自考《英语二》讲义

自考《英语二》讲义
自考“英语（二）”完整讲义
讲义一T ext A What Is a Decision ？
I.课文内容简介
决策的目的是制定和实现组织目标。

作决策的原因是有问题存在、目标和目的不正确、或者有某种东西防碍目标或目的的实现。

作决策的过程对管理人员来说至关重要。

决策者必须具备从多个可供选择的可能性中确定最佳选择的手段。

而多种目标的顺序和重要性也部分地基于决策者的价值观。

今天所作的决策可能会对将来产生深远的影响。

因此，有经验的管理者能从当前决策看到将来的效果。

II.New Words
Organizational a. 组织上的
goal n. 目的，目标
objective n./ a. 目标，目的/客观的，真实的Accomplish vt. 完成（任务等）
predict vt./vi. 预言；预示
accompany vt. 伴随，陪同
Implement vt. 实现；完成
Constraint n. 强制；强制因素
precedent n. 先例，前例
Simplify vt. 简化
tendency n. 趋势，倾向
Managerial a. 经理的，管理人的
maker n. 制造者；制造商
Achievement n. 完成，达到
attain vt. 达到；完成
optimal a. 最适宜的，最理想的suboptimization n. 局部最优化
trade-off n. 权衡；物物交换argue vt./vi. 争辩，争论
budget n./vt. 预算
scheme n./vt.把… 编入预算
define vt. 解释，给…下定义Multiple a./n.多样的，复合的/倍数Profitability n. 赚钱，获利correctness n. 正确，正确性unintended a. 非计划中的，非故意的ongoing a. 进行中的，非故意的entity n. 存在，实体
Skilled a. 熟练的；有技能的
in the way 挡路、碍事
to make a guess at 猜测
and the like 等等，诸如此类
to seek to 追求，争取
in part 部分地，在某种程度上point of view 观点
词汇精讲
1.goal n. 目标，进球，球门（同义词：aim ，end ，purpose，objective）
Her goal is a place at university . 她的目标是在大学任教。

2.objective ：n./a. 目的；目标（尤指较长远的目标）；宗旨/客观的，如实的
派生词：object n. 物体反义词：subjective n./a. 主语；主观事物；/ 主观的，
用法：Her objective is to get a college education. 她的目标是接受大学教育。

It is an objective report. 这是一篇如实的报道。

3.accomplish v. 完成（任务）等
The students accomplished the task in less than ten minutes .学生们在不到10分钟内完成了任务。

4.predict ：v 预言，预示，预告同义词：forecast v. 预测，预报
It's hard to predict when it will happen . 很难预见这件事何时发生。

5.accompany ：v. 伴随，陪同
The lonely old man is accompanied by his dog. 这位孤独的老
人让他的狗做伴。

All orders must be accompanied with cash. 所有的订货单必须随付现金。

派生词：company n. 公司；v. 陪伴
6.implement v.实施，履行（诺言）等
The committee's suggestions will be implemented immediately.委员会的意见将立即贯彻执行。

7.constraint n. 限制，约束
They told the truth but only under constraint. Constraint on the rules of grammer
他们说了实话但是有所保留（是被迫的）。

语法规则的限制（约束）
8.tendency ：n. 趋势，倾向
There is a growing tendency for people to work at home instead of in offices.
人们在家里而不是在办公室里工作的趋势日益增长。

派生词：tend v. 趋向，倾向用法：tend to do sth.
He tends to get angry when people disagree with him .当人们不同意他的意见时，他很容易生气。

9.achievement n. 完成，成就，
An Olympic silver medal is a remarkable achievement for one so young .
对一个如此年轻的人来说，获得奥运会银牌是个了不起的成就。

派生词：achieve v. 完成，做到，达到（目的），实现，获得
He will never achieve his objectives if he doesn't work hard .如果他不努力，将会永远达不到目的。

