网站设计与实现中英文对照外文翻译文献

中英文对照外文翻译文献
(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)
H O L I S T I C W E B B R O W S I N G:T R E N D S O F T H E F U T U R E
The future of the Web is everywhere. The future of the Web is not at your desk. It’s not necessarily in your pocket, either. It’s everywhere. With each new technological innovation, we continue to become more and more immersed in the Web, connecting the ever-growing layer of information in the virtual world to the real one around us. But rather than get starry-eyed with utopian wonder about this bright future ahead, we should soberly anticipate the massive amount of planning and design work it will require of designers, developers and others.
The gap between technological innovation and its integration in our daily lives is shrinking at a rate much faster than we can keep pace with—consider the number of unique Web applications you signed up for in the past year alone. T his
has resulted in a very fragmented experience of the Web. While running several different browsers, with all sorts of plug-ins, you might also be running multiple standalone applications to manage feeds, social media accounts and music playlists.
Even though we may be adept at switching from one tab or window to another, we should be working towards a more holistic Web experience, one that seamlessly integrates all of the functionality we need in the simplest and most contextual way. With this in mind, l et’s review four trends that designers and developers would be wise to observe and integrate into their work so as to pave the way for a more holistic Web browsing experience:
1.The browser as operating system,
2.Functionally-limited mobile applications,
3.Web-enhanced devices,
4.Personalization.
1. The Browser As Operating System
Thanks to the massive growth of Web productivity applications, creative tools and entertainment options, we are spending more time in the browser than ever before. The more time we spend there, the less we make use of the many tools in the larger operating system that actually runs the browser. As a result, we’re beginning to expect the same high level of reliability and sophistication in our Web experience that we get from our operating system.
For the most part, our expectations have been met by such innovations as Google’s Gmail, Talk, Calendar and Docs applications, which all offer varying degrees of integration with one another, and online image editing tools like Picnik and Adobe’s on line version of Photoshop. And those expectations will continue to be met by upcoming releases, such as the Chrome operating system—we’re already thinking of our browsers as operating systems. Doing everything on the Web was once a pipe dream, but now it’s a reality.
U B I Q U I T Y
The one limitation of Web browsers that becomes more and more obvious as we make greater use of applications in the cloud is the lack of usable connections between open tabs. Most users have grown accustomed to keeping many tabs open, switching back and forth rapidly between Gmail, Google Calendar, Google Docs and various social media tools. But this switching from tab to tab is indicative of broken connections between applications that really ought to be integrated.
Mozilla is attempting to functionally connect tools that we use in the browser in a more intuitive and rich way with Ubiquity. While it’s definitely a step in the right direction, the command-line approach may be a barrier to entry for those
unable to let go of the mouse. In the screenshot below, you can see how Ubiquity allows you to quickly map a location shown on a Web page without having to open Google Maps in another tab. This is one example of integrated functionality without which you would be required to copy and paste text from one tab to another. Ubiquity’s core capability, which is creating a holistic browsing experience by understanding basic commands and executing them using appropriate Web applications, is certainly the direction in which the browser is heading.
This approach, wedded to voice-recognition software, may be how we all navigate the Web in the next decade, or sooner: hands-free.
T R A C E M O N K E Y A N D O G G
Meanwhile, smaller, quieter releases have been paving the way to holistic browsing. This past summer, Firefox released an update to its software that includes a brand new JavaScript engine called TraceMonkey. This engine delivers a significant boost in speed and image-editing functionality, as well as the ability to play videos without third-party software or codecs.
Aside from the speed advances, which are always welcome, the image and video capabilities are perfect examples of how the browser is encroaching on the operating system’s territory. Being able to edit images in the browser could replace the need for local image-editing software on your machine, and potentially for separate applications such as Picnik. At this point, it’s not certain how sophisticated this functionality can be, and so designers and ordinary users will probably continue to run local copies of Photoshop for some time to come.
The new video functionality, which relies on an open-source codec
called Ogg, opens up many possibilities, the first one being for developers who do not want to license codecs. Currently, developers are required to license a codec if they want their videos to be playable in proprietary software such as Adobe Flash. Ogg allows video to be played back in Firefox itself.
What excites many, though, is that the new version of Firefox enables interactivitybetween multiple applications on the same page. One potential application of this technology, as illustrated in the image above, is allowing users to click objects in a video to get additional information about them while the video is playing.
2. Functionally-Limited Mobile Applications
So far, our look at a holistic Web experience has been limited to the traditional br owser. But we’re also interacting with the Web more and more on mobile devices. Right now, casual surfing on a mobile device is not a very sophisticated experiences and therefore probably not the main draw for users. The
combination of small screens, inconsistent input options, slow connections and lack of content optimized for mobile browsers makes this a pretty clumsy, unpredictable and frustrating experience, especially if you’re not on an iPhone.
However, applications written specifically for mobile environments and that deal with particular, limited sets of data—such as Google’s mobile apps,
device-specific applications for Twitter and Facebook and the millions of applications in the iPhone App Store—look more like the future of mobile Web use. Because the mobile browsing experience is in its infancy, here is some advice on designing mobile experiences: rather than squeezing full-sized Web applications (i.e. ones optimized for desktops and laptops) into the pocket, designers and developers should become proficient at identifying and executing limited functionality sets for mobile applications.
A M A Z O N M O
B I L E
A great example of a functionally-limited mobile application is Amazon’s interface for the iPhone (screenshot above). Amazon has reduced the massive scale of its website to the most essential functions: search, shopping cart and lists. And it has optimized the layout specifically for the iPhone’s smaller screen.
FA C E B O O K F O R I P H O N E
