沪教版6A牛津英语期末知识点整理

目录
第一部分：课文重点回顾 (2)
Unit 1 Family and relatives (2)
Unit 2 I have a good friend (3)
Unit 3 Spending a day out together (5)
Unit 4 What would you like to be? (6)
Unit 5 Open day (7)
Unit 6 Going to school (8)
Unit 7 Rules round us (9)
Unit 8 The food we eat (10)
Unit 9 Picnics are fun (11)
Unit 10 Healthy eating (12)
第二部分：上海牛津英语6A短语总汇 (13)
第三部分：改写句子常考整理 (16)
第四部分：语法点索引 (18)
1、疑问词 (18)
2、必背不可数名词 (21)
3、情态动词 (21)
4、不定代词 (22)
5、介词 (23)
6、时态 (25)
第一部分：课文重点回顾
Unit 1 Family and relatives
1. This is my grandfather.这是我的（外）祖父。

These are my family and relatives.这些是我的家人和亲戚。

注意句中各成分保持单复数同形。

2. I‟m their son.. 我是他们的儿子。

We’re their sons.我们是他们的儿子。

3. sth. from sb.某物来自某人。

This is a birthday card from my friend.这是一张来自我朋友的生日卡片。

4. Happy birthday to sb.祝某人生日快乐。

5. one of your family members你的家庭成员之一。

one of后面应接可数名词的复数形式。

6. How many uncles do you have?你有多少个叔叔？ How many后面接可数名词的复数形式。

7. talk about sth.谈论关于某事。

8. What do you do with your…?你和你的…干什么？
9. What else do you do with your…?你和你的…还干什么？
With是个介词，后面接人称代词时，要用宾格的形式。

With me/him/her/it/us /them
10. cousin=uncle or aunt‟s children
11. always/sometimes/usually是频度副词，提问应该要用How often…?
Unit 2 I have a good friend
1. always/sometimes/usually/never 是频度副词.在句中的位置是：放在行为动词的前面，放在be动词的后面。

也可以说“行前系后”。

She is always kind.她总是很善良的。

She always helps other people.她总是帮助其他人。

2. They like to be together.他们喜欢在一起。

like to do sth.=like doing sth.喜欢做某事
He likes to play football.=He likes playing football.他喜欢踢足球。

3. She can‟t read or write.她既不会读也不会写。

or用在否定句中表平列关系。

and用在肯定句中表平列关系。

She can read and write.她既会读又会写。

4. help each other互相帮助
5. other people=others其他人
6. be kind to sb.对某人很友好
7. tell a lie = tell lies说谎
8. share sth. with sb.和某人分享某物
She shares her bread with me .她把她的面包分给了我。

9. in the USA在美国 USA要大写。

10. for the first time第一次
11. on Saturday具体的某一天介词用on
12. Have you been to …..yet?你去过…..吗？
Yes, I have already/just been to…./been there.是的，我已经去过了。

No, I haven‟t been to …/been there yet.不，还没有去过。

already/just用于肯定句中。

yet用于否定和疑问句中。

13. look after = take care of照顾
Friends of the Earth help keep the environment clean. 地球的朋友帮助保持环境干净。

keep后接形容词，保持一种什么样的状态。

keep healthy. 保持健康。

14. pick up 拣起
15. put…into…把…放进…里面
tell sb. to do sth. 告诉某人做某事
tell sb. not to do sth.告诉某人不要做某事
They tell people not to leave rubbish.他们告诉人们要乱扔垃圾。

16. help sb. with sth.在某方面帮助某人
help sb. do sth.= help sb. to do sth.帮助某人做某事
She helps me with my English.她在我的英语方面帮助我。

Friends of the Earth help keep the environment clean.地球的朋友帮助保持环境干净。

17.promise to do sth. 承诺做某事
Promise not to do sth. 承诺不做某事
I promise to reuse shopping bags. 我承诺再利用购物袋。

I promise not to leave rubbish.我乱扔垃圾。

18.what about =how about用于提出建议，表示“…..怎么样？后接名词。

What about a trip to Ocean Park?
Unit 3 Spending a day out together
1. at weekends= at the weekend在周末
2. near/ far away from离….近/远near后直接接地点名词
3. Where have you been in….?你去了….哪个地方？ I have been to….in /on…我去了…. Where have you been in Shanghai?你到过上海哪里？
I have been to Century Park in Shanghai.我到过上海的世纪公园。

