西班牙早期崛起【英文】
西班牙与葡萄牙的早期扩张【英文】
Enter Ferdinand and Isabella
1469 – marriage of Isabella of Castile and Leon to Ferdinand of Aragon, Catalonia and Valencia Isabella became Queen in 1474 and Ferd in 1479 – open door to combine their kingdoms Their grandson Charles I did so in 1516 (Spain) Created bureaucracy to organize power
Islamic Middle Ages
Known as the Islamic Golden Age Advances in many areas
Art – Philosophy Architecture Science – Medicine Math Astronomy Engineering
பைடு நூலகம்
Preserved and added to previous cultures’ findings
Islam continued
Translated texts from Persia, India and Greece that were eventually translated to Latin and spread throughout Europe Enhanced productivity in agriculture – irrigation techniques – sugar cane and rice Silk weaving and leatherworking – Steel work Arabic most widely spoken language in Iberia
The_Rise_and_Fall_of_the_British_Empire解读
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World WarⅠ
As a result, Britain lost the sea supremacy（霸权地位）.
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Green is Allied Powers Brown is Central Powers
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6. the Gold Coast,Niger,Sudan,Kenya,Uganda, Zambia,Upper Nigeria
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1898
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On the Eve of World WarⅠ
At end of the 19 century,British Empire included a
quarter of the global population and nearly a quarter of world’s landmass.
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------The Empire on which the sun never set
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World WarⅠ
Date: June 28,1914—Dec 11,1918
Result : Allies win.
The war is unjust, predatory and imperialist .About 1.5 billion people involved in war, about 8.4 million people were killed and 21 million were wounded.
World War Ⅱ
As a result, Britain lost its naval supremacy forever to the United States.
西班牙文艺复兴(英文)
Miguel de Cervantes was a Spanish novelist, poet, and playwright. His Don Quixote, considered the first modern European novel and a classic of Western literature. His influence on the Spanish language has been so great that the language is often cห้องสมุดไป่ตู้lled la lengua de Cervantes ("the language of Cervantes").
The Spanish Renaissance refers to a movement in Spain, emerging from the Italian Renaissance in Italy during the 14th century, which spread to Spain during the 15th and 16th centuries. The year 1492 is commonly accepted as the beginning of the influence of the Renaissance in Spain.
His major work is The Burial of Count Orgaz.
A golden time in the dark age.
• I、General Introduction • II、Renaissance in Spain • III、Literature • IV、Art
The Renaissance was a cultural movement that spanned the period roughly from the 14th to the 17th century, beginning in Italy in the Late Middle Ages and later spreading to the rest of Europe. The invention of the printing press allowed the rapid transmission of these new ideas. In the 20th century, scholars began to break the Renaissance into regional and national movements.
英国文学The Anglo-Saxon Period
believing in old mythology of Northern Europe.
English language was influenced by the Northern mythology.
British Literature I
Anglo-Saxon Male
British Literature I
Anglo-Saxon males wore tunics with trim and tight fitting braise or pants. They wore wool
cloaks that were fastened with pins.
beginning of 5th century:
declining of the Roman Empire
In 410 A. D. Romans withdrew.
400 years
of occupation
3. The English/Anglo-Saxon Conquest
British Literature I
After the Roman Conquest, swarms of pirates came to invade from Northern Europe .Leabharlann 盎格 鲁人Angles
撒克 逊人
Saxons
7 small
kingdoms
朱特人 Jutes
7th. C
United into One
Kingdom
The Anglo-Saxon religious belief
西班牙英文介绍
I come from higher kindergarten class 1 Changzhou kidcastle.Spain is a country in my dream.Widely known for Flamenco music and dance,bull-fights,fantastic beaches and lots of sunshine,Spain has to offer much more than that.It is - and has been for thousands of years - one of the cultural centers of Europe.The art plays an important role in Spain , and I really enjoy it. As we know, the architecture in Spain is very famous, and the ancient architecture is exactly a perfect work of art for appreciation .Although i like Spainish Culture, i can not accept bullfight. i think it is brutal to animals. if i go there one day, it will be the only festival i don't wanna watch.It has beautiful cities and towns,offering really old monuments as well as futuristic architecture.Its various regions are all different one to each other,geographically,climatically and even in personality.It is a fascinating country to know and to know more about it. Lane.Madrid arts are everywhere,perhaps alone in a corner of the road waiting for you."Spain is different!",Spaniards use to say.众所周知，弗拉门戈音乐和舞蹈、斗牛、迷人的沙滩和充足的阳光，给了西班牙更多。
墨索里尼的崛起 英文
What is fascism?