10.attain ：v. 达到；获得（长期努力后而获得）同义词：obtain，get
用法：She has made up her mind to attain her goal in life. 她下定决心要达到生活中的目标。

The apple tree has attained to a great height. 苹果树已长得很高了。

11.optimal adj 最佳的
The sailors are waiting for optimal weather conditions before taking off .
船员们正在等待出航的最佳天气条件。

12.argue ：vt./vi. 争辩，争论，辩论
用法：
作不及物动词用时，后边可以接with，about 或over（就…争论），for （赞成）或against （反对）She is always ready to argue over the smallest issues. 她总喜欢为极小的问题进行争论。

He often argues philosophy with James. 他常和詹姆斯讨论哲学。

He argued for immediate action . 他主张立即行动。

They argued against such a policy. 他们反对这种政策。

作及物动词时，表示“说服、用辩论证明”的意思
I argued him out going on such a dangerous journey. 我说服他不做这样危险的旅行。

He argued that man was descended from apes. 他论证人类的祖先是猿。

13.scheme n 计划方案
He has got a crazy scheme for getting rich before he is 20 .他制定了一个在20岁之前发财的疯狂计划。

14.multiple adj 多样的复合的
What the person does next is the result of the multiple influences to which they have been exposed .
一个人下一步会做什么是他受到的多种影响的结果。

15.ongoing adj 进行中的，前进的
No agreement has yet been reached and the negotiations one still ongoing .
目前还没有达成任何协议，谈判仍在进行。

16.entity n 存在实体
He regarded the north of the country as a separate cultural entity .
他把这个国家的北方看成一个单独的文化实体。

17.skilled adj 熟练的，有技能的
My mother is very skilled at /in dress-making .我母亲非常擅长做衣服。

Phrases and Expressions
1.（stand，get，be ）in the way 碍事，挡道的；妨碍人的
If you are not going to help，at least don't get in the way！如果你不愿帮忙，至少别妨碍人家。

The chair is in the way，please move it away. 这把椅子挡着路，请把它移开。

相关短语：in a way 在某种程度上;在某些方面;从某一点上看
in no way 决不；一点也不；in the way of 按照；就…。

而言
by way of 取道，经由by the way 顺便问一下
2.to make a guess at 猜测
Y ou might have been able to make a guess at who she was. 你本来能够猜到她是谁。

Can you make a guess at the price ？你猜得出价钱吗？
3.to seek to（inf）寻求，争取
Power stations are seeking to reduce their use of oil .发电站正在设法减少石油的使用
4.in part ：部分地；有些部分；在某种程度上
This was in part due to financial difficulties. 部分是由于财政困难。

The responsibility was in part because of me. 部分责任在我。

5.point of view 视点，视角
The book looks at college life from a student's point of view.
这本书从一个学生的视角来看大学生活。

6.to vary from …to … 从…到…不同，因… 而异
Salary scales vary from state to state.工资级别因州而异。

7.contr ibute … to 把… 贡献给…（contribute to 导致）
We'll contribute ourselves to this career after we graduate . 我们毕业后将为此事业作贡献。

