上外英语专业考研完形填空题目精选

上外英语专业考研完形填空题目精选
TEXT 1
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An attractive American student on trial for murder can count on support 6,000 miles away in her native Seattle. There, one of Amanda Knox's most vocal backers is attorney Anne Bremner, who has offered her counsel pro bono to the accused's family and is a spokeswoman for Friends of Amanda. On Friday, she sat down with TIME to go over the case against Knox, who took the witness (1) ____on Friday in her murder trial.
Video footage from the crime scene of British student Meredith Kercher's murder (2) ____ on a laptop screen as Bremner points out what she deems critical (3) ____ in the collection of evidence. After placing rulers on the sides of a bloody shoeprint, for example, a blue-rubber-gloved hand reaches down with a piece of white cloth and (4) ____ the bloody mark off the tile floor before putting the cloth into an evidence tube. This happens three times for three (5) ____footprints. In film footage taken at least a day later, another team of investigators attempts, using photographs, to place where the footprints had been. "They should have lifted the tile," Bremner says, shaking her head.
In what is surely a well-rehearsed (6) ____ by now, Bremner goes on to (7) ____ the case against Knox, point by point. The (8) ____, she says, is most likely relying on a knife found at the house of Knox's then boyfriend and fellow accused Rafaelle Sollecito. That knife has Knox's DNA on the handle and what some forensic scientists say is Kercher's DNA on the (9) ____. But Bremner dismisses the idea that it is the knife that killed Kercher: "They never found the murder weapon." Bremner claims that a bloody print on the bed linens conveys the shape of the actual murder weapon and that the knife in question "doesn't match an (10) ____ of the knife on the bed." Additionally, Bremner says, expert testimony has already indicated that at least two of the wounds on Kercher's neck couldn't have been made by that particular blade. That (11) ____, she points out, it's not surprising that Knox's DNA would be on its handle; she prepared dinner with Sollecito in his apartment.
As to whether the DNA on the tip belongs to Kercher, experts disagree. Patrizia Stefanoni, a police forensics expert who testified in the pretrial hearing in May, suggested that it was Kercher's DNA on the tip of the knife — and that the way the (12) ____ material was positioned indicated the knife had probably been used to (13) ____ the skin. But other experts who have analyzed the DNA evidence for the defense suggest that poor sample quality and possible contamination undermine the (14) ____ of these results.
Contamination was also likely with the DNA found on Kercher's bra clasp, Bremner says, pointing out that the clasp wasn't collected until more than two months after the murder and that throughout film footage of the crime scene investigation it (15) ____ changes location —suggesting it was picked up and moved several times.
Bremner goes on to criticize the (16) ____ assassination the media have directed at Knox since the beginning of the trial, which she believes gives the defense an uphill battle in front of a jury that is unsequestered and
thus (17) ____ to the often explosive stories in the press.
Accounts of Knox doing splits and cartwheels as she awaited questioning by the police are a (18) ___of the behavior of a teenager exhibiting restlessness, Bremner argues, and depictions of a hypersexualized relationship with her "on-again, off-again" boyfriend Sollecito have been (19) ___dramatized. "They met at a music concert and had been dating for two weeks when this happened," she says. "It's hard to be 'on-again, off-again' in two weeks."
Her list goes on. It was reported that Knox went out to buy lingerie and had an explicit conversation about sex with Sollecito as the investigation first got (20) ___ way. "That house was a crime scene," Bremner explains, "so she couldn't go back in and didn't have any clothes. And the person who (21) ____ reported that this conversation had been overheard didn't even speak English, and their conversation was in English."
As the trial goes on, the prosecution will surely continue to drive (22) ____ their most damning points: the knife; Knox's statement putting herself at the house the night Kercher was (23) ____. And the defense will probably point to the crime-scene video, with its frequent stops and starts, and to alleged flaws in the (24) ____ — for example, when a female investigator reaches down with tweezers to pluck a hair (25) ____ off the blood-stained duvet, her own long hair dangles down (26) ____ her.