4. in Sunny Town/in Moon Town/in Spring Bay在阳光城/月亮城/春天湾。

5.on Lucky Island在幸运岛
6.a photo of my brother and me 一张我哥和我的照片。

a photo of后接人称代词时，应该用宾格形式a photo of me/him/her/it/us /them
7. be +V-ing 表现在进行时
8. cost以物作主语，通常是问价钱
Take以it作主语。

通常是花费时间
It takes me 15 minutes to go to school.
Spend 以人作主语，既可以是花费金钱，也可以是花费时间。

Spend time/money on sth.
spend time/money in doing sth.
I spend two yuan on this pen.=I spend two yuan in buying this pen.
总结如下：
花费时间/金钱
sb spend sm/st (in)doing sth
sb spend sm/st on sth
sb pay sm for sth
sth cost sb sm
it takes sb st to do sth
9.Which place shall we visit?我们将参加哪个地方？
10.When are we going to come back?我们将什么时候回来？ Come back回来
Be going to 表将来begoing to=will
11. How are we going to get there?我们将怎样到达哪里？
How对交通工具进行提问。

回答可以用by bus/ car…/ on foot
12. How much does it cost?它花费多少钱？
How much对价钱提问
13. How about = what about怎么样？
14. a.m./p.m.分别表示上午和下午。

Unit 4 What would you like to be?
1. would like to do sth.想要做某事= want sb. to do sth. 想要某人做某事
2. Would you like to be a/an…?你想要成为一个….
Yes, I would./No, I wouldn‟t.是的，我想。

/不，我不想。

3. Why / Why not?为什么？/为什么不？
I would like to be a/an….because…..我想成为….，因为….
I wouldn‟t like to be a/an ….because…我不想成为….，因为….
4.She wants to find out if he likes his job.她想要查出是否他喜欢他的工作。

If在这里解释成“是否”
5.What is your job?=What job do you do?你是干什么的？
6.sick people 病人。

不能用ill people来表示病人。

7.put out 扑灭
8.in the morning/in the afternoon/in the evening At noon/ at night
9.What would you like to be?你想成为什么？
I would(…d) like to be a/an….我想成为….
Unit 5 Open day
1.1arrive at / arrive in / reach / get to 到达
arrive at后接小地方 arrive in 后接大地方
I arrive at school at 7:15. He will arrive in Shanghai at two o‟clock. reach是个及物动词，后面直接接地点名词 I reach school at 7:15. I get to school at 7:15.
2.will / be going to 都是用来表将来的，他们后面应该接动词的原形。

will是个情态动词，没有人称的变化.
He will arrive in Shanghai at two o‟clock.I will meet them at the entrance. Your parents will arriv e at two o‟clock.但是be going to有人称的变化.
He is going to go fishing tomorrow. I am going to go fishing tomorrow. They are going to go fishi ng tomorrow.
3.look at 看； see 看见； listen to 听； hear 听见
4.at the entrance 在入口处 enter 进入（动词）
in the hall/in the Music room /in classroom6A/in the Arts and Crafts room
5.具体的某一天介词只能用on
On Sunday, On Sunday morning,On the Open Day
6.在具体的某一楼层只能用介词on，并且第几层还要用序数词 On the ground floor, on the first floor, on the fifteenth floor
7. want sb. to do sth. 想要某人做某事= would like to do sth.想要做某事
I want you to read English everyday.我想要你们每天都读英语。

8.i n the same place / in different places
9. First,…/Next,…/Then…/After that,…/Finally,…
Finally=at last =in the end
10. take photos拍照
11. invite 邀请（动词） invitation邀请（名词） Invite sb to sp邀请某人去某地
She invites me to her birthday party.她邀请我去她的生日晚会。

12. on the tenth of September / on September tenth ９月10日
13. two fifteen= a quarter past two 2:15
Three ten = ten past three 3:10
One thirty = half past one 1:30
two forty = twenty to three 2:40
14. have a great / good time 玩得开心，过的愉快
15．Parent = father or mother parents = father and mother
Unit 6 Going to school
1. near 离…很近后面直接接地点
I live near school.=My home is near school.我家离学校很近。

