依存性与贸易的好处 (3)4. 供给与需求的市场力量 (3)5. 弹性及其应用 (4)6. 供给需求与政策 (4)7. 消费者、生产者与市场效率 (4)8. 赋税的应用 (4)9. 国际贸易 (5)10. 外部性 (5)11. 公共物品和公共资源 (5)12. 税制设计 (5)13. 生产成本 (6)14. 竞争市场上的企业 (7)15. 垄断 (7)16. 垄断竞争 (7)17. 寡头 (7)18. 生产要素市场 (8)19. 收入与歧视 (8)20. 收入不平等与贫困 (8)21. 消费者选择理论 (9)22. 微观经济学前沿 (9)23. 一国收入的衡量 (10)24. 生活费用的衡量 (10)25. 生产与增长 (10)26. 储蓄、投资和金融体系 (11)27. 金融学的基本工具 (11)28. 失业 (12)29. 货币制度 (12)30. 货币增长与通货膨胀 (13)31. 开放经济的宏观经济学 (14)32. 开放经济的宏观经济理论 (14)33. 总需求与总供给 (14)34. 货币政策和财政政策对总需求影响 (15)35. 通胀与失业之间的短期权衡取舍 (15)1.经济学原理经济:(economy)稀缺性:(scarcity)经济学:(economics)效率:(efficiency)平等:(equality)机会成本:(opporyunity cost)理性人:(rational people)边际变动:(marginal change)边际收益:(marginal benefit)边际成本:(marginal cost)激励:(incentive)市场经济:(market economy)产权:(property rights)市场失灵:(market failure)外部性:(externality)市场势力:(market power)生产率:(productivity)通货膨胀:(inflation)经济周期:(business cycle)2.像经济学家一样思考循环流量图:(circular-flow diagram)生产可能性边界:(production possibilities)微观经济学:(microeconomics)宏观经济学:(macroeconomics)实证表述:(positive statements)规范表述:(normative statements)有序数对:(ordered pair)3.相互依存性与贸易的好处绝对优势:(absolute advantage)机会成本:(apportunity cost)比较优势:(comparative advantage)进口品:(imports)出口品:(exports)4.供给与需求的市场力量市场:(market)竞争市场:(competitive market)需求量:(quantity demand)需求定理:(law of demand)需求表:(demand schedule)需求曲线:(demand curve)正常物品:(normal good)低档物品:(inferior good)替代品:(substitutes)互补品:(complements)供给量:(quantity supplied)供给定理:(law of supply)供给表:(supply schedule)供给曲线:(supply curve)均衡:(equilibrium)均衡价格:(equilibrium price)均衡数量:(equilibrium quantity)过剩:(surplus)短缺:(shortage)供求定理:(law of supply and demand)5.弹性及其应用弹性:(elasticity)需求价格弹性:(price elasticity of demand)总收益:(total revenue)需求收入弹性:(income elasticity)需求的交叉价格弹性:(cross-price elasticity)供给价格弹性:(price elasticity of supply)6.供给需求与政策价格上限:(price ceiling)价格下限:(price floor)税收归宿:(tax incidence)7.消费者、生产者与市场效率福利经济学:(welfare economics)支付意愿:(willingness to pay)消费者剩余:(consumer surplus)成本:(cost)生产者剩余:(producer surplus)效率:(efficiency)平等:(equality)8.赋税的应用无谓损失:(deadweight loss)9.国际贸易世界价格:(world price)关税:(tariff)10.外部性外部性:(externality)外部性内在化:(internalizing the externality)矫正税:(corrective taxes)科斯定理:(coase theorem)交易成本:(transaction cost)11.公共物品和公共资源排他性:(excludability)消费中的竞争性:(rivalry in consumption)私人物品:(private goods)公共物品:(public goods)公共资源:(common resources)俱乐部物品:(club goods)搭便车者:(free rider)成本-收益分析:(cost-benefit analysis)公地悲剧:(tragedy of commons)12.税制设计纳税义务:(tax lianility)预算赤字:(budget defict)预算盈余:(budget surplus)平均税率:(average tax rate)边际税率:(marginal tax rate)定额税:(lump-sum tax)受益原则:(benefits principle)支付能力原则:(ability-to-pay principle)纵向平等:(vertical equity)横向平等:(horizontal equity)比例税:(proportional tax)累退税:(regressive tax)累进税:(progressive tax)13.生产成本总收益:(total revenue)总成本:(total cost)利润:(profit)显性成本:(explicit costs)隐性成本:(implicit costs)经济利润:(economic profit)会计利润:(counting profit)生产函数:(production function)边际产量:(marginal product)边际产量递减:(diminishing marginal product)固定成本:(fixed costs)可变成本:(variable costs)平均总成本:(average total cost)平均固定成本:(average fixed costs)平均可变成本:(average variable costs)边际成本:(marginal cost)有效规模:(efficient scale)规模经济:(economies of scale)规模不经济:(diseconomies of scale)规模收益不变:(constant returns to scale) 14.竞争市场上的企业竞争市场:(competitive market)平均收益:(average revenue)边际收益:(marginal revenue)沉没成本:(sunk revenue)15.垄断垄断企业:(monopoly)自然垄断:(natural monopoly)价格歧视:(price discrimination)16.垄断竞争寡头:(oligopoly)垄断竞争:(monopolistic competition) 17.寡头博弈论:(game theory)勾结:(collusion)卡特尔:(cartel)纳什均衡:(Nash equilibrium)囚徒困境:(prisoners’ dilemma)占优策略:(dominant strategy)18.生产要素市场生产要素:(factors of production)生产函数:(production function)劳动的边际产量:(marginal product of labor)边际产量递减:(diminishing marginal product)边际产量值:(value of the marginal product)资本:(capital)19.收入与歧视补偿性工资差别:(compensating differential)人力资本:(human capital)工会:(union)罢工:(strike)效率工资:(efficiency)歧视:(discrimination)20.收入不平等与贫困贫困率:(poverty rate)贫困率:(poverty line)实物转移支付:(in-kind transfers)生命周期:(life cycle)持久收入:(permanent income)功利主义:(utilitariansm)效用:(utilitariansm)自由主义:(liberalism)最大最小准则:(maximin criterion)负所得税:(negative income tax)福利:(welfare)社会保险:(social insurance)自由至上主义:(libertarianism)21.消费者选择理论预算约束线:(budget constraint)无差异曲线:(indiffernnce curve)边际替代率:(marginal rate of subtitution)完全替代品:(perfect substitudes)完全互补品:(perfect complements)正常物品:(normal good)低档物品:(inferior good)收入效应:(income effect)替代效应:(substitution effect)吉芬物品:(Giffen good)22.微观经济学前沿道德风险:(moral hazard)代理人:(agent)委托人:(principal)逆向选择:(adverse selection)发信号:(signaling)筛选:(screening)政治经济学:(political economy)康多塞悖论:(condorcet paradox)阿罗不可能性定理:(Arrow’s impossibility)中值选民定理:(median vater theorem)行为经济学:(behavioral economics)23.一国收入的衡量微观经济学:(microeconomics)宏观经济学:(macroeconomics)国内生产总值:(gross domestic product,GDP)消费:(consumption)投资:(investment)政府购买:(government purchase)净出口:(net export)名义GDP:(nominal GDP)真实GDP:(real GDP)GDP平减指数:(GDP deflator)24.生活费用的衡量消费物价指数:(consumer price index,CPI)通货膨胀率:(inflation rate)生产物价指数:(produer price index,PPI)指数化:(indexation)生活费用津贴:(cost-of-living allowance,COLA)名义利率:(nominal interest rate)25.生产与增长生产率:(productivity)物质资本:(physical capital)人力资本:(human capital)自然资源:(natural resources)技术知识:(technological knoeledge)收益递减:(diminishing returns)追赶效应:(catch-up effect)26.储蓄、投资和金融体系金融体系:(financial system)金融市场:(financial markets)债券:(bond)股票:(stock)金融中介机构:(financial intermediaries)共同基金:(mutual fund)国民储蓄:(national saving)私人储蓄:(private saving)公共储蓄:(public saving)预算盈余:(budget surplus)预算赤字:(budget deficit)可贷资金市场:(market for loanable funds)挤出:(crowding out)27.金融学的基本工具金融学:(finance)现值:(present value)终值:(future value)复利:(compounding)风险厌恶:(risk aversion)多元化:(diversification)企业特有风险:(firm-specific risk)市场风险:(market risk)基本面风险:(fundamental analysis)有效市场假说:(efficient markets by pothesis)信息有效:(informational efficiency)随机游走:(random walk)28.失业劳动力:(laborforce)失业率:(unemployment rate)劳动力参与率:(labor-force participation rate)自然失业率:(natural rate of unemployment)周期性失业:(cyclical unemployment)失去信心的工人:(discouraged workers)摩擦性失业:(frictional unemployment)结构性失业:(structural unemployment)寻找工作:(job search)失业保险:(unemployment insurance)工会:(union)集体谈判:(collective bargaining)罢工:(strike)效率工资:(essiciency wages)29.货币制度货币:(money)交换媒介:(medium of exchange)计价单位:(unit of account)价值储藏手段:(store of value)流动性:(liquidity)商品货币:(commodity money)法定货币:(fiat money)通货:(currency)活期存款:(demand deposits)联邦储备局:(Federal Reserve)中央银行:(central bank)货币供给:(money supply)货币政策:(monetary policy)准备金:(reserves)部分准备金银行:(fractional-reserve banking)准备金率:(reserve ratio)货币乘数:(money multiplier)银行资本:(bank capital)杠杆:(leverage)杠杆率:(leverage ratio)资本需要量:(capital requirement)公开市场操作:(open-market operations)贴现率:(discount rate)法定准备金:(reserve requirements)补充金融计划:(supplementary financing program)联邦基金利率:(federal funds rate)30.货币增长与通货膨胀铲除通胀:(whip Inflation Now)货币数量论:(quantity theory of money)名义变量:(nominal variables)真实变量:(real variables)古典二分法:(classiacl dichotomy)货币中性:(monetary neutrality)货币流通速度:(velocity of money)数量方程式:(quantity equation)通货膨胀税:(inflation tax)费雪效应:(Fisher effect)皮鞋成本:(shoeleather cost)菜单成本:(menu costs)31.开放经济的宏观经济学封闭经济:(closed economy)开放经济:(open economy)出口:(exports)净出口:(net exports)贸易余额:(trade balance)贸易盈余:(trade surplus)贸易平衡:(balanced trade)贸易赤字:(trade deficit)资本净流出:(net capital outflow)名义汇率:(nominal exchange rate)升值:(appreciation)贬值:(depreciation)真实汇率:(real exchange rate)购买力平价:(purchasing-power parity)32.开放经济的宏观经济理论贸易政策:(trade policy)资本外逃:(capital flight)33.总需求与总供给衰退:(recession)萧条:(depression)总需求与总供给模型:(model of aggregate demand and aggregate supply)总需求曲线:(aggregate-demand curve)总供给曲线:(aggregate-supply curve)自然产出水平:(natural level of output)滞胀:(stagflation)34.货币政策和财政政策对总需求影响流动性偏好理论:(theory of liquidity)财政政策:(fisical policy)乘数效应:(multiplier effect)挤出效应:(crowding-out effect)自动稳定器:(automatic stabilizers)35.通胀与失业之间的短期权衡取舍菲利普斯曲线:(phillips curve)自然率假说:(natural-rate hypothesis)供给冲击:(supply shock)牺牲率:(sacrifice ratio)理性预期:(rational expectations)。
曼昆宏观经济学名词解释-(中英文)
宏观经济学第十五章MEASUREING A NATION’S INCOME一国收入的衡量Microeconomics the study of how households and firms make decisions and how they interact in markets.微观经济学：研究家庭和企业如何做出决策，以及他们如何在市场上相互交易。
Macroeconomics the study of economy-wide phenomena,including inflation,unemployment,and economic growth宏观经济学：研究整体经济现象，包括通货膨胀、失业和经济增长。
GDP is the market value of final goods and services produced within a country in a given period of time.国内生产总值GDP：给定时期的一个经济体内生产的所有最终产品和服务的市场价值Consumption is spending by households on goods and services, with the exception of purchased of new housing.消费：除了购买新住房，家庭用于物品与劳务的支出。
Investment is spending on capital equipment inventories, and structures, including household purchases of new housing.投资：用于资本设备、存货和建筑物的支出，包括家庭用于购买新住房的支出。
Government purchases are spending on goods and services by local, state, and federal government.政府支出：地方、州和联邦政府用于物品和与劳务的支出。
西方经济学名词解释 英文版
西方经济学名词解释英文版第一章Macroeconomics 宏观经济学The study of the overall aspects and workings of a national economy, such as income, output, and the interrelationship among diverse economic sectors. 研究国民收入的各方面。
Microeconomics 微观经济学The study of the operations of the components of a national economy, such as individual firms, households, and consumers.研究经济中单个因素行为的分析。
GDP 国内生产总值 (Gross Domestic Product)The total market value of all final goods and services producedwithin the borders of a nation during a specified period.一国国民在各行业中一年内生产的最终产品和最终服务价值总和。
It isoften seen as an indicator of the standard of living ina country.Gross Domestic Product,consumption + investment goods + government purchases + net exportsEconomic Growth 经济增长steady growth in the productive capacity of the economy (and so a growth of national income)Real Economic Growth Rate 实际经济增长率A measure of economic growth from one period to another expressed as a percentage and adjusted for inflation (i.e. expressed inreal as opposed to nominal terms). The real economic growth rate isa measure of the rate of change that a nation's gross domestic product (GDP) experiences from one year to another. Gross national product (GNP) can also be used if a nation's economy is heavily dependent on foreign earnings. The real economic growth rate builds onto the economic growth rate by taking into account the effect that inflation has on the economy. The real economic growth rate is a "constant dollar" and therefore a more accurate look at the rate of economic growth because the real rate is not distorted by the effects of extreme inflation or deflation.GDP deflator GDP指数In economics the GDP deflator (implicit price deflator for GDP) is a measure of the change in prices of all new, domestically produced, final goods and services in an economy. GDP stands for gross domestic product the total value of all goods and services produced within that economy during a specified period.Nominal GDP 名义GDPA gross domestic product (GDP) figure that has not been adjusted for inflation.Real GDP 实际GDPThis inflation-adjusted measure that reflects the value of all goods and services produced in a given year, expressed in base-year prices. Often referred to as "constant-price", "inflation-corrected" GDP or "constant dollar GDP". Unlike nominal GDP, real GDP can accountfor changes in the price level, and provide a more accurate figure.Potential output 潜在产量/潜在GDPIn economics, potential output (also refered to as "natural real gross domestic product") refers to the highest level of real Gross Domestic Product output that can be sustained over the long term.GDP Gap GDP缺口The forfeited output of an country's economy resulting from the failure to create sufficient jobs for all those willing to work. A GDP gap denotes the amount of production that is irretrievably lost. The potential for higher production levels is wasted because therearen't enough jobs supplied.(与书异)Net Exports 净出口The value of a country's total exports minus the value of its total imports. It is used to calculate a country's aggregate expenditures, or GDP, in an open economy. In other words, net exports is the amount by which foreign spending on a home country's goods and services exceeds the home country's spending on foreign goods and services.Recession 经济衰退A significant decline in activity spread across the economy, lasting longer than a few months. It is visible in industrial production, employment, real income, and wholesale-retail trade. The technical indicator of a recession is two consecutive quarters of negative economic growth as measured by a country's GDP.Notes: Recession is a normal (albeit unpleasant) part of the business cycle. A recession generally lasts from six to eighteen months.Interest rates usually fall in recessionary times to stimulate the economy by offering cheap rates at which to borrow1money.Depression 经济萧条A severe and prolonged recession characterized by inefficient economic productivity, high unemployment, and falling price levels. In times of depression, consumer's confidence and investments decrease, causing the economy to shutdown. Value Added 附加值The enhancement a company gives its product or service beforeoffering the product to customers. This can either increase the products price or value.