(27) ____, back in Seattle, Knox's supporters will be following all this from afar. And observing a bitter milestone: this weekend, Knox's testimony (28) ____ with what would have been her college graduation. Her former classmates "are (29)____ their lives,"Bremner says, "and she's (30) ____ in jail."
TEXT 2
(affection consistent identity mar cultivate condition crackdown woe coherence dictator model same more little clamp pragmatism capitalism argue privilege click notable likely slap capture ally downgrade scrap sector traditionally pretense )
On a recent cover, weekly French news magazine Le Point featured a photo of a confounded- looking President Nicolas Sarkozy in a heavy rainstorm with a headline that read what's happening to him? Both the image and the question (1)____ Sarkozy's transformation from a leader who could do no wrong to one whose every move seems to incite opposition or controversy — even among (2)____. Many of the French President's (3)____ exist because voters are confused about what he stands for. His decisions seem to contradict each other, they complain, and his policies are often ideologically schizophrenic. "For the first two years of his presidency, Sarkozy convinced French public opinion that all he had to do was announce reform for it to be as good as done — that his word and desired results were one and the (4)____," says Denis Muzet, president of Médiascopie, a public-opinion research institute in Paris. "Since last January, however, people have not only begun complaining it's all gesticulation with (5) ____ real result, but that the reforms themselves are clashing in nature, illegible in content, and often harmful in what they achieve. They see no ideological (6)____ in Sarkozy's reform or leadership." Which means that the more salient question might actually be: Who is Nicolas Sarkozy? Is he the man elected President in May 2007, who immediately set out to lower income taxes, (7)____ France's 35-hour workweek, revoke special retirement (8)____ for public-transport workers, and harangue employees to "work (9)____ to earn more"? Or is he the leader who in the past year has (10)____ down greedy bankers, fumed at U.S. and British resistance to French plans for strict new regulations
of the global finance (11)____, and preached the gospel of "moralizing (12)____ "? Is he the man, a son of a Hungarian immigrant, who, newly elected, challenged French (13)____ of color-blind égalité by (14)____ for American-style affirmative action? Or is he the leader who, facing critical regional elections next March, has begun openly courting voters of the extreme-right National Front with a (15)____ on illegal aliens and a divisive national debate on immigration and French (16)____?
All politicians contradict themselves, of course. It's almost impossible to remain perfectly (17)____ and ideologically pure under the watchful gaze of the media — especially in an age when conflicting statements are just a (18)___ on YouTube away. But Sarkozy's slipperiness is (19)____ because his political success has been built around his reputation as a straight talker and someone who acts rather than bloviates. Now many voters — and even some of his former allies — are questioning the President they thought they knew. "This is classic Sarkozy: claiming that adaptable principles and a willingness to take any stand (20)____ to reinforce his own political interests are in fact proof of (21)____ and openness to all views," says a former adviser to conservative politicians, who spoke on (22)____ of anonymity. "Zero conviction and fidelity —except to himself."
Take international affairs. During the first year of his presidency, Sarkozy's frosty relationship with German Chancellor Angela Merkel led him to (23)____ the Franco-German relationship that has (24)____ been central to French policy in Europe and instead (25)____ closer ties with the U.K. But in April, ahead of the G-20 summit in London, the French leader rushed back to Merkel on the issue of tougher international regulation of financial markets, and has since encouraged a tighter relationship with Berlin. Last week, Sarkozy even started a public fight with British Chancellor Alistair Darling by bragging that the appointment of a French official to oversee E.U. regulation of financial markets was both a "victory of the European (26)____, which has nothing to do with the excesses of financial capitalism," and a chance to "(27)____ down on the City [London's financial hub]" —a threat Darling described as "self-defeating" and "a recipe for confusion."
Sarkozy's early idolization of U.S. President Barack Obama has likewise given way to bitter disappointment over the American's slow, consensual method of reform — and his refusal to return Sarkozy's public displays of (28)____.