Smoking is the main factor contributing to lung cancer. 吸烟是导致肺癌的主要因素。

8.be beneficial to 对… 有利
Jogging is beneficial to our health. 慢跑有利于我们的健康。

Reciting passages is beneficial to improving oral English.朗读（背诵）短文段落对提高英语口语有利。

附：重点句
1.The reason for making a decision is that a problem exists，goals or objectives are wrong，or something is standing in the way of accomplishing them. 三个表语从句并列
2.Often managers must make a best guess at what the future will be and try to leave as little as possible to
chance，but since uncertainty is always there，risk accompanies decisions. 主从复合句
3.For managers，every decision has constraints based on policies，procedures，laws，precedents，and the like.
4.For example，managers sometimes treat problems in an either/or fashion；
5.Because individuals （and organizations）frequently have different ideas about how to attain the goals，the best choice may depend on who makes the decision. 主从复合句
6.Frequently，departments or units within an organization make decisions that are good for them individually but that are less than optimal for the larger orgnization.
7.Some of these objectives are more important than others，but the order and degree of importance often vary from person to person and from department to department.
8.When presented with a common case，sales managers tend to see sales problems，production managers see production problems，and so on.
T ext B Secrets of Success at an Interview
I.New Words
interview vt./n. 面谈，采访；面试，口试criticism n. 批评；评论
candidate n. 候选人，候补者；应试者vague a. 含糊的；不明确的
notion n. 概念；想法，看法
prospect n. 展望，景象；前景，前程community n. 社区；共同体
unattractive a. 无吸引力的；不引人注意的indifference n. 冷漠；不感兴趣interviewer n. 接见者；面谈者personality n. 个性；人格；品格prospective a. 预期的；未来的speechless a. 不会说话的；不说话的clarification n. 澄清，阐明correspondence n. 符合，一致；通信photocopy vt./n. 复印，影印；照相复制本resume n. 摘要，梗概；个人简历inefficiency n. 无效；效能差
neat a. 整洁的；简洁的；整齐的conservative a. 保存的,防腐的;保守的,守旧的punk n. （俚）阿飞；朋克；a.颓废派的miniskirt n. 超短裙
panel n. 专门小组
intimidate vt. 恐吓，恫吓
clutch vt./vi. 抓住，握紧
grip vt./n. 紧握，紧夹；掌握，控制
painful a. 痛苦的；费力的
rephrase vt. 重新措辞，改用别的话表示
词组：
to apply for 申请day to day （=day-to-day）work 日常工
作
to take the trouble to 不辞劳苦，费力
to put oneself in somebody's place 设身处地to one's advantage 对某人有利
to ask for 请求，向…要；寻找in hand 手头上有
to make sure 查明，弄确实；确信
at a disadvantage 处于不利地位
to turn down 拒绝；调小或调低；翻下
重点词汇词组讲解：
1.interview ：vt./n. 面谈，采访
派生词：interviewer（采访者），interviewee（被采访者），view （观点、见解）/风景），interview（面试/采访），preview （预习），review （复习）
2.Criticism ：n. 批评；评论
派生词：Criticize v. 批评；critical a. 挑剔的；批评的；关键的
3.prospect n. 展望，景象，前景
There's not much prospect that the war will be over soon. 这场战争很快结束的可能性不大。

4.indifference ：n.冷漠，不感兴趣indifference to 对…冷漠
派生词：indifferent a. 冷漠的；不感兴趣的。

5.inefficiency ：n. 无效，效能差
派生词：efficient a. 有效率的；efficiency n. 效率
6.neat a. 整洁的，简洁的，整齐的
Y ou have got such neat handwriting . 你的书写真工整。

7.conservative a. 保存的，保守的，防腐的
I tend to be rather conservative in such matters . 我在这些事情方面向来比较保守。

8.grip v. 紧握，紧夹，掌握，控制
grip She gripped my hand in fear. 她因害怕紧抓住我的手。

9.to apply for 申请
I decided to apply for it . 我决定去申请。

10.take the trouble to ：不辞劳苦用法：take the trouble to
Some employees have never taken the trouble to find out the actual tasks they will be required to do.
有些雇员从来不下工夫去弄清楚要求他们去从事的实际任务。

11.to turn down ：拒绝
He asked Jane to marry him but she turned him down . 他要简嫁给他，但她拒绝了他。

