英概 key terms 终极版

1. The British IslesThe British Isles are a group of islands off the northwest coast of continental Europe that include the islands of Great Britain and Ireland and over six thousand smaller islands There are two sovereign states located on the islands: the UK and Ireland2. The “square mile”Oldest part of the capital, the City of London, the base of the UK’s financial industry, home to some preeminent landmarks3. HippiesA youth cult in the late 1960s among middle class.4. Punks: the working and middle class people in the mid 1970 have a characteristic youth cult with the image of the rebellious teenager, identifiable by the particular style of clothes or music.With concepts such as rebellion, anti-authoritarianism, individualism, free thought, and discontent. A youth cult in the mid 1970s among working class and middle class.5. GCSE (General Certificate of Secondary Education): The General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE). Taken at the end of compulsory education at the age of 16. Any member of individual subjects (usually one to about ten) may be taken.6. A-levelAdvanced level examination taken at 18 years or older. Usually between one and four subjects are taken after a two-year course of study. It is the examination required for entrance to university. I 7. 7. The commonwealth (From Wiki)It's an intergovernmental organization of 54 independent member states. The member states co-operate within a framework of common values and goals as outlined in the Singapore Declaration.8. Working classWorking class is a term used to describe those employed in jobs of lower class (as measured by unskilled manual job, low education certification and lower incomes).9. Civil (wedding) ceremonyA civil registrar ceremony is a non-religious legal marriage ceremony performed by a government official or functionary(registrar).In the UK, a civil registrar ceremony cannot include hymns, religious readings or prayers, and the marriage must take place at a registered or licensed venue to be legally valid.10. CohabitationA man and a woman who is not related but is living together in a stable relationship without being married.P2411、House-husband , a stay-at-home dad or house-spouse, is a term used to describe a father who is the main caregiver of the children and is the homemaker of the household.12. Day Centers, A Day Centre provides a place to eat, keep warm or chat during the day for the old to meet others if old people have no other arrangements.13. Sheltered housing: old people get their own house and their welfare is checked on by a warden (sort of social worker who lives in the neighborhood)Sheltering housing is provided by local gov. or funded association in groups of flats or cottages for those who requires social support in house. There is often a communal lunge guest room and a laundry. Thus people in it can live independently.14. Council house: house built by local government. Rents are lower than those in the private sector. T here used to be many council-owned houses, but during the 1980s the government policy was to encourage home-ownership and council tenants were given the opportunity to buy the houses they lived in at prices below the market value 15. Generation gap (P44).The generational gap is and was a term popularized in Western countries during the 1960s referring to differences between people of a younger generation and their elders, especially between a child and their parent's generation.16. The Protestant Church (P166).The Protestant Church is a Christian church, a branch of the Christian church, which separated from the Catholic Church in the sixteenth century. Is one of the three major divisions (Roman Catholicism, The Orthodox Church, and Protestantism) within Christianity?17. The Church of England (P166).The Church of England is the officially established Christian church in England and the Mother Church of the worldwide Anglican Communion. The Church of England understands itself to be both Catholic and Reformed: 18. The Roman Catholic ChurchOne British in ten claims to be a Roman Catholic. The Catholic Church attaches a lot of importance to the religious education of its children and requires that its members try to bring up their children in the Catholic faith.19. Welfare state“A state with a government which assumes responsibility for the well-being of its citizens throughout life, througha range of interventions in the market eco nomy”20. Beveridge Report:A document produced by a government committee under the chairmanship of labor minister William Beverage, setting out a system for social economy21. Welfare provision:Social welfare provision is caught in a set of structural contradictions between the requirements of capitalist economies for profit maximization and the requirements of the population for social protection. The three main areas of welfare provision in Britain are health, housing and social security.22. Absolute poverty:Absolute poverty is a level of poverty at which certain minimum standards of living---for example for nutrition, health and shelter---cannot be met.23、Relatively Poverty：Relatively poverty is a more recent view of what it is to be poor. A measure of relative poverty defines "poverty" as being below some relative poverty threshold. Poverty in these terms is feeling a sense of deprivation. It can be a subjective rather than a purely objective thing.24、Mixed Economy：A mixed economy is an economy that includes a variety of private and government control; reflecting characteristics of both capitalism and socialism. In this kind of economy, there is some public ownership as well as privately owned businesses.25. NationalizationNationalization is the process of taking an industry or assets into the public ownership of a national government or