economics_definitions(经济学术语大全)

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经济学常用词汇英文

经济学常用词汇英文

经济学常用英语词汇一、一般术语英文中文economist经济学家scarcity稀缺性opportunity cost机会成本marginal边际的utility效用efficiency效率equity公平trade-off权衡incentive激励externality外部性二、经济体系英文中文socialist economy社会主义经济capitalist economy资本主义经济collective economy集体经济planned economy计划经济market economy市场经济mixed economy混合经济liberal economy自由经济protectionism保护主义autarchy闭关自守globalization全球化三、经济学分支英文中文microeconomics微观经济学macroeconomics宏观经济学political economy政治经济学development economics发展经济学international economics国际经济学labor economics劳动经济学environmental economics环境经济学英文中文industrial economics工业经济学public economics公共经济学behavioral economics行为经济学四、市场结构英文中文perfect competition完全竞争monopoly垄断oligopoly寡头垄断monopolistic competition垄断竞争duopoly双寡头cartel卡特尔collusion勾结price discrimination价格歧视price leadership价格领导contestable market可竞争市场五、供求理论英文中文demand需求supply供给equilibrium均衡surplus过剩shortage不足elasticity弹性price elasticity of demand需求价格弹性income elasticity of demand需求收入弹性cross elasticity of demand需求交叉弹性price elasticity of supply供给价格弹性六、成本收益分析英文中文cost成本benefit收益total cost总成本fixed cost固定成本variable cost可变成本average cost平均成本marginal cost边际成本total revenue总收入average revenue平均收入marginal revenue边际收入七、国际贸易英文中文trade贸易export出口import进口tariff关税quota配额subsidy补贴exchange rate汇率balance of trade贸易差额balance of payments国际收支comparative advantage比较优势八、货币银行英文中文money货币currency货币bank银行deposit存款loan贷款interest利息interest rate利率inflation通货膨胀deflation通货紧缩monetary policy货币政策九、财政政策英文中文fiscal policy财政政策budget预算revenue收入expenditure支出tax税income tax所得税value added tax增值税sales tax销售税budget deficit预算赤字budget surplus预算盈余十、经济指标英文中文gross domestic product国内生产总值gross national product国民生产总值national income国民收入per capita income人均收入unemployment失业unemployment rate失业率economic growth经济增长economic development经济发展business cycle经济周期recession衰退。

曼昆经济学原理中文版第六版术语表

曼昆经济学原理中文版第六版术语表

曼昆经济学原理中文版第六版术语表一、引言曼昆经济学原理是一本经济学教材的经典之作,被广泛应用于经济学初学者的教学和研究中。

本文档为曼昆经济学原理中文版第六版术语表,旨在为读者提供对该教材中出现的关键术语进行解释和理解的辅助工具。

二、术语解释以下是曼昆经济学原理中文版第六版中出现的一些重要术语的解释:1.经济学(E c o n o mi c s)经济学是研究人类在社会资源稀缺的条件下进行选择和决策的学科。

