新外研版八年级上册Module5Unit2ItdescribesthechangesinChinesesociety
外研版八年级上册英语M5 UNIT2 It describes the changes in
3. Whydoesthewriterwritethispassage? ______________________________________________
TointroduceTeahouse, LaoSheandLaoSheTeahouse.
returned QianXuesen__________________Chinain1955.【核心素 养:t对o 学生进行正确的三观教育,培养学生爱国主义 情怀】
四、完形填空。 XianXinghaiwasaveryfamousmusicianin_____16.
Hewroteoneofthegreatestpiecesofmusicofthe20thcentur y. Inhisshortlifehewrote_______17300songsandanopera. 16. A. ChinaB. America C. BritainD. France A 17. A. nearB. nearlyC. nearbyD. nearer
一
1 WangLifaandthecustomersofhisteahouse.
答案呈现
Fromtheendofthenineteenthcenturytothemiddleoft 2 hetwentiethcentury, inBeijing, China.
3 ItshowsthelivesofcommonpeopleinChina.
etyoverfiftyyears.
the 4.________________________
reason _________
外研版八年级英语上册:module_5_unit_2_it_describes_the_change
Post-reading Read again and complete the passage with the words.
over fifty years.
Scanning Read P2 Find information about Lao She. Timeline
1899
1913
1918
1924
1957
Lao She was born in Beijing in 1899. His mother sent him to a teacher’s school in 1913. After finishing school in 1918,he became a head teacher of a primary school. In 1924,Lao She left home and went to England. He taught Chinese at a college in London and returned to China five years later. He wLraooteSmheanwyrpoltaeyTs,eanhovoeulssea. nd short stories about people’s lives, and was named “the People’s Artist”. Lao She is one of the greatest Chinese writers of the twentieth century.
Teahouse is on of Laoshe’s most famous plays. He wrote it in 1957. The play has three acts and shows the lives of common people in China from the end of the nineteenth century to the middle of the twentieth century. It tells us the story of Wang Lifa and the customers of his teahouse in Beijing. It describes the changes in Chinese society
八年级英语上册Module5Unit2ItdescibesthechangesinChin新版外研版
【点拨】词义辨析法。根据上句“What a beautiful view!” 可知, 风景优美, 语言无法描述。故选C。
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( A )11. Chinese culture has something ________ with
【点拨】句意: 现在越来越多的年轻人喜欢它。前一句是 介绍京剧深受中国人的喜欢, 而现在越来越多的年轻人也 喜欢上京剧。故答案为B。
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Many children learned to sing the Beijing Opera 25 they were very young. ( C )25. A. after B. because C. when D. before
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5. Making mistakes in class is common(常见的) to all, so be brave to face it.
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二、用括号内所给单词的适当形式填空 6. _A__c_ti_o_n_s_ (act) speak louder than words.
【点拨】Actions speak louder than words. 行动胜于语言。
【点拨】句意: 许多孩子很小的时候就学会了唱京剧。在 小的时候用when 引导时间状语从句, 故答案为C。
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Stories in the Beijing Opera are very interesting. Some
of 26 are from the history books, but most are from the
外研版八年级英语上册课件M5-U2 It describes the changes in Chinese society.
Words: show common describe society college novel magic name
Phrases: take place give a wonderful welcome to… was born in… send to
Patterns: The story of Teahouse takes place in Beijing. Teahouse is one of Lao She’s most famous plays.
外研 八年级 上册
Module 5 Lao She Teahouse
Unit 2
It describes the changes in Chinese society.
Words review
act
show
common twentieth describe
ety
n. (戏剧、歌剧或芭 蕾舞的)一幕
Task 2
Read Passage 2 about Lao She’s lifetime and then complete the timeline.