相关词组：turn up 出现；turn on 打开；turn off 拐弯，关上；
turn out 结果是，最后证明是，制造；
II.重点句子分析
1.「The key words here are preparation and confidence，which will carry you far.」
which 引导非限定性定语从句，修饰preparation and confidence. 注意此处不可用that代替which carry you far 意为“祝你成功”
2.「Find out all you can about the job you are applying for and the organization you hope to work for.」
此句中有三个定语从句，（下边画线的）分别修饰all，the job 和the organization .
注意后两句中的for 不能省略
3.「Anything that you find out about the prospective employer can be used to your advantage during the interview to show that you have bothered to master some facts about the people who you hope to work for.」that引导的定语从句修饰anything
who 引导的定语从句修饰people.也可以写作for whom you hope to work译为“你希望为其工作的人to show 是不定式作目的状
语，其中有一个that引导的宾语从句，作动词show的宾语
4.「Do not be afraid to ask for clarification of something that has been said during the interview if you want to be sure what was implied. but do be polite.」
be sure 肯定，确信do be polite 是强调语气。

例如：Do be careful！
5.「Dress in clean，neat，conservative clothes. Now is NOT the time to experiment with the punk look or （girl）to wear low-cut dresses with miniskirts.」Make sure that your shoes，hands and hair （and teeth）are clean and neat.
Now 在句中做主语the punk look 意为“朋克的样子”
6.「Have the letter inviting you for an interview ready to show in case there is any difficulty in communication.」这是个祈使句，inviting you for an interview 是现在分词作定语，修饰the letter
in case 引导条件状语从句，译为：“以防万一，以免”
语法As的用法
1.AS的用法
（1）用作介词时的基本词义，“作为，担任”，“像，似”。

介词短语在句子中可担任的成分：状语、定语、宾语补语和表语
（2）用作副词表示程度，as … as … 结构中
（3）用作连词，引导状语从句（比较、让步、时间、原因和方式状语从句）
（4）用作关系代词，引导定语从句，
（5）As用于常用习语中
2.过去分词、现在分词、不定式作定语的区别
分词作定语：
过去分词作定语，修饰名词、代词，表示被动、已经完成。

现在分词作定语，修饰名词、代词，表示主动、正在进行。

单个分词一般置于所修饰的词之前，但也有例外。

例如an extended family 一个扩展了的家庭/ a singing girl 一个唱歌的女孩
a developed country 发达国家/ a developing country 发展中国家
the people concerned 有关人员
分词短语一般放在所修饰的词之后，例如：
A decision is a choice made from among alternative courses of action.
Have the letter inviting you for an interview …
现在分词的被动式和过去分词都表示被动，区别在于前者表示修饰的词正在承受的行为，而后者表示修饰的词已承受过了的行为。

例如：The problem being discussed is important. 正在讨论的这个问题很重要。

The problem discussed yesterday was important. 昨天讨论的那个问题很重要。

现在分词的完成主动式，表示动作已经完成。

having done
现在分词的完成被动式，表示动作已经被完成。

the decision having been made
不定式作定语
不定式作定语应当放在所修饰的中心词之后。

例如：We have plenty of work to do.
一般来讲，不定式作定语时，表示动作将要发生。

另外，还要注意的是不定式有三种时态，也有被动态。

3.分词短语作时间、条件、让步状语
为了表示明确的时间或条件，有时常在分词前面加上when，while，even if，even though，unless 等连词作时间、条件、让步等状语。

例如：
When presented with a common case，sales managers tend to see sales problems，production managers see production
problems，and so on.
当面对同一件事例时，销售经理易于看到销售问题，生产部经理看到生产问题，等等。

Facts are terrible things if left spreading and unexamined.
如果听任事实泛滥不加检测，那是可怕的事。

Don't leave the building unless instructed to do so.
除非接到通知，不要离开这幢大楼。

4.Text A汉译英
决策者应该能够对将来作出最好的推测。

Decision makers should be able to make a best guess at what the future will be.
有人认为经理们所作的一切均与决策有关。

Some people believe almost everything a manager does involves decision.
没有正确的选择就没有正确的决定。

If there is no proper choice，there is no proper decision.
不同的人对同样的问题有不同的看法，所以解决的办法也不同。