• A system of government with centralized authority under a dictator.
• Usually involves terror, censorship, natቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱonalism, and racism.
Benito Mussolini
Mussolini and Hitler
Hitler and Mussolini had a close relationship. In October 1936 they signed a nonmilitary alliance. Mussolini signed a full defensive alliance with Nazi Germany in the Pact of Steel.
Mussolini during WWII
Italy during WWII cont’d
Italy soon declared war on Britain and France but troops were unprepared. It was defeated by Greece and lost the world’s first carrier strike. Italy was defeated on all fronts of the Anglo-American landing.
Fascism under Mussolini
Quote
• “Fascism conceives of the State as an absolute, in comparison with which all individuals or groups are relative, only to be conceived in their relation to the State.” ~Benito Mussolini
英语介绍西班牙无错版[1]
![英语介绍西班牙无错版[1]](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/e8ea81730622192e453610661ed9ad51f11d5400.png)
Introduce SpainWidely known for Flamenco music and dance, bull-fights, fantastic beaches and lots of sunshine, Spain has to offer much more than that. It is a fascinating country to know and to know more about it.1. HistoryThe Kingdom of Spain was created in 1492 with the unification of the Kingdom of Castile and the Kingdom of Aragon. In this year it was also the first voyage of Christopher Columbus to the New World, beginning the development of the Spanish Empire. The Inquisition was established and Jews and Muslims who refused to convert were expelled from the country.For the next three centuries Spain was the most important colonial power in the world. It was the most powerful state in Europe and the foremost global power during the 16th century and the greater part of the 17th century. Spanish literature and fine arts, scholarship and philosophy flourished during this time. Spain established a vast empire in the Americas, stretching from California to Patagonia, and colonies in the western Pacific. Spain's European wars, however, led to economic damage, and the latter part of the 17th century saw a gradual decline of power under an increasingly neglectful and inept Habsburg regime. The declineculminated in the War of Spanish Succession, which ended with the relegation of Spain from the position of a leading western power, to that of a secondary one, although it remained the leading colonial power.Following a period of growing political instability in the early 20th century, in 1936 Spain was plunged into a bloody civil war. The war ended in a nationalist dictatorship, led by Francisco Franco which controlled the Spanish government until 1975. Spain was officially neutral during World War II, although many Spanish volunteers fought on both sides. The post-war decades were relatively stable，and the country experienced rapid economic growth in the 1960s and early 1970s. The death of Franco in 1975 resulted in the return of the Bourbon monarchy headed by Prince Juan Carlos. While tensions remain (for example, with Muslim immigrants and in the Basque region), modern Spain has seen the development of a robust, modern democracy as a constitutional monarchy with popular King Juan Carlos, one of the fastest-growing standards of living in Europe, entry into the European Community, and the 1992 Summer Olympics.2.MadridThe capital of Spain since 1562 is located at the geographic center of the Iberian Peninsula. Because of its central location and high altitude, the climate of Madrid is characterized by warmdry summers and cool winters.Madrid is a city of great monuments. Among its highlights are the medieval centers dating back to the Habsburg Empire and the Prado Museum.But Madrid is not just a cultural destination. It is also a lively metropolis with many pubs, cafes, discotheques and nightclubs open late into the night. Don't be surprised if you get stuck in a traffic jam at four in the morning, and the people you meet are not necessarily going off to work....3.BarcelonaBarcelona, located at the Mediterranean Sea in the very north of the Spanish coast, is certainly the most cosmopolitan and economically most active city in this country.It has always proved its will to be modern, to follow the latest international tendencies or be ahead of them. To the tourist this is evident especially in its architecture, which so well reflects the general approach to life in this always pulsating city.Of course, Barcelona has an old history, and there are monuments of Romanesque, Gothic and Renaissance periods or still before, but most characteristic is what has been built during the last, say, 100 years.Barcelona has been a center of Modernist architecture and isdistinguished especially by the works of genial Antonin Gaudi, who together with his great contemporaries gave new and exciting