(与书异)Gross National Product – GNP 国民生产总值An economic statistic that includes GDP, plus any income earned by residents from overseas investments, minus income earned within the domestic economy by overseas residents. GNP is a measure of a country's economic performance, or what its citizens produced (i.e. goods and services) and whether they produced these items within its borders.Disposable Income 可支配收入The amount of after-tax income that is available to divide between spending and personal savings. This also known as your take home pay.Unemployment Rate 失业率The percentage of the total labor force that is unemployed but actively seeking employment and willing to work.Labor force 劳动力the group of people who have a potential for being employed.Frictional Unemployment 摩擦性事业Unemployment that is always present in the economy, resulting from temporary transitions made by workers and employers or from workers and employers having inconsistent or incomplete information.Structural Unemployment 结构性失业Unemployment resulting from changes in the basic composition of the economy. These changes simultaneously open new positions for trained workers.Cyclical Unemployment 周期性失业Unemployment resulting from changes in the business cycle.Natural Unemployment 自然失业率(与书异)The lowest rate of unemployment that an economy can sustain over the long run. Keynesians believe that a government can lower the rate of unemployment (i.e. employ more people) if it were willing to accept a higher level of inflation (the idea behindthe Phillips Curve). However, critics of this say that the effect is temporary and that unemployment would bounce back up but inflation would stay high. Thus, the natural, or equilibrium, rate is the lowest level of unemployment at which inflation remainsstable. Also known as the "non-accelerating inflation rate of unemployment" (NAIRU).Notes: When the economy is said to be at full employment, it is atits natural rate of unemployment. Economists debate how the natural rate might change. For example, some economists think that increasing labor-market flexibility will reduce the natural rate. Other economists dispute the existence of a natural rate altogether!Frictional unemployment — This reflects the fact that it takes time for people to find and settle into new jobs. If 12 individuals each take one month before they start a new job, the aggregate unemployment statistics will record this as a single unemployed worker. Technological change often reduces frictional unemployment, for example: the internet made job searches cheaper and more comprehensive.Structural unemployment — This reflects a mismatch between theskills and other attributes of the labour force and those demanded by employers. If 4 workers each take six months off to re-train before they start a new job, the aggregate unemployment statistics will record this as two unemployed workers. Technological change often increases structural unemployment, for example: technological change might require workers to re-train.Natural rate of unemployment — This is the summation of frictional and structural unemployment. It is the lowest rate of unemployment that a stable economy can expect to achieve, seeing as some frictional and structural unemployment is inevitable. Economists do not agree on the natural rate, with estimates ranging from 1% to 5%, or on its meaning —some associate it with"non-accelerating inflation.The estimated rate varies from countryto country and from time to time. Demand deficient unemployment — In Keynesian economics, any level of unemployment beyond the natural rateis most likely2due to insufficient demand in the overall economy. During a recession, aggregate expenditure is deficient causing theunderutilization of inputs (including labour). Aggregate expenditure (AE) can be increased, according to Keynes, by increasing consumption spending (C), increasing investment spending (I), increasing government spending (G), or increasing the net of exports minus imports (X?M).{AE = C + I + G + (X?M)}Okun's Law 奥昆法则A relationship between an economy's GDP gap and the actual unemployment rate. The relationship is represented by a ratio of 1 to2.5. Thus, for every 1% excess of the natural unemployment rate, a 2.5% GDP gap is predicted.Inflation 通货膨胀The rate at which the general level of prices for goods and services is rising, and, subsequently, purchasing power is falling.Deflation 通货紧缩 steadily falling pricesA general decline in prices, often caused by a reduction in thesupply of money or credit. Deflation can be caused also by a decrease in government, personal or investment spending. The opposite of inflation,deflation has the side effect of increased unemployment since there is a lower level of demand in the economy, which can lead to an economic depression. Hyperinflation 超级通货膨胀Extremely rapid or out of control inflation.Inflation rate 通货膨胀率In economics, the inflation rate is the rate of increase of the average price level (a measure of inflation). If one likes analogies, the size of a balloon is like the price level, while the inflation rate is how quickly it grows in size. Alternatively, the inflation rate is the rate of decrease in the purchasing power of money.Consumer Price Index (CPI) 消费价格指数The CPI, as it is called, measures the prices of consumer goods and services and is a measure of the pace of US inflation. The US Department of Labor publishes the CPI every month.Demand,pull inflation 需求拉动型通货膨胀inflation due to high demand for GDP and low unemployment, also known as Phillips Curve inflation. Cost,push inflation 成本推动型通货膨胀nowadays termed "supply shock inflation", due to an event such as a sudden increase in the price of oil. Built-in inflation - induced by adaptive expectations, often linked to the "price/wage spiral" because it involves workers tryingto keep their wages up with prices and then employers passing higher costs on to consumers as higher prices as part of a "vicious circle".Built-in inflation reflects events in the past, and so might be seen as hangover inflation. It is also known as"inertial" inflation, "inflationary momentum", and even "structural inflation".Indexing 指数化The adjustment of the weights of assets in an investment portfolio so that its performance matches that of an index. Linking movements of rates to the performance of an index.Notes:1. Indexing is a passive investment strategy. An investor can achieve the same risk and return of an index also by investing in an index fund.2. Types of rates that could be linked to the performance of an index are wage or tax rates.Phillips Curve 菲利普斯曲线An economic concept developed by A. W. Phillips stating thatinflation and unemployment have a stable and inverse relationship. The theory states that with economic growth comes inflation, which in turn should lead to more jobs and less unemployment. The concept has been proven empirically and some government policies are directly influenced by it.第二章Aggregate Demand 总需求The total amount of goods and services demanded in the economy at a given overall price level and in a given time period. It is represented by the aggregate-demand curve, which describes the relationship between price levels and the quantity of output that firms are willing to provide. Normally there is a negative relationship between aggregate demand and the price level. Also3known as "total spending".Notes:Aggregate demand is the demand for the gross domestic product (GDP) of a country, and is represented by this formula: Aggregate Demand (AD) = C + I + G (X-M)C = Consumers' expenditures on goods and services.I = Investment spending by companies on capital goods.G = Government expenditures on publicly provided goods and services.X = Exports of goods and services.M = Imports of goods and services.Aggregate Supply 总供给The total supply of goods and services produced within an economy at a given overall price level in a given time period. It is represented by the aggregate-supply curve, which describes the relationship between price levels and the quantity of output thatfirms are willing to provide. Normally, there is a positive relationship between aggregate supply and the price level. Rising pricesare usually signals for businesses to expand production to meet a higher level of aggregate demand. Also known as "totaloutput".Notes:A shift in aggregate supply can be attributed to a number of variables. These include changes in the size and quality of labor, technological innovations, increase in wages, increase in production costs, changes in producer taxes and subsidies, and changes in inflation. In the short run, aggregate supply responds to higher demand (and prices) by bringing more inputs into the production process and increasing utilization of current inputs. In the long run, however, aggregate supply is not affected by theprice level and is driven only by improvements in productivity and efficiency.Exogenous Variable 外生变量A variable whose value is determined outside the model in which itis used.An economic variable that is related to other economic variables and determines their equilibrium levels. For example, rainfall is exogenous to the causal system constituting the process offarming and crop output. An exogenous variable by definition is one whose value is wholly causally independent from other variables in the system.Endogenous Variable 内生变量A value determined within the context of a model.An economic variable which is independent of the relationships determining the equilibrium levels, but nonetheless affects the equilibrium.Consumption 消费in economics, direct utilization of goods and services by consumers, not including the use of means of production, such as machinery and factories (see capital). Consumption can be divided into public and private sectors.Investment 投资An asset or item that is purchased with the hope that it will generate income or appreciate in the future. In an economic sense, an investment is the purchase of goods that are not consumed today but are used in the future to create wealth. In finance, an investment is a monetary asset purchased with the idea that the asset will provide income in the future or appreciate and be soldat a higher price. In the financial sense investments include the purchase of bonds, stocks or real estate property. Government Purchases 政府购买Expenditures made in the private sector by all levels of government, such as when a government entity contracts a construction company to build office space or pave highways. A component of Keynesian expenditures, government purchases can be used as a tool for agovernment to influence the business cycle and provide economic stimulation when it is deemed necessary. Keynesian Economics 凯恩斯经济An economic theory stating that active government intervention inthe marketplace and monetary policy is the best method of ensuring economic growth and stability. A supporter of Keynesian economics believes it is the government's job to smooth out the bumps in business cycles. Intervention would come in the form of government spending and tax breaks in order to stimulate the economy, and government spending cuts and tax hikes in good times, in order to curb inflation.Classical Economics 古典经济学4Classical Economics refers to work done by a group of economists in the 18th and 19th centuries. They developed theories about the way markets and market economies work. The study was primarily concerned with the dynamics of economic growth. It stressed economic freedom and promoted ideas such as laissez-faire and free competition. Famous economists of this thinking include Adam Smith, David Ricardo, Thomas Malthus, and John Stuart Mill.Equilibrium of AD and AS 总供给和总需求的均衡supply and demand result in an equilibrium price (the interest rate) Stagflation 滞胀A condition of slow economic growth and relatively high unemployment - a time of stagnation - accompanied by a rise in prices, or inflation.