Facebook continues to improve its mobile version. The latest version includes a simplified landing screen, with an icon for every major function of the website in order of priority of use. While information has been reduced and segmented, the scope of the website has not been significantly altered. Each new update brings the app closer to replicating the full experience in a way that feels quite natural.
G M A I L F O R I P H O N E
Finally,Gmail’s iPhone application is also impressive. Google has introduced a floating bar to the interface that allows users to batch process emails, so that
t hey don’t have to open each email in order to deal with it.
3. Web-Enhanced Devices
Mobile devices will proliferate faster than anything the computer industry has seen before, thereby exploding entry points to the Web. But the Web will vastly expand not solely through personal mobile devices but through completely new Web-enhanced interfaces in transportation vehicles, homes, clothing and other products.
In some cases, Web enhancement may lend itself to marketing initiatives and advertising; in other cases, connecting certain devices to the Web will make them more useful and efficient. Here are three examples of Web-enhanced products or services that we may all be using in the coming years:
W E B-E N H A N C E D G R O C E RY S H O P P I N G
Web-connected grocery store “VIP” card s may track customer spending as they do today: every time you scan your customer card, your purchases are added to a massive database that grocery stores use to guide their stocking choices. In exchange for your data, the stores offer you discounts on selected products. Soon with Web-enhanced shopping, stores will be able to offer you specific promotions based on your particular purchasing history, and in real time (as illustrated above). This will give shoppers more incentive to sign up for VIP programs and give retailers more flexibility and variety with discounts, sales and other promotions.
W E B-E N H A N C E D U T I L I T I E S
One example of a Web-enhanced device we may all see in our homes soon enough is a smart thermostat (illustrated above), which will allow users not only to monitor their power usage using Google PowerMeter but to see their current charges when it matters to them (e.g. when they’re turning up the heater, not sitting in front of a computer).
W E B-E N H A N C E D P E R S O N A L B A N K I N G
Another useful Web enhancement would be a display of your current bank account balance directly on your debit or credit card (as shown above). This data would, of course, be protected and displayed only after you clear a biometric security system that reads your fingerprint directly on the card. Admittedly, this idea is rife with privacy and security implications, but something like this will nevertheless likely exist in the not-too-distant future.
4. Personalization
Thanks to the rapid adoption of social networking websites, people have become comfortable with more personalized experiences online. Being greeted by name and offered content or search results based on their browsing history not only is common now but makes the Web more appealing to many. The next step is to increase the user’s control of their personal information and to offer more tools that deliver new information tailored to them.
C E N T R A L I Z E
D P R O F I L
E S
If you’re like most people, you probably maintain somewhere between two to six active profiles on various social networks. Each profile contains a set of information about you, and the overlap varies. You probably have unique usernames and passwords for each one, too, though using a single sign-on service to gain access to multiple accounts is becoming more common. But wh y shouldn’t the information you submit to these accounts follow the same approach? In the coming years, what you tell people about yourself online will be more and more under your control. This process starts with centralizing your data in one profile,
which will then share bits of it with other profiles. This way, if your information changes, you’ll have to update your profile only once.
D ATA O W N
E R S H I P
The question of who owns the data that you share online is fuzzy. In many cases, it even remains unaddressed. However, as privacy settings on social networks become more and more complex, users are becoming increasingly concerned about data ownership. In particular, the question of who owns the images, video and messages created by users becomes significant when a user wants to remove their profile. To put it in perspective, Royal Pingdom, in
its Internet 2009 in Numbers report, found that 2.5 billion photos were uploaded to Facebook each month in 2009! The more this number grows, the more users will be concerned about what happens to the content they transfer from their machines to servers in the cloud.
While it may seem like a step backward, a movement to restore user data storage to personal machines, which would then intelligently share that data with various social networks and other websites, will likely spring up in response to growing privacy concerns. A system like this would allow individuals to assign meta data to files on their computers, such as video clips and photos; this meta data would specify the files’ availability to social network profiles and other websites. Rather than uploading a copy of an image from your computer to Flickr, you would give Flickr access to certain files that remain on your machine. Organizations such as the Data Portability Project are introducing this kind of thinking accross the Web today.
R E C O M M E N D AT I O N E N G I N E S
Search engines—and the whole concept of search itself—will remain in flux as personalization becomes more commonplace. Currently, the major search engines are adapting to this by offering different takes on personalized search results, based on user-specific browsing history. If you are signed in to your Google account and search for a pizza parlor, you will more likely see local results. With its social search experiment, Google also hopes to leverage your social network connections to deliver results from people you already know. Rounding those out with real-time search results gives users a more personal search experience that is a much more realistic representation of the rapid proliferation of new information on the Web. And because the results are filtered based on your behavior and preferences, the search engine will continue to “learn” more about you in order to provide the most useful information.
Another new search engine is attempting to get to the heart of personalized results. Hunch provides customized recommendations of information based on
users’ answers to a set of questions for each query. The more you use it, the better the engine gets at recommending information. As long as you maintain a profile with Hunch, you will get increasingly satisfactory answers to general questions like, “Where should I go on vacation?”
The trend of personalization will have significant impact on the way individual websites and applications are designed. Today, consumer websites routinely alter their landing pages based on the location of the user. Tomorrow, websites might do similar interface customizations for individual users. Designers and developers will need to plan for such visual and structural versatility to stay on the cutting edge.
整体网页浏览：对未来的发展趋势
克里斯托弗·巴特勒
未来的网页无处不在。