2. far away from=far from离…很远
He lives far away from school.=His home is far from school.他家离学校很远
3. by bus/bike/car/underground/train/ferry
其他的交通工具都能用take来表示乘，但bike只能用ride
take a bus/bike/car/underground/train/ferry
ride a bike
He goes to school by bus.=He takes a bus to school.
He goes to school by bike.=He rides his/a bike to school.=He cycles to school.
4. on foot
She goes to work on foot every day.=She walks to work every day.
5. It takes sb. some time to do sth. 花费某人多少时间做某事。

It takes me about fifteen minutes to go to school. 我去学校要花费15分钟。

6. half an hour=30 minutes 用了half an hour后面就不能再有minutes。

7. travelling time to school 去学校的旅途时间
8. How long does it take you to get to…它花费你多长时间到达…
9. get to “到达…”表示“到达那里”只能说get there
10. on one‟s way to …在某人去某地的路上 On my way to school 在我去学校的路上
11.some / a lot of 既可修饰可数名词又可以修饰不可数名词。

当与可数名词连用时，只能与可数名词的复数形式连用
12. a few 只能修饰可数名词，与可数名词的复数形式连用 a little 只能修饰不可数名词
13.on the bus 在公共汽车上
on the underground 在地铁上
I see a lot of trees when I am on the bus. 在公共汽车上的时候，我看见了许多树。

When在本句中作连词，意为“当……的时候”
14. one and a half hours=one hour and a half一个半小时 One hour and twenty minutes一小时二十分钟
Unit 7 Rules round us
1. in the library/in the classroom/in the park on the road在路上
2. We must not walk on the grass.我们不可以踩在草上。

We must keep quiet.我们必须保持安静。

must 意为“必须”表示很重要或必要。

must not意为“不准”，表示不允许或禁止 must是个情态动词，后面接动词原形。

3.aross the road 穿过马路
4. wait for 等待
5.We mustn‟t eat or drink.
or用于否定句中表示“并列”。

and用于肯定句中表示“并列”。

6.Don‟t talk loudly.=We mustn‟t talk loudly.
Don‟t不得，不要。

该句为祈使句的否定形式。

Don‟t后面接动词原形。

talk loudly 副词修饰动词
7.What does this sign mean?这个标志意味着什么？
What does this sign mean?=what is the meaning of this sign?
8.Where can we find it?我们在哪里能找到它？
9.Which door must we use?我们必须要使用哪一扇门？
情态动词的一般疑问句就是把情态动词提前，后面照抄。

句号改为问号。

Must we wait for the green man?
10.the one on the left/right 左边/右边的这个 the one in the middle 中间的这个
如果是介词短语修饰the one，应该要放在the one后面
如果是形容词应放the one的中间the left/right one the middle one
12.be late for school 迟到
13.find out查出，弄清
14.talk to sb. 对某人说，跟某人交谈。

talk about sb./sth.谈论关于某人/某事。

15. tell sb. to do sth.告诉某人去做某事
tell sb. not to do sth. 告诉某人不要做某事
It tells us to keep quiet.它告诉我们要保持安静。

It tells us not to talk loundly. 它告诉我们不要大声说话。

Unit 8 The food we eat
1. for breakfast/lunch/supper/dinner
What would you like for dinner tonight?今天晚饭你们想吃什么？ for在这里表目的，用途2.‟d=would‟d是would的缩写形式。

would like sth.=want sth.想要某物
would like to do sth.=would love to do sth.=want to do sth.想要做某事
like sth.喜欢某物 like to do sth./like doing sth.喜欢做某事
I would like some apples.我想要一些苹果。

I like apples.我喜欢苹果。

I would like to swim after school.放学后我想去游泳。

I like swimming.=I like to swim.我喜欢游泳。

3.steamed eggs (with meat)（肉）炖蛋
baked potato烤土豆 boiled eggs水煮蛋 fried eggs炒蛋
在这里steamed/ baked /boiled /fried都是动词的过去分词形式，在句中做定语。

相当于形容词的用法。

I would like fried eggs for dinner tonight.我晚饭想要吃炒蛋。

I fried eggs yesterday.我昨天炒了蛋。

4.Would you like rice or noodles for dinner tonight?你晚饭是想吃饭还是吃面条？
or在这里是标示一种选择关系。