经济学主要关注资源的分配、生产、交换和消费等方面,研究经济体系的运行规律和经济政策的制定。

2.供给(S u p p l y)供给是指市场上生产者愿意出售的商品和服务的数量。

供给的决定因素包括生产成本、技术水平、生产者的预期利润和市场价格等。

3.需求(D e m a n d)需求是指市场上消费者愿意购买的商品和服务的数量。

需求的决定因素包括商品价格、消费者收入水平、个人偏好和市场营销策略等。

4.市场均衡(M a r ke t E q u i l i b r i u m)市场均衡是指市场上供给和需求达到平衡的状态。

在市场均衡下,商品的供给量等于需求量,市场价格得到稳定的确定。

5.机会成本(O p p or t u n i t y C o s t)机会成本是指进行某项活动所放弃的最高价值的替代选择。

因资源稀缺而产生的机会成本是经济学中重要的概念,有助于进行资源的有效配置和决策的分析。

6.边际效应(M a r gi n a l E f f e c t s)边际效应是指对某项决策增加或减少一单位量时所产生的影响。

边际效应可以帮助经济学家和决策者计算出最佳的决策方案。

7.产权(P r o p e r ty R i g h t s)产权是指一项资源的所有权和控制权,包括土地、房屋、知识产权等。

产权保护是市场经济顺利运行的基础,有助于激励个体创造财富和进行经济交换。

8.外部性(E x t e r na l i t y)外部性是指市场交易对除交易双方以外的第三方造成的影响。

经济学主要专业名词定义(英文版)doc

经济学主要专业名词定义(英文版)doc

经济学主要专业名词定义(英文版)doc预览说明:预览图片所展示的格式为文档的源格式展示,下载源文件没有水印,内容可编辑和复制Part OneEconomics:The study of how the forces of supply and demand allocate scarce resources. Subdivided into microeconomics, which examines the behavior of firms, consumers and the role of government; and macroeconomics, which looks at inflation, unemployment, industrial production, and the role of government. ?supply:The total amount of a good or service available for purchase; along with demand, one of the two key determinants of price.demand: The amount of a particular economic good or service that a consumer or group of consumers will want to purchase at a given price.resource: A person, asset, material, or capital which can be used to accomplish a goal.consumer:An individual who buys products or services for personal use and not for manufacture or resaleperfect competition:Market in which no participant can influence prices. Characterized by a free flow of information, no barriers to entry, and a large number of buyers and sellers.monopolistic competition: A market structure in which several or many sellers each produce similar, but slightly differentiated products. Each producer can set its price and quantity without affecting the marketplace as a whole.oligopoly : A market dominated by a small number ofparticipants who are able to collectively exert control over supply and market prices.monopoly : A situation in which a single company owns all or nearly all of the market for a given type of product or service. This would happen in the case that th ere is a barrier to entry into the industry that allows the single company to operate without competition (for example, barriers to entry, or governmental regulation).PART 4hotel: Commercial establishment providing lodging, meals, and other guest services. In general, to be called a hotel, an establishment must have a minimum of six letting bedrooms, at least three of which must have attached private bathroom facilities. ?Hotel:Although hotels are classified into 'Star' categories (1-Star to 5-Star), there is no standard method of assigning these ratings, and compliance with customary requirements is voluntary. A US hotel with a certain rating, for example, is may look very different from a European or Asian hotel with the same rating, and would provide a different level of amenities, range of facilities, and quality of service..PART 5:Account : A record of financial transactions for an asset or individual.Finance: A branch of economics concerned with resource allocation as wellas resource management, acquisition and investment. Simply, finance deals with matters related to money and the markets.inventory : A company's merchandise, raw materials, and finished and unfinished products which have not yet been sold.These are considered liquid assets, since they can be converted into cash quite easily. There are various means of valuing these assets, but to be conservative the lowest value is usually used in financial statements.payroll :The financial record of employees' salaries, wages, bonuses, net pay, and deductions.accounts receivable : Money which is owed to a company by a customer for products and services provided on credit. This is treated as a current asset on a balance sheet. A specific sale is generally only treated as an account receivable after the customer is sent an invoice.general ledger:Central repository of the accounting information of an organization in which the summaries of all financial transactions (culled from subsidiary ledgers) during an accounting period are recorded. Also called the book of final entry, it provides the entire data for preparing financial statements for the organization.Statement :Banking and commerce: Chronological summary of all transactions associated with an account during a stated period, and their effect on the account.Logistics : Planning, execution, and control of the procurement, movement, and stationing of personnel, material, and other resources to achieve the objectives of a campaign, plan, project, or strategy. It may be defined as the 'management of inventory in motion and at rest.'Part EightHow to define OBM?What area does the field of OBM consist of ?What is the goal of the field of OBM?List the five characteristics of OBM.List the two