Different people have different ideas about the same problem；their solutions to the problem are，therefore，also different.
决策者往往是公司业务发展的关键。

Decision makers often play the key role in the development of the business of a company.
Decision makers are usually key people who determine the company's business development.
历年考题
1.Almost everything a manager does______（involve）decisions. Indeed，some suggest that the management process is decision making. （99.4）
答案是involves. 考点：involve 为谓语动词，应该用一般现在时。

a manager does为省略了引导词that的定语从句修饰先行词everything.
2.If there is no choice，there is no decision______（make）。

（99.4）
答案是to be made .考点：to be made 是动词不定式作定语修饰decision.
3.Almost everything a manager does______decisions；indeed，some suggest that the management process is decision making. （00.4）
A. imposes
B. improvise
C. involves
D. Indicates .
4.I have no idea what's standing______accomplishing our goals and objectives.（03.10）
A.in the way of
B.by way of
C.on the way of
D. in one's way of
5.For managers，every decision has constraints_____（base）on policies，procedures，laws. （03.04）（04.10）答案为based，考点：过去分词短语作后置定语
6.When _____（present）with a common case，sales managers tend to see sales problems and production managers see production problems.（02.10）
7.答案为presented. 考点：present 是过去分词短语作时间状语。

7.An organization is a group of people，and a decision______（make）today may have consequences far into the future. （02.10）答案是made. 考点：make 是过去分词作定语，修饰decision.
8.汉译英：通常管理者必须对未来的情况作出最佳的预测。

答案：Often managers must make a best guess at what the future will be.
讲义二
T ext A Black Holes
课文简介: 本文主要介绍了黑洞的概念，黑洞是怎样产生的，以及有关黑洞的一些研究。

对于黑洞的研究才刚刚起步，因此黑洞对于我们来说还很神秘，需要我们的不断探索。

什么是黑洞？What is a black hole ？
宇宙中有一些点，它们的体积趋向于零而密度变得无穷大。

由于具有强大的吸引力，物体只要进入离这些点一定距离内，就会被这强大的吸引力吸收掉，连光线也不例外。

因此，没有任何信号能从这个范围内传出，这个范围的边界被称为“视界”（event horizon）.视界里面的情况人类无法看到，所以科学家称之为“黑洞”。

一颗燃烧尽了的恒星由于自身的重力而不断塌陷，最后就会形成黑洞。

尽管关于黑洞的理论是正确的，但是科学家一直在寻找黑洞存在的证据。

New Words
1 astronomer n.天文学家
2 escape vi./vt.逃跑；避免
3 exert vt.尽（力）；发挥（威力等）
4 explode vt./vi.使爆炸；爆炸
5 density n.密集度，稠密度
6 collapse vt./vi./n.倒塌，崩溃
7 supernova n.超新星
8 daytime n.白天，日间9 dwarf n.矮子
10 neutron n.中子
11 shrink vt./vi./n.收缩，缩小/退缩，畏缩
12 gravity n.严肃，认真；严重性
13 marble n./a.弹子，大理石
14 boundary n.分界线，边界
15 observer n.遵守者，奉行者
16 interchangeable a.可交换的，可互换的
17 constant a./n.永恒的，经久不变的
18 measurement n.衡量，测量
19 implication n.含意，暗示
20 basis n.基础，根据
21 launch vt./n.发射,投射;发动,发起(运动)
22 galaxy n.星系，银河系
23 observatory n.天文台；了望台
24 convincing a.有说服力的，使人信服的25 binary a./n.二，双，复
26 twin a./n.双胞胎的，双胞胎
27 companion n.同伴，同事
28 speculation n.推测，猜测
29 swallow vt.吞咽
30 mankind n.人类
31 operate vi./vt.运转，起作用；动手术
词组
1 to research into 研究
2 speculation about 关于…猜测
3 to swallow up 吞没，耗尽
4 to make use of 利用
5 to reduce to 归纳，简化，迫使
6 to apply to 适用于，应用
词汇精讲：
1 escape v.逃跑，避免
A lion has escaped from its cage.一头狮子从笼子里跑出来了
2 exert：vt.用尽；尽力；运用；行使；施加，产生（影响等）
用法：exert pressure on sb.给…施加压力
She exerted herself all year to earn good marks.她整年努力以期获得好分数。