5.What kind of soup/fruit would you like?你想要哪种汤/水果？
6.I would also like some soup.=I would like some soup, too.
also，too两个都可以表示“也”， also用在句中，但是too用在句尾，并且要用逗号隔开。

7.need to do sth.需要做某事。

We need to buy some food first.我们需要先买一些食物。

8.shopping list 购物单。

Shopping动词的ing形式在句中充当定语。

9.favourite=like best最喜欢的
10.Let‟s have tomato.让我们有西红柿。

Let后面接动词原形。

11.in the market / in the supermarket在市场/在超市
12. at the fish/fruit/meat …stall在鱼/水果/肉……摊位
13. in the fish/fruit/meat…section在鱼/水果/肉……部门
in the market，at the fish/fruit/meat …stall
in the supermarket，in the fish/fruit/meat…section
14.A:Have you bought any garlic? 你买了一些大蒜吗？
B: Yes, I have bought some garlic./ Yes, I have.是的，我买了些大蒜。

这是个现在完成时，bought是buy的过去分词.
现在完成时的构成是： have/has +动词的过去分词。

它的回答应该用have/has。

Has she bought some oranges? Yes, she has.
15.How much was it?=How much did it cost?= What was the price of it? 它多少钱。

Price是“价格”的意思。

Unit 9 Picnics are fun
1.Shall we have a picnic tomorrow?=Let‟s have a picnic tomorrow.
明天我们野餐怎么样？/我们明天去野餐吧！
Shall we…？/ Let‟s用于提出建议。

Shall是个情态动词，后面接动词原形。

Let‟s…后面也是接动词原形。

2. That‟s a good idea.那是个不错的主意。

3. Would you like some snacks?
No, thanks. I don‟t want any . I want some fruit. Some
用在肯定句中，any用于否定和疑问句中。

Would you like some snacks?用some是希望得到对方肯定的回答。

4. a bottle of jam一瓶果酱。

Jam不可数名词。

5. a packet of nuts一袋坚果
6. a bag of ice一袋冰
7. Why do you like…?你为什么喜欢……？ I like…because…我喜欢……是因为……
用Why提问时，回答时应该用because，反之亦然。

8..tasty=delicious=yummy美味的，可口的。

9 like ---dislike 一对反义词dislike=don‟t like
10 Let‟s buy some jam to spread on the bread.让我们买些果酱，把它涂在面包上。

to 在这里表目的，用途。

11.Have you got enough money?=Do you have enough money?你有足够的钱吗？
enough：足够的
12.A:May I have some…,please? B: Ok. Here you are./Sorry. I haven‟t got any.
May I…？用于提出请求。

回答时，表示允许，常用Ok。

/Sure./All right./Yes, you may. 表示拒绝时，常用No, you may not./ I‟m afraid you can‟t.并且may not不能用缩写的形式。

13.A:Would you like some…? B: Yes, please./No, thanks.
接受别人的请求时，应说Yes, please.；拒绝别人时，应说No, thanks.
Unit 10 Healthy eating
1. It shows us how much of each kind of food we need every day.它显示了我们每天需要多少种各种食物。

2. show sb. sth.=show sth. to sb.向某人展示某物
He shows his new photo to me.=He shows me his new photo.他把他的新照片给我看了。

3. We need a little fat, salt and sugar. 我们需要一点脂肪、盐和糖。

need sth.需要某物
4. a little 修饰不可数名词
some/plenty of /a lot of 既可修饰可数名词也可以修饰不可数名词。

5. a lot of ＞ plenty of ＞ some
6. How much ...do we need ?我们需要多少... ...？
7. He had an unhealthy diet and did no exercise.他有个不健康的饮食，并且不做运动。