state. Nationalization requires more political control over the major public utilities so that their development could be guided in the public interest rather than simply for private profit.26. Privatizationis the incidence or process of transferring ownership of a business, enterprise, agency or public service from the public sector (the state or government) to the private sector (businesses that operate for a private profit) or to private non-profit organizations.27. Forms of business organization P205PartnershipsCo-operativesSingle ProprietorshipsJoint-stock companies28. The City of London(伦敦金融城)P204The City of London is one of the major banking centers of the world in Thread needle Street, which is also home to the Bank of England. Lloyds and the Stock Exchange are nearby. The importance of the City of London in the British economy cannot be over-emphasized.29. Typical British familythe popular image of a typical British family:1.It consists of a married couple2.Neither of them has been married before3.They have two or three children of their own4.The husband works full-time but the wife probably does not work5.The wife does most of the housework although the husband may help occasionallystly, all its members are happy.30. Parliamentary/representative democracyThe system of British government is known as representative democracy, which means that the people do not rule themselves directly but elect representatives to rule for them. In Britain, it is also known as a parliamentary democracy.32. Conjugal roles: The different activities and responsibilities of husband and wife.33. Social security: Social security is primarily a social insurance program providing social protection, or protection against socially recognized conditions, including poverty, old age, disability, unemployment and others.34. two-chamber systemIt is the system in which the legislative body of the Central Government of UK, the Parliament, is formed. The two chambers refer to two Houses, the House of Lords and the House of Commons, and these chambers meet separately.35. ConstituencyA constituency is a geographical area that a particular elected official represents. Britain is divided into 659 constituencies, each of which will elect one person who will represent them and become their 'Member of Parliament' or MP. It can also be referred to as an MP’s 'seat'.36 national trust, The National Trust is a voluntary organization founded in 1895 for the preservation of land and buildings of historical interest or beauty. It is the largest private landowner in Britain.37 Beatniks,in late 1950s, a characteristic youth cult with the image of the rebellious teenager from working class38. Labeling at schoolChildren are to be selected and streamed at an early age as either academic or non-academic, whilst others argue that it holds back brighter pupils since more attention will be given to those with less academic.39. Trade union:Trade unions is an organization f formed by groups of certain fields or enterprises workers to preserve their basic rights in working, such as proper payment better welfare good working conditions etc.40、Youth hostels: Youth hostels are popular with young people or families with young children. Cheap and basic self-catering accommodation is provided, usually in dormitories, with a warden(管理员), but visitors have to tidy up after themselves. P12041、Pensioners: In common parlance, a pensioner is a person who has retired, and now collects a pension. This isa term typically used in the United Kingdom and Australia where someone of pensionable age may also be referred to as an 'old age pensioner', or OAP.42、Nuclear family: A nuclear family is a family group consisting of a father and mother and their children, who share living quarters. This can be contrasted with an extended family. Nuclear families can have any number of children.43. Teddy boys: Teddy boys were a youth cult in 1950s associated with early rock'n'roll music, popular among the working class.45. The House of Commons is the lower house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, which also comprises the sovereign and the House of Lords. It is a democratically elected body, consisting of 650 members, who are known as Members of Parliament (MPs).46. Juvenile crime refers to antisocial or illegal behavior by children or adolescents, which usually takes place in low-income, large families with criminal parents. Marital discord, poor parental supervision and erratic child-rearing behavior have been identified as important causes of juvenile delinquency.47. Rule of law: everybody is subject to the law. Laws must not be arbitrary. There is only one body of law. The rights of the individual are to be respected.48. Natural law: Natural law refers to that an immoral rule can never be made into a real law simply by being passed through a national legislature. It is a law higher than man-made law. Moral imperative is more important than the strictly legal.49. Natural justice: where there are no other guidelines legal decisions should conform to what the courts can deduce as natural law. Prevailing moral view of society.50. The jury is a sworn body of 12 people who is a householder, between the ages of 18-70 can be called to serve at any time who selected at random from a cross-section of the public by certain judicial organ t to judge whether an accused person is not guilty or guilty of a crime in court. It represents the people.51. Computer fraud is the use of information technology to commit fraud.52. Role of police (according to UN Bluebook)Protecting all persons against illegal acts,Respect and protect human dignity and maintain and uphold the human rights of all persons.Not commit any act of corruption.53 Comprehensive schools 24A comprehensive school is a state school