第三章Fiscal Policy 财政政策Government spending policies that influence macroeconomic conditions. These policies affect tax rates, interest rates, and government spending, in an effort to control the economy.Government spending 政府支出consists of government purchases, including transfer payments, which can be financed by seigniorage (the creation of money for government funding), taxes, or government borrowing It is considered to be one of the major components of gross domestic product.Multiplier Effect 乘数效应The expansion of a country's money supply that results from banks being able to lend. The size of the multiplier effect depends on the percentage of deposits that banks are required to hold on reserves. In other words, it is money used to create more money and calculated by dividing total bank deposits by the reserve requirement.The multiplier effect depends on the set reserve requirement. The higher the reserve requirement, the tighter the money supply, which results in a lower multiplier effect for every dollar deposited. The lower the reserve requirement, the larger the money supply, which means more money is being created for every dollar deposited.Crowding Out Effect 挤出效应An economic theory explaining an increase in interest rates due to rising government borrowing in the money market. Notes: Governments often borrow money (by issuing bonds) to fund additional spending. The problem occurs when government debt 'crowds out' private companies and individuals from the lending market. Increased government borrowing tends to increase market interest rates. The problem is that the government can always pay the market interest rate, but there comes a point when corporations and individuals can no longer afford to borrow.Marginal propensity to consume (MPC) 边际消费倾向refers to the increase in personal consumer spending (consumption) that occurs with an increase in disposable income (income after taxes and transfers). For example, if a household earns one extra dollar of disposable income, and the marginal propensityto consume is 0.65, then of that dollar, the family will spend 65 cents and save 35 cents.Mathematically, the marginal propensity to consume (MPC) function is expressed as the derivative of the consumption (C) function with respect to disposable income (Y).In other words, the marginal propensity to consume is measured asthe ratio of the change in consumption to the change in income, thus giving us a figure between 0 and 1. One minus the MPC equals the marginal propensity to save. Marginal propensity to save (MPS) 边际储蓄倾向refers to the increase in saving (non-purchase of current goods and services) that results from an increase in income. For example, if a family earns one extra dollar, and the marginal propensity to save is 0.35, then of that dollar, the family will spend65 cents and save 35 cents. It can also go the other way, referring to the decrease in saving that results from a decrease in income. It is crucial to Keynesian economics and is the key variable determining the value of the multiplier. Mathematically, the marginal propensity to save (MPS) function is expressed as the derivative of the savings (S)function with respect to disposable income (Y).5In other words, the marginal propensity to save is measured as the ratio of the change in saving to the change in income, thus giving us a figure between 0 and 1. It is the opposite of the marginal propensity to consume (MPC). In the example above, the marginal propensity to consume would be 0.65. In general MPS = 1 - MPC.Money Supply 货币供给 (与书异)The entire quantity of bills, coins, loans, credit, and other liquid instruments in a country's economy. Money supply is divided into three categories--M1, M2, and M3--according to the type andsize of account in which the instrument is kept. The money supply is important to economists trying to understand how policies will affect interest rates and growth. M1The category of the money supply that includes all physical moneylike coins and currency. It also includes demand deposits, which are checking accounts and NOW accounts. M1 is the narrowest idea of "money." This is used as a measurement for economists trying to quantify the amount of money in circulation.M2A category within the money supply that includes M1 in addition toall time-related deposits, savings deposits, and non-institutionalmoney-market funds. M2 is a broader classification of money than M1. Economists use M2 when looking to quantify the amount of money in circulation and trying to explain different economic monetary conditions. M3The category of the money supply that includes M2 as well as alllarge time deposits, institutional money-market funds, short-term repurchase agreements, along with other larger liquid assets. This isthe broadest measure of money it is used by economists to estimate the entire supply of money within an economy. (书没有)Fiat Money 【美】(根据政府法令发行的)不兑现纸币Money that a government has declared to be legal tender, despite the fact that it has no intrinsic value and is not backed by reserves. Most of the world's paper money is fiat money.Legal tender 合法货币;偿付债务时债主必须接受的货币is payment that cannot be refused in settlement of a debt by virtueof law.Transactions demand 交易性需求is the demand or foreign currency. It is used for purposes of business transactions and personal consumption. transactions demand is one of the determinants of demand for money (and credit).Speculative demand 投机性需求is the demand for financial assets, such as securities, money or foreign currency, or financing. It is one of the determinants of demand for money (and credit).Liquidity Preference Theory 流动性偏好理论The hypothesis that forward rates offer a premium over expectedfuture spot rates. Proponents of this theory believe that, according to the term structure of interest rates, investors are risk-averse and will demand a premium for securities with longermaturities. A premium is offered by way of greater forward rates in order to attract investors to longer-term securities. The premium received normally increases at a decreasing rate due to downward pressure from the decreasing volatility of interest rates as the term to maturity increases. Also known as "liquidity preference hypothesis."Interest Rate 利率The monthly effective rate paid (or received if you are a creditor) on borrowed money. Expressed as a percentage of the sum borrowed.Nominal Interest Rate/the money interest rate名义利率The interest rate unadjusted for inflation. Not taking into account inflation gives a less realistic number. Real Interest Rate 实际利率6The amount by which the nominal interest rate is higher than the inflation rate. The real rate of interest is approximated by taking the nominal interest rate and subtracting inflation. The real interest rate is the growth rate of purchasing power derivedfrom an investment.Intermediate targets 中间目标An intermediate target is a variable (such as the money supply) that is not directly under the control of the central bank, but that does respond fairly quickly to policy actions, is observable frequently and bears a predictable relationship to the ultimate goals of policy.Open Market Operations 公开市场业务The buying and selling of government securities in the open marketin order to expand or contract the amount of money in the banking system. Purchases inject money into the banking system and stimulate growthwhile sales of securities do the opposite.Notes: Open market operations are the principal tools of monetary policy. (The discount rate and reserve requirements are also used.) The U.S. Federal Reserve's goal in using this technique is to adjust the federal funds rate--the rate at which banks borrowreserves from each other.Discount Rate 贴现率The interest rate that an eligible depository institution is charged to borrow short-term funds directly from a Federal Reserve Bank. This type of borrowing from the Fed is fairly limited. Institutions will often seek other means of meeting short-term liquidity needs. The Federal funds discount rate is one of two interest rates the Fed sets, the other being the overnight lendingrate, or the Fed funds rate.Lender of Last Resort 最后的贷款者/偿付者An institution, usually a country's central bank, that offers loansto banks or other eligible institutions that are experiencing financial difficulty or are considered highly risky or near collapse. In the U.S. the Federal Reserve acts as the lender of last resort to institutions that do not have any other means of borrowing and whose failure to obtain credit would dramatically affect the economy.Notes: The lender of last resort functions both to protectindividuals who have deposited funds, and to prevent panic withdrawing from banks who have temporary limited liquidity. Commercial banksusually try not to borrow from the lender of last resort because such action indicates that the bank is experiencing financial crisis. Critics of the lender-of-last-resort methodology suspect that the safety it provides inadvertently tempts qualifying institutions to acquire morerisk than necessary -since they are more likely to perceive the potential consequences of risky actions to be less severe.Reserve Requirements 法定准备金Requirements regarding the amount of funds that banks must hold in reserve against deposits made by their customers. This money must be in the bank's vaults or at the closest Federal Reserve Bank.Notes: Set by the Fed's Board of Governors, reserve requirements are one of the three main tools of monetary policy. The other two tools are open market operations and the discount rate. Also known as required reserves.第四章Supply-side economics 供给经济学A theory of economics that reductions in tax rates will stimulate investment and in turn will benefit the entire society.Laffer Curve 拉弗尔曲线Invented by Arthur Laffer, this curve shows the relationship between tax rates and tax revenue collected by governments. The chart below shows the Laffer Curve:7The curve suggests that, as taxes increase from low levels, tax revenue collected by the government also increases. It also shows that tax rates increasing after a certain point (T*) would cause people not to work as hard or not at all, thereby reducing tax revenue. Eventually, if tax rates reached 100% (the far right of the curve), then all people would choose not to work because everything they earned would go to the government.Notes: Governments would like to be at point T*, because it is the point at which the government collects maximum amount of tax revenue while people continue to work hard.Tax revenue税收is the income that is gained by governments because of taxation of the peopleBudget deficit 联邦预算赤字The amount by which government spending exceeds government revenues.Unemployment benefits 失业救济are sums of money given to the unemployed by the government or a compulsory para-governmental insurance system. Depending on the。
经济学专业术语中英文对照
经济学专业术语（中英文对照）目录1.经济学原理22.像经济学家一样思考23.相互依存性与贸易的好处34.供给与需求的市场力量35.弹性及其应用46.供给需求与政策47.消费者、生产者与市场效率48.赋税的应用49.国际贸易510.外部性511.公共物品和公共资源512.税制设计513.生产成本614.竞争市场上的企业715.垄断716.垄断竞争717.寡头718.生产要素市场819.收入与歧视820.收入不平等与贫困821.消费者选择理论922.微观经济学前沿923.一国收入的衡量1024.生活费用的衡量1025.生产与增长1026.储蓄、投资和金融体系1127.金融学的基本工具1128.失业1229.货币制度1230.货币增长与通货膨胀1331.开放经济的宏观经济学1432.开放经济的宏观经济理论1433.总需求与总供给1434.货币政策和财政政策对总需求影响1535.通胀与失业之间的短期权衡取舍151.经济学原理经济:(economy)稀缺性:(scarcity)经济学:(economics)效率:(efficiency)平等:(equality)机会成本:(opporyunitycost)理性人:(rationalpeople)边际变动:(marginalchange)边际收益:(marginalbenefit)边际成本:(marginalcost)激励:(incentive)市场经济:(marketeconomy)产权:(propertyrights)市场失灵:(marketfailure)外部性:(externality)市场势力:(marketpower)生产率:(productivity)通货膨胀:(inflation)经济周期:(businesscycle)2.像经济学家一样思考循环流量图:(circular-flowdiagram)生产可能性边界:(productionpossibilities)微观经济学:(microeconomics)宏观经济学:(macroeconomics)实证表述:(positivestatements)规范表述:(normativestatements) 有序数对:(orderedpair)3.相互依存性与贸易的好处绝对优势:(absoluteadvantage)机会成本:(apportunitycost)比较优势:(comparativeadvantage)进口品:(imports)出口品:(exports)4.供给与需求的市场力量市场:(market)竞争市场:(competitivemarket)需求量:(quantitydemand)需求定理:(lawofdemand)需求表:(demandschedule)需求曲线:(demandcurve)正常物品:(normalgood)低档物品:(inferiorgood)替代品:(substitutes)互补品:(complements)供给量:(quantitysupplied)供给定理:(lawofsupply)供给表:(supplyschedule)供给曲线:(supplycurve)均衡:(equilibrium)均衡价格:(equilibriumprice)均衡数量:(equilibriumquantity)过剩:(surplus)短缺:(shortage)供求定理:(lawofsupplyanddemand)5,弹性及其应用弹性:(elasticity)需求价格弹性:(priceelasticityofdemand)总收益:(totalrevenue)需求收入弹性:(incomeelasticity)需求的交叉价格弹性：(crosspriceelasticity)供给价格弹性:(priceelasticityofsupply)6.供给需求与政策价格上限:(priceceiling)价格下限:(pricefloor)税收归宿:(taxincidence)7.消费者、生产者与市场效率福利经济学:(welfareeconomics)支付意愿:(willingnesstopay)消费者乘U余:(consumersurplus)成本:(cost)生产者乘U余:(producersurplus)效率:(efficiency)平等:(equality)8,赋税的应用无谓损失:(deadweightloss)9.国际贸易世界价格:(worldprice)关税:(tariff)10.外部性外部性:(externality)外部性内在化;(internalizingtheexternality)矫正税:(correctivetaxes)科斯定理:(coasetheorem)交易成本:(transactioncost)11.公共物品和公共资源排他性:(excludability)消费中的竞争性:(rivalryinconsumption)私人物品:(privategoods)公共物品:(publicgoods)公共资源:(commonresources)俱乐部物品:(clubgoods)搭便车者:(freerider)成本-收益分析:(cost-benefitanalysis)公地悲居1J:(tragedyofcommons)12.税制设计纳税义务:(taxlianility)预算赤字:(budgetdefict)预算盈余:(budgetsurplus)平均税率:(averagetaxrate)边际税率:(marginaltaxrate)定额税:(lump-sumtax)受益原:(benefitsprinciple)支付能力原贝U:(ability-to-payprinciple)纵向平等:(verticalequity)横向平等:(horizontalequity)比例税:(proportionaltax)累退税:(regressivetax)累进税:(progressivetax)13.生产成本总收益:(totalrevenue)总成本:(totalcost)禾ij润:(profit)显性成本:(explicitcosts)隐性成本:(implicitcosts)经济利润:(economicprofit)会计禾1J润:(countingprofit)生产函数:(productionfunction)边际产量:(marginalproduct)边际产量递减:(diminishingmarginalproduct) 固定成本:(fixedcosts)可变成本:(variablecosts)平均总成本:(averagetotalcost)平均固定成本:(averagefixedcosts)平均可变成本:(averagevariablecosts)边际成本:(marginalcost)有效规模:(efficientscale)规模经济:(economiesofscale)规模不经济:(diseconomiesofscale)规模收益不变:(constantreturnstoscale)14.竞争市场上的企业竞争市场:(competitivemarket)平均收益:(averagerevenue)边际收益:(marginalrevenue)沉没成本:(sunkrevenue)15.垄断垄断企业:(monopoly)自然垄断:(naturalmonopoly)价格歧视:(pricediscrimination)16.垄断竞争寡头:(oligopoly)垄断竞争:(monopolisticcompetition)17.寡头博弈论:(gametheory)勾结:(collusion)卡特尔:(cartel)纳什均衡：(Nashequilibrium)囚徒困境:(prisoners'dilemma)占优策略:(dominantstrategy)18.生产要素市场生产要素:(factorsofproduction)生产函数:(productionfunction)劳动的边际产量:(marginalproductoflabor)边际产量递减:(diminishingmarginalproduct)边际产量值:(valueofthemarginalproduct)资本:(capital)19.