looks to it, but has remained since then at the top of modernity.4.LiteratureThe term Spanish literature refers to literature written in the Spanish language, including literature composed in Spanish by writers not necessarily from Spain.Due to historic, geographic and generational diversity, Spanish literature has known a great number of influences and it is very diverse. Catalan literature, Basque literature and Galician literature, etc.Miguel de Cervantes is probably Spain's most famous author and his Don Quixote is considered the most emblematic work in the canon of Spanish literature and a founding classic of Western literature.5.Tomato FightSurely the worlds' biggest food-fight: every year around 30, 00 people descend on the Spanish town of Bunzl (in the Valencia region of Spain) to throw more than 240,000 pounds of tomatoes at each other.The festival on the last Wednesday of August is called 'the Tomcatting' and is basically a town-wide tomato fight. It is thought the tradition began in 1945 when a fight erupted among two youngmembers of a carnival crowd.s FallsLas fall is undoubtedly one of the most unique and crazy festivals in Spain. Las Falls literally means "the fires" in Valencian. The focus of the fiesta is the creation and destruction of pinots(“puppets” or “dolls”), which are huge cardboard, wood, paper-Mache and plaster statues.A popular theme is poking fun at corrupt politicians and Spanish celebrities. The pinots remain in place until March 19th, the day known as the burning. Starting in the early evening, young men with axes chop cleverly-hidden holes in the statues and stuff them with fireworks. The crowds start to chant, the streetlights are turned off, and all of the pinots are set on fire at exactly 12am (midnight).7.Bull FightingBullfighting is a Spanish national treasure. Bullfighting season is March to October, bullfighting season, every Thursday and held two games each Sunday. Such as well festival and national celebration, then can see every day.8.SportsSport in Spain has been dominated by football since the early 20th century. The country's national football team won the UEFA European Football Championship in 1964 and 2008 and the FIFA WorldCup in 2010.Basketball, tennis, cycling, handball, motorcycling and, lately, Formula One are also important due to the presence of Spanish champions in all these disciplines.What a Corrode is about●If you are not familiar to Corrodes, you will find here listedchronologically everything that happens. So you may decide by yourself if you want to see one when you are visiting Spain.A Corrode starts with the pastille, with everybody involved inthe bullfight entering the ring and presenting him to the public.Two Alguacilillos, on horse's back, direct themselves to the presidency and symbolically ask for the keys to the "Puerto de los toiles". Behind that door there are the bulls.●With the door being opened and the first bull entering the ringthe spectacle starts. It consists of three parts, called trios, being separated by horn-signals. There are three toreros in each Corrode, by the way, and each will have to to rear two bulls.●In the first trio the bullfighter uses the capote, a quite largerag of purple and yellow color. Now enter two picadors, on horse's back and armed with a sort of lance.●The second part is la suite de banderoles. Three banderilleroshave to stick a pair of banderoles into the attacking bull's back.In the final "suite supreme" the bullfighter uses the mullet,a small red rag. He has to show his fauna, his maturity to dominatethe bull, and to establish an artistically symbiosis between man and beast.Flamenco is a genuine Spanish art, and to be more exact is a genuine Southern Spanish art. It exists in three forms: Canted, the song, Bailee, the dance, and Guitars, guitar playing. The first real reference to Flamenco in literature is in the "Carats Maracas" of Cad also, in 1774. Its birthplace was most probably where, between 1765 and 1860, the first Flamenco-schools were created: Cádiz, Jerez de la Front era and Tirana in Seville.In this epoch Flamenco dance started to establish a firm position in the ballrooms .Early Flamenco seems to have been purely vocal accompanied only by the rhythmic clapping of hands, toque de Palmas. It was left to dedicated composers, as Julian Arcs, to introduce guitar playing.Mass media has brought Flamenco to the world stage, but from the very beginning, Flamenco was always an extremely intimate art form and remains so to this day.When you listen to authentic Flamenco by the moonlight in the South of Spain, you will be enchanted by the intensely romantic Latin spirit of this vigorously sensual spectacle. Let it stir your spiritas you capture the true essence of Spanish culture and pride. GastronomySince Philip II made Madrid the capital of Spain, recipes and