characteristics of methodology employed of OBM.Group: Two or more people who interact to achieve their goals.Organizational effectiveness: The ability of an organization to achieve its goals.Management: The process of planning, organizing, leading, and controlling an organization’s human, financial , material and other resources to increase its effectiveness.Accounting : The systematic recording, reporting, and analysis of financial transactions of a business.Claim: The right of a creditor over a debtor.Income statement :An accounting of sales, expenses, and net profit for a given period.Challenges for organizational behavior:①Using new information technology to enhance creativity and organizational learning②Managing human resources to increase competitive advantage (the ability to outperform competitors or other organizations that provide similar goods and services)③Developing organizational ethics(rules, beliefs, and values that outline the ways in which managers and workers should behave) and well-being(the condition of being happy, healthy, and prosperous)④Managing a diverse workforce(diversity: differences resulting from age, gender, race, ethnicity, religion, sexual orientation, and socioeconomic background.)⑤Managing the global environment⑥The stud y of organizational behavior can be analyzed at three levels: the individual, the group, and the organization as awhole.Personality is the pattern of relatively enduring ways in which a person feels, thinks, and behaves. Personality is determined both by nature(biological heritage) and nurture(situational factors.)The big five model of personality:①Extravision(positive affectivity)②Neuroticism(negative affectivity)③Agreeableness(The tendency to get along well with others)④Conscientiousness(The extent to which a person is careful,scrupulous, and persevering)⑤Openness to experience(broad interests, and is willing to take risks ?In organizations, ability can be managed by selecting individualswho have the abilities needed to accomplish tasks, placing workers in jobs that capitalize on their abilities, and training workers to enhance their ability levels.Two important work attitudes are job satisfaction and organizational commitment.①Job satisfaction is the collection of feelings and beliefs that people have about their current jobs.②Organizational commitment is the collection of feelings and beliefs that people have about their organization as a whole.Work attitudes have three components: an affective component(how a person feels about his or her job), a cognitive component(what a person believes about his or her job), and a behavioral component(what a person thinks about how to behave in his or her job.)Two attributes separate work groups from random collections of individuals in an organization. Members of a work group(a) interact with each other and(b) perceive the potentialfor mutual goal accomplishment.All groups, regardless of their type or characteristics , need to control their members’ behaviors to be effective and attain their goals. Roles and rules can be used to control behavior in groups.Leadership is the exercise of influence by one member of a group or organization over other members to help the group or organizationachieve its goals. Good leaders tend to be intelligent, dominant, self-confident, energetic, able to withstand stress, honest, mature, and knowledgeable. Leader mood at work and levels of emotional intelligence have the potential to influence leader effectiveness.Conflict is the struggle that arises when the goal-directed behavior of one person or group blocks the goal-directed behavior of another person or group. Whether conflict benefits or harms an organization depends on how it is managed.Part NineWhat is money?(货币)Money: The set of assets in an economy that people regularly use to buy goods and services from other people.What are the three functions of money?①Medium of exchange(交换媒介):An item that buyers give to sellers when they want to purchase goods and services.②Unit of account(计价单位):The yardstick people use to post prices and record debts.③Store of value(价值储藏手段):An item that people can use to transfer purchasing power from the present to the future.Liquidity:(流动性)The ease with which an asset can be converted into theeconomy’s medium of exchange.Money is the most liquid asset, but it is far from perfect as a store of value.People should learn to balance the liquidity of each possible asset against the asset’s usefulness as a store of value.Two kinds of money:①When money takes the form of a commodity wit h intrinsic value, it is called commodity money.(商品货币)When an economy uses gold as money(or uses paper money that is convertible into gold on demand), it is said to be operating under a gold standard.(金本位)②Money without intrinsic value is called fiat mon ey(法定货币).Fiat money is established as money by government decree.What is written on one paper dollar?‘This note is legal tender for all debts, public and private.’。