1957 _w__ro_t_e_T__ea_h__o_u_se________________ 1924 _l_e_ft_h__o_m_e__a_n_d_w__e_n_t_t_o_E_n__g_la_n_d___ 1918 _f_in_i_s_h_e_d_s_c_h_o_o_l_a_n_d__b_e_c_a_m__e_t_h_e__
Let’s watch a video to get a brief introduction about Lao She.
born in Beijing
went to a Teacher’s School to learn to teach
外研版八年级英语上册:Module 5 Unit 2 It describes the change
Module 5 Unit 2 It describes the changes in Chinese society【学习目标】1.理解课文事件的情节。
2.掌握动词不定式(to+动词原形)和双宾语结构。
【学习重难点】1.重点词汇: Show, common twentieth, describe, college, if,2.重点句子: Teahouse is one of Lao She’s most famous plays.It tells us the story of Wang Li…Lao She Teahouse gives a warm welcome to everyone from all over the world.3.动词不定式(to+动词原形)和双宾语结构。
【学习过程】一、翻译文章_____________________________________________________________________________ ______________________自主完成后,小组合作,交流学习成果,共同释疑。
二、课堂精讲点拨1.one of + 形容词最高级+名词的复数形式(1). Teahouse is one of Lao She’s most famous plays.(2). Lao She is one of the greatest Chinese writers of the twentieth century.2.双宾语结构:(1)It tells us the story of Wang Li and his customers.tell sb.sth =tell sth to sb(2)Lao She Teahouse gives a warm welcome to everyone from all over the world.give sth. to sb +give sb.sth.以上两个例子都采用了“动词+人+物”的表达方式,我们把这种结构称为双宾语。
外研版八年级英语上册Module5Unit2ItdescribesthechangesinChinesesociety教案
It describes the changes in Chinese so ciety教学目标1. Key vocabulary: act, show, common, describe, society, beginning, head teacher, college, novel, if, magic2. Reading and understanding the sequence of events.3. 双宾语结构的用法4. Writing a short passage about one’s favorite play or film.教学重点双宾语结构:give/buy/tell教学难点动词不定式作宾语的用法;双宾语结构学情分析在一单元学习了动词不定式的用法基础上,本课将接触双宾语的用法,学生需要了解此结构的构成形式及其用法学法指导Top-down approach教学过程教学内容教师活动学生活动效果预测(可能出现的问题)补救措施修改意见Step 1 Warming-upStep 2Work in pairs.Step 3 Reading 1、Review the text of Unit 1.2. Show some pictures3. Introduce the new words.4.teach the new words1. Ask questions about Lao She.1) What do you know about Lao She?2) What are his most famous books andplays?3) What’s the special about Lao SheTeahouse?1、Review2、Look at thepictures, andtalk somethingabout thepictures.3、Learn thenew words.4 、Read the newwords.……1、在长篇的阅读材料中,难以获得信息2、阅读有畏难心理1、做到泛读与精读的结合,使学生快速获得信息2、在阅读前,Step4 Completethetimeline .Step5 Language 2. Tell the students about Lao She.Learning to learnWhen you read a passage, remember tolook at its title, the paragraphheadings and the photos if there areany. They will help you understand themain ideas.1. Play the recording2. Ask the students to read through thepassage.3.. Read the passage and match theheadings with the paragraphs inActivity 2.4. ask the students to Check with apartner.1.Answer thequestions2.learnsomething aboutLaoShe1.Listen to thetape carefully.2. Read throughthe passage.3. Match theheadings withthe paragraphsin Activity 2.4. check in3、写作吃力,思维混乱做一些与阅读有关的辅助练习,比如谈论老舍,3、通过表格的形式把要写的重要内容一一列举,pointsStep6 Completethepassage. Step 6 Writing 5.. Call back the answers from thewhole class.Keys: 1 b 2 c 3 a6. Read Para1 and check the truesentences7. Read Para3 and fill in blanks1. Read the passage again.2. Complete the timeline withinformation about Lao She.LAO SHE1957____________________________________1924____________________________________pairs5.check theanswer together6. read and doit7.read and fill1. read the textagain2. Complete thetimeline withinformation然后再串起来3. give (sb.) a … welcome (to…) 意为“对(某人)表示……欢迎”,其中welcome是名词。
外研版英语八年级上Module 5 Unit教材重要知识点梳理
Unit 2 It describes the changes in Chinese society.1.act 的用法(1)作为名词,意为“(戏剧、歌剧或者芭蕾舞等的)一幕”。
The funniest part of the play is the first act.这部戏剧最有趣的部分就是第一幕。
(2)作为动词,意为“行动;表演”。
常用于短语act out,意为“将……表演出来”。
Although the old man is over 60,he acts just like a child. 虽然这个老人都60 多了,但是却表现得像个孩子。
Please act out the conversation in pairs.请两个人一组表演这个对话。
(3)其名词action,意为“行动;行为”。
Actions speak louder than words.事实胜于雄辩。
(4)其形容词为active,意为“积极的”,其副词为actively,意为“积极地”。
Tom always performs actively in class.汤姆课堂上总是表现很积极。
2.show 的用法(1)作为动词,意为“展示;显示;表明等”。
常用于以下表达中:①show sth.to sb.= show sb.sth.“把某物(展示)给某人看”Please show your ID card to me ,sir.先生,请出示一下你的身份证。
②show sb.around sp. “带领某人游览某地”I’ll show you around my home town.我将带你参观我的家乡。
③be on show “展出;展览”Look! Many paintings are on show in the gallery now. 看!画廊里有很多油画在参展。
④show off “炫耀”Tom likes showing off.汤姆喜欢炫耀。
外研版八年级英语上册:module 5 unit 2 it describes the changes in chinese society.教学课件
Scanning When
Read P1 Find information about the story of Teahouse.