收入与歧视补偿性工资差另^:(compensatingdifferential)人力资本:(humancapital) 工会:(union)罢工:(strike)效率工资：(efficiency)歧视:(discrimination)20.收入不平等与贫困贫困率:(povertyrate)贫困率:(povertyline)实物转移支付:(in-kindtransfers)生命周期:(lifecycle)持久收入:(permanentincome)功利主义：(utilitariansm)效用:(utilitariansm)自由主义:(liberalism)最大最小准则:(maximincriterion)负所得税:(negativeincometax)福禾ij:(welfare)社会保险:(socialinsurance)自由至上主义:(libertarianism)21.消费者选择理论预算约束线：(budgetconstraint)无差异曲线:(indiffernncecurve)边际替代率:(marginalrateofsubtitution)完全替代品:(perfectsubstitudes)完全互补品:(perfectcomplements)正常物品:(normalgood)低档物品:(inferiorgood)收入效应:(incomeeffect)替代效应:(substitutioneffect)吉芬物品:(Giffengood)22.微观经济学前沿道德风险:(moralhazard)代理人:(agent)委托人:(principal)逆向选择:(adverseselection)发信号:(signaling)筛选:(screening)政治经济学:(politicaleconomy)康多塞悖论:(condorcetparadox)阿罗不可能性定理:(Arrow'simpossibility)中值选民定理:(medianvatertheorem)行为经济学:(behavioraleconomics)23.一国收入的衡量微观经济学:(microeconomics)宏观经济学:(macroeconomics)国内生产总值:(grossdomesticproduct,GDP)消费:(consumption)投资:(investment)政府购买:(governmentpurchase)净出口:(netexport)名义GDP:(nominalGDP)真实GDP:(realGDP)GDP平减指数:(GDPdeflator)24.生活费用的衡量消费物价指数:(consumerpriceindex,CPI)通货膨胀率:(inflationrate)生产物价指数:(produerpriceindex,PPI)指数化:(indexation)生活费用津贴：(cost-of-livingallowance,COLA)名义利率:(nominalinterestrate) 25.生产与增长生产率:(productivity)物质资本：(physicalcapital)人力资本:(humancapital)自然资源:(naturalresources)技术知识:(technologicalknoeledge)收益递减:(diminishingreturns)追赶效应:(catch-upeffect)26.储蓄、投资和金融体系金融体系:(financialsystem)金融市场:(financialmarkets)债券:(bond)股票:(stock)金融中介机构:(financialintermediaries)共同基金:(mutualfund)国民储蓄:(nationalsaving)私人储蓄:(privatesaving)公共储蓄:(publicsaving)预算盈余:(budgetsurplus)预算赤字:(budgetdeficit)可贷资金市场:(marketforloanablefunds)挤出:(crowdingout)27.金融学的基本工具金融学:(finance)现值:(presentvalue)终值：(futurevalue)复利J[(compounding)风险厌恶：(riskaversion)多元化:(diversification)企业特有风险:(firm-specificrisk)市场风险:(marketrisk)基本面风险:(fundamentalanalysis)有效市场假说:(efficientmarketsbypothesis)信息有效:(informationalefficiency)随机游走:(randomwalk) 28.失业劳动力:(laborforce)失业率:(unemploymentrate)劳动力参与率:(labor-forceparticipationrate)自然失业率:(naturalrateofunemployment)周期性失业:(cyclicalunemployment)失去信心的工人：(discouragedworkers)摩擦性失业:(frictionalunemployment)结构性失业:(structuralunemployment)寻找工作:(jobsearch)失业保险:(unemploymentinsurance)工会:(union)集体谈判:(collectivebargaining)罢工:(strike)效率工资:(essiciencywages)29.货币制度货币:(money)交换媒介:(mediumofexchange)计价单位:(unitofaccount)价值储藏手段:(storeofvalue)流动性:(liquidity)商品货币:(commoditymoney)法定货币:(fiatmoney)通货:(currency)活期存款:(demanddeposits)联邦储备局:(FederalReserve)中央银行:(centralbank)货币供给:(moneysupply)货币政策:(monetarypolicy)准备金:(reserves)部分准备金车艮行:(fractional-reservebanking)准备金率:(reserveratio)货币乘数:(moneymultiplier)银行资本:(bankcapital)杠杆:(leverage)杠杆率:(leverageratio)资本需要量:(capitalrequirement)公开市场操作:(open-marketoperations)贴现率:(discountrate)法定准备金:(reserverequirements)补充金融计戈U:(supplementaryfinancingprogram)联邦基金利率:(federalfundsrate) 30.货币增长与通货膨胀铲除通胀:(whipInflationNow)货币数量论:(quantitytheoryofmoney)名义变量:(nominalvariables)真实变量:(realvariables)古典二分法:(classiacldichotomy)货币中性:(monetaryneutrality)货币流通速度:(velocityofmoney)数量方程式:(quantityequation)通货膨胀税:(inflationtax)费雪效应:(Fishereffect)皮鞋成本:(shoeleathercost)菜单成本:(menucosts)31.开放经济的宏观经济学封闭经济:(closedeconomy)开放经济:(openeconomy)出口:(exports)净出口:(netexports)贸易余额:(tradebalance)贸易盈余:(tradesurplus)贸易平衡:(balancedtrade)贸易赤字:(tradedeficit)资本净流出:(netcapitaloutflow)名义汇率:(nominalexchangerate)升值:(appreciation)贬值:(depreciation)真实汇率:(realexchangerate)购买力平价:(purchasing-powerparity)32.开放经济的宏观经济理论贸易政策:(tradepolicy)资本外逃:(capitalflight)33.总需求与总供给衰退:(recession)萧条:(depression)总需求与总供给模型:(modelofaggregatedemandandaggregatesupply)总需求曲线:(aggregate-demandcurve)总供给曲线:(aggregate-supplycurve)自然产出水平:(naturallevelofoutput)滞胀:(stagflation)34.货币政策和财政政策对总需求影响流动性偏好理论:(theoryofliquidity)财政政策:(fisicalpolicy)乘数效应:(multipliereffect)挤出效应：(crowding-outeffect)自动稳定器:(automaticstabilizers)35.通胀与失业之间的短期权衡取舍菲利普斯曲线:(phillipscurve)自然率假说:(natural-ratehypothesis)供给冲击:(supplyshock)牺牲率:(sacrificeratio)理性预期:(rationalexpectations)。
经济学中的英文词缩写
微观经济学术语的英文及缩写第一章导论理性人(Rational man）微观经济学（Microeconomics)、微观经济学（Macroeconomics）消费者(Consumer）生产者(Producer）企业（Enterprise企（事）业单位;establishment企业;business商业;company公司/商号corporation）厂商（Firm/Manufacturer）第二章需求、供给和价格需求(d emand）缩写D供给（Supply）缩写S弹性（elasticity）缩写 E 或 eE简称价格弹性需求的价格弹性（price elasticity of demand ）E d或e d 或Pd需求的收入弹性（Income elasticity of demand ）E M或e m需求的交叉弹性（Cross-price elasticity of demand））E XY或e xyE简称供给弹性供给价格弹性（Price elasticity of supply)E S或e s 或Ps均衡价格(Equilibrium price）(均衡数量（equilibrium quantity;balance quantity;balanced quantity）第三章效用论基数效用论（Cardinal utility)序数效用论:(Ordinal utility总效用（T otal utility）缩写TU边际效用（Marginal utility）缩写MU无差异曲线(Indifference curve）缩写I商品之间的边际替代率（marginal rate of substitution）缩写MRS12第四章生产论厂商（Firm）交易成本（transaction cost)生产要素(Factors of Production)劳动(labour）缩写L资本（capital ）缩写k土地（Iand)指一切自然资源(Natural resources）缩写N企业家才能（Entrepreneurship ) 缩写 EC—D生产函数（Cobb- Douglas production function）短期(short-run）、长期(long—run）总产量（T otal Product ) 缩写TP或Q 劳动的总产量TP L平均产量（Average Product ）缩写AP 劳动的平均产量AP L边际产量/产品（Marginal Product）缩写MP 劳动的边际产量MP LMRTS边际技术替代率（Marginal rate of technical substitution ) 缩写LK规模报酬，也叫规模收益（return of scale ）分increasing returns of scale、constant returns of scale、decreasing returns of scale等成本线（Isocost line）等产量线（Isoquant line）第五章成本论成本(cost）缩写 C费用（expense）机会成本（Opportunity cost）显成本（Explicit cost）隐成本（Implicit cost)正常利润（Normal profit)超额利润(Excess profit)或叫经济利润（Econormic profit）经常用π表示、利润最大化（profit maximization）利润最大化原则（principle of profit maximization）短期总成本（Short—run total cost）缩写STC 或TC总固定成本(Total fixed cost) 缩写TFC 或FC总变动成本(Total variable cos t）缩写TVC 或VC平均固定成本（Average fixed cost）缩写AFC平均可变成本（Average variable cost ) AVC短期平均成本（Short-run average cost) SAC 或AC短期边际成本(Short-run marginal cos t) SMC 或MC长期总成本（Long-run total cost) LTC 或TC长期平均成本(Long-run average cos t) LAC 或AC长期边际成本（Long—run marginal cost) LMC 或MC规模经济（Economies of scale）、规模不经济（Diseconomies of scale）外在经济（The external economy）、外在不经济（External diseconomy）收益（Revenue）R总收益（total revenue;gross earnings;gross income) TR平均收益（average revenue）AR边际收益（marginal income ）MR第六章完全竞争市场市场结构(Market structure)完全竞争市场（perfect competition market)长期供给线(Long-run supply curve）LS消费者剩余（Consumer’s surplus）CS生产者剩余(Producer’s surplus）PS （Producer surplus)看不见手的原理（Invisible hand theorem)第七章不完全竞争市场（Imperfect competition market）完全垄断市场(Complete monopoly market (Monopoly)：卖方垄断（Monopoly）/买方（Monopsony）垄断竞争（Monopolistic Competition ）/垄断竞争市场（Monopolistic Competition Market)寡头垄断（Oligopsony)/寡头垄断市场(Oligopsony market）价格歧视（Price discrimination）一级价格歧视(First-degree price discrimination)二级价格歧视(Second- degree price discrimination）三级价格歧视(Third－degree price discrimination）博弈论（Game theory）纳什均衡(Nash equilibrium)囚犯困境(prisoners’ dilemma）第八章生产要素边际收益产品（Marginal Revenue Product）MRP边际产品价值(Value of marginal product）VMP边际要素成本(Marginal Factor Cost）MFC工资( Wage）w 最低工资minimum wage实际工资（Real wages）\名义工资（Normal wages）地租/ 租金（rent）R利息(Interest）、利率（Interest rate)缩写r实际利率（Real Interest rate）、名义利率（Normal Interest rate）洛伦慈曲线（Lorenz curve）基尼系数( Gink coefficient ）缩写G第十章一般均衡和福利经济学（这一章不用看）埃奇沃思盒（Edgeworth’s Box)帕累托最优(Pareto—optimality) 帕累托最优状态帕累托效率（Pareto efficiency)、帕累托改进（Pareto improvement）福利经济学(welfare economics）福利经济学第一定律（First Fundamental Theorem of Welfare Economics）福利经济学第二定律（Second Fundamental Theorem of Welfare Economics）边际生产转换率(the marginal rateof product transformation）MRTS XY边际转换率（marginal rate of transformation) MTS XY =MRTS XY =ΔY/ΔX第十一章微观经济政策市场失灵（market failure）外部影响(External effects）、外部效应Externalities外部经济（external economies ）、外部不经济(external diseconomies)私人成本(private cost;personal cost）、社会成本(social cost）科斯定理（Kos's theorem）the Coase theorem （科斯定理)共有财产（community of goods；joint property)私人物品(private goodst）、公共物品（Public goods）搭便车（Free ride / Free—Riding)或thumb a lift ［or ride］；hitchhike；pick up；hitch a ride)搭便车者pick up a hitch—hiker竞争性（Competitive）、非竞争性non—competitive/ non—rival排他性(Exclusive)、非排他性non-exclusive /nonexcludable公共选择(Public choice）完全信息(C omplete information)、不完全信息（Imperfect information；incomplete information)不对称信息（Asymmetric Information)逆向选择（Adverse Selection）道德风险(Moral hazard）次品市场(lemon market) :柠檬市场（lemon market）,lemon market problem也叫asymmetric informationproblem (信息不对称问题）次品（substandard ［shoddy］products；substandard）。
考研英语阅读分类词汇-经济类
考研英语阅读分类词汇--经济类1 经济类真题高频词汇account n.账户（银行），帐户（网站）count v.数acquire 获得acquisition n.获得；获得物；收购fili-词根:子女affiliate v.使隶属于n.分公司assess v.评估，评价buy v.买com 共同boycott v.联合不买，联合抵制deposit v.存款n.存款ploi-employ v.雇佣,使用exploit v.开发，利用supply-cut v.断供swing n.秋千v.摆动，不稳定relax 放松slack v.萧条，松弛plunge v.跳水；暴跌slump v.暴跌lump v.隆起circulating capital n.流动资本；周转资本merge v.合并；并购，吞并prospect n.前景prosper v.繁荣兴旺re cip 拿rockreciprocal a.互利的互惠的smuggle v.走私struggle v.挣扎divide v.划分dividend n.奖金，分红heir n.继承人he 男的inherit v.继承tax 税information 信息tariff n.税目表；关税bid v.命令；出价brand n.商标，品牌stat-stand v.站real estate n.房地产soar v.翱翔；暴涨stand v.stake n.桩子；赌金，股份stakeholder n.股东share v.分享n.股份shareholder n.股东store v.存储stock n.股票stockholder n.股东infrastructure n.基础结构基础设施found v.建造fund n.基金v.资助underfund v.资金不足active trade balance n.贸易顺差adverse a.不利的“哎得我死”adverse trade balance n.逆差proper a.恰当的,私人的private a.私人的appropriate v.挪用，盗用confiscate v.充公fiscal a.财政的oral a.口头的aural a.听觉的audit v.旁听，审计auditor n.审计员bar n.吧台gain v.收获bargain n.廉价货board n.木板；老板；董事会bond n.联结；契约；债券bubble economy n.泡沫经济burse n 钱包budget n.预算v.做预算business restructuring n.企业重组cap-词根：头capital n.首都；资本；大写字母carry goodsmany fess-词根：说professor manifest a.明白的n.清单cargo manifest n.货物清单mode 模式commodity 商品fair a.公平的n.集市commodities fair n.商品交易会financial a.金融的fiscal a.财政的confiscate n.充公，没收corporate a.公司的团队的集体地corporation n.公司firm companycredit card 信用卡credit 信用creditor n.债权人;债主debtor n.债务人debt-得背它used to 过去常常custom n.习惯s -customs n.关税deal v.交易dealer n.经销商;交易商;de fict-词根：做deficit n.亏损；赤字profit n.利润inflation n.膨胀；通货膨胀deflation 通货紧缩deflationary policy n.紧缩的政策demands and supplies n.供求preci-pricedepreciation n.贬值;跌价;折旧depression n.压抑；大萧条dividend n.分红奖金dome n.圆屋顶domestic a.家庭的，国内的domestic market n.国内市场oversea marketduty n 职责；税duty-free n.免税economic decline n.经济衰落flow fluctuate 起伏economic fluctuation n.经济起伏economic recovery n.经济复苏economic stability n.经济稳定stableeconomic strategy n.经济策略strategos n.将军strategy 战略踢搞死economist n.经济学家enterprise 事业企业enter pre riseenterprise in the red n.亏损企业black Friday 挣钱entrepreneur n.企业家make fake 伪造fake and poor quality commodities n.假冒伪劣商品fierce 激烈的猛烈的fierce competition n.激烈竞争flu waterfluctuate v.起伏（经济学）fluctuation n.起伏波动human resources n.hr 人力资源income tax n.所得税flat a.扁平的inflate v.使膨胀inflation n.膨胀store v.存储installment n.分期付款；连载小说payment n.支付interest rate n.利率vestinvestment n.投资investigate v.调查wayinvoice n.发票manager 经理labor and management n.劳资双方labor force n.劳动力lever n.杠杆levy v.征收，征税，征兵liable a.有责任的，有义务的liability n.责任；债务limited liability company n.有限责任公司microeconomics ics-学science 科学macroeconomicsmacroeconomics n.orient n.东方v.定位，导向market-oriented economy n.市场导向经济merger n.企业的)归并monetary n.货币的many 多mono-独playmonopoly n.垄断mortal a.死亡的mortgage n.抵押借款multi mediamultinational a.多国的multinational corporations n.跨国公司negotiate v.协商，谈判（正面）negotiation n.协商，谈判cigar 雪茄hijack v.抢劫pla gia rize 剽窃*patent n.专利patent system n. 专利系统pater sonpatron n.赞助人发起人planned economy n.计划经济potential market n.潜在市场pot n.罐子potential a. n.潜力能力hike v.提高徒步旅行price hike n.涨价principal a.首要的n.校长；资本private enterprise n.私营企业proper a.恰当的；私人的private property n.私人财产produceproductproductive writerproductivity n.生产率profit deficitprofitable a.有利润的promotion n.促进；促销property tax n.财产税public funding n.公共资金recession n.衰退；经济衰退tail-词根：剪刀tailor n.裁缝retail n.零售wholesale n.vent-来revenue n.财政收入security n.安全；抵押品，证券self-raised funds n.自筹资金slack n.萧条落后smuggle n.走私struggle v.挣扎social security n.社会安全soft investment environment n.软环境spect calculatespeculation n.推测；投机stand fffffffffstaff members n.工作人员staystagnant a.停滞的statestatist n.国家主义者，统计学家statistical a.统计学的stock n.股票v 存储stockbroker n.股票经纪人stockholder n.股东strategos n.将军strategy n.strategica.战略的策略的super plussurplus n.过剩tariff n.税taxpayer n.纳税人audit v.旁听，审计auditor n.审计员teller(=cashier) n.出纳员cashiertransaction n.交易trust v.信任n.托拉斯信托机构wholesale n.批发retailantitrust legislation n.反垄断法barriers to entry n.壁垒，栅栏bar 小木棒barrier 栅栏demand curve n.需求曲线curve 曲线economic regulation n.经济管理fixed costs n.固定成本free goods n.免费商品para 旁边meter 测量parameter n.参数productivity n.生产率sudside v.平息安抚subsidy n.抚恤金commodity n.商品industry n.工业；行业flat a.扁平的flect-词根：弯曲inflection n.弯曲inflection point n.拐点innovation n.创新nov-new institution n.机构stit-词根：站interest rate 利率invisible hand n.看不见的手labour unions n.工会monopoly v.垄断necessarynecessity n.必需品net n.网a.纯的net demand n.纯需求profit n.利润property rights n.产权rival n.对手rivalry n.对抗reason 理由ration 理性rational rationality n.理性lend v.借rent n.租租金rent seeking n.寻租revenue n.收入scarcity n.罕见性稀缺性scarce a.罕见的稀缺的scar 刀疤vary v.变化variable a.可变的variables n.变量wage n.薪水。
高鸿业版《西方经济学》名词中英对照