Exercise 不可数名词。

8. in the city/in the countyside=in the country
9. fit=healthy healthy----unhealthy一对反义词 health 名词健康 healthy----unhealthy形容词
10. have breakfast/lunch/supper/dinner吃早饭/午饭/晚饭
11. What do you usually have for breakfast/lunch/dinner?你通常早饭/午饭/晚饭吃什么？
12. healthier than 比---- 健康 less healthy than 比----不健康
as healthy as 像---- 一样的健康 as unhealthy as像---- 一样的不健康 than用于比较级中 as... as用于原级比较
13. both 用于肯定句中，表示“两者都” Both diets were healthy.
neither用于否定句中，表示“两者都不”Neither diet was healthy. One…the other..一个----另一个----
One was healthy and the other was unhealthy.
14.Here is a quiz about eating habits.这是一个关于饮食习惯的测试。

15.I should drink a lot of water every day. I should not eat too much spicy food.我每天都应该喝大量的水，我不应该吃太多的辛辣食物。

Should是情态动词，意为“应该” should not则表示“不应该”其后应该接动词原形。

16.too much修饰不可数名词 too many修饰可数名词
第二部分：上海牛津英语6A短语总汇
Module 1
1. a family tree
2.see my family
3.live in the same flat
4. in a new block
5.in Rose Garden Estate
6. go to the same school
7.family members 8.an old woman
9. introduce your family 10.have a good friend
11.be both eleven years old 12.live in the same housing estate
13.in different blocks 14.play together
15.after school 16.after class
17.after work 18.play with their dogs
19.play volleyball 20.play the violin
21.play with a ball 22.play with snow
23.play computer games 24.play cards
25.play chess 26. a heavy rain
27.walk to school together 28.help each other
29.share our lunch 30.at the weekend/at weekends
31.on weekdays 32.like each other
33.ride our bicycles 34.skate and cycle
35.go skating 36.go cycling
37.dress up 38.from the fourteenth floor
39.have a picnic 40.see some birds
41.see a fountain 42.a picnic area
43.a football pitch 44.visit City Park
45.get to 46.walk to
47.the Space Museum 48.the Star Ferry
49.go to the aviary 50.welcome to
51.be quiet 52.walk in quietly
53.sing loudly 54.eat a nut
55.swim slowly 56.walk into the aviary
57.take photographs for sb. 58.take photographs of sb.
59.have soft hair 60.thinner and lighter
61.take it everywhere 62.too dear
63.a holiday plan 64.get there
65.walk out of e into
67.look for 68.a nutty cake
69.That‟sri ght. 70.take the underground
1.drive a fire-engine
2. put out fires
3.like to help people
4.fly a spacecraft
5.fly an aeroplane
6.grow food
7.make sick people better 8.sell things to people
9.cook food for people 10.catch fish
11.bring food to people 12.help make Garden City a safe place
13.want to be a pilot 14.have 30 floors
15.live in Block 1 16.live in Flat C
17.live on the ninth floor 18.live on the top floor
19.live at Flat 18B, Block 2, Rose Garden Estate, Garden City
20.on the right of him
21.on the left of the supermarket 22.in front of the mountain
23.in the front of the classroom 24.his telephone number
25.an address 26.the tallest block
27.be crowded with traffic 28.a busy street
29.a lot of people 30.move along slowly
31.in big traffic jams 32.live near a street
33.a lot of traffic 34.leave my flat at half past seven
35.the nearest underground station 36.get off the underground at Prince Station 37.get on a bus 38.sit on the bus for ten minutes
39.get off at the bus-stop at Rose Garden Road 40.walk to my school
41.get there at eight o‟clock 42.go to school on foot
43.cross the road 44.walk across the road
45.the way we cross the road 46.at the traffic lights
47.see the green light 48.at a zebra crossing
49.walk quickly 50.look right
51.on my way to school 52.on my way home