经济学专业术语(中英文对照)

经济学专业术语(中英文对照)

经济学专业术语(中英文对照)目录1. 经济学原理 (2)2. 像经济学家一样思考 (2)3. 相互依存性与贸易的好处 (3)4. 供给与需求的市场力量 (3)5. 弹性及其应用 (4)6. 供给需求与政策 (4)7. 消费者、生产者与市场效率 (4)8. 赋税的应用 (4)9. 国际贸易 (5)10. 外部性 (5)11. 公共物品和公共资源 (5)12. 税制设计 (5)13. 生产成本 (6)14. 竞争市场上的企业 (7)15. 垄断 (7)16. 垄断竞争 (7)17. 寡头 (7)18. 生产要素市场 (8)19. 收入与歧视 (8)20. 收入不平等与贫困 (8)21. 消费者选择理论 (9)22. 微观经济学前沿 (9)23. 一国收入的衡量 (10)24. 生活费用的衡量 (10)25. 生产与增长 (10)26. 储蓄、投资和金融体系 (11)27. 金融学的基本工具 (11)28. 失业 (12)29. 货币制度 (12)30. 货币增长与通货膨胀 (13)31. 开放经济的宏观经济学 (14)32. 开放经济的宏观经济理论 (14)33. 总需求与总供给 (14)34. 货币政策和财政政策对总需求影响 (15)35. 通胀与失业之间的短期权衡取舍 (15)1.经济学原理经济:(economy)稀缺性:(scarcity)经济学:(economics)效率:(efficiency)平等:(equality)机会成本:(opporyunity cost)理性人:(rational people)边际变动:(marginal change)边际收益:(marginal benefit)边际成本:(marginal cost)激励:(incentive)市场经济:(market economy)产权:(property rights)市场失灵:(market failure)外部性:(externality)市场势力:(market power)生产率:(productivity)通货膨胀:(inflation)经济周期:(business cycle)2.像经济学家一样思考循环流量图:(circular-flow diagram)生产可能性边界:(production possibilities)微观经济学:(microeconomics)宏观经济学:(macroeconomics)实证表述:(positive statements)规范表述:(normative statements)有序数对:(ordered pair)3.相互依存性与贸易的好处绝对优势:(absolute advantage)机会成本:(apportunity cost)比较优势:(comparative advantage)进口品:(imports)出口品:(exports)4.供给与需求的市场力量市场:(market)竞争市场:(competitive market)需求量:(quantity demand)需求定理:(law of demand)需求表:(demand schedule)需求曲线:(demand curve)正常物品:(normal good)低档物品:(inferior good)替代品:(substitutes)互补品:(complements)供给量:(quantity supplied)供给定理:(law of supply)供给表:(supply schedule)供给曲线:(supply curve)均衡:(equilibrium)均衡价格:(equilibrium price)均衡数量:(equilibrium quantity)过剩:(surplus)短缺:(shortage)供求定理:(law of supply and demand)5.弹性及其应用弹性:(elasticity)需求价格弹性:(price elasticity of demand)总收益:(total revenue)需求收入弹性:(income elasticity)需求的交叉价格弹性:(cross-price elasticity)供给价格弹性:(price elasticity of supply)6.供给需求与政策价格上限:(price ceiling)价格下限:(price floor)税收归宿:(tax incidence)7.消费者、生产者与市场效率福利经济学:(welfare economics)支付意愿:(willingness to pay)消费者剩余:(consumer surplus)成本:(cost)生产者剩余:(producer surplus)效率:(efficiency)平等:(equality)8.赋税的应用无谓损失:(deadweight loss)9.国际贸易世界价格:(world price)关税:(tariff)10.外部性外部性:(externality)外部性内在化:(internalizing the externality)矫正税:(corrective taxes)科斯定理:(coase theorem)交易成本:(transaction cost)11.公共物品和公共资源排他性:(excludability)消费中的竞争性:(rivalry in consumption)私人物品:(private goods)公共物品:(public goods)公共资源:(common resources)俱乐部物品:(club goods)搭便车者:(free rider)成本-收益分析:(cost-benefit analysis)公地悲剧:(tragedy of commons)12.税制设计纳税义务:(tax lianility)预算赤字:(budget defict)预算盈余:(budget surplus)平均税率:(average tax rate)边际税率:(marginal tax rate)定额税:(lump-sum tax)受益原则:(benefits principle)支付能力原则:(ability-to-pay principle)纵向平等:(vertical equity)横向平等:(horizontal equity)比例税:(proportional tax)累退税:(regressive tax)累进税:(progressive tax)13.