culinary influences from all regions of the country have entered its kitchen. Today it is practically impossible to say which dishes are original and which are imported. Today Madrid offers more a Spanish than a regional kitchen.The dishes that are called madrilène in Spain are mainly hotpots, such as the well-known Coccid Madrilène made with locally grown (chick) peas. Among regional specialties are the delicious asparagus from Harangues and the very typical Soap de Aja, a garlic soup. There are many dishes made from lamb and veal, but perhaps rather surprisingly considering its geographic location -- Madrid is a real paradise for lovers of fish and seafood. It has the second biggest fish market in the world (behind Tokyo), and in shops as well as in many restaurants, you will find an ample selection of culinary delights of exceptional quality and extraordinary variety. Ideally fitting, and to compliment such meals are the young and aromatic wines of the region, Vinos de Madrid. To finish your dinner in a very typical way, try a cup of Amistad de Chinch on, anisette or schnapps。
Spain崛起
西班牙人为反对外族侵略进行了长期 斗争，1492年取得光复运动的胜利， 建立了欧洲最早的统一中央王权国家
启示： 只有一个统一的国家才有足够的实力 和决心来资助哥伦布这样一场伟大的 航行
02
CHAPTER
发现新大陆
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哥伦布认为从西班牙出发向西航行可以到 达东方，但是葡萄牙航海专家认为距离很 远不愿意这样做 启示： 要抓住机遇
03
CHAPTER
认识世界
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哥伦布 公元1451--1506
麦哲伦 公元1480--1521
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哥伦布不过是发现了美 洲,仅仅穿过了大西洋;但是 就难度而言哥伦布的横跨 大西洋之旅 , 是人类第一次 远离大陆的成功远航。当 时物质条件极度低劣，而 且哥伦布发现地球之行， 推翻了一直牢牢占据科学 和宗教核心理念的地心说
“让伦敦满意地生产纤维吧；让荷兰满意地生产条纹布吧；让西印度群岛满意地生产海狸皮和驮马吧；让 米兰满意地生产织锦吧；唯一可以证明的是，所有低地国家都在为马德里训练熟练工人，而马德里是所有 议会的女王，整个世界服侍她，而她无需为任何人服务。”
无敌舰队
-------西班牙无敌舰队是西班牙16世纪晚期著名的海上舰队。 1492年，哥伦布率船队由西班牙加迪斯出发，10月12月发现了美洲新大陆并登上巴哈马的圣萨尔 瓦多岛，然后带了几个土著人及一些物品返回西班牙。哥伦布发现西印度群岛后，西班牙逐渐成为海上 强国，此后，西班牙殖民者开始了对拉美的征服和占领，将疆土扩展到大西洋的彼岸和菲律宾。 1535 年，西班牙又从奥斯曼土耳其帝国手中夺取了突尼斯，这使得西班牙国势步入了最强盛的阶段。在海外， 西班牙此时已经拥有墨西哥、秘鲁、智利等海 外领地，其总面积加起来比本土大几十倍；同时，庞大 的殖民地财富也源源不断地运抵西班牙，来自殖民地的资源和西班牙贸易的繁盛使得西班牙在纺织、呢 绒、丝 绸、皮革、武器制造、造船等行业当时都在全球首屈一指。
西班牙英文介绍
The Spanish call their country España. The name comes from the ancient word Span, which means hidden or remote land. It’s a fitting name, since Spain stands somewhat apart from the rest of Europe.Facts About SpainOfficial name Kingdom of SpainCapital MadridOfficial language Castilian SpanishPopulation 40,500,000 peopleRank among countries in population 30thMajor cities Madrid, Barcelona, Valencia, SevilleArea 195,000 square miles 506,000 square kilometersRank among countries in area 50thHighest point Pico de Teide12,188 feet/3,715 metersCurrency EuroTHE IBERIAN PENINSULASpain is on a peninsula, a piece of land that juts into water. It’s called the Iberian Peninsula, and it lies between the Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea. Spain covers most of the peninsula, apart from a small area occupied by the country of Portugal to the west.The steep Pyrenees Mountains cross the neck of the peninsula. For centuries, the Pyrenees isolated Spain from its European neighbors to the north.In the south, Spain almost touches northern Africa. Only a narrow strip of water called the Strait of Gibraltar separates Spain from the African continent. For this reason, African influences are an important part of Spain’s history.SPANISH ISLANDSSpain has numerous islands, too. They include the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea and the Canary Islands in the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Africa.A HIGH, ROCKY PLATEAUA huge, rocky plateau called the Meseta Central rises in central Spain. It’s a high, mostly treeless region that covers more than half the country. The best farmland lies along a narrow coastal plain in the north. Even here, rocky ridges come right to the ocean. They cut the plain into short strips.SUNNY AND DRYSpain has sunny weather and a dry climate. Spanish farmers herd animals such as sheep and cattle. They grow crops such as olives, grapes, and almonds. Spain is the world’s biggest producer of olives. They are picked for eating and used to make olive oil. Spain also grows plenty of cork oak trees. Cork is cut from the bark of this tree.The sunny weather, sandy Mediterranean beaches, and scenic islands make Spain a playground for visitors. In fact, Spain is one of the world’s most popular tourist destinations.MADRID AND BARCELONASpain’s capital and largest city is Madrid. It stands near the very heart of the Iberian Peninsula. Madrid is a modern city that’s home to about 3 million people. It’s also filled with famous old landmarks, such as the Plaza Mayor, a huge public square lined with impressive buildings.Barcelona, on the northeast coast, is Spain’s second largest city. Barcelona is Spain’s chief port and main industrial center. The city’s most famous landmark is the Church of the