Black holes exert very strong gravity.黑洞产生很强的引力。

3 explode v.爆炸，突发xplosion n. explosive a.
A bomb exploded at one of London's busiest railway station this morning.
今天上午一颗炸弹在伦敦最繁忙的火车站爆炸了。

4 collapse v.n.倒塌，崩溃
5 shrink：（shrank，shrunk ）v.退缩；畏缩；n.收缩；缩小
用法：The gross national product shrank one percent last year.去年国民生产总值减少了1%.
Washing wool in hot water will shrink it .在热水中洗羊毛会使它缩水。

We will never shrink back before difficulties .我们在困难面前决不退缩。

6 boundary n.分界线，边界
We crossed the state boundary at midnight.我们在午夜穿过了州界。

7 constant adj.不断的，经常的；永恒的，始终如一n……常数
He is in constant trouble with the police.他总是不断和警察惹麻烦。

There are no constants at all.根本没有不变的事物。

对比同义词：
continual 时断时续的It continually shrinks by the force of its own gravity
continuous 连续不间断的The brain needs a continuous supply of blood.大脑需要不断的供血。

constant强调不变，永恒
8 implication：n.牵连；涉及；卷入；含意；暗示
派生词：imply v.暗示，含意
用法：She seemed by implication to acknowledge that fact.她似乎含蓄地承认了那事实。

The implication of your statement is that I was wrong.你这话的弦外之音是我错了。

9 launch：v.发射，发动n.发射
In the 1980's our country launched a number of satellites.80年代我国发射了多颗卫星。

10 convincing ：a.令人信服的；有说服力的；
派生词：convince v.使人信服，使… 相信
用法：She is very convincing .她很另人信服。

Convince sb.of sth.使某人确信某事；convince sb.that 从句
We failed to convince him of his mistakes.我们没能使他相信他是错误的。

Careful observation convinced them that it was so.仔细的观察使他们相信情况是这样的。

11 companion ：n.同伴，同行，伴侣，同事
派生词：company n.同伴，陪伴；accompany v.陪同，陪伴
用法：He is a good companion on the journey.他是个好旅伴。

表示“同事”的词：associate，colleague，fellow official，fellowworker，co-worker
12 operate ：v.操作，运行，起作用；动手术
派生词：operation n.操作
用法：The machine isn't operating properly.机器运转不正常。

He operated on the eyes of the patient.他给病人的眼睛动了手术。

Has the medicine started to operate ？药物开始见效了吗？
词组：phrases
1.to research into 研究
She is researching into possible cures for AIDS.她正在研究治疗艾滋病的方法。

2 speculation about ：关于… 的猜测
We heard all kinds of speculation about the cause of the President's death.
我们听到关于总统死亡原因的种种猜测。

People have much speculation about the government's intentions.对政府的意图，人们作了许多猜测。

3 to swallow up ：吞没；并吞
His wife's clothes bill swallowed up his wages .老婆买的衣服耗尽了他的工资。

The fog swallowed up the whole city.雾笼罩全城。

She swallowed the medicine with the help of some water.她用水把药咽下了。

His figure was swallowed up in the dark.他的身影消失在黑暗中。

4 to make use of ：利用= to take advantage of
We should make good use of our leisure time.我们应该好好利用休闲时间。

He was making full use of his opportunity.他正充分利用他的机会。

to reduce … to 简化，归纳，迫使
Months' bombing reduced the city to ruins.几个月的轰炸使这个城市变成了废墟
5 to apply to 适用于
It does not apply to you.它不适用于你。