There's also the pesky issue of human rights. Sarkozy pledged to place human rights at the top of his list of requirements for diplomatic partners before he was elected but that quickly gave way to an embrace of leaders like Muammar Gaddafi from Libya and Bashar al-Assad from Syria, state
trips to pal around with African (29)____, and a congratulatory call to Vladimir Putin after his party's December 2007 success in legislative elections (30)____ by accusations of corruption.
TEXT 3
(Awareness, Bail, Misusing, Modesty, Faith, Opposite, Behalf, Stick, Malaria, Trials, Involvement, Disappointments, Presidency, Echoing, Successor, Security, Promise, Ground, Insist, Dated, Nominee, Detonate, Displaying, Challenge, Deficits, Trouble, elected, Charge, Bragging, Expanded)
"We will reopen Pennsylvania Avenue in front of the White House." —the 2000 Republican platform.
But they never did. Eight years later, the barricades remain. It was a phony issue, of course — just another ___1___ with which to beat Bill Clinton, who closed the road at the ___2___ of the Secret Service. In an
interview with PBS a month after Sept. 11, 2001, Vice President Dick Cheney stated the obvious: "Pennsylvania Avenue ought to stay closed because, as a fact, if somebody were to ___3___ a truck bomb in front of the White House, it would probably level the White House, and that is unacceptable."
Sept. 11 is the excuse for many of the Bush Administration's failures and ___4___. It is also the basis for the one great claim made on George W. Bush's ___5___: At least he has protected us from terrorism. In the seven years since that day, there has not been another foreign-terrorist attack on the American homeland. The ___6___ is that there were no foreign-terrorist attacks on the American homeland in the seven years before 9/11 either. The risk of another terrorist attack didn't increase on 9/11 — only our ___7___ of the risk. The Bush Administration took office mocking the concern that someone might blow up the White House but soon enough was ___8___ that concern.
The platform on which Bush entered the presidency eight years ago comes from a lost world, in which even the party out of power saw an America of unthreatened prosperity and___9___ "Yesterday's wildest dreams are today's realities, and there is no limit on the ___10___ of tomorrow," the GOP said. The biggest foreign policy ___11___ America faced in 2000, according to this party document, was to avoid ___12___. our enormous power. "Earlier generations defended America through great ___13___" the platform declared. Then it quoted the Republican ___14___ Bush, on the importance of showing the "___15___ of true strength. The humility of real greatness." Even enthusiasts of Bush's foreign policy would not describe it as ___16___ the humility of true greatness. More like the pugnacity of lost greatness. All that talk of one superpower — us —bestriding a "unipolar" world seems as ___17___ as Seinfeld reruns.
The measure of Bush's failure as President is not his broken promises or unmet goals. All politicians break their promises, and none achieve the goals of their soaring rhetoric. But Bush stands out for abandoning the promises and goals that got him ___18___, taking up the ___19___ ones and then failing to keep or meet those.
In 2000 Bush excoriated his predecessor for launching wars without an "exit strategy." In 2008 he leaves his ___20___ a war that has already lasted for years longer than America's ___21___ in World War II, with no exit in sight. Bush got elected warning against using U.S. troops for "nation-building" — meaning any goal beyond immediate military necessity. Then once in office, he promised to bring democracy to the entire Middle East and ended up destroying Iraq as a nation in the name of saving it.
Bush leaves the stage still justifying his Iraq disaster on the ___22___ that prewar intelligence showed that Saddam Hussein had weapons of mass destruction. He acknowledges that this intelligence was wrong but maintains he relied on it in good ___23___. Who cares? What matters is whether there were WMD, not how sincerely he believed there were. WMD were how he justified the war. How do you explain to families of the war dead why a war must go on for years after even the man who started it thinks starting it was based on a mistake?