未来的网页，不是在你的办公桌，也不一定在你的口袋里，它是无处不在的。

随着每一个新的技术创新,我们将越来越沉浸在网络中,连接层中信息的日益增长使虚拟世界与现实环绕在我们周围。

不过这种光明的未来并不能过分乐观的看待,我们应该清醒的预见大量的规划和设计工作依赖于设计人员、开发人员和其他人。

在我们的日常生活中仅去年一年技术创新和一体化之间的差距正在萎缩，其速度远远超过我们可以考虑到的一些独特的你已注册了的网页应用。

这导致了网络体验起来有一种非常分散的感觉。

比如当不同的浏览器、各种各样的插件运行时,您也不得不运行多个独立应用程序来管理feed,社交媒体账户和音乐播放列表。

尽管我们可能善于从一个选项卡或窗口切换到另一个，我们仍应该努力建立一个更全面的网络体验，一个衔接完美的集成了所有我们需要的最简单最简便的功能。

考虑到这一点，让我们回顾一下四个趋势，设计人员和开发人员将会明智的观察和融入他们的工作，为更全面的Web浏览体验铺平道路：
1.浏览器作为操作系统；
2.功能有限的移动应用程序；
3.增强网络的设备；
4.个性化。

1浏览器作为操作系统
大量增长的网络生产力应用程序，创作工具和娱乐选择，让我们在浏览器中比以往任何时候花更多的时间。

我们花越多的时间在那里，我们对运行在更大的操作系统中的浏览器里的许多工具的利用率就越低。

因此，我们开始期待从我们的操作系统中体验到同样高水平的可靠和老练的感觉。

在大多数情况下，我们对这样的创新的预期已被满足，如谷歌的Gmail，通话，日历和文档应用程序，其中提供所有不同程度的与彼此的融合的改革，还有在线图像编辑工具Picnik和Adobe的在线版的Photoshop等。