Holy Family. The ornate spires of the cathedral rise more than 328 feet (100 meters).BULLFIGHTINGPerhaps no sport is more Spanish than bullfighting. The Spanish consider it an art form. Bullfighters, called matadors, seek to show bravery and dignity in the bullfighting ring. The danger and excitement of the sport inspired American author Ernest Hemingway to write about bullfighting in two books, The Sun Also Rises and Death in the Afternoon.Every summer, Spaniards celebrate the beginning of bullfighting season with a week of festivities. In the city of Pamplona, celebrations include the running of the bulls. Each morning, bulls are set loose in the city streets. Those who dare get in front of the bulls and try to race ahead of them. Sometimes, people are wounded or even killed by the bulls.THE MUSLIM PASTIn AD 711, Muslim invaders from Africa captured Spain. The Muslims had conquered their way across North Africa before invading Spain. Spain remained a Muslim-ruled land for hundreds of years.The Muslim rulers built dazzling cities such a s Granada and Córdoba. Muslim palaces such as Alhambra in Granada still amaze visitors. Spain became a center of learning under Muslim rule. Philosophers, scientists, and artists produced important works.CHRISTIANITY TRIUMPHSChristian kingdoms in northern Spain fought the Muslims fiercely. Slowly, Christian forces recaptured Spain. In the late 1400s, two Roman Catholic monarchs got married—Ferdinand of Aragón and Isabella of Castile. In 1492, Ferdinand and Isabella drove the last Muslim rulers from Spain.Afterward, Spain became a Catholic nation. In fact, the Spanish government set up a court called the Spanish Inquisition. This court caught and punished people who refused to convert to Catholicism.A WORLD EMPIREFerdinand and Isabella made Spain a great power. In 1492, Isabella sponsored a voyage led by a sailor named Christopher Columbus. Columbus was seeking a westward route to Asia. Instead of finding Asia, Columbus found the Americas. It proved to be a turning point in Spanish history.Spain got to the Americas ahead of most other European countries. It quickly built an empire in parts of North and South America. Spanish ships carted huge amounts of silver and gold back to Europe. Spain became Europe’s richest country. It ruled a world empire.SPAIN’S GOLDEN AGESpain’s great wealth led to a Golden Age in Spain. In the 1500s and 1600s, Spanish writers and artists reached great heights of achievement. Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra wrote Don Quixote, a masterpiece of European literature. Artists such as El Greco produced brilliant paintings.LOSS OF EMPIRESpain used most of its wealth to build military power, including a great navy called the Spanish Armada. When the gold and silver ran out, it had little to fall back on. Spain grew poor and weak. Its colonies broke away.In 1898, Spain lost a war with the United States. That forced Spain to give up Cuba, Guam, and Puerto Rico, its last holdings in the Americas.CIVIL WARIn 1936, a terrible civil war broke out in Spain. It ended with a general named Francisco Franco taking over. This tough dictator executed thousands of people and put thousands more in prison. Franco died in 1975.SPAIN TODAYAfter Franco’s death, Spain appointed a king. They chose Juan Carlos I, who was descended from Spain’s last king. But Spain also adopted a new constitution that made the king a symbol rather than the ruler. It gave real power to an elected prime minister. Today, Spain is a vibrant democracy.。
西班牙和法国的帝国崛起【英文】
1520 Aztec Rebellion: Aztec regain capital only to lose it again in 1521 to Cortés.
New Spain Expands
After destroying Tenochtitlán, Cortés ordered a new city, named Mexico, to be built in its place. It became the capital of the Spanish colony of New Spain. Cortés sent other expeditions into what is present-day Mexico and Central America. The people who led the expeditions became known as conquistadors, or “conquerors.” One conquistador, Francisco Pizarro, explored Peru and conquered the Inca emgy
西班牙帝国【英文精品】
From 1500 to 1815, brazil was under the control of the Portuguese. Brazil was declared independent of the Portuguese empire in 1822, as a consequence of the Liberal Revolution of 1820. Brazil was an important economic source because of brazilwood, later sugar, and eventually gold. Unlike the Spanish territories to the north, the former Portuguese colony kept all the territory it had before it gained its independence.
葡萄牙,西班牙,英国和法国的早期帝国【英文】
The Empire of Portugal
Portugal established the earliest of the modern European colonial empires. The Portuguese empire lasted for centuries. It started with Prince Henry, the son of the king of Portugal. Henry sent Portuguese ships down the west coast of Africa. He wanted to find a route around the continent to India and China.