The current economic calamity was a bolt from the blue to many who should have known better, but only one of them had been in ___24___ for the previous eight years. Only one spent much of that time ___25___ about how swell everything was, thanks to him. Many shared the heedless assumption that there was no limit on how much government or individuals could borrow, but only one turned record surpluses into record ___26___. And only one lectured us, Reagan-style, about burdensome government and then, almost casually, ___27___ government's role in the economy more than any President since F.D.R.: taking over banks and ___28___ out
the auto companies.
O.K., but didn't he do anything right? Well, he came up with serious money to treat AIDS and ___29___ in Africa. He used the bully pulpit to embrace Muslims in the great post-9/11 American bear hug, when there was real danger of the opposite reaction. And you could say that Bush's disastrous ___30___ vindicates democracy. Let's not forget that, in 2000, more people voted for the other guy.
TEXT 4
(issue recommendations reinstate motivations confessions outrage convictions uncertainty term commute manifest pardon precedented imprisonment announcement righteousness death drama significance forensic overturn testimony review rush rash elect fallibility dogged prosecutor form)
After 16 years of wearing prison-issue denim, Madison Hobley barely had time to change into the suit his wife had brought him before he was (1) ____ out of the gate last week by Illinois officials, an exonerated man. Condemned to death for the murder of his first wife, baby son and five other people in a 1987 arson case, Hobley--who had no previous (2) ____ --insisted that police had beaten and suffocated him to get a confession. Years later, his lawyers claimed that crucial evidence had not been made available to them by (3) ____. Yet for all the (4) ____ over Hobley's arrest and (5) ____, his release played only a bit part in the (6) ___ of Illinois Governor George Ryan's final hours in office. After granting a full pardon to Hobley and three others condemned to death, Ryan then (7) ____ the death sentences of an additional 157 inmates. Death row in the Land of Lincoln is now officially empty.
There is no known precedent in the U.S. for universal clemency in death-penalty cases, and Ryan's (8) ____ was undoubtedly the most (9) ____ of his troubled gubernatorial career, which ends this week. He has put his state--one of 10 to have ordered a review of their death-penalty process--at the center of a growing national debate over the (10) ____ of capital punishment. Although polls show that Americans overwhelmingly believe in the moral (11)____ of executing murderers for their crimes, they turn squeamish at the thought of an innocent's being punished for another's evil deeds. Thanks to DNA testing and other (12)____ advances, convictions are being (13)____ with increasing frequency.
When Ryan came into office in 1999, he supported the death penalty. But he found Illinois' record "shameful": the state's 12 executions since the reinstatement of capital punishment in 1977 had been outstripped by 13 exonerations. By November 1999, half of the state's almost 300 capital cases were reversed; 46 death-row inmates had been convicted on (14)___ from jailhouse informants. A Chicago police commander was fired after an internal inquiry found that he and his detectives had systematically tortured murder suspects (all four inmates released last week said their (15)____ were coerced by these officers).
Ryan declared a moratorium on executions in January 2000 and ordered a comprehensive (16)____. His blue-ribbon commission issued more than 80 (17)____, but the state legislature hasn't passed any reform measures. As the clock ticked on his (18)____, Ryan began to personally review all death-row inmates' cases. "I have taken extraordinary action to correct (19)____ wrongs," he said. But Cook County state's attorney Richard Devine, whose office prosecuted the four (20)____ men, called the Governor's actions "outrageous and unconscionable." Ryan, he said, "has breached faith with the memory of the dead victims, their families
and the people he was (21)____ to serve."
Death-penalty supporters are furious that Ryan took the criminal-justice system into his own hands, although a (22)____ of pardons by a departing politician is not (23)____. Some accuse Ryan of being motivated by a cynical desire to create a last-minute legacy. (24)____ throughout much of his governorship by the investigation and indictment of 12 former staff members for alleged offenses that included using state money to fund political campaigns, Ryan--who has not been charged with any wrongdoing--decided not to seek re-election.