生产成本总收益:(total revenue)总成本:(total cost)利润:(profit)显性成本:(explicit costs)隐性成本:(implicit costs)经济利润:(economic profit)会计利润:(counting profit)生产函数:(production function)边际产量:(marginal product)边际产量递减:(diminishing marginal product)固定成本:(fixed costs)可变成本:(variable costs)平均总成本:(average total cost)平均固定成本:(average fixed costs)平均可变成本:(average variable costs)边际成本:(marginal cost)有效规模:(efficient scale)规模经济:(economies of scale)规模不经济:(diseconomies of scale)规模收益不变:(constant returns to scale) 14.竞争市场上的企业竞争市场:(competitive market)平均收益:(average revenue)边际收益:(marginal revenue)沉没成本:(sunk revenue)15.垄断垄断企业:(monopoly)自然垄断:(natural monopoly)价格歧视:(price discrimination)16.垄断竞争寡头:(oligopoly)垄断竞争:(monopolistic competition) 17.寡头博弈论:(game theory)勾结:(collusion)卡特尔:(cartel)纳什均衡:(Nash equilibrium)囚徒困境:(prisoners’ dilemma)占优策略:(dominant strategy)18.生产要素市场生产要素:(factors of production)生产函数:(production function)劳动的边际产量:(marginal product of labor)边际产量递减:(diminishing marginal product)边际产量值:(value of the marginal product)资本:(capital)19.收入与歧视补偿性工资差别:(compensating differential)人力资本:(human capital)工会:(union)罢工:(strike)效率工资:(efficiency)歧视:(discrimination)20.收入不平等与贫困贫困率:(poverty rate)贫困率:(poverty line)实物转移支付:(in-kind transfers)生命周期:(life cycle)持久收入:(permanent income)功利主义:(utilitariansm)效用:(utilitariansm)自由主义:(liberalism)最大最小准则:(maximin criterion)负所得税:(negative income tax)福利:(welfare)社会保险:(social insurance)自由至上主义:(libertarianism)21.消费者选择理论预算约束线:(budget constraint)无差异曲线:(indiffernnce curve)边际替代率:(marginal rate of subtitution)完全替代品:(perfect substitudes)完全互补品:(perfect complements)正常物品:(normal good)低档物品:(inferior good)收入效应:(income effect)替代效应:(substitution effect)吉芬物品:(Giffen good)22.微观经济学前沿道德风险:(moral hazard)代理人:(agent)委托人:(principal)逆向选择:(adverse selection)发信号:(signaling)筛选:(screening)政治经济学:(political economy)康多塞悖论:(condorcet paradox)阿罗不可能性定理:(Arrow’s impossibility)中值选民定理:(median vater theorem)行为经济学:(behavioral economics)23.一国收入的衡量微观经济学:(microeconomics)宏观经济学:(macroeconomics)国内生产总值:(gross domestic product,GDP)消费:(consumption)投资:(investment)政府购买:(government purchase)净出口:(net export)名义GDP:(nominal GDP)真实GDP:(real GDP)GDP平减指数:(GDP deflator)24.生活费用的衡量消费物价指数:(consumer price index,CPI)通货膨胀率:(inflation rate)生产物价指数:(produer price index,PPI)指数化:(indexation)生活费用津贴:(cost-of-living allowance,COLA)名义利率:(nominal interest rate)25.生产与增长生产率:(productivity)物质资本:(physical capital)人力资本:(human capital)自然资源:(natural resources)技术知识:(technological knoeledge)收益递减:(diminishing returns)追赶效应:(catch-up effect)26.