The Crusades
The Crusades (1096 to 1272) were military expeditions sent by different Popes (leaders of the Roman Catholic Church) to re-capture the Holy Land from the Muslims Turks. {The Jewish people had been expelled from the Holyland years earlier by the Romans.}
The Crusades also exposed the European Crusaders to desirable products of the East. Europeans and Asians created trade routes to bring products form the East to Europe. These benefits of the Crusades later contributed to the expansion of Portugal, Spain, England, and France. By the fifteenth century, the major trade routes from the East to Europe went to two Italian cities, Venice and Genoa.
海洋时代葡萄牙西班牙发展历史
海洋时代葡萄牙西班牙发展历史英文版The Development History of Portugal and Spain in the Age of DiscoveryThe Age of Discovery, often referred to as the Maritime Age, was a period in European history marked by extensive exploration and colonization of new lands, particularly by Portugal and Spain. This era began in the late 15th century and continued into the 16th century, ushering in a new era of global exploration and interaction.Portugal's Maritime ExpansionIn the late 15th century, Portugal emerged as a leading power in European maritime exploration. King John II of Portugal, known as "the Navigator," funded and encouraged the exploration of unknown lands, aiming to find new trade routes and expand Portugal's influence. This led to the discovery of theAzores Islands in 1432, Madeira in 1450, and the Cape Verde Islands in 1460.The most famous Portuguese explorer of this era was Christopher Columbus, who in 1492, under the patronage of King John II's successor, King Manuel I, sailed west from Spain and discovered the New World,误打误撞地开启了欧洲对新大陆的殖民时代。
西班牙战役简介英文作文
西班牙战役简介英文作文英文：The Spanish War, also known as the Spanish Civil War, took place from 1936 to 1939. It was a conflict between the Republicans, who were loyal to the democratically elected government, and the Nationalists, who were led by General Francisco Franco and supported by fascist Italy and Nazi Germany.I have always been fascinated by this period of history, as it was a precursor to World War II and had a significant impact on the geopolitical landscape of Europe. One of the most interesting aspects of the Spanish War was the involvement of foreign powers, with the Soviet Union providing military aid to the Republicans and Italy and Germany supporting the Nationalists.Another aspect that I find intriguing is the role of propaganda in the conflict. Both sides used propaganda tosway public opinion and garner support for their cause. For example, the Nationalists used the slogan "España Una, Grande y Libre" (Spain One, Great and Free) to appeal to nationalist sentiment, while the Republicans used posters and leaflets to depict Franco as a puppet of Hitler and Mussolini.Despite the Republican forces being better equipped and having more troops, the Nationalists emerged victorious in 1939. The aftermath of the war was brutal, with Franco's regime carrying out mass executions and imprisonments of political opponents.Overall, the Spanish War was a complex and tragic conflict that had far-reaching consequences. It serves as a reminder of the dangers of political extremism and the devastating impact of war.中文：西班牙战争，也被称为西班牙内战，发生在1936年至1939年期间。
大航海时代 英语
大航海时代英语The Age of Discovery, also known as the Age of Exploration, was a period in European history spanning from the 15th century to the 17th century. During this time, European explorers sought to discover new trade routes and establish colonies in new territories. Many historians mark the beginning of the Age of Discovery with the voyage of Christopher Columbus in 1492, which opened up the New World to European exploration and colonization.The Age of Discovery was characterized by a surge in trade and commerce as European nations sought to expand their empires and increase their wealth. This led to the