Absolute advantage 绝对优势Absolute income hypothesis of consumption 绝对收入消费理论Acceleration principle 加速原理Action lag 政策时滞Active deposit 活期存款Adaptive expectation 适应性预期Adverse selection 逆向选择Aggregate analysis 总量分析Aggregate demand 总需求Aggregate demand curve 总需求曲线Aggregate supply 总供给Aggregate supply curve 总供给曲线Allocation of resources 资源配置Antitrust law 反托拉斯法Arc elasticity 弧弹性Asset 资产Asymmetric information 信息不对称性Auctioneer 拍卖人Automatic stabilizer 自动稳定器Autonomous planned investment 自主投资Average cost 平均成本Average fixed cost 平均固定成本Average product 平均产量Average propensity to consume 平均消费倾向Average propensity to saving 平均储蓄倾向Average revenue 平均收益Average total cost 平均总成本Average variable cost 平均可变成本Balance of international payment 国际收支平衡Balanced of budget 平衡预算Balanced budget multiplier 平衡预算乘数Balanced-output 均衡产出Bank reserves 银行准备金Barter 物物交换Base year 基年Black market 黑市Bonds 债券Breakeven point 收支相抵点Budget deficit 预算赤字Budget surplus 预算盈余Budget line 预算线Built-in stabilizers 内在稳定器Business cycle 经济周期Business fluctuation 经济波动Capital 资本Capital deeping 资本深化Capital market 资本市场Capital widening 资本广化Capital-output ration 资本产出比Cardinal utility theory 基数效用论Cartel 卡特尔Central bank 中央银行Checking account 支票账户Classical economics 古典经济学Clearing market 市场出清Coase theorem 科斯定理Cobweb model 蛛网模型Collusion 串谋Commercial bank 商业银行Common resource 公共资源Common stock 普通股票Comparative cost theory 比较成本说Comparative static analysis 比较静态分析Compensated budget line 补偿预算线Competition 竞争Competitive market 竞争性市场Complement goods 互补品Complete information 完全信息Condition for efficiency in exchange 交换的最优条件Condition for efficiency in production 生产的最优条件Constant cost industry 成本不变行业Constant returns to scale 规模收益不变Consumer price index 消费价格指数Consumer sovereignty 消费者统治Consumer surplus 消费者剩余Consumer preference 消费者偏好Consumer equilibrium 消费者均衡Consumption demand 消费需求Consumption function 消费函数Contract curve 契约曲线Corporate income tax 公司所得税Corporation 公司Cost function 成本函数Cost-benefit analysis 成本收益分析Cost-push inflation 成本推动的通货膨胀Cournot model 古诺模型Credit 信贷Cross price elasticity of demand 需求的交叉价格弹性Crowding out 挤出效应Cyclical unemployment 周期性失业Decreasing cost industry 成本递减行业Decreasing returns to scale 规模收益递减Deflation 通货收缩Demand 需求Demand curve 需求曲线Demand for money 货币需求Demand function 需求函数Demand price 需求价格Demand schedule 需求表Demand-pull inflation需求拉动的通货膨胀Depreciation 折旧Depression 萧条Derived demand 引致需求Devaluation 贬值Differentiated oligopoly industry 差别寡头行业Diminishing returns 边际报酬递减Discount rate 贴现率Discounting 贴现Discretionary 相机抉择Discretionary fiscal policy 斟酌使用的财政政策Disequilibrium 非均衡Disinvestment 负投资Disposable personal income 可支配收入Distribution 分配Distribution theory of marginal production 边际生产率分配论需求向下倾斜规律Durable goods 双头垄断Dynamic analysis 动态分析Dynamic models 动态模型Easy money policy 扩张性货币政策Economic development 经济发展Economic efficiency 经济效率Economic growth 经济增长Economic man 经济人Economic model 经济模型Economic profit 经济利润Economic rent 经济租金Economic stabilization 经济稳定政策Economics of information 信息经济学Economies of scale规模经济Edgeworth box 埃奇沃斯盒Effective demand 有效需求Effects of fiscal policy 财政政策效果Effects of monetary policy 货币政策效果Efficiency 效率Elastic demand 有弹性的需求Elasticity 弹性Elasticity if demand 弹性需求Endogenous growth 内生增长Endogenous variable 内生变量Engel’s curve 恩格尔曲线Engel’s law 恩格尔定律Entrepreneur 企业家Entrepreneurship 企业家才能Envelope curve 包络曲线Equation of cost 成本方程Equation of exchange 交易方程Equilibrium 均衡Equilibrium growth 均衡增长Equilibrium of capital market 资本市场的均衡Equilibrium output 均衡产出Equilibrium price 均衡价格Equilibrium quantity 均衡数量Euler theorem 欧拉定理Excess reserve 超额准备金Excess reserves ratio 超额准备金率Exchange 交换Exchange contract curve 交换的契约曲线Exchange rate 汇率Exclusion principle 排他性原则Existence of general equilibrium 一般均衡的存在性Exogenous variable 外生变量Expansion path 扩展线Expectation 预期Expected utility 期望效用Expenditure method 支出法Explicit cost 显性成本Export 出口External diseconomies 外部不经济External economies 外部经济External effects or externalities 外部影响（外在性）Factor demand 要素需求Factor demand curve 要素需求曲线Factor demand curve of firm 厂商对要素的需求曲线Factor demand curve of market 市场对要素的需求曲线Factor market 要素市场Factor supply 要素供给Factors of production 生产要素Federal reserve system 联邦储蓄体系Final goods 最终产品Financial derivatives 金融衍生品Financial market 金融市场Firm 厂商Fiscal budget 财政预算Fiscal policy 财政政策Fiscal restrain 财政紧缩Fixed cost 固定成本Fixed exchange rate 固定汇率Fixed input 不变投入Flexible exchange rate 浮动汇率Flow 流量Foreign exchange外汇Foreign trade 对外贸易Foreign trade multiplier 对外贸易乘数Free rider 搭便车者Free trade 自由贸易Frictional unemployment 摩擦性失业Full employment 充分就业Full employment budget surplus 充分就业预算盈余Functional finance 功能财政Future 期货Galloping inflation 奔腾的通货膨胀Game theory 博弈论GDP deflator 国内生产总值平减指数General equilibrium 一般均衡General equilibrium position 一般均衡状态Giffen goods 吉芬商品Gini coefficient 基尼系数Golden rules of economic growth 经济增长的黄金率水平Government expenditure multiplier 政府支出乘数Government purchase 政府购买Government regulation 政府管制Gross domestic product 国内生产总值Gross investment 总投资Gross national product 国民生产总值High-powered money 高能货币Hyperinflation 超级通货膨胀h-o model h-o模型ideal output 理想的产量identity between saving and investment 储蓄-投资恒等式imperfect competition 不完全竞争implicit cost 隐性成本imports 进口impossibility theorem 不可能定理income 收入income effect 收入效应income elasticity of demand 需求的收入弹性income method 收入法income theory 收入理论income velocity of money 货币的收入流通速度increasing cost industry 成本递增行业increasing returns to scale 规模收益递增index number 指数indifference curve 无差异曲线indirect taxes 间接税individual analysis 个量分析induced investment 引致投资industry 行业inefficiency of monopoly 垄断的低效率inelasticity 缺乏弹性inferior good 抵档品inferior goods 劣等品inflation 通货膨胀innovation 创新input 投入input-output 投入-产出input-output analysis 投产出分析inside lag 内在时滞instrument of fiscal control 财政政策工具instrument of monetary control 货币政策工具monetary policy tool 货币政策工具insurance 保险interest 利息interest rate 利率interest rate elasticity elasticity 利率弹性intermediate cycle 中周期intermediate goods 中间产品international division of labor 国际分工inventory investment 存活投资investment 投资investment demand 投资需求investment function 投资函数investment multiplier 投资乘数investment taxes credit 投资税抵免invisible hand theorem 看不见手定理involuntary unemployment 非资源失业is curve is曲线is-lm analysis is-lm分析isocost line 等成本线isoquant line 等产量线Keynesian economics 凯恩斯经济学Keynesian revolution 凯恩斯革命Keynesian trop凯恩斯陷阱Keynesianism 凯恩斯主义Keynes’s law 凯恩斯定律Kinded demand curve 弯折的需求曲线Laspeyre’s formula 拉斯拜尔公式Labor 劳动Labor theory of value 劳动价值论Laissez faire 自由放任Land 土地Land price 土地价格Law of diminishing marginal utility 边际效用递减规律Least-cost production 最低成本生产Liabilities 负债Life cycle hypothesis 生命周期假说Life cycle hypothesis of consumption 消费的生命周期假说Liquidity preference 流动性偏好Liquidity trap 流动性偏好陷阱Lm curve lm曲线Long cycle 长周期Long run 长期Long run consumption decision 长期消费决策Lorenz curve 洛伦兹曲线Lottery ticket 彩票Low inflation 温和的通货膨胀Luxury 奢侈品Macroeconomics 宏观经济学Marginal cost 边际成本Marginal cost of factor 边际要素成本Marginal efficiency of capital 资本边际效率Marginal efficiency of investment投资的边际效率Marginal product 边际产量Marginal productivity 边际生产率Marginal propensity to consume 边际消费倾向Marginal propensity to save 边际储蓄倾向Marginal rate of substitution of commodities 边际商品替代率Marginal rate of technical substitution 边际技术替代率Marginal revenue 边际收益Marginal revenue product 边际收益产品Marginal tax rate 边际税率Marginal utility 边际效用Market 市场Market failure 市场失灵Market structure 市场结构Menu cost菜单成本Mercantilism 重商主义Microeconomics 微观经济学Misery index 痛苦指数Mixed economy 混合经济Model 模型Monetarism 货币主义Monetary base 基础货币Monetary illusion 货币幻觉Monetary policy 货币政策Monetary-fiscal policy mix 政策的混合使用Money 货币Money markets 货币市场Money multiplier 货币乘数Money supply 货币供给Monopolistic competition 垄断竞争Monopoly 垄断Monopoly 卖方垄断Monopsony 买方垄断Moral hazard 道德风险Moral suasion 道义上的劝告Mortgage credit 抵押贷款Multiplier 乘数Multiplier effect 乘数效应Multiplier theory 乘数利率Multiplier-acceleration interaction 乘数加速数相互作用Nash equilibrium 纳什均衡National income 国民收入Natural monopoly 自然垄断Natural rate of unemployment 自然失业率Natural supply 自然供给Necessity 必需品Net domestic product 国内净生产值Net exports 进出口Net investment 净投资New-classic school 新古典学派New-classical growth model 新古典增长模型Nominal GDP 名义GDPNormal goods 正常物品Normal profit 正常利润Normative economics 规范经济学Okun’S law 奥肯定律Oligopoly 寡头垄断Oligopoly market 寡头市场Open market operation 公开市场操作Opportunity cost 机会成本Optimality of general equilibrium 一般均衡最优性Optimum plant size 最优生产规模Option 期权Ordinal utility theory 序数效应论Outside lag 外在时滞Paassche’s formula 帕煦公式Parameter 参数Pareto criterion 帕累托标准Pareto efficiency 帕累托效率Pareto improvement 帕累托改进Pareto optimality 帕累托最优Partial equilibrium 局部均衡Payment or expenditure 支出Perfect competition market 完全竞争市场Perfect elasticity 完全弹性Perfect inelasticity 完全无弹性Permanent income hypothesis 永久收入假说Permanent income hypothesis of income 永久收入消费假说Personal disposable income 个人可支配收入Personal income 个人收入Personal income tax 个人所得税Philips curve 菲利普斯曲线Point elasticity 点弹性Positive economics 实证经济学Potential GDP 潜在GDPPrecautionary demand 预防需求Preference 偏好Present value 现值Price discrimination 价格歧视Price elasticity of demand 需求的价格弹性Price elasticity of supply 供给的价格弹性Price expansion path 价格扩展线Price index 价格指数Price rigidity 价格刚性Price stabilization 价格稳定Price theory 价格理论Price-consumption curve 价格消费曲线Principal-agent 委托-代理Prisoner’s dilemma 囚徒困境Private cost 私人成本Private goods 私人物品Producer 生产者Producer surplus 生产者剩余Product differentiation 生产差别Product function 生产函数Product markets 产品市场Production market 产品契约曲线Production group 生产集团Production possibility curve 生产可能性曲线Productivity 生产率Profit 利润Progressive tax 累进税Proportional tax 比例税Prosperity 繁荣Public choice 公共选择Public debt 公债Public goods 公共物品Purchasing power parity 购买力平价Pure oligopoly industry 纯粹寡头行业Quantity equation of exchange 货币数量交易方程Quantity theory of money 货币数量论Quasi-rent 准租金Quotas 配额Rate of rediscount policy 再贴现率政策Rational expectation 理性预期Rational man 理性人Real business cycle 实际经济周期Real GDP 实际GDPReal interest rate 实际利率Real wages 实际工资Recession衰退Regressive tax 累退税Relative income hypothesis 相对收入假说Relative income hypothesis of consumption 相对收入消费理论Rent 租金Rent-seeking 寻租Replacement investment 重置投资Reputation 信誉Required reserves or legal reserve 法定准备金Reserve 准备金Reserve rate 准备率Revenue 收益Rigid price 刚性价格Risk 风险Risk averter 风险回避者Risk lover 风险爱好者Risk neutral 风险中立者Saving 储蓄Say’S law 萨伊定律Scarcity 稀缺Second best 次优Security market 证券市场Service 劳务Short cycle 短周期Short run 短期Single rule 单一规则Social cost 社会成本Social walfare function 社会福利函数Speculative demand 投机需求Supply-side economics 供给学派Stability of general equilibrium 一般均衡的稳定性Stagflation 滞胀Staggered contracts 交错合同Static analysis 静态分析Static model 静态模型Sticky price 黏性价格Sticky wages 黏性工资Stock 股票Structural inflation 结构性通货膨胀Structural unemployment 结构性失业Subprime lending crisis 次贷危机Subsidy 津贴Substitutes 替代品Substitution effect 替代效应Supply 供给Supply curve 供给曲线Supply curve of capital 资本供给曲线Supply curve of factor 要素供给曲线Supply curve of labor 劳动供给曲线Supply curve of land 土地供给曲线Supply economics 供给经济学Supply function 供给函数Supply schedule 供给表System of material product balances 物质产品平衡体系System of national accounts 国民经济核算体系Tariff 关税Tatonnement process 试探过程Tax multiplier 税收乘数Taylor rule 泰勒规则Technological advance 技术进步The financial crisis 金融危机The precautionary motive 预防性动机The rate of unemployment 失业率The speculative motive 投机动机The transactional motive 交易动机Theory of economics of scale 规模经济理论Tight-money policy 紧缩性货币政策Time deposit 定期存款Time inconsistency 时间不一致性Tobin’s q theory 托宾的q 说Total cost 总成本理论Total fixed cost 总固定成本Total product 总成本Total revenue 总收益Total utility 总效用Total variable cost 总变动成本Transaction demand 交易需求Transactions cost 交易成本Transfer payment 转移支付Transfer payment multiplier 转移支付乘数Treasury bills 国库券Uncertainty 不确定性Undiftributed profit 未分配理论Unemployment 失业Unintended investment 非意愿投资Uniqueness of general equilibrium 一般均衡的唯一性Unitary elasticity 单一弹性Utility 效用Utility function 效用函数Utility possibility curve 效用可能性曲线Value of marginal product 边际产品价值Value-added tax 增值税Variable cost 可变成本Variable input 可变投入Velocity of money 货币流通速度Voluntary of unemployment 自愿失业Vulgar economics 庸俗经济学Wage 工资Walras general equilibrium 瓦尔拉斯一般均衡Wealth 财富Welfare 福利Welfare economics 福利经济学Wholesale price index 批发价格指数。
宏观经济学原理第七版曼昆名词解释带英文
宏观经济学原理曼昆名词解说微观经济学（ microeconomics ），研究家庭和公司怎样做出决议，以及它们怎样在市场上互相影响。
宏观经济学（ macroeconomics ），研究整体经济现象，包含通货膨胀、失业和经济增添。
国内生产总值GDP（gross domestic product ），在某一既准期间，一个国家内生产的所有最后物品与服务的市场价值。
花费（ consumption ），家庭除购置新住宅以外，用于物品与服务的支出。
投资（ investment），用于资本设施、存货和建筑物的支出，包含家庭用于购置新住宅的支出。
政府购置（ government purchase ），地方、州和联邦政府用于物品与服务的支出。
净出口（ net export ），外国人对国内生产的物品的支出（出口），减国内居民对外国物品的支出（入口）。
名义 GDP（nominal GDP），按现期价钱评论的物品与服务的生产。
真切 GDP（real GDP），按不变价钱评论的物品与服务的生产。
GDP是用不变的基年价钱来评论经济中（总之，名义 GDP是用当年价钱来评论经济中物品与服务生产的价值，真切物品与服务生产的价值。
）GDP平减指数（ GDP, deflator），用名义GDP与真切 GDP的比率乘以100 计算的物价水平衡量指标。
花费物价指数 CPI（consumer price index ），一般花费者所购置的物品与服务的总花费的衡量指标。
通货膨胀率（ inflation rate ），以前一个期间以来，物价指数改动的百分比。
生产物价指数（ producer price index ），公司所购置的一篮子物品运服务的花费的衡量指标。
指数化（ indexation ），依据法律或合同依据通货膨胀的影响，对钱币数目的自动调整。
名义利率（ nominal interest rate ），往常宣布的、未依据通货膨胀的影响，校订的利率。
chapter_1
第一章: 引论
Slide 9
微观经济学的课题 Allocation of Scarce Resources
微观经济学
稀缺资源的配置和权衡
Trade-offs ：（在需 要而又相互对立的两 者间的）权衡、协调
在计划经济下 a planned economy
在市场经济下 a market economy
年度
名义价格 CPI
1970
.40
38.8
1980
.65
82.4
1999 1.05 167.0
实际价格 以1970年价格
.40 = 38.8/38.8 x .40 .31 = 38.8/82.4 x .65 .24 = 38.8/167.0 x 1.05
第一章: 引论
Slide 34
计算实际价格举例:鸡蛋与大学
• 我们如何选择要买什么
第一章: 引论
Slide 3
引论Preliminaries
微观经济学研究：
个体单位的行为 当生产时
• 我们如何选择要生产什么
第一章: 引论
Slide 4
引论Preliminaries
微观经济学（Microeconomics）研究:
市场（Markets）: 消费者与生产者的相互影 响
第一章: 引论
Slide 15
理论和模型
微观经济学分析
发展理论 测试和改进理论是经济学科发展的最重要 所在.
第一章: 引论
Slide 16
实证和规范分析 Positive Versus Normative Analysis
实证分析 Positive Analysis
实证分析是运用理论和模型预测选择的影响 或作用.