What
Whom
Where
Why
When did Lao She write it? What does the story show? Whom does the story tell us?
Where does the story take place?
Why is it good?
Teahouse is on of Laoshe’s most famous plays. He wrote it in 1957. The play has three acts and shows the lives of common people in China from the end of the nineteenth century to the middle of the twentieth century. It tells us the story of Wang Lifa and the customers of his teahouse in Beijing. It describes the changes in Chinese society over fifty years.
the Beijing Opera, traditional
music or magic shows, you can enjoy them at the teahouse. Lao
She Teahouse gives a warm
welcome to everyone from all over the world.
外研版八年级上册英语M5 UNIT2 It describes the changes in
magic
二、根据汉语意思完成句子, 并背记英语句子 6. 《茶馆》是老舍最著名的戏剧之一。 Teahouseis______________________LaoShe's_______ _______________playso. neof
mostfamous
7. 它描述了五十多年的中国社会的变化。
Itdescribes________th_e_c_h_a_n_g_e_s____inChinesesociety_____ _____fiftyyears.
over
8. 《茶馆》的故事发生在北京。 ThestoryofTeahouse________t_a_k_e_sp_l_a_c_e____inBeijing.
【点拨】用语境分析法。根据句意“在这部剧中第二 ________是最精彩的。”可知此空表示“一幕”, 填act。
magic, common, twenty,
act, show
8.
Thechildisastarandheoftentakespartinmany______ magic, common, twenty, act, show
【 点 拨 】 根 据 原 文 中 前 一 句 : OnAug. 142020, a4K-
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新外研版八年级上册Module5Unit2ItdescribesthechangesinC
新外研版八年级上册Module5Unit2ItdescribesthechangesinCWords and expressionsn. (戏剧、歌剧或芭蕾舞的)一幕act v. 展示;显示n. 演出;表演show adj. 普通的;一般的common twentieth num. 第二十v. 描写;描述describe n. 社会society head teacher校长n. 大学;学院college novel n. (长篇)小说name v. 给......取名;给......命名if conj. 如果;若magic adj. 魔术的;戏法的Module 5 Lao She TeahouseUnit 2 It describes the changes in Chinese societyLearning aims1. Master 12 key words and 8 key phrases in M5U2. Use the double Cobjects to talk about sth. in your life. 2. Understand the passage about the play Lao She Teahouse by discussion and cooperation .3. Know about eastern and western plays, to enhance understanding of plays.Homework feedback 优秀个人:李好发肖志文张育慧王雪韩德霞伦阳阳王文英刘璐进步个人:刘杰岳俊旭存在问题:(1)书写不够认真(2)短语不够准确(3)学过的知识不会运用(4)不会根据例句总结知识点预习案答案自纠I 1 动词不定式和双宾语II 1 Lao She teahouse 名词:actress end act show society head teacher college novel 动词:offer show describe name 形容词:common magic 连词if 数词twentieth III 1 one of Lao She’s most famous plays 2 show the lives of common people in China 3 from the end of the 19th century to the middle of the 20th century 4 describe the changes in Chinese society 5 send him to a teacher’s school 6 be named “the People’s Artist” 7 one of the greatest Chinese writers 8 give a warm welcome to everyone合作探究:Cooperation and discussion内容1探究案中的知识点,训练案中的疑难点;2讨论完大声朗读课文要求: 1.小组内先一对一(A1-C2,A2-C1,B1-B2), 然后组内合作讨论,随时用红笔在导学案上纠正和标注。
外研版初中英语八年级上册Module5 Unit2 It describes the change
整理ppt
描写;描述 v. 社会 n.