that does not select its intake on the basis of academic achievement or aptitude. A comprehensive school offers a full range of subjects across the academic and vocational spectrum, it is commonly understood that the school will need to be of a large size and to take children from a wide range of abilities.54 Package holidays 24A package holiday includes: the transport to the holiday destination; accommodation throughout the holiday; the transfer from the airport or ferry, to t he accommodation. They are put together by “tour operators” who charge an “all in “price for the whole holiday.Package holidays are organized by a tour operator and sold to a consumer by a travel agent.55. Role of the SovereignP217 QueenToday the sovereign in Britain no longer exercises political power but a symbolic one. The Queen has mainly advisory and ceremonial responsibilities: All in all, the Queen reigns but does not rule. She is the constitutional Head of State and personifies the state.细看书本56. The pattern of employmentP78The total work force in Britain in spring 2000 was 28.6 million, of which 27 were in employment and 2.8 were self-employed. Of the total population of working age of 36.3million, there were 7.7million who were economically inactive (early retired, women with children, adults in education and training) and 1.6million classified as unemployed.Most people work a five-day week and the basic working week is between 35-40 hours. Manual workers tend to work an hour or two longer per week than non-manual and women work 4 to 5 hours less than men. Some people work overtime.Average gross weekly earnings of full-time employees in Britain in 2000were $411. Average earnings for men were $453and for women $338. In 2000 the national minimum wage was set at $3.7 per hour for those aged 22 or above.57. Local government and devolutionP223Local government: The general pattern of local government in Britain has three layers: county councils at the top, divided further into district councils, with community or parish councils at the lowest level. The county level will responsible for education and social services. District councils’ responsibilities will include rubbish collection and disposal etc. Community councils are the smallest and at the least powerful level, but can make a difference to what decisions are made.Devolution: The British Parliament is sovereign and decides what the responsibilities of other levels of government are to be. However, since Tony Blair’s constitutional refo rms at the end of the 20th century, more power has been devolved from Westminster to Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.58. Pressure group:are groups seek to influence political parties and decision makers Pressure Groups exist to represent and defend a variety of interests within a democratic system and they provide an important way for people to organize themselves into groups to influence the government and to affect the decisions taken about their lives.59. Political participation:People who want to express their views participate in the British system of government by voting at national and local elections, joining in Political Parties and Pressure Groups or being a Member of Parliament and Local Councilor. Local and national TV/radio, newspaper also present opportunities for political discussion.60. National Health Service (from Wiki)The National Health Service is publicly funded healthcare system in England. It provides healthcare to anyone normally resident in England or any other part of the United Kingdom with most services free at the point of use for the patient61. Building societyP189P196(1) A person wishing to buy a house or flat borrows the money for a mortgage, usually from a Building Society, over a long period of time, 15-25 years, repaying the money on a monthly basis.(2) Like a bank, originally set up to help people borrow money for buying a house.62. Consumer protectionP210There are many laws and regulations affecting economic activity, many of them designed with the aim of protecting the consumer from unscrupulous businessmen.Consumer protection laws are designed to ensure fair trade competition and the free flow of truthful information in the marketplace.Consumer interests can also be protected by promoting competition in the markets63. TaxationP208 direct indirect(1) Direct taxation: employees have tax deducted from their salary or wage by their employers who pass it on to the Inland Revenue or Tax Office.(2) Indirect taxation: the consumer pays the tax as part of the price of the goods or services they are buying.64. Six form college: For students aged 16-18 years. Usually on a separate site from the secondary schools and the college usually takes students from all the local secondary schools in one area after they have taken the GCSE and completed compulsory education.65. Comprehensive system: is to ensure either equal educational opportunities or a meritocracy. Comprehensive schools were introduced in the 1960s with the idea that pupils should not be selected and streamed at such an early age. Since the introduction of comprehensive schools, some have argued that streaming still causes children to be 'labeled' at an early age as either academic or non-academic, whilst others argue that it holds back brighter pupils since more attention will be given to those with less academic talents.66.The Open university：It is non-residential university offering degree and other courses for adult students of all ages in Britain and other parts of European .it uses specially produced printed texts, correspondence tuition, television and radio broadcasts, audio and visual cassettes.67. Vocationalism: The aim was to train young people in terms of skills in work as well as their attitudes towards it and expectations of it.。