53.on my way to the supermarket 54.wait on the pavement
55.walk across the zebra crossing quickly 56.park your car here
57.turn right 58.turn left at the first crossing
59.be never late 60.only five minutes by bus
61.move into a new housing estate 62.live with us
63.tennis courts 64.the Li family
65.turn right 66.show…round/around
1.buy some fruit for sb./buy sb. some fruit
2.in the fridge
3.need some tea
4.the meat section
5.the drinks section
6.a small carton of milk
7.a large can of meat 8.a large bottle of orange juice
9.two large packets of sweets 10.three small bars of chocolate
11.four large bags of rice 12.seven slices of ham
13.four pieces of cheese 14.a big bowl of fruit
15.the pancakes my mum makes 16.my favourite food for breakfast/lunch ually have…for breakfast/lunch/dinner 18.have toast and jam
19.choose the food you like 20.work hard at school
21.a lot of fruit 22.plenty of vegetables
23.a little cheese and yoghurt 24.drink a lot of soft drinks
25.too many sweets and crisps 26.too much ice-cream
27.be good/bad for 28.a good/bad diet
29.on the shelf 30.nice strawberry yoghurts
31.wash your hands 32.on a plate
33.in the bowl 34.too little meat
35.not enough water e/be from
37.put the mixture in a tin 38.mix the butter, sugar and eggs with a spoon 39.put the mixture in the oven for 25 minutes 40.make the cake with butter 41.at Rainbow Supermarket 42.the cheapest and the dearest
43.like peeling the carrots y the table
45.get ready for a picnic 46.at Sunshine Cafe
47.read the menu 48.get some things ready
49.special offer 50.some lemonade
51.some biscuits and sweets 52.on the shopping list
e on 54. the snacks section
55.dairy products 56.tomatoes and potatoes
57.best of all 58.onions and lettuces
59.favourite drink 60.cereal and sandwiches
61.cut into two pieces 62.mix the flour
63. the steak from Canada 64.too many sausages
第三部分：改写句子常考整理
常考一：
So+adj./adv. that从句,
too+adj./adv. to do
enough +adj./adv. to do
So+adj./adv. (for sb) that从句,
too+adj./adv. (for sb) to do
enough +adj./adv. (for sb) to do
so that+从句
in order to+do
so as to+do
考试形式举例：
too…to →so…that…not
so…that →enough to do…
so that →in order to / so as to
常考二：both, neither, either
表一：
考试形式举例：
…not…, …not…,either →neither…nor
…, … , too →both…and
常考三：If主将从现
If引导的条件状语从句，用主将从现if 如果
不仅…而且…；也
Both…and
Not only…but also
Too
Also
常考四：花费时间/金钱
1、sb spend sm/st (in)doing sth
2、sb spend sm/st on sth
3、sb pay sm for sth
4、sth cost sb sm
5、it takes sb st to do sth
6、sb purchase sth for sm
同意词组：
fall asleep = go to sleep 入睡
all over = here and there 遍及，到处
look after = take care of 照顾
no longer = not any longer 不再
be interested in 对…感兴趣
enjoy oneself = have a good time
arrive in / at a place = get to a place = reach a place at last = in the end = finally
第四部分：语法点索引
1、疑问词
以what, where, when, hoe old, how many等开头的特殊疑问句的用法; answers1 能熟练地应对how, what, why等特殊疑问句，并发挥想象力，表达自己的感想6
2、必背不可数名词
必背不可数名词：news, paper, advice, bread, information, furniture, fun, luck, meat, weather, work, homework, housework, money, rice, harm, knowledge, luggage, tea, traffic, travel，grass, ink
3、情态动词
本学期学习的情态动词主要有would/may/must/should/shall
常用情态动词归纳
4、不定代词
5、介词
1.表示时间的介词
1）掌握at, in ,on作介词表时间时的用法2
at通常用于：
确切地时间：at 3:20
用餐时间：at lunchtime
表示在一段节日期间: at Christmas
固定词组搭配: at night, at midnight, at noon, at dawn, at this time, at this moment,
at this time of year, at the beginning of, at the end of …, at the age of …,等。