Regardless of his (25)____, death-penalty opponents believe the Governor has delivered a wake-up call to the nation. For every 8 people executed since the Supreme Court (26)____ the death penalty in 1976, 1 person was exonerated from the crime that landed him on (27)____ row, according to statistics collected by the Death Penalty Information Center. Juries seem to be taking note of the (28)____ in the system: the number of death sentences (29)____ nationwide has dropped, from 303 in 1998 to 155 in 2001, according to the Bureau of Justice Statistics.
Madison Hobley, now 42, plans this week to visit the graves of his (30)____ wife and son. Then he will begin to think about the future--buying a house, raising a family. Says Hobley: "I want a second chance to be a father."
TEXT 5
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Like millions of less celebrated Americans, Carnie Wilson was not just fat. At 5 ft. 3 in. and more than 300 lbs., she was (1)____ obese--more than 100 lbs. above her ideal body weight. After trying all sorts of diets that didn't work, the daughter of Beach Boy Brian Wilson and member of the now (2)____ pop trio Wilson Phillips turned to a drastic last (3)____: gastric-bypass surgery. Doctors (4)____ up most of her stomach, reducing it to a tiny (5)___ that holds several tablespoonfuls at best, and isolated much of her small (6)____ to reduce nutrient absorption. Result: filled to bursting after just a few swallows, she simply couldn't eat the way she used to. In three years, Wilson dropped an astonishing 150 lbs. What's surprising, though, is that she lost not just the ability to overindulge but also her appetite. "For the first year and a half," she says, "it was almost (7)____. I had to remind myself to eat."
Wilson's experience isn't (8)____ that unusual, and while doctors still aren't exactly sure what's going on, a report in last week's New England Journal of Medicine offers a tantalizing clue. The loss of appetite in bypass patients may be (9)____ to a recently discovered gastric hormone called ghrelin. Not only that, ghrelin may turn out to be one reason we feel hungry in the first place and why it's so hard for dieters to keep weight off. Understanding how ghrelin works could even lead to (10)____ weight-loss drugs or drugs to promote weight (11)____ in anorexics and cancer patients.
For now, researchers are careful to emphasize only what they know for sure. Their study involved just 28 patients, and while the scientists came to three conclusions, lead author Dr. David Cummings of the University
of Washington says, "I feel very (12)____ about two of them." The first is that ghrelin levels in the bloodstream rise significantly before meals and drop afterward. This suggests that ghrelin is involved in (13)____ the desire to eat--and indeed, earlier studies performed since the hormone was discovered in 1999 have shown that a ghrelin (14)____ just before a meal causes people to eat more than they normally would.
The second conclusion reached by Cummings and his colleagues is that ghrelin levels are higher on average in people who have lost weight from (15)____. "It's well known that your body works against you when you try and lose weight," he says. If your weight falls below a certain "(16)____ point," which varies from one person to the next, your (17)____ adjusts to bring you back. "What's new," explains Cummings, "is the possibility that a rise in ghrelin is one way it's done."
Cummings is less sure of the third conclusion, that bypass patients have only a quarter as much ghrelin as most people of (18)____ weight. "It was based on only five people," he says, "and it's quite possible that (19)____ we studied a sixth, he would not show that." Still, the conclusion makes sense on its (20)____. Ghrelin is produced mostly by cells in the stomach; if large parts of that organ are cut off from the rest of the digestive system, they may well stop (21)____ out the hormone.
But while it's tempting to think that ghrelin is a (22)____ bullet that could be used to keep us all at a perfect weight, doctors think that's highly (23)____. Similar hopes were raised a few years ago for leptin, a hormone that acts as an appetite suppressant. After years of trying, nobody has found a way to make it into a useful (24)____, largely because patients quickly develop a leptin (25)____.
What doctors suspect is that both leptin and ghrelin are part of a (26)____ system of brain and body chemicals that have evolved over millions of years to (27)____ weight and appetite. Says Dr. Rudy Leibel, an obesity expert and head of the molecular-genetics department at Columbia University: "It's just unlikely that any single component of this system will necessarily lead to a definitive therapeutic (28)____."