而那些期望在即将到来的版本中继续得到满足，Chrome操作系统的人----我们已经在考虑我们的浏览器，操作系统等。

正在网络上发生的一切曾经是一个白日梦，但现在它已是一个现实。

1.1无处不在
有一个网络浏览器的局限正在变得越来越明显，那就是当我们正在更大的利用计算机的云应用时缺乏可用打开的选项卡之间的连接。

大多数用户已经习惯于在保持打开的许多标签，Gmail，谷歌日历，谷歌Docs和各种社会化媒体工具之间来回快速切换。

但是这种象征着应用程序之间的断开的从选项卡到选项卡的转换，却真的应该被整合。

Mozilla正试图在功能上，让我们在浏览器中使用更直观，更丰富的方式与无处不在的连接工具。

虽然这绝对是向一个正确的方向前进的一步，但命令行方式可能是解放鼠标的壁垒。

在下面的截图中，你可以看到无处不在的一个Web页面，这可以让您快速查找到谷歌地图上显示的位置，而无需在另一个选项卡中打开。

这是一个综合功能的例子，
没有它，你将需要从一个标签到另一个复制和粘贴文本。

Ubiquity的核心能力，是通过理解基础的命令并执行它们用适当的网络应用创造一个整体的浏览器体验，这正是浏览器标题的方向。

这种对于语音识别软件的投身的方法，，可能关系到在未来的十年我们如何浏览网页，或迟早会变成：解放双手（不用鼠标或键盘）。

1.2T R A C E M O N K E Y和O G G
及时，更小，更安静的版本已经铺平了道路，以便全面的浏览。

刚刚过去的这个夏天，火狐发布了一个更新其软件，其中包括一个全新的JavaScript引擎TraceMonkey的。

该引擎提供了一个显着的提升，在速度和图像编辑功能，以及能够播放视频，而无需第三方软件或编解码器。

除了从速度前进，随时欢迎，图像和视频功能是如何在浏览器的操作系统的领土侵犯的完美的例子。

能够在浏览器中编辑图像可以替换为本地的图像编辑软件在您的计算机上，并有可能为独立的应用程序，如Picnik的需要。

在这一点上，它不能确定这个功能可以多么复杂，因此，设计人员和普通用户可能会继续运行，今后一段时间内的本地副本的Photoshop。

新的视频功能，它依赖于一个开放源码的编解码器，称为奥格，开辟了许多可能性，是第一个不需要许可证编解码器的开发。

目前，开发人员需要的编解码器授权，如果他们希望自己的视频的专用软件如Adobe的Flash播放。

奥格允许视频播放在Firefox本身播放。

是什么激发许多，虽然是新版本的Firefox可以在同一页面上的多个应用程序之间的交互性。

一个潜在的应用，如上面的图片所示，这项技术允许用户在播放视频时的视频，以获得更多关于他们的信息，单击“对象。

2功能有限的移动应用程序
到目前为止，我们看一个全面的Web体验已不限于传统的浏览器。

但我们也与Web 交互越来越多的移动设备上。

眼下，休闲冲浪在移动设备上是一个非常复杂的经历，因此可能不会对用户具有主要的吸引力。

小屏幕，输入选项不一致，连接速度慢，内容缺乏针对移动浏览器进行了优化组合，这是一个很笨拙的，不可预知的和令人沮丧的经验，特别是如果你在iPhone上。

但是，应用程序编写的专门为移动环境中和，处理与特定的，有限集的数据，例如作为谷歌的移动应用程序，设备特定的应用程序的Twitter的和Facebook的和高达数百万的应用程序在iPhone App商店，看起来更像未来的使用移动网络。

由于移动浏览体验还处于起步阶段，这里有一些建议设计的移动体验，而不是挤压全尺寸的Web应用程序（即那些用于台式机和笔记本电脑进行了优化）纳入囊中，设计人员和开发人员应该熟练掌握确定和执行有限的功能集于移动应用。

2.1亚马逊手机
一个功能有限的移动应用程序的一个很好的例子是Amazon的接口为iPhone（上面的截图）。

亚马逊已经降低了大规模其网站的最重要的功能：搜索，购物车，并列出。

它
优化了布局，专为iPhone的小屏幕。

2.2FACEBOOK的IPHONE
Facebook继续提高它的移动版本。

最新版本包括一个简单的登陆画面，每一个主要功能的网站中使用的优先顺序的图标。

信息已减少，分段的网站，其范围没有显著改变。

每一个新的更新带来了更接近应用程序复制充分的体验，感觉很自然的方式。

2.3GMAIL的IPHONE
最后，Gmail的iPhone应用程序也令人印象深刻。

谷歌已经推出了一个浮动栏的界面，允许用户批量处理电子邮件，这样他们就不必打开每封电子邮件以处理。

3增强网络的设备
移动设备将扩散的速度比任何计算机行业已经出现之前都要迅速，因此成为爆炸网络的入口点。

但网络将极大地扩大并不仅仅通过个人移动设备，而是通过全新的增强型网络接口的运输车辆，家庭，服装和其他产品。

在某些情况下，网络增强本身的营销活动和广告，在其他情况下，将某些设备连接到Web会让他们更加有用和有效的。

这里有三个例子，增强网络的产品或服务，我们可能会在未来几年内都将使用：
3.1增强网络的杂货店购物
网络连接的杂货店“VIP”卡可以跟踪客户的消费，因为他们今天要做的是：每次扫描您的客户卡，您的购买将被添加到一个庞大的数据库，杂货店用它来指导自己导购的选择。

