完成时与过去时的区别

比较过去时与现在完成时
1）过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。

2）过去时常与具体的时间状语连用，而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用，或无时间状语。

一般过去时的时间状语:
yesterday, last week，…ago, in1980, in October, just now, 具体的时间状语
共同的时间状语:
，latelybefore, already, recentlythis morning, tonight,this April, now, once，
现在完成时的时间状语till / until, up to now, in past years, always, for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, 不确定的时间状语
live, teach, learn, 动词一般是延续性的，如）3现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态，work, study, know.
等。

come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married 过去时常用的非持续性动词有举例：
I saw this film yesterday.
（强调看的动作发生过了。

）
I have seen this film.
（强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了。

）
Why did you get up so early？
（强调起床的动作已发生过了。

）
Who hasn't handed in his paper
（强调有卷子，可能为不公平竞争。

）
She has returned from Paris.
她已从巴黎回来了。

She returned yesterday.
她是昨天回来了。

He has been in the League for three years.
(在团内的状态可延续)
He has been a League member for three years.
(是团员的状态可持续)
He joined the League three years ago.
( 三年前入团，joined为短暂行为。

)
I have finished my homework now.
---Will somebody go and get Dr. White？
---He's already been sent for.
句子中如有过去时的时间副词（如yesterday, last, week, in 1960）时，不能使用现在完成时，要用过去时。

（错）Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.
（对）Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.
精讲现在完成时
现在完成时是初中英语教学中的一个重点，也是一个难点，在学习中应注意以下几点：
一、现在完成时与一般过去时的区别
1.现在完成时强调过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响，而一般过去时不强调过去的动作与现在的关系。

如：
I have lost my pen.(强调我现在没有笔)
I lost my pen.(过去笔掉了，没说明现在是否有笔)
2.现在完成时不可和表过去的时间状语连用(before,just等除外)，但一般过去时可和表过去的时间状语，如yesterday,last week,three days ago,just now等连用。

如：
A：Hello,Kate!Have you had supper？
B：Yes,I have.
A：When did you have it？
在此例中，应注意When是一个不确定的过去时间。

二、for和since的运用
for表“经历(一段时间)”，而since表“自从……以来”。

常见结构：for＋一段时间；since＋一段时间＋ago;since ＋一个时间点；since＋从句。

如：
has stayed here for 3 hours.
has stayed here since 3 hours ago.
has stayed here since 3 o'clock.
has taught English since he came here.
三、短暂性动词通常不能和表一段的时间状语连用，应用意义与其相近的延续性动词、be＋形容词/副词等来代替他们。

如：borrow改为keep/have;die改为be dead;leave改为be away等，或将完成时改为一般过去时。

如：
1.错：He has died for 3 years.
正：He has been dead for 3 years.
正：He died 3 years ago.
2.错：How long have you borrowed it？
正：How long have you kept it？
在例2中应注意how long是一个不确定的一段时间。

但应注意，短暂性动词的否定式表示一个状态，它可以和表一段的时间状语连用。

如：
I haven't seen you for 2 years.
四、have(has)been 与have(has)gone的区别
have(has)been表“到过某地”；have(has)gone表“已去”。

如：
A：Where is Li Lei？
B：He has gone to the library.
通过A的问话，说明Li Lei不在说话处，所以这儿应回答“他去了……”。

五、already和yet的区别
already常用于肯定句中或句末；yet常用于一般疑问句或否定句末。

但表惊讶时already也可用于疑问句。

如：
has already finished his homework.
2. Tom hasn't finished his homework yet
!Have you already finished it？
现在完成时
现在完成时表示过去开始，但持续到现在的动作，或过去发生的动作，对现在留下后果或影响。

常和for+一段时间，already, ever, never, just, yet, in the past few years/ over the last thirty years, so far, up to now, since 1980等状语连用。

【例如】
Most college students have learned English for more than six years. Great changes have taken place in China in the past few have never been abroad up to now.*表示短暂行为的动词不能和延续性时间状语连用。