That doesn't mean pharmaceutical weight control is forever out of the question. "In the next 10 years," says Dr. Bradford Lowell, an associate professor of medicine at Harvard and an expert on obesity, "we'll be able to determine the complete wiring (29)____ for body-weight control." And once scientists understand the entire system, not just a few of its components, they may be ready to design drugs that will make (30)____ the drastic surgery that Carnie Wilson underwent.
TEXT 6
(speed line accidentally rapport compromise consultant duty dramatic top various remedy translate interactions reduce understaffed come nursing potentially practice considerable technology ultimately distribution list dizzying ward outpatient check administer daunting )
According to a recent survey in the Archives of Internal Medicine, an average of 40 drug errors occurred each day of 1999 in a typical, 300-bed hospital or (1)____ home. That (2)____ to about two errors per patient each day, most of which involved giving patients medications at the wrong time or not giving the dose at all. And while only seven percent of those errors are considered (3)____ dangerous, the numbers are still enough to leave patients — and families of patients — wondering how to protect themselves.
Hospitals are taking their own steps. "These numbers, while they sound (4)____, have been reported before," says Duane Kirking, professor and chair of the Department of Social and Administrative Sciences at the University of Michigan College of Pharmacy. "Hospitals do know that errors are happening." (5)____ range from introducing new computers to monitor and control prescription medication output to adding better-qualified pharmacy staff. The computers will help cut back on mistakes (6)____, Kirking says, but the hospitals are still tied to imperfect technology —and human error —so existing problems can't be solved overnight. Additional staff will help (7)____ off the fatigue-related errors sometimes found in hospitals with overworked and (8)____ nursing departments —nurses, after all, are often the ones stuck processing prescriptions.
Pharmacists and drug companies are also trying to avoid dangerous mistakes, says Jesse Vivian, a pharmacist and a professor of pharmacy (9)____ at Wayne State University in Detroit. "A lot of pharmacies are now using barcode (10)____ to make sure the medications match the drug that's prescribed," he says.
(11)____, though, your health is in your own hands. What can you and your family do to (12)____ prescription error?
Be an active patient: The most common drug error, according to the new study, is (13)____ skipping a dose. The second most common mistake is taking the medication at the wrong time. Both of these errors could be diminished considerably if patients and patients' families pay careful attention to the dosage and (14)____ of what can often be a (15)____ array of medications. This is especially true if you're keeping an eye on prescriptions for a young child, an elderly person or someone with (16)____ immunity, populations that can suffer much more dangerous responses to drug errors than someone whose immune system is up to (17)____.
Ask questions: "Know what medications you’re taking," advises Kirking, "or have a family member keep a (18)____ of the prescriptions. Don't be afraid to ask questions: ask what medications a patient will be on, find out what they do, when they should be taken, how many a day, et cetera." Often, the patient is the best (19)____ of defense against mistakes. "You should know what your medication looks like," says Vivian. "If the appearance, color or smell is different, ask your pharmacist to double-check the prescription."
(20)____ on the people writing the prescriptions: Though people in many hospitals, nursing homes and community pharmacies are overworked, try to find the best staffing situation you can. Look especially for a place where patients and their families can (21)____ in and talk to pharmacists. "In hospitals and nursing homes," says Vivian, "be sure to check on staffing levels after midnight —a time when many drugs are (22)____, and often when the least experienced staff are on (23)____."
Stay on (24)___ of the situation: This can be (25)____; it's often difficult to find out exactly what's happening with a family members' prescriptions because things change so quickly and so many different doctors can be involved with the case. It's critical, says Kirking, to ask if the facility has a pharmacy (26)____ who can sit down with you and your family to discuss (27)____ prescriptions, drug (28)____ and side effects. Some nursing home facilities make this relatively easy, providing weekly "consultations" for family members.
Don't forget to check (29)____ prescriptions, too: If you visit a hospital and are given a prescription to fill, try to take it to a pharmacist you know and trust. "It's important to develop a good (30)____ with one or two pharmacists who know you and your family members," says Vivian. "Don't assume every pharmacist will。