经济学基本词汇英文对照
经济学基本词汇英文对照1. 供需关系（Supply and Demand）在经济学中，供需关系是指商品或服务的供给量与需求量之间的关系。
当供给量大于需求量时，价格往往下降；反之，当需求量大于供给量时，价格则会上升。
2. 市场均衡（Market Equilibrium）市场均衡是指在一个市场中，商品的供给量和需求量达到平衡状态，此时商品的价格稳定。
3. 边际效用（Marginal Utility）边际效用是指消费者在消费过程中，每增加一单位商品所获得的额外满足感。
随着消费量的增加，边际效用逐渐递减。
4. 机会成本（Opportunity Cost）机会成本是指为了得到某种东西而放弃的其他最有价值的机会。
在做决策时，我们需要考虑机会成本。
5. 生产要素（Factors of Production）生产要素是指在生产过程中所使用的资源，主要包括劳动力、土地、资本和企业家精神。
6. 宏观经济学（Macroeconomics）宏观经济学研究的是整个国家或地区的经济总量、经济增长、通货膨胀、失业等经济现象。
7. 微观经济学（Microeconomics）微观经济学研究的是个体经济单位（如家庭、企业）在资源有限的情况下如何进行选择，以及这些选择如何影响市场价格和资源配置。
8. 总需求（Aggregate Demand）总需求是指一个国家或地区在一定时期内，所有消费者、企业、政府和外国购买者对最终产品和服务的需求总和。
9. 总供给（Aggregate Supply）总供给是指一个国家或地区在一定时期内，所有生产者愿意提供的最终产品和服务的总量。
10. 通货膨胀（Inflation）通货膨胀是指货币供应量增加，导致物价普遍上涨，购买力下降的经济现象。
11. 失业（Unemployment）失业是指有劳动能力并愿意工作的人未能找到工作的情况。
失业率是衡量一个国家或地区经济状况的重要指标。
12. 货币政策（Monetary Policy）货币政策是指中央银行通过调整货币供应量和利率等手段，以达到控制通货膨胀、促进经济增长等目标的政策。
工商管理专业英语术语汇总
工商管理专业英语术语汇总专业简介: 工商管理主要研究管理学、经济学和现代企业管理等方面的基本知识和技能，包括企业的经营战略制定和内部行为管理等，运用现代管理的方法和手段进行有效的企业管理和经营决策，制定企业的战略性目标，以保证企业的生存和发展。
开设课程: 管理学原理、微观经济学、宏观经济学、技术经济学、管理信息系统、统计学、会计学、中级会计实务、财务管理、运筹学、市场营销、经济法、现代公司制概论、经营管理、公司金融、人力资源管理、企业战略管理等。
一、管理学原理术语术语术语术语术语管理 (Management)经营管理 (BusinessManagement)管理过程 (ManagementProcess)管理功能 (ManagementFunctions)管理层次 (ManagementLevels)管理者 (Manager)领导者 (Leader)领导风格 (LeadershipStyle)领导理论 (LeadershipTheory)领导技能 (LeadershipSkills)决策 (Decision Making)决策类型 (DecisionTypes)决策模型 (DecisionModels)决策方法 (DecisionMethods)决策过程 (DecisionProcess)规划 (Planning)规划类型 (PlanningTypes)规划原则 (PlanningPrinciples)规划工具 (PlanningTools)规划控制 (PlanningControl)组织 (Organization)组织结构(OrganizationalStructure)组织设计(Organizational Design)组织文化(OrganizationalCulture)组织变革(OrganizationalChange)激励 (Motivation)激励理论 (MotivationTheory)激励方法 (MotivationMethods)激励因素 (MotivationFactors)激励效果 (MotivationEffects)控制 (Control)控制类型 (ControlTypes)控制原则 (ControlPrinciples)控制方法 (ControlMethods)控制过程 (ControlProcess)沟通 (Communication)沟通模型(Communication Model)沟通方式(Communication Mode)沟通技巧(Communication Skills)沟通障碍(CommunicationBarriers)协调 (Coordination)协调机制 (CoordinationMechanism)协调原则 (CoordinationPrinciples)协调方法 (CoordinationMethods)协调效果(CoordinationEffects)管理环境(Management Environment)管理伦理(ManagementEthics)管理创新(ManagementInnovation)管理战略(ManagementStrategy)管理评价(ManagementEvaluation)二、微观经济学术语术语术语术语术语微观经济学(Microeconomics)市场(Market)需求(Demand)供给(Supply)市场均衡(MarketEquilibrium)弹性(Elasticity)消费者行为(ConsumerBehavior)效用(Utility)边际效用(MarginalUtility)预算约束(BudgetConstraint)消费者选择(ConsumerChoice)无差异曲线(IndifferenceCurve)边际替代率(Marginal Rateof Substitution)消费者剩余(Consumer Surplus)需求曲线(DemandCurve)生产者行为(ProducerBehavior)生产函数(ProductionFunction)边际产品(MarginalProduct)规模报酬(Returns toScale)成本(Cost)短期成本(Short-runCost)长期成本(Long-runCost)边际成本(Marginal Cost)平均成本(AverageCost)供给曲线(Supply Curve)市场结构(Market Structure)完全竞争(PerfectCompetition)垄断(Monopoly)寡头(Oligopoly)垄断竞争(MonopolisticCompetition)价格歧视(Price Discrimination)博弈论(Game Theory)纳什均衡(NashEquilibrium)策略(Strategy)支配策略(DominantStrategy)外部性(Externality)公共品(Public Good)信息不对称(AsymmetricInformation)逆向选择(AdverseSelection)道德风险(Moral Hazard)市场失灵(MarketFailure)政府干预(GovernmentIntervention)税收(Taxation)补贴(Subsidy)福利经济学(WelfareEconomics)三、宏观经济学术语术语术语术语术语宏观经济学(Macroeconomics)国民收入(NationalIncome)国内生产总值(GrossDomestic Product)国民生产总值(GrossNational Product)消费者物价指数(Consumer PriceIndex)通货膨胀(Inflation)失业(Unemployment)菲利普斯曲线(Phillips Curve)经济增长(EconomicGrowth)经济周期(EconomicCycle)经济波动(Economic Fluctuation)经济危机(EconomicCrisis)经济衰退(EconomicRecession)经济萧条(EconomicDepression)经济恢复(EconomicRecovery)总需求(Total Demand)总供给(Total Supply)总需求总供给模型(Aggregate Demand andAggregate Supply Model)短期均衡(Short-runEquilibrium)长期均衡(Long-runEquilibrium)消费(Consumption)投资(Investment)政府支出(GovernmentSpending)净出口(Net Exports)国民收入恒等式(National IncomeIdentity)消费函数(Consumption Function)边际消费倾向(MarginalPropensity to Consume)投资函数(InvestmentFunction)边际效率投资(MarginalEfficiency ofInvestment)多重效应(MultiplierEffect)货币(Money)货币供应量(MoneySupply)货币需求量(Money Demand)货币市场平衡(MoneyMarket Equilibrium)利率(Rate ofInterest)货币政策(MonetaryPolicy)中央银行(Central Bank)开放市场操作(Open MarketOperations)存款准备金率(ReserveRequirement Ratio)贴现率(DiscountRate)财政政策(FiscalPolicy)政府预算(GovernmentBudget)财政赤字(Fiscal Deficit)公共债务(Public Debt)自动稳定器(AutomaticStabilizer)国际贸易(InternationalTrade)国际收支(Balance ofPayments)汇率(Exchange Rate)贸易政策(Trade Policy)汇率制度(ExchangeRate Regime)四、技术经济学术语术语术语术语术语技术经济学(Technical Economics)技术(Technology)技术创新(TechnologicalInnovation)技术进步(TechnologicalProgress)技术水平(TechnologicalLevel)技术选择(Technological Choice)技术评价(TechnologicalEvaluation)技术效益(TechnologicalBenefit)技术风险(TechnologicalRisk)技术转让(TechnologicalTransfer)技术方案(TechnicalScheme)技术参数(TechnicalParameter)技术指标(TechnicalIndicator)技术标准(TechnicalStandard)技术规范(TechnicalSpecification)工程项目(EngineeringProject)工程设计(EngineeringDesign)工程造价(EngineeringCost)工程投资(EngineeringInvestment)工程回收期(EngineeringPayback Period)工程效益分析(Engineering BenefitAnalysis)工程经济效益(Engineering EconomicBenefit)工程社会效益(Engineering SocialBenefit)工程环境效益(EngineeringEnvironmental Benefit)工程综合效益(EngineeringComprehensive Benefit)资金(Fund)资金需求(FundDemand)资金来源(FundSource)资金成本(Fund Cost)资金利润率(Fund ProfitRate)现金流量(Cash Flow)现金流量表(Cash FlowStatement)现金流量分析(CashFlow Analysis)现金流量折现(Discounted Cash Flow)现值净值(Net PresentValue)内部收益率(Internal Rate of Return)敏感性分析(SensitivityAnalysis)变动成本(MarginalCost)变动收益(MarginalRevenue)边际分析(MarginalAnalysis)五、管理信息系统术语术语术语术语术语管理信息系统(Management Information System)信息系统(InformationSystem)信息技术(InformationTechnology)信息资源管理(InformationResource Management)信息系统规划(Information SystemPlanning)信息需求分析(Information Requirement Analysis)信息系统设计(Information SystemDesign)信息系统开发(Information SystemDevelopment)信息系统实施(InformationSystem Implementation)信息系统维护(Information SystemMaintenance)数据(Data)数据库(Database)数据库管理系统(DatabaseManagement System)数据模型(Data Model)数据字典(DataDictionary)数据仓库(Data Warehouse)数据挖掘(DataMining)数据分析(DataAnalysis)数据可视化(DataVisualization)数据安全(Data Security)网络(Network)计算机网络(Computer Network)网络拓扑(NetworkTopology)网络协议(NetworkProtocol)网络架构(NetworkArchitecture)局域网(Local AreaNetwork)广域网(Wide AreaNetwork)因特网(Internet)互联网(Internet of Things)网络安全(NetworkSecurity)系统(System)计算机系统(Computer System)操作系统(OperationSystem)系统分析(SystemAnalysis)系统设计(SystemDesign)软件(Software)软件工程(SoftwareEngineering)软件生命周期(SoftwareLife Cycle)软件开发方法(SoftwareDevelopment Method)软件质量(SoftwareQuality)硬件(Hardware)计算机硬件(ComputerHardware)输入设备(Input Device)输出设备(Output Device)存储设备(StorageDevice)处理器(Processor)内存(Memory)总线(Bus)接口(Interface)外设(Peripheral)人工智能(Artificial Intelligence)机器学习(MachineLearning)深度学习(DeepLearning)神经网络(Neural Network)自然语言处理(NaturalLanguage Processing)专家系统(Expert System)智能代理(IntelligentAgent)模糊逻辑(Fuzzy Logic)遗传算法(GeneticAlgorithm)人工神经网络(ArtificialNeural Network)电子商务(E-commerce)电子商务模式(E-commerce Model)电子商务平台(E-commerce Platform)电子支付(ElectronicPayment)电子商务安全(E-commerce Security)电子政务(E-government)电子政务模式(E-government Model)电子政务平台(E-government Platform)电子政务服务(E-government Service)电子政务安全(E-government Security)知识管理(Knowledge Management)知识(Knowledge)知识类型(KnowledgeType)知识获取(KnowledgeAcquisition)知识表示(KnowledgeRepresentation)知识组织(Knowledge Organization)知识共享(KnowledgeSharing)知识创新(KnowledgeInnovation)知识库(Knowledge Base)知识系统(KnowledgeSystem)六、统计学术语术语术语术语术语统计学(Statistics)统计方法(StatisticalMethod)统计推断(StatisticalInference)统计分析(StatisticalAnalysis)统计软件(StatisticalSoftware)数据(Data)数据类型(Data Type)数据来源(Data Source)数据收集(DataCollection)数据清洗(Data Cleaning)数据描述(Data Description)数据展示(DataPresentation)数据摘要(DataSummary)数据分布(DataDistribution)数据变换(DataTransformation)变量(Variable)变量类型(Variable Type)自变量(IndependentVariable)因变量(DependentVariable)控制变量(Control Variable)单变量分析(UnivariateAnalysis)双变量分析(BivariateAnalysis)多变量分析(MultivariateAnalysis)相关分析(CorrelationAnalysis)回归分析(RegressionAnalysis)随机变量(RandomVariable)概率(Probability)概率分布(ProbabilityDistribution)期望值(ExpectedValue)方差(Variance)标准差(StandardDeviation)均值(Mean)中位数(Median)众数(Mode)四分位数(Quartile)极差(Range)变异系数(Coefficient ofVariation)偏度(Skewness)峰度(Kurtosis)正态分布(NormalDistribution)抽样(Sampling)抽样方法(SamplingMethod)抽样误差(SamplingError)抽样分布(SamplingDistribution)中心极限定理(Central LimitTheorem)点估计(Point Estimation)区间估计(IntervalEstimation)置信区间(ConfidenceInterval)置信水平(ConfidenceLevel)标准误差(Standard Error)假设检验(HypothesisTesting)原假设(Null Hypothesis)备择假设(AlternativeHypothesis)显著性水平(Significance Level)拒绝域(Rejection Region)检验统计量(Test Statistic)P值(P-value)类型一错误(Type IError)类型二错误(Type IIError)功效(Power)参数检验(ParametricTest)非参数检验(Nonparametric Test)单样本检验(One-sample Test)双样本检验(Two-sample Test)配对样本检验(Paired-sample Test)Z检验(Z-test)T检验(T-test)F检验(F-test)卡方检验(Chi-squareTest)方差分析(Analysis ofVariance)七、会计学术语术语术语术语术语会计学(Accounting)会计对象(AccountingObject)会计要素(AccountingElement)会计科目(Accounting Subject)会计方程(AccountingEquation)会计核算(Accounting Calculation)会计原则(AccountingPrinciple)会计假设(AccountingAssumption)会计政策(Accounting Policy)会计准则(AccountingStandard)会计期间(AccountingPeriod)会计年度(AccountingYear)会计报告期(AccountingReporting Period)会计循环(Accounting Cycle)会计业务(AccountingBusiness)记账(Bookkeeping)记账方法(BookkeepingMethod)记账凭证(BookkeepingVoucher)记账账簿(Bookkeeping Book)记账账户(BookkeepingAccount)记账分录(Bookkeeping Entry)借贷记账法(Double-entryBookkeeping Method)借方(Debit Side)贷方(Credit Side)借贷平衡(Balance of Debitand Credit)会计报表(Accounting Statement)资产负债表(BalanceSheet)利润表(IncomeStatement)现金流量表(CashFlow Statement)所有者权益变动表(Statementof Changes in Owner'sEquity)会计科学(AccountingScience)会计理论(AccountingTheory)会计方法(AccountingMethod)会计技术(AccountingTechnique)会计创新(AccountingInnovation)财务会计(Financial Accounting)管理会计(ManagementAccounting)成本会计(CostAccounting)审计会计(AuditingAccounting)税务会计(Tax Accounting)资产(Asset)负债(Liability)所有者权益(Owner'sEquity)收入(Income)费用(Expense)收益(Revenue)损失(Loss)利润(Profit)毛利(Gross Profit)净利(Net Profit)存货(Inventory)应收账款(AccountsReceivable)预付账款(PrepaidExpenses)固定资产(FixedAssets)无形资产(Intangible Assets)应付账款(AccountsPayable)预收账款(UnearnedRevenue)长期负债(Long-termLiabilities)资本(Capital)留存收益(Retained Earnings)折旧(Depreciation)摊销(Amortization)减值(Impairment)计提(Accrual)结转(Carryover)对冲(Hedging)杠杆(Leverage)财务比率(FinancialRatio)资本结构(CapitalStructure)资本预算(Capital Budgeting)八、中级会计实务术语术语术语术语术语会计 (Accounting)资产 (Asset)负债 (Liability)所有者权益 (Owner'sEquity)收入 (Revenue)费用 (Expense)损益 (Profit or Loss)现金流量 (Cash Flow)资产负债表 (BalanceSheet)利润表 (IncomeStatement)现金流量表 (Cash FlowStatement)所有者权益变动表(Statement of Changesin Owner's Equity)附注 (Notes)记账凭证 (Voucher)记账方法 (AccountingMethod)原始凭证 (Original Document)记账分录 (Journal Entry)总分类账 (GeneralLedger)明细分类账 (SubsidiaryLedger)总账科目 (GeneralAccount)明细科目 (SubsidiaryAccount)借方 (Debit)贷方 (Credit)借贷平衡原则 (Double-entry Principle)记账方向 (AccountingDirection)试算平衡表 (Trial Balance)调整分录 (AdjustingEntry)调整后试算平衡表(Adjusted TrialBalance)结转分录 (ClosingEntry)结转后试算平衡表(Post-closing TrialBalance)存货制度 (InventorySystem)存货核算方法 (InventoryAccounting Method)先进先出法 (FIFOMethod)后进先出法 (LIFOMethod)加权平均法 (WeightedAverage Method)科学成本法（Specific Identification Method）存货跌价准备（Allowance forInventory Decline）存货盘点（InventoryCounting）存货盈亏（InventoryProfit or Loss）固定资产（FixedAsset）折旧（Depreciation）折旧方法（DepreciationMethod）直线法（Straight-lineMethod）双倍余额递减法（Double-decliningBalance Method）年数总和法（Sum-of-the-years'-digitsMethod）残值（Residual Value）折旧年限（Useful Life）净残值率（SalvageRate）固定资产清理（Disposal of FixedAsset）无形资产（IntangibleAsset）商誉（Goodwill）知识产权（IntellectualProperty）专利权（Patent）商标权（Trademark）著作权（Copyright）长期股权投资（Long-term Equity Investment）成本法（Cost Method）权益法（EquityMethod）投资收益（InvestmentIncome）投资性房地产（InvestmentProperty）资产减值（Asset Impairment）减值损失（ImpairmentLoss）可回收金额（RecoverableAmount）可变现净值（NetRealizable Value）使用价值（Value inUse）金融资产（FinancialAsset）金融负债（FinancialLiability）公允价值（FairValue）利息收入（InterestIncome）利息支出（InterestExpense）汇兑收益（ExchangeGain）汇兑损失（ExchangeLoss）应收账款（AccountsReceivable）坏账损失（Bad DebtLoss）坏账准备（Allowancefor Bad Debt）应付账款（Accounts Payable）预收账款（UnearnedRevenue）预付账款（PrepaidExpense）应计收入（AccruedRevenue）应计费用（AccruedExpense）职工薪酬（Employee Compensation）工资与奖金（Wages andBonuses）社会保险费用（SocialInsurance Expense）住房公积金费用（Housing ProvidentFund Expense）职工福利费用（Employee WelfareExpense）借款费用 (BorrowingCost)资本化 (Capitalization)资本化利率(Capitalization Rate)资本化期间(Capitalization Period)资本化暂停(CapitalizationSuspension)现金等价物 (Cash Equivalent)现金流量表附表(Supplemental Scheduleof Cash Flow Statement)经营活动现金流量(Cash Flow fromOperating Activities)投资活动现金流量(Cash Flow fromInvesting Activities)筹资活动现金流量(Cash Flow fromFinancing Activities)直接法 (Direct Method)间接法 (Indirect Method)现金流量净额 (NetCash Flow)现金流量增减表(Statement of Changesin Cash Flow)现金流量比率 (CashFlow Ratio)利润表 (Income Statement)收入确认原则 (RevenueRecognition Principle)营业收入 (OperatingRevenue)营业成本 (OperatingCost)营业税金及附加(Business Tax andSurcharges)销售费用 (Selling Expense)管理费用 (AdministrativeExpense)财务费用 (FinancialExpense)营业利润 (OperatingProfit)营业外收入 (Non-operating Income)营业外支出 (Non-operating Expense)利润总额 (Total Profit)所得税费用 (IncomeTax Expense)净利润 (Net Profit)每股收益 (EarningsPer Share)所有者权益变动表(Statement of Changes in Owner's Equity)股本 (Capital Stock)资本公积 (CapitalReserve)盈余公积 (SurplusReserve)未分配利润 (RetainedEarnings)九、财务管理术语术语术语术语术语财务管理 (Financial Management)财务目标 (FinancialObjective)财务决策 (FinancialDecision)财务计划 (FinancialPlan)财务控制 (FinancialControl)资金 (Fund)资金需求 (FundDemand)资金供给 (FundSupply)资金流动 (Fund Flow)资金结构 (FundStructure)资本 (Capital)资本成本 (CapitalCost)资本结构 (CapitalStructure)资本预算 (CapitalBudget)资本收益率 (CapitalReturn Rate)投资 (Investment)投资项目 (InvestmentProject)投资评价 (InvestmentEvaluation)投资回收期 (PaybackPeriod)净现值 (Net PresentValue)内部收益率 (Internal Rate of Return)敏感性分析 (SensitivityAnalysis)风险分析 (RiskAnalysis)投资组合理论 (PortfolioTheory)资本资产定价模型(Capital Asset PricingModel)现金管理 (Cash Management)现金预测 (CashForecasting)现金流量预算表 (CashBudget)现金流量周期 (CashCycle)现金余额 (Cash Balance)应收账款管理 (AccountsReceivableManagement)应收账款周转率(Accounts ReceivableTurnover Ratio)坏账率 (Bad DebtRatio)应收账款账龄分析法(Aging Method ofAccounts Receivable)应收账款折现法（Discount Method ofAccounts Receivable）存货管理（Inventory Management）存货周转率（InventoryTurnover Ratio）经济订货量（Economic OrderQuantity）安全存量（SafetyStock）订货点（Reorder Point）短期融资（Short-term Financing）银行贷款（BankLoan）商业票据（CommercialPaper）应付账款融资（Accounts PayableFinancing）保兑仓融资（WarehouseReceipt Financing）长期融资（Long-term Financing）债券（Bond）债券价格（BondPrice）债券收益率（BondYield）债券评级（BondRating）股票（Stock）股票价格（StockPrice）股票收益率（StockReturn Rate）股息政策（DividendPolicy）股权融资（EquityFinancing）杠杆效应（LeverageEffect）操作杠杆系数（Operating LeverageCoefficient）财务杠杆系数（Financial LeverageCoefficient）综合杠杆系数（Combined LeverageCoefficient）杠杆调整原则（LeverageAdjustment Principle）十、运筹学术语术语术语术语术语运筹学 (Operations Research)决策 (Decision)决策变量 (DecisionVariable)目标函数 (ObjectiveFunction)约束条件 (Constraint)线性规划 (Linear Programming)图形法 (GraphicalMethod)单纯形法 (SimplexMethod)对偶理论 (DualityTheory)敏感性分析 (SensitivityAnalysis)整数规划 (Integer Programming)分支定界法 (Branch andBound Method)割平面法 (CuttingPlane Method)隐枚举法 (ImplicitEnumeration Method)0-1规划 (0-1Programming)非线性规划 (Nonlinear Programming)拉格朗日乘子法(Lagrange MultiplierMethod)KKT条件 (KKTCondition)梯度法 (GradientMethod)牛顿法 (Newton Method)动态规划 (Dynamic Programming)阶段 (Stage)状态 (State)决策 (Decision)最优值函数 (OptimalValue Function)贝尔曼方程 (BellmanEquation)网络优化 (NetworkOptimization)关键路径法 (CriticalPath Method)最短路问题 (ShortestPath Problem)最小生成树问题(Minimum Spanning TreeProblem)最大流问题 (Maximum Flow Problem)最小费用流问题(Minimum Cost FlowProblem)匹配问题 (MatchingProblem)背包问题 (KnapsackProblem)指派问题 (AssignmentProblem)非线性整数规划（Nonlinear Integer Programming）分数规划（FractionalProgramming）凸规划（ConvexProgramming）目标规划（GoalProgramming）多目标规划（Multi-objective Programming）随机规划（Stochastic Programming）鲁棒优化（RobustOptimization）参数规划（ParametricProgramming）可行方向法（FeasibleDirection Method）序列二次规划（Sequential QuadraticProgramming）队列论（QueueingTheory）到达过程（ArrivalProcess）服务过程（ServiceProcess）排队系统（QueueingSystem）排队模型（QueueingModel）M/M/1模型（M/M/1Model）M/M/c模型（M/M/cModel）M/G/1模型（M/G/1Model）G/M/1模型（G/M/1Model）排队长度（QueueLength）平均排队时间（Average Queueing Time）平均服务时间（AverageService Time）到达率（ArrivalRate）服务率（ServiceRate）利用率（UtilizationRate）十一、市场营销术语术语术语术语术语市场营销 (Marketing)市场营销管理(MarketingManagement)市场营销环境(MarketingEnvironment)市场营销计划(Marketing Plan)市场营销组合 (MarketingMix)市场 (Market)市场需求 (MarketDemand)市场细分 (MarketSegmentation)市场定位 (MarketPositioning)市场目标 (MarketTargeting)消费者行为 (ConsumerBehavior)消费者需求 (ConsumerNeed)消费者动机 (ConsumerMotivation)消费者态度(Consumer Attitude)消费者满意度 (ConsumerSatisfaction)产品 (Product)产品生命周期 (ProductLife Cycle)产品创新 (ProductInnovation)产品差异化 (ProductDifferentiation)产品定价 (Product Pricing)价格 (Price)价格策略 (PricingStrategy)价格弹性 (PriceElasticity)价格歧视 (PriceDiscrimination)价格竞争 (PriceCompetition)促销 (Promotion)促销策略 (PromotionStrategy)促销组合 (PromotionMix)广告 (Advertising)公关 (Public Relations)销售促进（Sales Promotion）个人销售（PersonalSelling）直接营销（DirectMarketing）网络营销（InternetMarketing）社会媒体营销（SocialMedia Marketing）分销（Distribution）分销渠道（DistributionChannel）分销策略（DistributionStrategy）物流（Logistics）运输（Transportation）库存管理（Inventory Management）订货量（OrderQuantity）经济批量（EconomicBatch Quantity）订货点（ReorderPoint）安全库存（Safety Stock）市场调研（Market Research）调研目的（ResearchObjective）调研方法（ResearchMethod）调研设计（ResearchDesign）调研样本（ResearchSample）数据收集（Data Collection）数据分析（DataAnalysis）数据呈现（DataPresentation）调研报告（ResearchReport）调研误差（ResearchError）十二、经济法术语术语术语术语术语经济法 (Economic Law)经济活动 (EconomicActivity)经济主体 (EconomicSubject)经济权利 (EconomicRight)经济责任 (EconomicResponsibility)经济法律关系 (Economic Legal Relationship)经济合同 (EconomicContract)经济纠纷 (EconomicDispute)经济诉讼 (EconomicLitigation)经济仲裁 (EconomicArbitration)民商事法律体系 (Civiland Commercial LegalSystem)民法典 (Civil Code)商法典 (CommercialCode)合同法 (Contract Law)物权法 (Property Law)侵权责任法 (Tort LiabilityLaw)民事诉讼法 (CivilProcedure Law)商事诉讼法(CommercialProcedure Law)仲裁法 (Arbitration Law)消费者权益保护法（Consumer Rights andInterests Protection Law）公司法（CompanyLaw）合伙企业法（PartnershipEnterprise Law）独资企业法（SoleProprietorshipEnterprise Law）外商投资企业法（Foreign InvestmentEnterprise Law）公司治理（CorporateGovernance）股东（Shareholder）董事会（Board ofDirectors）监事会（Board ofSupervisors）高级管理人员（SeniorManagement）股东大会（Shareholders'Meeting）股份（Share）股权（StockRight）股票（Stock）股本（Capital Stock）股利（Dividend）债券（Bond）债权（Debt Right）债务（Debt）债务人（Debtor）债权人（Creditor）破产（Bankruptcy）破产程序（BankruptcyProcedure）破产申请（BankruptcyApplication）破产管理人（BankruptcyAdministrator）破产债权人会议（Bankruptcy Creditors'Meeting）十三、现代公司制概论术语术语术语术语术语现代公司制 (Modern Corporation System)公司 (Company)公司法人 (CorporateLegal Person)公司治理 (CorporateGovernance)公司社会责任 (CorporateSocial Responsibility)股份有限公司 (Joint-stock Company)有限责任公司 (LimitedLiability Company)股东 (Shareholder)股份 (Share)股权 (Stock Right)董事会 (Board of Directors)监事会 (Board ofSupervisors)高级管理人员 (SeniorManagement)股东大会(Shareholders'Meeting)公司章程 (Articles ofAssociation)注册资本 (RegisteredCapital)实收资本 (Paid-inCapital)资本公积 (CapitalReserve)盈余公积 (SurplusReserve)未分配利润 (RetainedEarnings)股利 (Dividend)股息率 (DividendRate)现金分红 (CashDividend)股票分红 (StockDividend)分红政策 (Dividend Policy)上市公司（Listed Company）发行股票（IssueStock）募集资金（RaiseFunds）首次公开募股（InitialPublic Offering）再融资（Refinancing）股票市场（Stock Market）证券交易所（StockExchange）证券监管机构（SecuritiesRegulatory Authority）证券法（SecuritiesLaw）证券合同（SecuritiesContract）股票价格（StockPrice）股票指数（StockIndex）市盈率（Price-earningsRatio）市净率（Price-bookRatio）市场效率（MarketEfficiency）投资者保护（Investor Protection）信息披露（InformationDisclosure）内幕交易（InsiderTrading）操纵市场（MarketManipulation）证券欺诈（SecuritiesFraud）十四、经营管理术语术语术语术语术语经营管理 (Business Management)经营目标 (BusinessObjective)经营策略 (BusinessStrategy)经营模式 (BusinessModel)经营效率 (BusinessEfficiency)经营效果 (Business Effectiveness)经营创新 (BusinessInnovation)经营风险 (BusinessRisk)经营伦理 (BusinessEthics)经营文化 (BusinessCulture)组织 (Organization)组织结构(OrganizationalStructure)组织设计(OrganizationalDesign)组织变革 (OrganizationalChange)组织发展 (OrganizationalDevelopment)协调 (Coordination)协调机制 (CoordinationMechanism)协调原则(Coordination协调方法 (CoordinationMethod)协调技巧 (CoordinationSkill)Principle)控制 (Control)控制系统 (ControlSystem)控制过程 (ControlProcess)控制标准 (ControlStandard)控制反馈 (ControlFeedback)激励（Motivation）激励理论（MotivationTheory）激励因素（MotivationFactor）激励方法（MotivationMethod）激励机制（MotivationMechanism）资源（Resource）物质资源（MaterialResource）人力资源（HumanResource）财务资源（FinancialResource）信息资源（InformationResource）活动（Activity）生产活动（ProductionActivity）销售活动（SalesActivity）采购活动（PurchasingActivity）研发活动（Research andDevelopment Activity）目标（Objective）目标管理（ObjectiveManagement）目标设定（ObjectiveSetting）目标分解（ObjectiveDecomposition）目标评价（ObjectiveEvaluation）十五、公司金融术语术语术语术语术语公司金融 (CorporateFinance)投资决策 (InvestmentDecision)融资决策 (FinancingDecision)分红决策 (DividendDecision)资本结构 (CapitalStructure)资本成本 (CapitalCost)资本预算 (Capital Budget)现金流量 (Cash Flow)净现值 (Net PresentValue)内部收益率 (InternalRate of Return)敏感性分析(Sensitivity Analysis)风险分析 (Risk Analysis)投资组合理论 (PortfolioTheory)资本资产定价模型(Capital Asset PricingModel)证券市场线 (SecurityMarket Line)贝塔系数（Beta Coefficient）无风险利率（Risk-freeRate）市场风险溢价（MarketRisk Premium）资本市场线（CapitalMarket Line）有效边界（EfficientFrontier）杠杆效应（LeverageEffect）操作杠杆系数（OperatingLeverage Coefficient）财务杠杆系数（Financial LeverageCoefficient）综合杠杆系数（Combined LeverageCoefficient）杠杆调整原则（Leverage AdjustmentPrinciple）股权融资（Equity Financing）债务融资（DebtFinancing）权益融资（Quasi-equity Financing）混合融资（HybridFinancing）转换债券（ConvertibleBond）可赎回债券（Redeemable Bond）可交换债券（Exchangeable Bond）优先股（PreferredStock）可转换优先股（Convertible PreferredStock）权证（Warrant）十六、人力资源管理术语术语术语术语术语人力资源管理 (Human Resource Management)人力资源规划 (HumanResource Planning)人力资源分析 (HumanResource Analysis)人力资源需求 (HumanResource Demand)人力资源供给 (HumanResource Supply)招聘 (Recruitment)招聘渠道 (RecruitmentChannel)招聘广告 (RecruitmentAdvertisement)招聘成本 (RecruitmentCost)招聘效果 (RecruitmentEffectiveness)选拔 (Selection)选拔方法 (SelectionMethod)选拔标准 (SelectionCriterion)选拔工具 (SelectionTool)选拔过程 (SelectionProcess)培训 (Training)培训需求分析 (TrainingNeeds Analysis)培训目标 (TrainingObjective)培训内容 (TrainingContent)培训方法 (TrainingMethod)培训评估（Training Evaluation）培训效果（TrainingEffectiveness）培训反馈（TrainingFeedback）培训转移（TrainingTransfer）培训成本（TrainingCost）术语术语术语术语术语评估（Performance Appraisal）评估目的（PerformanceAppraisal Purpose）评估标准（PerformanceAppraisal Criterion）评估方法（PerformanceAppraisal Method）评估结果（PerformanceAppraisal Result）激励（Motivation）激励理论（MotivationTheory）激励因素（MotivationFactor）激励方法（MotivationMethod）激励机制（MotivationMechanism）薪酬（Compensation）薪酬结构（CompensationStructure）薪酬水平（CompensationLevel）薪酬调整（CompensationAdjustment）薪酬管理（CompensationManagement）十七、企业战略管理术语术语术语术语术语企业战略管理(Corporate Strategy Management)战略 (Strategy)战略管理过程(Strategy ManagementProcess)战略分析 (StrategyAnalysis)战略制定 (StrategyFormulation)战略实施 (Strategy Implementation)战略评估 (StrategyEvaluation)战略控制 (StrategyControl)战略调整 (StrategyAdjustment)战略创新 (StrategyInnovation)环境分析(Environmental Analysis)宏观环境分析 (Macro-environmentalAnalysis)行业环境分析 (IndustryEnvironmentalAnalysis)微观环境分析 (Micro-environmental Analysis)PEST分析法（PESTAnalysis Method）波特五力模型（Porter's Five Forces Model）SWOT分析法（SWOT AnalysisMethod）VRIO分析法（VRIOAnalysis Method）价值链分析法（ValueChain Analysis Method）核心竞争力分析法（Core CompetenceAnalysis Method）目标管理（Objective Management）SMART原则（SMART Principle）平衡计分卡（BalancedScorecard）关键绩效指标（KeyPerformance Indicator）目标层次结构（ObjectiveHierarchy）战略选择（StrategyChoice）战略类型（StrategyType）成本领先战略（CostLeadership Strategy）差异化战略（DifferentiationStrategy）聚焦战略（FocusStrategy）集团化战略（Diversification Strategy）垂直一体化战略（Vertical IntegrationStrategy）水平一体化战略（HorizontalIntegration Strategy）国际化战略（InternationalizationStrategy）蓝海战略（Blue OceanStrategy）。
宏观专业术语中英对照及其含义
宏观经济学专业术语1.Macroeconomics 宏观经济学对经济总体行为的分析，主要研究产出.收入.价格水平.对外贸易.失业和其他总体经济变量。
（参见微观经济学，microeconomics）。
2. Final goods 最终产品旨在最终使用而非转卖或进一步加工的商品。
3.Flow vs. stock 流量与存量流量是指，带有时间跨度或曰在一个时段上所累积变动的量（好比通过一个河段的水流）。
存量则指，在某一个时点上某一变量的量值（如同湖中所盛的水）。
收人代表每一年的美元流入数，因此是一个流量。
而到1998年12月为止某人的财富则是一个存量。
4. Intermediate goods 中间产品经过一些制造或加工过程，但还没有达到最终产品阶段的产品。
例如，钢铁和棉纱就是中间产品。
Income 收入5.个人或国家一段时期内（通常为一年）所新增的工资.利息.红利和其他进帐的流量。
6.Personal income 个人收入衡量税收抵扣前收入的一个指标，确切地说，等于可支配个人收入加上净税收。
7.Personal saving 个人储蓄收人中没有被消费的部分，是个人可支配收入与消费之间的差额。
8.Personal savings rate 个人储蓄率和National savings rate 国民储蓄率以百分比形式表示的个人储蓄与个人可支配收入的比率。
储蓄（Saving）储蓄是指消费者用于消费以外的节省部分。
National savings rate 国民储蓄率则是全部储蓄（私人储蓄和公共储蓄）除以国内净产值。
9.National savings rate 国民储蓄率全部储蓄（私人储蓄和公共储蓄）除以国内净产值。
10.Income tax，personal 个人所得税对个人收入课征的税。
收入包括工资.薪金，或租金.红利.利息等资产收入。
在美国，个人所得税采取累进制（graduated），即高收入者的平均税率要高于低收入者。
suggest练习题