【例如】
I have been back from England for over two weeks.或It has been over two weeks since he came back from England.我们不能说：I have come back from England for over two weeks.
He has been in the army since 1998. 我们不能说：He has joined the army since 1998.
现在完成时
现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态，其结果的确和现在有联系。

动作或状态发生在过去但它的影响现在还存在；也可表示持续到现在的动作或状态。

其构成：have
(has) +过去分词。

用于现在完成时的句型
1）It is the first / second time…. that…结构中的从句部分，用现在完成时。

．
It is the first time that I have visited the city.
It was the third time that the boy had been late.
2）This is the…that…结构，that 从句要用现在完成时.
This is the best film that I've (ever) seen.
这是我看过的最好的电影。

This is the first time (that) I've heard him sing.这是我第一次听他唱歌。

典型例题
(1) ---Do you know our town at all
---No, this is the first time I ___ here.
A. was
B. have been
C. came
D. am coming
答案B. This is the first time 后面所加从句应为现在完成时，故选B。

(2) ---Have you ____ been to our town before？
---No, it's the first time I ___ here.
A. even, come
B. even, have come
C. ever, come
D. ever,
have come
答案D. ever意为曾经或无论何时，反意词为never，此两词常用于完成时。

This is the largest fish I have ever seen. It is / was the
first time +that-clause 的句型中，从句要用完成时。

注意：非延续性动词的否定形式可以与表示延续时间的状语连用。

即动作不发生的状态是可以持续的。

（错）I have received his letter for a month.
（对）I haven't received his letter for almost a month.
现在完成时考点透视
现在完成时是初中英语的重点语法项目之一,其相关知识点很多,但综合全国:常见的考查热点有各地的中考试题来看,
对非延续性动词转化的考查,当句中有表示一段时间的状语时
真题示例
Oh, Mrs. King, your necklace looks nice. Is it new
— 1.) (2003,黄冈—No, I ____ it for two years.
D. have bought
C. bought B. have had A. had
)绍兴grandfather _____ for over two years. (2003,
A. has died
B. has been dead
C. has
D. died dead
考点小结
非延续性动转化后的表达方
havbu
keep borrow
be in; be a member of join
be dead die
be away (from)leave
be on begin
的区别have gone to, have been to和have been in集中考查
真题示例
Li can speak English very well because he _____ England for 5 years. (2003,宣武)区 B. has been to A. has gone to
D. has been in C. has come to
Where is Mr. Zhang
—4.
)(2003,扬州—He _____ London.
B. has been A. has been to
D. has gone to C. has gone
_____ to the United States 5.—
)安徽(2003, —No, never, but I went to Canada a few years ago.
A. Have you been
B. Have you gone
C. Did you go
D. Will you go
考点小结 a. have gone to表示“已去了某地”,强调主语已离开说话者所在地,有可能也有可能已经在某地。

在去某地的路上,
现在已经不在那儿。

,“曾经去过某地”,强调主语的经历 b. have been to表示
常和表示一段时间的状语连用。

, 多久” c. have been in表示“在某地呆了
考查和其他时态的区别
真题示例
)泰州(2001,'t seen you _____ last Friday. haven C. from B. since
A. for
D. on
7.—John, you ____ the computer game for two hours. It's bad for your eyes.
Stop, please!
)绍兴OK, Mum. (2003, —
A. played
B. have played
C. were
D. play playing
)(2003,厦门't go to the concert because I _____ my ticket. won
A. lost
B. don't lose
C. have lost
D. will
lost
考点小结
: 判断是否使用现在完成时常从以下三个方面入手
a. 谓语构成。

如例6的谓语是现在完成时,因而考虑与该时态连用的时间状点时间”。

since+ 或“语,即“for+段时间”
b. 状语构成。

有无构成现在完成时的状语标志,是确定是否选用现在完成时。

7,如例的首选条件
c. 语境暗示。

有些试题中,没有提供明显的时间状语标志,但通过领悟语境,也可确定使用现在完成时。

如例８的主句意思是“我将不去听音乐会”，暗示
了原因“票已经丢了”这个事实。

8 ABBC5—Key：14 BBDD —。