重点句：
1.Well，it's difficult to answer this question，since the terms we would normally use to describe a scientific phenomenon are inadequate here.
2.Astronomers and scientists think that a black hole is a region of space （not a thing ）into which matter has fallen and
from which nothing can escape - not even light. So we can't see
a black hole.
3.The theory is that some stars explode when their density increases to a particular point；they collapse and sometimes a supernova occurs.
4.Some people think that the Star of Bethlehem could have been a supernova.
5.The collapse of a star may produce a White Dwarf or a neutron star - a star，whose matter is so dense that it continually shrinks by the force of its own gravity.
6.Imagine the earth reduced to the size of a marble，but still having the same mass and a stronger gravitational pull，and you have some idea of the force of a black hole.
7.For example，if a man fell into a black hole，he would think that he reached the center of it very quickly.
8.but it is interesting that Einstein's theory provided a basis for the idea of black holes before astronomers started to find some evidence for their existence.
9.It is only recently that astronomers have begun specific research into black holes.
10.And astronomers are planning a new observatory to study the individual exploding stars believed to be black holes.
11.Binary stars，as their name suggests，are twin stars whose position in space affects each other.
12.There might be a massive black hole at the center of our galaxy swallowing up stars at a very rapid rate.
13.They show us a world which operates in a totally different way from our own and they question our most basic experience of space and time.
T ext B Worlds within Worlds
New Words
1.planet n.行星
2.revolve vi.旋转；绕转
3.solar a.太阳的，日光的；利用太阳光的
/doc/666384902.html
rgely ad.1.大量地；2.主要地
5.glitter vi.闪闪发光，闪烁n.闪光
6.cloudless a.无云的，晴朗的
7.unlikely a.未必可能的；靠不住的
8.astronaut n.宇航员
9.thrilling a.1.令人激动的；2.颤动的，震颤的
10.outer a.外部的
11.whereas conj.而，却；反之
12.lesser a.较小的，更少的，次要的
13.concerned a.1.有关的；2.关切的，担心的
14.microscopic a.1.显微镜的；2.微观的；3.微小的，细微的
15.whilst conj.1.当…时;2.然而;3.虽然,尽管
16.plateau （[复]plateaus或plateaux）n.高原
17.tropical a.1.热带的；2.炎热的
18.coloured a.有色的
19.religion n.宗教；宗教信仰
20.circumstance n.[pl.]情况，环境；境遇
Phrases and Expressions
1.a great many 很多
2.above all 首先，首要
3.as a rule 通常；一般说来
4.together with 和
词汇讲解：
1.revolve v.旋转，绕转
The earth revolves round / around the sun.地球绕着太阳转。

2.solar adj.太阳的，日光的，利用太阳光的例：the solar system 太阳系
3.whereas ：conj.而，却，反之
He must be about sixty，whereas his wife looks about thirty.
他一定有60岁了，而他的妻子看起来只有30岁。

Y ou eat a massive plate of food for lunch，whereas I have just a sandwich.
你中午吃了一大盘食物，而我只吃了个三明治。

4.concerned ：有关的，关心的，担心的
I was quite a shock for all concerned.这对所有有关人士都是一个震惊。

Her job is something concerned with English.她的工作和英语有关。

5.tropical adj.热带的，炎热的
I'd love to live somewhere with a tropical climate.我想生活在某个属于热带气候的地方
August was almost tropical this year.今年八月十分炎热
6.circumstance n.环境，情况，境遇
We can't decide until we know all the circumstances.我们只有在了解所有的情况后才能作出决定。

词组
1.a great many ， a good many 很多（后边加可数名词）
2.above all ：最重要的，尤其；首先
Above all ，don't forget to write.最重要的是别忘了写信。