一、词汇练习1. 单词拼写Write the correct form of the following words.1. Excite _______ (动词)2. Real _______ (形容词)3. Clean _______ (动词)4. Simple _______ (形容词)5. Fast _______ (形容词)2. 词语搭配1. I'm feeling _______ today.2. She is very _______ in her work.3. The soup tastes _______.4. He is not _______ in sports.5. The book is _______ to read.3. 同义词辨析Choose the word that has a similar meaning to the underlined word.1. The teacher was _______ (angry, irritating) when she saw the students' poor work.2. He is a _______ (brave, courageous) man who never gives up.3. The garden is full of _______ (beautiful, lovely) flowers.4. She has a _______ (bright, smart) mind and is good at solving problems.5. The children were _______ (happy, joyful) after the party.二、语法练习1. 句子结构Choose the correct sentence structure.1. A. She doesn't like coffee.2. B. She doesn't likes coffee.3. C. She don't like coffee.4. D. She don't likes coffee.2. 时态和语态Choose the correct form of the verb.1. I _______ (go) to the store yesterday.2. They _______ (be) at the park when I called them.3. She _______ (not finish) her homework yet.4. He _______ (not know) the answer to the question.5. They _______ (not go) to the movies last night.3. 名词性从句Choose the correct relative pronoun or adverb.1. The book _______ (which/that) you gave me is very interesting.2. I don't know the person _______ (who/whom) you are talking about.3. The question _______ (which/that) we are discussing is very important.4. She told me the story _______ (which/that) she had read in the newspaper.三、阅读理解1. 短文阅读Read the following passage and answer the questions.Passage: The sun is a massive ball of hot gas. It is about 150 million kilometers away from Earth. The sun provides light and heat to our planet. Without the sun, life on Earth would not be possible.Questions:1. What is the sun?2. How far is the sun from Earth?3. What does the sun provide to Earth?4. Why is the sun important for life on Earth?2. 长文阅读Read the following article and answer the questions.Article: The Importance of ExerciseQuestions:1. What are the benefits of regular exercise?2. Why is exercise important for children?3. What are some examples of physical activities?4. How can exercise improve mental health?四、写作练习1. 写作提示Write a short paragraph about your favorite hob.2. 应用文写作Write a letter to a friend inviting them to visit you.3. 记叙文写作Write a story about a memorable event from your childhood.4. 说明文写作Write an explanation of how to make a simple salad.5. 议论文写作Write an essay on the topic: "The Importance of Education in Today's Society."五、听力理解1. 短对话理解Listen to the following conversation and answer the questions.A. What is the man's name?B. Why is the woman late?C. Where are they going?D. What is the woman's suggestion?2. 长对话理解Listen to the following long conversation and answer the questions.A. What are the speakers discussing?B. Why does the man want to change his job?C. What does the woman suggest?D. How does the man feel about the woman's suggestion?六、口语练习1. 自我介绍Prepare a short speech about yourself.2. 角色扮演Roleplay a scenario with a partner.3. 日常对话Practice a conversation about the weather.4. 提问与回答Ask and answer questions about your interests.5. 故事讲述Tell a short story about a recent event.七、数学练习1. 基础计算Solve the following arithmetic problems.1. 8 + 5 × 32. 20 ÷ 4 + 63. 7 2 × 24. 15 × 3 + 105. 24 ÷ 6 32. 代数表达式Simplify the following algebraic expressions.1. 3x + 2 5x + 42. 4y 3y + 5 23. 2a + 3b 4a + 2b4. 5x 2x + 3x 4x5. 6y 4y + 2y 3y3. 几何问题Solve the following geometric problems.1. Find the area of a rectangle with a length of 12 cm and a width of 5 cm.2. Calculate the perimeter of a square with a side length of 8 cm.3. Determine the volume of a cylinder with a radius of 3 cm and a height of 10 cm.4. Find the surface area of a cube with a side length of 6 cm.5. Calculate the angle measure of a triangle if two angles are 45° and 90°.八、科学知识1. 物理概念Define the following physical concepts.1. Force2. Energy3. Velocity4. Gravity5. Pressure2. 化学反应Write the balanced chemical equation for thefollowing reactions.1. Combustion of methane2. Dissolution of sodium chloride in water3. Neutralization of hydrochloric acid with sodium hydroxide4. Photosynthesis3. 生物学原理Explain the following biological principles.1. Photosynthesis2. Respiration3. Reproduction4. Homeostasis5. Evolution九、历史知识1. 重大事件List the following historical events in chronological order.1. The Great Wall of China2. The signing of the Declaration of Independence3. The fall of the Berlin Wall4. The invention of the printing press5. The moon landing2. 历史人物Briefly describe the contributions of the following historical figures.1. Leonardo da Vinci2. Marie Curie3. Mahatma Gandhi4. Nelson Mandela5. Albert Einstein3. 历史时期Identify the period in which the following events occurred.1. The Renaissance2. The Industrial Revolution3. The Cold War4. The Ancient Egyptian civilization5. The Middle Ages十、地理知识1. 世界地理Identify the following countries on a world map.1. Brazil2. Japan3. Australia4. Canada5. India2.自然地理Describe the characteristics of the following landforms.1. Desert2. Rainforest3. Mountains4. Plateaus5. Valleys3. 气候类型Classify the following regions based on their climate types.1. Mediterranean climate2. Tropical rainforest climate3. Polar climate4. Tropical savanna climate5. Monsoon climate4. 水体知识Explain the importance of the following bodies of water.1. Oceans2. Seas3. Rivers4. Lakes5. Wetlands5. 地球板块Discuss the impact of tectonic plate movements on the Earth's surface.1. Volcanic activity2. Earthquakes3. Mountain formation4. Oceanic ridges5. Subduction zones十一、文学知识1. 世界名著Summarize the plot of the following classic novels.1. "Pride and Prejudice" Jane Austen2. "To Kill a Mockingbird" Harper Lee3. "1984" George Orwell4. "The Great Gats" F. Scott Fitzgerald5. "One Hundred Years of Solitude" Gabriel García Márquez2. 诗歌分析Analyze the themes and poetic devices in the following poems.1. "Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night" Dylan Thomas2. "The Road Not Taken" Robert Frost3. "Stopping Woods on a Snowy Evening" Robert Frost4. "Invictus" William Ernest Henley5. "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock" T.S. Eliot3. 文学流派Identify the literary genre of the following works.1. "Hamlet" William Shakespeare2. "The Catcher in the Rye" J.D. Salinger3. "The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn" Mark Twain4. "The Odyssey" Homer5. "The Great Gats" F. Scott Fitzgerald4. 文学人物Describe the character traits of the following literary figures.1. Sherlock Holmes2. Hamlet3. Jane Eyre4. Atticus Finch5. Odysseus十二、艺术知识1. 艺术史Discuss the contributions of the following artists to art history.1. Leonardo da Vinci2. Vincent van Gogh3. Pablo Picasso4. Michelangelo5. Frida Kahlo2. 艺术流派Identify the art movement associated with the following descriptions.1. Emphasis on color and form2. Focus on realistic representation3. Use of abstract shapes and lines4. Emphasis on the depiction of light and shadow5. Exploration of emotions and inner experiences3. 音乐知识Explain the significance of the following musical terms.1. Symphony2. Sonata3. Concerto4. Opera5. Ballet4. 舞蹈风格Describe the characteristics of the following dance styles.1. Ballet2. Hiphop3. Jazz4. Contemporary5. Ballroom5. 戏剧元素Identify the dramatic elements present in the following plays.1. "Romeo and Juliet" William Shakespeare2. "A Streetcar Named Desire" Tennessee Williams3. "Death of a Salesman" Arthur Miller4. "Macbeth" William Shakespeare5. "The Glass Menagerie" Tennessee Williams6. 书法艺术Discuss the techniques and styles of the following calligraphy traditions.1. Chinese calligraphy2. Japanese calligraphy (Shodo)3. Islamic calligraphy4. Western calligraphy5. Indian calligraphy (Bharati)7. 美术术语Define the following art terminology.1. Composition2. Perspective3. Color theory4. Texture5. Line and form8. 影视作品Analyze the themes and techniques used in the following films.1. "The Godfather" Francis Ford Coppola2. "Schindler's List" Steven Spielberg3. "Gone with the Wind" Victor Fleming4. "The Shawshank Redemption" Frank Darabont5. "Pulp Fiction" Quentin Tarantino十三、社会与文化1. 社会问题Discuss the causes and effects of the following social issues.1. Poverty2. Racism3. Gender inequality4. Environmental degradation5. Education disparities2. 文化差异Compare and contrast the cultural practices of the following societies.1. Western vs. Eastern wedding traditions2. Traditional vs. modern clothing styles3. Festivals and holidays in different cultures4. Communication styles across cultures5. Religious practices in various societies3. 社会结构Explain the role of the following social institutions in society.1. Family2. Education3. Government4. Economy5. Media4. 历史事件Analyze the historical context and impact of the following events.1. The French Revolution2. The American Civil Rights Movement3. The Fall of the Soviet Union4. The Civil Rights Act of 19645. The Women's Suffrage Movement5. 国际关系Discuss the key principles and challenges of the following international relations topics.1. Diplomacy2. Trade agreements3. Human rights4. Globalization5. International law十四、经济学1. 基本概念Define the following economic terms.1. Supply and demand2. Inflation3. Deflation4. GDP5. Microeconomics2. 货币政策Explain the objectives and tools of the following monetary policies.1. Interest rates2. Quantitative easing3. Open market operations4. Reserve requirements5. Monetary base3. 国际贸易Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the following trade theories.1. Comparative advantage2. Absolute advantage3. HeckscherOhlin model4. Ricardian model5. StolperSamuelson theorem4. 企业管理Analyze the functions and strategies of the following business management concepts.1. Marketing2. Operations management3. Human resources4. Financial management5. Strategic planning5. 经济发展Evaluate the impact of the following economic development models.1. Capitalism2. Socialism3. Mixed economy4. Planned economy5. Sustainable development 答案一、词汇练习1. 单词拼写1. excited2. real3. cleaned4. simple5. fast2. 词语搭配1. excited2. dedicated3. delicious4. not good at5. easy3. 同义词辨析1. angry2. brave3. beautiful4. bright5. happy二、语法练习1. 句子结构1. A2. 时态和语态1. went2. were3. has not finished4. did not know5. did not go3. 名词性从句1. that2. whom3. that4. which5. that三、阅读理解1. 短文阅读1. The sun is a massive ball of hot gas.2. It is about 150 million kilometers away from Earth.3. The sun provides light and heat to our planet.4. Without the sun, life on Earth would not be possible.2. 长文阅读1. Regular exercise has many benefits, including improved physical health, mental wellbeing, and increased energy levels.2. Exercise is important for children because it helps with growth and development, improves concentration, and reduces the risk of obesity.3. Examples of physical activities include running, swimming, cycling, and playing sports.4. Exercise can improve mental health reducing stress, anxiety, and depression.四、写作练习1. 写作提示My favorite hob is reading. I enjoy getting lost in a good book and exploring different worlds. Reading helps me relax and escape from the daily stresses of life.2. 应用文写作Dear [Friend's Name],I hope this letter finds you well. I wanted toinvite you to visit me in [Your City]. It would be great to catch up and explore some of the local attractions. Let me know if you're interested!Best regards,[Your Name]3. 记叙文写作One of the most memorable events from my childhood was my first day of school. I was nervous but excited to meet new friends and learn new things. The day went quickly, andI made many friends who I still keep in touch with today.4. 说明文写作To make a simple salad, you will need the following ingredients: mixed greens, cherry tomatoes, cucumber, red onion, and feta cheese. Simply chop the vegetables and mix them together in a bowl. Add a dressing of your choice and enjoy!5. 议论文写作The importance of education in today's society cannot be overstated. Education provides individuals with the knowledge and skills necessary to succeed in the workforce and contribute to society. It also fosters critical thinking and personal growth.五、听力理解1. 短对话理解1. A2. B3. C4. D2. 长对话理解1. The speakers are discussing job opportunities.2. The man wants to change his job because he is not satisfied with his current position.3. The woman suggests that the man should consider a career in a different field.4. The man feels hopeful about the woman's suggestion.六、口语练习1. 自我介绍Hello, my name is [Your Name]. I am 25 years oldand I work as a software engineer. I enjoy reading, traveling, and playing basketball in my free time.2. 角色扮演(答案因人而异，根据角色扮演的情景回答)3. 日常对话(答案因人而异，根据对话内容回答)4. 提问与回答(答案因人而异，根据提问内容回答)5. 故事讲述(答案因人而异，根据讲述的内容回答)。
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Masoud Anjomshoa
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Expectations, Real and Nominal
Interest Rates: .
Nominal Interest Rate, i: Rate of return on assets,
Masoud Anjomshoa
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Nominal & Real i
LM
Interest Rates:
IS : Y C G I(Y , i –πe )
LM : M Y L( i )
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P
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P
r
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Masoud Anjomshoa
A O
B Y
A O
B Y
LM
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Nominal & Real
Interest Rates:
IS : Y C G I(Y , i e )
LM : M Y L(i)
P
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Nominal & Real Interest Rates:
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Impact of expansionary monetary policy on interest rates: Short Run: i↓ and r↓ Medium Run: i↑ and r√
Fisher effect in medium run:
rn = i – gm
Natural rate of real interest rate
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measured in terms of current dollar. Real Interest Rate, r: Rate of return on assets, measured
in terms of goods.
Year t
Year t+1
Investment in terms of current dollar
P
i
O
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r
IS
Masoud Anjomshoa
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Nominal & Real i
Interest Rates:
Suppose initially πe =0,
What if πe↑:
IS : Y C G I(Y , i e ) i1
r=i
LM : M Y L(i)
Neutrality of Money: In the medium run, money supply cannot affect the real exchange rate, but increases the nominal interest rate by the increase in growth rate of money.
$1
it
$(1+it)
Investment in terms of goods
1 unit of good
rt
(1+rt) units of good
Masoud Anjomshoa
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Real vs. Nominal Interest Rates: .
Year t
Consumption
Year t+1
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P
P2=P2e
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Masoud Anjomshoa
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