establishment of colonies in the Americas, Africa, and Asia, and the development of new trade routes that linked Europe to the rest of the world. This era saw the rise of major global powers such as Spain, Portugal, England, and the Netherlands, who established vast empires through conquest and trade.One of the key technological advances that enabled the exploration of new territories during the Age of Discovery was the invention and refinement of the ship. Improvements in ship design and navigation techniques allowed European explorers to sail across vast oceans and make landfall on distant shores. The introduction of the caravel, a small, fast ship that could sail into the wind, was particularly instrumental in enabling long-distance exploration. The Age of Discovery was also characterized by a clash of cultures as European explorers encountered new peoples and societies in the lands they explored. This encounter often led to conflict and colonization as European nations sought to dominate the lands theyencountered. The legacy of colonialism and the exploitation of indigenous peoples and resources continues to shape the world today.The Age of Discovery had a profound impact on world history, shaping the global economy and political landscape in ways that continue to be felt today. The exploration and colonization of new territories led to the exchange of goods, ideas, and people, and the creation of new cultural and political systems. While this era is sometimes criticized for its exploitative and colonial nature, it is also recognized as a period of human ingenuity and exploration, marked by new discoveries and technological innovations that changed the course of history.。
西班牙帝国的崛起与衰落
西班牙帝国的崛起与衰落西班牙帝国是16世纪至17世纪间欧洲一座辉煌的帝国，曾一度成为全球最为强大的国家之一。
这个帝国在冒险家的带领下，征服了南美洲大陆，同时还控制了菲律宾、加勒比海以及一部分欧洲地区。
然而，它的辉煌却没有持久，帝国最终陷入了衰落，而这背后隐藏着许多原因。
西班牙帝国的崛起可以追溯到1492年，当时一个名叫哥伦布的冒险家成功航行过西班牙，并发现了美洲大陆。
这一发现不仅给西班牙帝国带来了巨大的矿藏和财富，也使其在欧洲舞台上崭露头角。
随着时间的推移，西班牙迅速扩张其势力范围，成为欧洲最重要的帝国之一。
西班牙帝国能够如此迅速而庞大地扩张，植根于其丰富的资源和殖民地统治。
西班牙在南美洲发现了大量的黄金和银矿脉，这极大地推动了国家的经济增长。
同时，西班牙对于被征服的土著人民实行了掠夺性的殖民统治，使其得到了大量的劳动力，政府通过赋税和殖民统治来巩固其财务基础。
然而，随着时间的推移，西班牙帝国开始遭遇一系列的问题。
首先，殖民地统治引起了土著人民的反抗。
西班牙对当地人的压迫和掠夺性统治引发了大规模的起义，这给帝国的统治带来了巨大的压力。
其次，西班牙坚持采取着保守的经济政策，基本上只依赖财富的掠夺，而忽视了产业和贸易的发展。
这使得西班牙的经济开始衰退，国家财政开始出现问题。
西班牙在欧洲还面临着许多战争和外交困境。
西班牙与英国在16世纪末的“无敌舰队”的战争中失败，这给帝国带来沉重的打击。
此外，与其他欧洲国家的战争和外交冲突也消耗了西班牙的资源和人力。
这些战争不仅导致了国家的经济危机，也削弱了西班牙帝国的实力和影响力。
最终，西班牙帝国在18世纪陷入了彻底的衰落。
在经历了持续的战争和起义之后，帝国的统治者逐渐失去了对殖民地的控制。
南美洲各地相继独立，菲律宾等殖民地也脱离了西班牙的统治。
同时，西班牙帝国的财政危机和内部腐败进一步削弱了其实力。
19世纪，西班牙陷入了持续的政治动荡，最终导致了国家的崩溃。
西班牙帝国的崛起和衰落是一个复杂而多变的历史现象。
大国崛起之西班牙(第一讲)—早期历史及其崛起背景
大国崛起之西班牙（第一讲）莫格西班牙的早期历史及其崛起背景一、西班牙的早期历史1、殖民地时代（公元前395年之前）<1>伊比利亚人+凯尔特人=凯尔特伊比利亚人<2>巴斯克人2、罗马人统治时期（公元前395年~公元5世纪初）通过两次布匿战争，罗马人赶走迦太基人，占领了西班牙。
伊比利亚半岛在政治、经济、社会文化、语言深受罗马帝国影响，特别是拉丁语渗透了整个半岛。
基督教传入西班牙，西班牙教会受罗马主教管辖。
3、西哥特人统治时期（公元415~711年）伊比利亚半岛首次统一，但西哥特人在政治、法律、文化上的影响远不如罗马人。
教会是最具社会凝聚力的机构，西哥特人信奉阿里乌斯教，被看作是异教徒，因此与西班牙冲突不断。
后西哥特不得已改奉天主教。
西哥特人的最大贡献在立法方面。
4、穆斯林西班牙的形成（公元712~1492年）712年起，穆斯林入侵西班牙，并于929年正式割裂西班牙与巴格达的联系，自立为哈里发，建立后倭马亚王朝。
1031年，王室为争夺王位纷争不断，后倭马亚王朝结束，西班牙的阿拉伯政权分裂成23个小的独立王国。
阿拉伯人对伊比利亚半岛的长期统治中，封建制度在西班牙得到了进一步的巩固和发展：①出现等级分明的阶级划分。
②大兴土木，传播阿拉伯建筑文化。
③不同民族通婚，一定程度上缓和民族矛盾。
④引进新品种的农作物，改善水里灌溉系统。
⑤对基督徒采取比较宽容的政策。
二、基督教诸王国的兴起和光复运动1、第一阶段：8世纪末到11世纪，基督教国家以防守埃布罗河流域前线为主，穆斯林的势力还十分强大。
2、第二阶段：11世纪到13世纪，基督教国家将战线推进到塔霍河一线，穆斯林统治者内部分裂。
3、第三阶段：13世纪，基督教国家势力日渐强大，征服了安达卢西亚。
4、第四阶段：13世纪到1492年，阿拉伯人在西班牙的最后一个据点格拉纳达被收复，阿拉伯统治者被彻底赶出西班牙。
三、西班牙统一王国形成1、卡斯蒂利亚和阿拉贡王国实现联合1469年，卡斯蒂利亚王位继承人伊莎贝拉一世和阿拉贡王子斐迪南结婚，并在二人都登上各自的王位后，两国正式合并，西班牙实现统一。
九分阅读达人(3)
The Spanish conquistadors first encountered the potatowhen they arrived in Peru in 1532 to search of gold, and noted Inca miners eatingChuno. At the time the Spaniards failed to realize that the potato represented a far more important treasure than silver or gold, but they did gradually begin to use potatoes as basic rationsaboard their ships. After the arrival of the potato in Spain in 1570, a few Spanish farmers began to cultivate them on a small scale, mostly as food for livestock .1532年,当西班牙的征服者抵达秘鲁寻找黄金时,首次遇到了土豆,并注意到印加矿工吃的Chuno.虽然当时西班牙人未能意识到土豆代表比金银更重要的财富,但他们也逐渐开始在船上使用土豆作为基本口粮。