储蓄、投资和金融体系金融体系:(financial system)金融市场:(financial markets)债券:(bond)股票:(stock)金融中介机构:(financial intermediaries)共同基金:(mutual fund)国民储蓄:(national saving)私人储蓄:(private saving)公共储蓄:(public saving)预算盈余:(budget surplus)预算赤字:(budget deficit)可贷资金市场:(market for loanable funds)挤出:(crowding out)27.金融学的基本工具金融学:(finance)现值:(present value)终值:(future value)复利:(compounding)风险厌恶:(risk aversion)多元化:(diversification)企业特有风险:(firm-specific risk)市场风险:(market risk)基本面风险:(fundamental analysis)有效市场假说:(efficient markets by pothesis)信息有效:(informational efficiency)随机游走:(random walk)28.失业劳动力:(laborforce)失业率:(unemployment rate)劳动力参与率:(labor-force participation rate)自然失业率:(natural rate of unemployment)周期性失业:(cyclical unemployment)失去信心的工人:(discouraged workers)摩擦性失业:(frictional unemployment)结构性失业:(structural unemployment)寻找工作:(job search)失业保险:(unemployment insurance)工会:(union)集体谈判:(collective bargaining)罢工:(strike)效率工资:(essiciency wages)29.货币制度货币:(money)交换媒介:(medium of exchange)计价单位:(unit of account)价值储藏手段:(store of value)流动性:(liquidity)商品货币:(commodity money)法定货币:(fiat money)通货:(currency)活期存款:(demand deposits)联邦储备局:(Federal Reserve)中央银行:(central bank)货币供给:(money supply)货币政策:(monetary policy)准备金:(reserves)部分准备金银行:(fractional-reserve banking)准备金率:(reserve ratio)货币乘数:(money multiplier)银行资本:(bank capital)杠杆:(leverage)杠杆率:(leverage ratio)资本需要量:(capital requirement)公开市场操作:(open-market operations)贴现率:(discount rate)法定准备金:(reserve requirements)补充金融计划:(supplementary financing program)联邦基金利率:(federal funds rate)30.货币增长与通货膨胀铲除通胀:(whip Inflation Now)货币数量论:(quantity theory of money)名义变量:(nominal variables)真实变量:(real variables)古典二分法:(classiacl dichotomy)货币中性:(monetary neutrality)货币流通速度:(velocity of money)数量方程式:(quantity equation)通货膨胀税:(inflation tax)费雪效应:(Fisher effect)皮鞋成本:(shoeleather cost)菜单成本:(menu costs)31.开放经济的宏观经济学封闭经济:(closed economy)开放经济:(open economy)出口:(exports)净出口:(net exports)贸易余额:(trade balance)贸易盈余:(trade surplus)贸易平衡:(balanced trade)贸易赤字:(trade deficit)资本净流出:(net capital outflow)名义汇率:(nominal exchange rate)升值:(appreciation)贬值:(depreciation)真实汇率:(real exchange rate)购买力平价:(purchasing-power parity)32.开放经济的宏观经济理论贸易政策:(trade policy)资本外逃:(capital flight)33.总需求与总供给衰退:(recession)萧条:(depression)总需求与总供给模型:(model of aggregate demand and aggregate supply)总需求曲线:(aggregate-demand curve)总供给曲线:(aggregate-supply curve)自然产出水平:(natural level of output)滞胀:(stagflation)34.货币政策和财政政策对总需求影响流动性偏好理论:(theory of liquidity)财政政策:(fisical policy)乘数效应:(multiplier effect)挤出效应:(crowding-out effect)自动稳定器:(automatic stabilizers)35.通胀与失业之间的短期权衡取舍菲利普斯曲线:(phillips curve)自然率假说:(natural-rate hypothesis)供给冲击:(supply shock)牺牲率:(sacrifice ratio)理性预期:(rational expectations)。