on通常用于：
确定某天的某段时间：on the evening of 3rd, Dec. ，on Sunday afternoon
星期：on monday
确切日期: on May 1st
节日当天：on New Years Day, on Teachers’ Da y
有修饰部分的早中晚：on a fine morning；on Sunday afternoon;
in通常用于：
一天中的某段时间：in the morning,
大概的月份：in January,
年份：in 1989
季节：in summer,
世纪：in the 20th century, in the 1950s
特定的年龄段in one’s thirties，in one’s life
注意：在last, next, this, that, some, every 等词之前一律不用介词。

如：We meet every day. 时间名词前介词用法口诀
年前周前要用in
具体日子要用on
遇到几号也用on
上午下午得是in
要说某日上下午
用on换in记清楚
午夜黄昏用at
黎明用它也不错
at用在时分前
说“差”可要用上to
说"过''要用past
2.表示地点位置的介词
1)at ,in, on, to，for
at (1)表示在小地方; (2)表示“在……附近，旁边”
in (1)表示在大地方; (2)表示“在…范围之内”。

on 表示毗邻，接壤，“在……上面”。

to 表示在……范围外，不强调是否接壤；或“到……”
2)above, over, on 在……上
above 指在……上方,不强调是否垂直，与 below相对；
over指垂直的上方,与under相对,但over与物体有一定的空间，不直接接触。

on表示某物体上面并与之接触。

The bird is flying above my head. There is a bridge over the river. He put his watch on the desk.
6、时态
初中英语主要的5种时态基本结构
一、一般现在时：
基本结构：①主语 + be动词 + 其他；②主语 + 行为动词 + 其他
否定形式：①主语 + am/is/are + not + 其他；
②此时态的谓语动词若为行为动词，则在其前加don't，主语为第三人称单数，则用doesn't，同时还原行为动词。

一般疑问句：①把be动词放于句首；
②用助动词do提问，如主语为第三人称单数，则用does，同时还原行为动词。

一般现在时态标志词：
often, usually, always, every day/week/month/year, sometimes, seldom，once a week, twice a week, on Sundays等。

二、一般过去时：
基本结构：①主语 + be动词 + 其他；②主语 + 行为动词 + 其他
否定形式：①主语 + was/were + not + 其他；②在行为动词前加didn't，同时还原行为动词。

一般疑问句：①was或were放于句首；②用助动词do的过去式did 提问，同时还原行为动词。

一般过去时的标志词:
yesterday或由其构成的短语。

例如：yesterday morning;
由"last+时间"构成的短语, 例如：last year;
由"时间段+ago"构成的短语, 例如：three days ago;
由“in+过去时间点”构成的短语，例如：in 2012
另外,还有on the morning of Monday, just now等,以及一些表示过去时态的从句.
【注意】,在宾语从句中主句为过去,一般从句也为过去.
三、现在进行时：
基本结构：主语 + am/is/are + doing + 其他.
否定形式：主语 + am/is/are + not + doing + 其他.
一般疑问句：把be动词放于句首。

现在进行时的标志：
1.句中有副词now时，，常表示动作正在进行，这时要用现在进行时。

例如：
The children are playing football now. 孩子们现在正在踢足球。

2.句首有look, listen 提醒注意时，提示我们动作正在进行，这时要用现在进行时。

例如：
Look! A train is coming. 看！火车来了。

Listen! He is reading. 听！他正在朗读。

3.句首有表示钟点的时间时，提示动作正在进行，这时要用现在进行时。

例如：
It’s six o’clock. My mother is cooking breakfast. 现在六点了，我妈妈正在做早餐。

4.根据语境或上下文理解，如果是动作正在进行，这时要用现在进行时。

例如：
Don’t make noise. The baby is sleeping. 不要吵，婴儿正在睡觉。

四、一般将来时：
基本结构：①主语 + am/is/are/going to + do + 其他；②主语 + will/shall + do + 其他.
否定形式：①主语 + am/ia/are + not + going to + do + 其他；②主语 + will/shall + not + do + 其他.
一般疑问句：①be放于句首；②will/shall提到句首。

一般将来时的标志词：
1含next的短语 next week/day/month/term
2含tomorrow的短语 the day after tomorrow 后天 tomorrow morning/evening/afternoon
3 含“in+一段时间”，表示“一段时间以后”。

In two days/years
4 含this 的短语，表示与现在相比较，将来的某个时候，this Wednesday /Saturday/weekday/weekend
5when 引导的时间状语从句 when he grows up
6 单个的短语。

Soon（不久） tonight（今晚） some day（将来的某一天） one day（将来的某一天） in the future（在未来） before long （不久后）from now on（从现在开始）
五、现在完成时：
基本结构：主语 + have/has + done + 其他.
否定形式：主语 + have/has + not +done + 其他.
一般疑问句：have或has放于句首。

现在完成时态标志词：
(1) already, yet, ever, never, just, before, recently, lately , once(twice..)
so far,, in / during the past / last + 一段时间
(2) for + 一段时间, since + 过去某一时间
红色标记的部分，以及情态动词部分，重点复习。