校长 大学;学院 n.
novel /'nɒvl/ name /neIm/
if
/If/
magic /'mæ dʒIk/
(长篇)小说 n. 给……取名; 给……命名 v.
如果;若 conj.
魔术的;戏法的 adj.
19
Work in pairs. Ask and answer the questions about Lao She.
1. What do you know about Lao She?
He is a great writer in China.
2. What are his most famous books and plays?
小说 整理ppt
We are common people, but we can make a difference. 普通的
整理ppt
描述
The play describes the changes in
Chinese society .
The play has three acts .
幕
It is a wonderful show .
Complete the passage with the words in the box. century common if magic society writers
)
A. drink tea
B. have Chinese food
C. listen to folk music
D. watch magic shows
外研八上Module 5 unit 2 it describes the changes in chinese society
n. (一段时间的)开始, 起初
校长
n. 大学;学院 n.(长篇)小说 v.给……取名; 给…… 命名
conj.如果;若 adj.魔术的;戏法的
1. Work in pairs. Ask and answer the questions about Lao She.
1. What do you know about Lao She? 2. What are his most famous books and plays? 3. What’s special about Lao She’s Teahouse?
被誉为“人民艺术家”
act
show
common twentieth describe
society
n.(戏剧、歌剧或芭蕾 舞的)一幕 v.展示;显示 n. 演出; 表演
a.普通的; 一般的 num.第二十 v.描写;描述 n.社会
beginning
head teacher college novel name
a) Lao She Teahouse b) The story of Teahouse c) Lao She
Para 1: _b_ Para 2: _c_ Para 3: _a_
How to read?
Look at its headings(标题), pictures,timeline(时间线) or
3. … was named “the People’s Artist”, …
name v. 给……取名;给……命名 例:He was named as captain of our
football team. 他被任命为我们足球队的队长。
外研版八年级英语上册Module 5 unit2 It describes the changes in Chinese society.教案
Step I Revision and lead-inIn this procedure, revise something that was studied in unit 1 by doing pair work. After that, lead in Activity One of this unit.T: Yesterday we have known something about Lao She’s Teahouse. I have some small pieces of paper with some questions on them. I’ll give them to some students and they will read the questions. You will answer the questions as quickly as you can.Sample conversation:S1: Why did Betty want to go to Lao She’s teahouse?S2: Because she wanted to see some Beijing Opera.Ask some students questions about Lao She and Teahouse and lead in this unit.T: What is Lao She most famous for?S: He’s especially famous for his play, Teahouse.T: Right. Do you want to know something more about Lao She and his Teahouse? Now please turn to page at 36 and look at activity 1.Step II Listening and matchingAsk and answer.In this procedure, make students familiar with some new words of some instruments by making use of pictures. Give a brief introduction of Lao She and Teahouse.T: Teahouse is the most famous play written by Lao She. When and where did it take place?Help students answer.S: It took place from the end of the nineteenth century to the middle of the middle of the twentieth century in a1teahouse in old Beijing.T: This play tells us a story of Wang Lifa and his customers in old Beijing. There are many different types of people with different ends. Wang loses the teahouse and dies in the end. Lao She is considered as a Great Master of Language in the twentieth century.Use the picture of the Teahouse to help students understand.Ask students to ask and answer the questions about Lao She.Who is Lao She?What do you know about Lao She?What is his famous play? What is it about?What other works of Lao She’s do you know?What is Lao She’s Teahouse? Where is it?What can people do in Lao She’s Te ahouse?What’s special about Lao She’s Teahouse?Listening and matchingIn this procedure, ask the students to listen and read the passage and find out the heading of each paragraph. Match the correct headings with the paragraphs.T: Now that you have known something about Lao She and Teahouse. Let’s read the passage to get some further information. First, listen to the tape with your books closed. After listening, read the passage and then you’ll match the headings with the paragraphs.Point out that finding out the heading of each paragraph is important. The title of a passage, the paragraph headings and the photos will help them understand the main ideas.After that, ask students to read the passage again and underline the new words and expressions and then finish activity 3.2。
外研版八年级上册Module 5Unit 2 it describes the changes in chinese society.
send sb to sp
5.被称作“人民艺术家”
be named “the People’s Artist”
6.热烈欢迎某人
give a warm welcome to
b) The story of TeahouseParagraph 2
c) Lao She
Tip:
The paragraph headings
and the photos will help
you understand the main
ideas.