为您的数据的交换，店家为您提供所选产品的折扣。

不久，增强网络的购物，商店将能够为您提供具体的优惠根据您的特定的购买历史。

这将给消费者更多的激励来报名参加VIP计划，并给予零售商更多的灵活性和多样性的折扣，销售和其他优惠。

3.2网络的增强型工具
增强Web的设备，我们可以看到在我们的家园很快的一个例子是一个智能恒温，这将允许用户不仅可以使用谷歌的Power Meter监测用电量，而且可以看到他们目前的费用，重要的是，一切让他们转向了加热器，而不是坐在电脑前。

3.3增强网络的个人银行业务
另一个有用的改进是直接在您的借记卡或信用卡显示您当前的银行账户余额。

当然，直接在卡上读取您的指纹生物识别安全系统后这个数据将被保护，并仅显示清除后。

无可否认的是，这种想法充斥着隐私和安全性的影响，但这样的事情会在不太遥远的将来，是极有可能存在。

4个性化
由于社交网站的迅速普及，人们已经变得倾向，更舒适、更个性化的网络的体验。

映入眼帘的名称和提供的内容或搜索结果中根据自己的浏览历史，不仅是十分常见的，而且现在网络以此吸引更加多的用户。

接下来的步骤是增加了用户的控制自己的个人信息，并提供更多的工具，提供适合于他们的新信息。

4.1集中配置文件
如果你和大多数人一样，你可能在不同的社交网络之间的某个地方维持两个到六个活动配置文件。

每个配置文件包含了一组关于您的信息，和重叠的变化的。

您可能必须为每一个文件设置独特的用户名和密码，现在使用单点登录服务，以获得访问多个账户，正变得越来越普遍。

但是，为什么您提交的信息对这些账户不应该按照同样的方法吗？在未来的几年里，你告诉人们关于自己在网上将有越来越多的数据在你的操控下。

这个过程开始于你的数据集中在一个配置文件，然后将它与其他会员的档案共享。

如果您的信息发生变化，这样一来，你就会有更新的个人资料。

4.2数据所有权
谁拥有你的数据共享在线的问题是模糊的。

在许多情况下，它甚至仍然没有得到解决。

然而，在社交网络上的隐私设置越来越复杂，用户越来越关注数据所有权。

特别是，问题是谁拥有由用户创建的图像，视频和信息成为重要的，当一个用户要删除他们的个人资料。

把它放在Royal Pingdom的角度来看，在互联网2009年数字报告，发现多余25亿的照片上传到Facebook在2009年的每月！这个数字的增长，更多的用户将关注的内容，他们自己的机器转移到在云中的服务器发生了什么。

虽然它可能看起来像一种倒退，恢复用户数据存储的个人计算机，然后智能地共享数据的各种社会网络和其他网站，可能会涌现在应对不断增长的隐私关注运动。

这样的系统将使个人分配到他们的计算机上的文件，如视频剪辑和照片的元数据，该元数据将指定文件的社交网络个人资料和其他网站的可用性。

而不是从你的电脑到Flickr的图像上载的副本，你会把Flickr的访问某些文件留在你的机器上。

数据的便携性项目的组织，如引入这种思维跨越到今天的Web。

4.3推荐引擎
搜索引擎和搜索的整个概念本身将继续在不断变化的个性化中变得更加普遍。

目前，各大搜索引擎都提供不同的适应这种需要个性化的搜索结果，根据用户特定的浏览历史记录。

如果您已登录到您的谷歌账户，并寻找一家比萨饼店，你会更容易看到当地的结果。

凭借其社交搜索实验，谷歌也希望能利用你的社交网络连接，以实现，你期待知道的结果。

舍入那些与实时的搜索结果，为用户提供了更个性化的搜索体验，是一个更为现实的表示，新的信息在网络上迅速扩散。

因为结果是你的行为和偏好的基础上进行过滤，搜索引擎将继续以“学习”，以提供最有用的信息更多地了解你。

另一种新的搜索引擎正试图获得个性化搜索结果的关注。

预感的信息提供定制的建议，根据用户的一组为每个查询的问题的答案。

你越使用它的引擎，越能获得更好的建议信息。

只要你保持一个配置文件预感，你会得到越来越令人满意的答案，如一般这样的问题“我应该去哪里度假？”
个性化的趋势将有重大影响的个人网站和应用程序的设计方式。

今天，消费者网站经常性地改变他们的基于用户的位置的到达网页。

明天，网站可能会做类似的界面为个人用户自定义。

设计人员和开发人员都需要这样的视觉和结构的多功能性计划，留下来的最前沿技术。