3.as a rule ：在多数情况下，通常，一般而言= usually
As a rule I'm home by six.我通常六点前在家。

As a rule，I only read detective novels.通常我只读侦探小说。

4.together with ：和，连同
These new facts，together with the other evidence，prove the prisoner's innocence.
这些新的事实连同其他证据证明这个犯人清白无辜。

John，together with his brother，has gone to the party.约翰连同他的兄弟一起去参加宴会了。

注意together with 作插入语时，句子的谓语动词的数取决于前面的主语。

重点句子：
1.The stars which we see glittering in the sky on a dark and cloudless night are almost certainly the suns of other solar systems more or less like our own，but they are so far away in space that it is unlikely that we shall ever get to know very much about them.
which 引导定语从句so… that…结果状语从句中it为形式主语
2.The earth is，however，very different from the moon，which the American astronauts have found to be without life or vegetation，whereas our earth is very much alive in every respect.
which引导非限定性定语从句，修饰the moon
vegetation 植物whereas = while 然而
alive意为“有活力的”，在句中作表语，类似的形容词还有afraid，alone，alike，asleep，awake，aware 等
in every respect 在每一个方面
3.In most of the oceans and seas some of the water is found to be flowing in a particular direction －that is to say，from one part towards another part of the ocean or sea concerned.
to be flowing不定式作主语补语concerned 是分词作定语，修饰the ocean or sea
4.There are many thousands of currents in the waters of the oceans and seas ，but only certain of the stronger and better marked currents are specially named and of great importance.
Thousands/hundreds of + 名词复数例如：Hundreds of
meters
此处waters指的是“大片的水，水域”peoples 表示人种woods 表示森林，树木
5.The circumstances under which different people live make
a great difference between the way in which they live and the way in which we live，and it ought to be our business to try to understand those different circumstances so that we can better understand people of other lands.
三个定语从句，由under which 和两个in which 引导，
第一个：under which different people live 修饰circumstances 第二个：in which they live 修饰the way
第三个：in which we live 修饰the way
ought to = should 应该business 责任，业务
it是形式主语，真正主语是to try to understand those different circumstances
目的状语从句，由so that引导other lands 其它国家
6.Above all，we should avoid deciding what we think about people different from ourselves without first having learned a great deal about them and the kind of lives they have to live.
注意动词avoid 后接动名词作宾语decide 判定
what 引导宾语从句作deciding的宾语they have to live 是省略连词的定语从句，修饰lives
7.It is true to say that the more we learn about other people，the better we understand their ideas and，as
a rule，the better we like those people themselves.
注意the more …the better…the better … 比较结构
Unit 2 补充语法知识
that 与which引导定语从句的异同点：
that不可引导非限制性定语从句which可引导非限制性定语从句
that 不可用作介词宾语which可用作介词宾语介词+ which
in that “在于”，是复合连词，非介词宾语
that 可以用于指代人或物which不可以用于指代人
当先行词是不定代词、序数词、形容词最高级所修饰的词时，只能用that而不能用which引导定语从句，比如everything，anything，first，second等
3 句子汉译英
黑洞是什么，天文学家还没有完全解决这个问题。

Astronomers have not yet fully solved the problem of what a black hole is.
据说黑洞可以将其周围的一切物体，如星星吞食掉。

It is said that black holes are able to swallow up all the objects around them，such as stars .
对黑洞的研究刚刚开始，各种各样的假说层出不穷。

The research of black holes is just beginning and speculation about them are endless.
科学家仍不能说出黑洞内发生了什么。

Scientists still can not tell what happens inside a black hole.
It is still impossible for scientists to tell what happens inside a black hole.
如果我们认识了黑洞，黑洞就不那么可怕了。

If we understood black holes，they would not be so fearful .
Black holes will not be so fearful if we get to know them.
历年考题：
1.Astronomers and scientists think that a black hole is a region of space ______ which matter has fallen and ______ which nothing can escape.
A.t owards … towards
B.into … from
C.out of … From
D.through… from。