Task 2:Careful reading Read paragraph 1 and finish the table.
Why is it good?
Titanic
Jack and Rose
1912
On the ship
Jack loves Rose and dies for her describe the true love moving(感人的)....
Task Panda
Place in a _te_a__h_o_u_s_e_in old Beijing.
People Wang Lifa and his _c_u_s_t_o_m_e__rs_____.
Content (内容)
It describes the _c_h_a_n_g_e_s__in__C_h_i_n_e_s_e__s_o_c_ie_t_y___
in Chinese society over fifty years.
Ending
I think it is really a sadwshtoyry,but I like it very much.
外研版八年级英语上册Module5Unit2ItdescribesthechangesinChinesesociety教案
ItdescribesthechangesinChinesesociety一、学生分析1.本次所授课的对象为八年级学生,他们大多是16、17岁。
他们活泼、开朗、好奇心强,对英语持有较浓厚的兴趣,但他们也具有抽象思维能力较低,形象思维能力强,注意力容易分散,比较不稳定性的生理特点。
在本课教学过程中,在注重启发引导,培养学生分析、概括能力的同时,更要注重教学方法的灵活性,通过任务型教学法,情景交际法等,激发学生学习的兴趣,并且结合及时的评价机制进行鼓励,让学生易于接受,乐于接受。
2.学生在学习本课之前,学生已在本模块Unit1中已经学习了一些关于老舍茶馆的背景知识和词汇,有了一定的英语基础知识和听说能力,正逐渐向读、写过渡,为本课的学习打下了基础。
3.学生能充分利用教材和教师的多媒体教学所提供的学习资源,实现自由参与和创新,能主动与他人交流,学习经验,及时反思。
二、教材分析本课内容是外研社(新标准)八年级英语上册第五模块的第二单元的第一课时,课型为阅读课。
课文以老舍及老舍茶馆为主题,介绍了话剧《茶馆》、作者老舍以及老舍茶馆,借此让学生了解像老舍这样的在中国文坛有着重要影响的作五、教学过程五、教学过程【设计意图】:用老舍图片及老舍茶馆视频导入,让学生边猜测边讨论边学习,能够吸引学生的注意力,活跃了课堂气氛。
让学生做好课前的准备,进入新课。
二、Pre-reading:【操作过程】Task1:Learnthenewwordsandexpressions.StepOne:Showsomepicturesandsentences,andhavestud entstoplayagmae:standuptofilltheblanksasquicklyaspos sible.1.1.TeahouseisoneofLaoShe'splay.Thereare3acts inTeahouse.2.3.4.2.Itis common forafamilytohaveonlyonechildinChinese society now.3.Thisnovel describes thelifeofHarryPotter.4.Thereisonlyone college inHuizhou.5.6.7.5.The customer istheGod.6.Theyare givingawarm welcome to theirnewboss.7.WhenIwasalittlegirl,mymom told methestorynamedGoldilocksandtheThreeBears1 2 3教学过程五、教学过程Scanthepassageandmatchtheheadingwiththeparagraphs.StepOne:Readthewholepassagequicklyandmatchthehead ingwiththeparagraph.1._________________________2._________________________3._______________________StepTwo:Astudentgivestheanswerstotheclass(givenso mecomment)【设计意图】:整体感知语篇;理解段落大意和文章结构;培养获取信息的能力,积累阅读技巧。
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2. … and was named “the People’s Artist”. Lao She
is one of the greatest Chinese writers of the
twentieth century. (他)被誉为“人民艺术家”。老舍是20世纪中国 最伟大的作家之一。 name 在这里是动词,表示“命名”;本意为名词: 名字,name 还有“任命”的意思。 e.g. Lili was named as captain of our English studying team. 李丽被任命为我们英语学习小组的组长
2020/1/9
Summary
1.The main points we have learned: 2.The excellent group:
2020/1/9
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• 1 双宾语结构短语总结: • read sb. sth.=read sth. for sb. • cook sb. sth.=cook sth.for sb. • buy sb. sth.=buy sth. for sb. • make sb. sth.=make sth. for sb. • send sb. sth.= send sth. to sb. • show sb. sth.=show sth. to sb. • teach sb. sth.=teach sth.to sb.