经济类英语专业词汇

经济类英语专业词汇

常用经济类词汇:economist 经济学家socialist economy 社会主义经济capitalist economy 资本主义经济collective economy 集体经济planned economy 计划经济controlled economy 管制经济rural economics 农村经济liberal economy 自由经济mixed economy 混合经济political economy 政治经济学protectionism 保护主义autarchy 闭关自守primary sector 初级成分private sector 私营成分,私营部门public sector 公共部门,公共成分economic channels 经济渠道economic balance 经济平衡economic fluctuation 经济波动economic depression 经济衰退economic stability 经济稳定economic policy 经济政策economic recovery 经济复原understanding 约定concentration 集中holding company 控股公司trust 托拉斯cartel 卡特尔rate of growth 增长economic trend 经济趋势economic situation 经济形势infrastructure 基本建设standard of living 生活标准,生活水平purchasing power, buying power 购买力scarcity 短缺stagnation 停滞,萧条,不景气underdevelopment 不发达underdeveloped 不发达的developing 发展中的initial capital 创办资本frozen capital 冻结资金frozen assets 冻结资产fixed assets 固定资产real estate 不动产,房地产circulating capital, working capital 流动资本available capital 可用资产capital goods 资本货物reserve 预备金,储备金calling up of capital 催缴资本allocation of funds 资金分配contribution of funds 资金捐献working capital fund 周转基金revolving fund 循环基金,周转性基金contingency fund 意外开支,预备金reserve fund 预备金buffer fund 缓冲基金,平准基金sinking fund 偿债基金investment 投资,资产investor 投资人self-financing 自筹经费,经费自给bank 银行current account 经常帐户美作:checking accountcurrent-account holder 支票帐户美作:checking-account holdercheque 支票美作:checkbearer cheque, cheque payable to bearer 无记名支票,来人支票crossed cheque 划线支票traveller's cheque 旅行支票chequebook 支票簿,支票本美作:checkbookendorsement 背书transfer 转让,转帐,过户money 货币issue 发行ready money 现钱cash 现金ready money business, no credit given 现金交易,概不赊欠change 零钱banknote, note 钞票,纸币美作:billto pay in cash 付现金domestic currency, local currency 本国货币convertibility 可兑换性convertible currencies 可自由兑换货币exchange rate 汇率,兑换率foreign exchange 外汇floating exchange rate 浮动汇率free exchange rates 自由汇兑市场foreign exchange certificate 外汇兑换券hard currency 硬通货speculation 投机saving 储装,存款depreciation 减价,贬值devaluation 货币贬值revaluation 重估价runaway inflation 无法控制的通货膨胀deflation 通货紧缩capital flight 资本外逃securities business 证券市场stock exchange 股票市场stock exchange corporation 证券交易所stock exchange 证券交易所,股票交易所quotation 报价,牌价share 股份,股票shareholder, stockholder 股票持有人,股东dividend 股息,红利cash dividend 现金配股stock investment 股票投资investment trust 投资信托stock-jobber 股票经纪人stock company, stock brokerage firm 证券公司securities 有价证券share, common stock 普通股preference stock 优先股income gain 股利收入issue 发行股票par value 股面价格, 票面价格bull 买手, 多头bear 卖手, 空头assigned 过户opening price 开盘closing price 收盘hard times 低潮business recession 景气衰退doldrums 景气停滞dull 盘整ease 松弛raising limit 涨停板break 暴跌bond, debenture 债券Wall Street 华尔街short term loan 短期贷款long term loan 长期贷款medium term loan 中期贷款lender 债权人creditor 债权人debtor 债务人,借方borrower 借方,借款人borrowing 借款interest 利息rate of interest 利率discount 贴现,折扣rediscount 再贴现annuity 年金maturity 到期日,偿还日amortization 摊销,摊还,分期偿付redemption 偿还insurance 保险mortgage 抵押allotment 拨款short term credit 短期信贷consolidated debt 合并债务funded debt 固定债务,长期债务floating debt 流动债务drawing 提款,提存aid 援助allowance, grant, subsidy 补贴,补助金,津贴cost 成本,费用expenditure, outgoings 开支,支出fixed costs 固定成本overhead costs 营业间接成本overheads 杂项开支,间接成本operating costs 生产费用,营业成本operating expenses 营业费用running expenses 日常费用,经营费用miscellaneous costs 杂项费用overhead expenses 间接费用,治理费用upkeep costs, maintenance costs 维修费用,养护费用transport costs 运输费用social charges 社会负担费用contingent expenses, contingencies 或有费用apportionment of expenses 分摊费用income 收入,收益earnings 利润,收益gross income, gross earnings 总收入,总收益gross profit, gross benefit 毛利,总利润,利益毛额net income 纯收益,净收入,收益净额average income 平均收入national income 国民收入profitability, profit earning capacity 利润率,赢利率yield 产量收益,收益率increase in value, appreciation 增值,升值duty 税taxation system 税制taxation 征税,纳税fiscal charges 财务税收progressive taxation 累进税制graduated tax 累进税value added tax 增值税income tax 所得税land tax 地租,地价税excise tax 特许权税basis of assessment 估税标准taxable income 须纳税的收入fiscality 检查tax-free 免税的tax exemption 免税taxpayer 纳税人tax collector 收税员国民生产总值GNP Gross National Product 人均国民生产总值per capita GNP产值output value鼓励give incentive to投入input宏观控制exercise macro-control优化经济结构optimize the economic structure输入活力bring vigor into改善经济环境improve economic environment整顿经济秩序rectify economic order有效地控制通货膨胀effectively control inflation非公有成分non-public sectors主要成分dominant sector实在的tangible全体会议plenary session解放生产力liberate/unshackle/release the productive forces 引入歧途lead one to a blind alley举措move实事求是seek truth from facts引进、输入importation和平演变peaceful evolution试一下have a go at sth.