1570年,当土豆到达西班牙后,一些西班牙农民开始在小范围内种植它,主要作为牲畜的饲料。
Throughout Europe,potatoes were regarded with suspicion,distaste and fear ,generally considered to be unfit for human consumption,they were used only as animal fodder and sustenance for the starving .in northern Europe ,potatoes were primarily grown in botanical gardens as an exotic novelty .even peasants refused to eat from a plant produce ugly ,misshapen tubers and that had cone from a heathencivilization .some felt that the potato plant’s resemblance to plants in the nightshade family hinted that it was the creation of witches or devils .当时在整个欧洲,人们对土豆的态度是怀疑、厌恶和恐惧的。
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E. NБайду номын сангаасpp
Montezuma, the Aztec emperor, initially believed that Cortes was an Aztec god. He let Cortes enter the Aztec capital.
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The Spaniards conquered the Americas for “God, Glory, and Gold”.
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“God, Glory, and Gold”
• The Spaniards conquered the Americas for “God, Glory, and Gold”. • The Spaniards wanted to convert the Native American Indians to Christianity.
• The Spaniards wanted gold and fame.
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In 1519, Hernando Cortes arrived in Mexico.
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Hernando Cortes
• In 1519, Hernando Cortes sailed with eleven ships to the coast of Mexico. • The Aztec emperor, Montezuma, initially believed that Cortes was a returning Aztec god and sent the Spaniards gifts.
The Spanish Conquer Two Empires in the Americas
In this lesson, students will be able to define the following terms: Hernando Cortes Montezuma Reasons for the Defeat of the Aztecs Francisco Pizarro Reasons for the Defeat of the Incas
• Atahualpa even agreed to be baptized in the Christian faith.
• Pizarro agreed to release him but once the emperor had filled the room with gold, Pizarro ordered the emperor killed.
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In 1532, Francisco Pizarro attacked the Incas.
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Francisco Pizarro
• In 1532, Francisco Pizarro attacked the Incas. • The Incas were fighting a civil war. • Pizarro captured the Incan emperor.
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Questions for Reflection:
• Who was Hernando Cortes and what did he do? • Who was Montezuma and why did he allow Cortes to enter his capital? • Who was Francisco Pizarro and what did he do? • What was happening in Incan society prior to Pizarro’s arrival? • Why were the Spaniards able to defeat the Aztecs and Incas?
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The Spaniards used horses in their conquest of the Incas. The Incas were terrified of horses.
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Reasons for the Conquest
• There were many reasons why small groups of Spaniards were able to conquer two large empires in the Americas.
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The Incan emperor offered to fill a large room with gold if Pizarro would release him.
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Atahualpa
• The Incan emperor, Atahualpa, offered to fill a large room with gold if Pizarro would release him.
• The Spaniards had better weapons, cannons, and horses. • The Spaniards also introduced smallpox disease to the Americas. This disease led to the deaths of many native people.
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The Defeat of the Aztecs
• The Spaniards attacked the Aztecs.
• Within three months, the Spaniards defeated the Aztecs. • The Spaniards had better weapons. They had cannons and guns. They also had horses and brought smallpox disease to the Aztecs.