III 1 one of Lao She’s most famous plays
2 show the lives of common people in China 3 from the end of the 19th century to the middle of the 20th century
n. 大学;学院
novel
n. (长篇)小说
name
v. 给......取名;给......命名
if
conj. 如果;若
magic
adj. 魔术的;戏法的
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Module 5 Lao She Teahouse
Unit 2 It describes the changes in Chinese society
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4 describe the changes in Chinese society
5 send him to a teacher’s school
6 be named “the People’s Artist”
7 one of the greatest Chinese writers
8 give 2020/1/9 a warm welcome to everyone
合作探究:Cooperation and discussion
内容 1探究案中的知识点,训练案中的疑难点; 2讨论完大声朗读课文
要求: 1.小组内先一对一(A1-C2,A2-C1,B1-B2), 然后组 内合作讨论,随时用红笔在导学案上纠正和标注。 2.组长调控好, A层能深入拓展目标达成120%,B层能 解决所有疑问,目标达成100%,C层能最大限度解决问 题,目标达成80%,保证高效完成。 3.组长记录疑难点;各组积极质疑。
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Show off
展示内容 展示小组 展示方式 点评小组 要求
探究一
G6
探究二
G前黑板 前黑板 后黑板
口头
G7 G3
1)提出问 题要经过思 考,具有代 表性
2)点评大 方,语言简 洁,声音洪 亮。
3)非展示 点评同学认 真思考,对 点评同学加 以补充。
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3. Know about eastern and western plays, to enhance understanding of plays.
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Homework feedback
• 优秀个人:李好发 肖志文 张育慧 王雪 韩德霞 伦阳阳 王文英 刘璐
进步个人:刘杰 岳俊旭 • 存在问题:(1)书写不够认真
(2)短语不够准确 (3)学过的知识不会运用 (4)不会根据例句总结知识点
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预习案答案自纠
I 1 动词不定式和双宾语 II 1 Lao She teahouse 名词:actress end act show
society head teacher college novel 动词:offer show describe name 形容词:common magic 连词 if 数词 twentieth
show sb. sth.=show sth.to sb. 即时训练 1 life in China to 二 即时训练 1 happened 2 will take place 三 1 return to sw. 2 return sth. to sb.= return sb. sth. 即时训练 I went/got/came back home at 7 o’clock . 四 形容词最高级 复数
Changjiang River is one of the longest rivers in China. 单数 2020/1/9
训练案
一B C B 二 1 to do 2 to take, to see 3 to eat, to live
4 most popular ,singers 5 happened 三 1 often cooks food for me everyday.
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Learning aims
1. Master 12 key words and 8 key phrases in M5U2. Use the double –objects to talk about sth. in your life.
2. Understand the passage about the play Lao She Teahouse by discussion and cooperation .
2 the story of Wang Lifa and his customers to us 3 taught the English Chinese 4 for me
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课本剧
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整理学案
时间:3分钟 要求: (1)认真、快速,并使用红笔改正其中的错
误。 (2)整理完成的同学,背诵Unit 2 单词。
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3. Lao She Teahouse gives a warm welcome to everyone
from all over the world. 老舍茶馆热情地欢迎来自世界各地的人们。
give (sb.) a … welcome 意为“对(某人)表示…… 欢 迎”。 e.g. Beijing gives a warm welcome to people from all over the world. 北京热情地欢迎来自世界各地的人们。 Jim gave her a cold welcome. 吉姆对她冷淡。
Words and expressions
act show common twentieth
n. (戏剧、歌剧或芭蕾舞的)一幕 v. 展示;显示 n. 演出;表演 adj. 普通的;一般的 num. 第二十
describe v. 描写;描述
society
n. 社会
head teacher校长
college
探究案
一(1) 动词+人+物 (2)动词+物+人 双宾语,间接宾语,直接宾语,
give ,bring, lend pass send show leave buy tell 适当的介词, to ,for 常用结构:cook sb. sth. =cook sth.for sb.
send sb. sth.= send sth.to sb. make sb. sth. =make sth.for sb. teach sb.sth. =teach sth. to sb.