精华、精粹、实质quintessence家庭联产责任承包制family-contract responsibility system 搞活企业invigorate enterprises商品经济commodity economy基石cornerstone零售retail发电量electric energy production有色金属nonferrous metals人均收入per capita income使负担be saddled with营业发达的公司going concerns被兼并或挤掉annexed or forced out of business善于接受的receptive增额、增值、增长increment发展过快excessive growth抽样调查data from the sample survey扣除物价上涨部分price increase are deductedexcluded 实际增长率actual growth rate国际收支international balance of payments流通制度circulation system总工资total wages分配形式forms of distribution风险资金risk funds治理不善poor management农业farming林业forestry畜牧业animal husbandry副业sideline production渔业fishing第一产业primary industry第二产业secondary industry第三产业tertiary industry生产资料means of production生活资料means of livelihood/subsistence生产关系relations of production生产力productive forces公有制public ownership私有制private ownership全民所有制ownership by the entire/whole people社会主义集体所有制socialist collective ownership厉行节约,反对浪费to practice strict economy and combat waste 外资企业foreign-funded enterprise合资企业joint venture合作企业cooperative enterprise独资企业wholly foreign owned/funded enterprise一个中心、两个基本点one central task and two basic points资本主义和社会主义并不是以计划经济和市场的多少来划分的;Socialism and capitalism are not distinguished by the proportion of planned and market economy.初步建立社会主义计划商品经济新体制;to establish at a preliminary level a new system of socialist planned commodity economy.work/needs.经济结构改革;reform in economic structure剩余劳动力;surplus labor经营机制operative mechanism发挥市场的调节作用to give play to the regulatory role of the market经济和法律的杠杆economic and legal leverages经济计划和市场调节相结合to combine economic planning with market regulation计划经济和市场调节相结合的机制a mechanism that combines planned economy and market regulation中国国际贸易促进委员会National Council for US-China Trade 美中贸易全国理事会Japan-China Economic Association 日中经济协会Association for the Promotion of International Trade,Japan 日本国际贸易促进会British Council for the Promotion of International Trade 英国国际贸易促进委员会International Chamber of Commerce 国际商会International Union of Marine Insurance 国际海洋运输保险协会International Alumina Association 国际铝矾土协会Universal Postal Union, UPU 万国邮政联盟Customs Co-operation Council, CCC 关税合作理事会United Nations Trade and Development Board 联合国贸易与发展理事会Organization for Economic cooperation and Development, DECD 经济合作与开发组织European Economic Community, EEC, European Common Market 欧洲经济共同体European Free Trade Association, EFTA 欧洲自由贸易联盟European Free Trade Area, EFTA 欧洲自由贸易区Council for Mutual Economic Aid, CMEA 经济互助委员会Eurogroup 欧洲集团Group of Ten 十国集团Committee of TwentyParis Club 二十国委员会Coordinating Committee, COCOM 巴黎统筹委员会Caribbean Common Market, CCM, Caribbean Free-Trade Association, CARIFTA加勒比共同市场加勒比自由贸易同盟Andeans Common Market, ACM, Andeans Treaty Organization, ATO 安第斯共同市场Latin American Free Trade Association, LAFTA 拉丁美洲自由贸易联盟Central American Common Market, CACM 中美洲共同市场African and Malagasy Common Organization, OCAM 非洲与马尔加什共同组织East African Common Market, EACM 东非共同市场Central African Customs and Economic Union, CEUCA 中非关税经济同盟West African Economic Community, WAEC 西非经济共同体英语教学常用的句子:1. 上课Beginning a class1 Let’s start now. / Let’s begin our class / lesson .2 Stand up, please.3 Sit down, please.2. 问候Greeting4 Hello, boys and girls / children .5 Good morning, class / everyone / everybody / children / boys and girls.6 Good afternoon, class / everyone / everybody / children / boys and girls.7 How are you today3. 考勤Checking attendance8 Who’s on duty today / Who’s helping this morning / today9 Is everyone / everybody here / present10 Is anyone away / Is anybody away11 Is anyone absent / Is anybody absent12 Who’s absent / Who’s away13 Where is he / she14 Try to be on t ime. / Don’t be late next time.15 Go back to your seat, please.16 What day is it today17 What’s the date today18 What’s the weather like today19 What’s it like outside4. 宣布Announcing20 Let’s start working. / Let’s begin / start a new lesson.Le t’s begin / start our lesson.21 First, let’s review / do some review.22 What did we learn in the last lesson23 Who can tell / remember what we did in the last lesson / yesterday24 Now we’re going to do something new / different.Now let’s learn so mething new.25 We have some new words / sentences.5. 提起注意Directing attention26 Ready / Are you ready27 Did you get there / Do you understand28 Is that clear29 Any volunteers30 Do you know what to do31 Be quiet, please. / Quiet, please.32 Listen, please.33 Listen carefully, please.34 Listen to the tape recorder / the recording.35 Look carefully, please.36 Look over here.37 Watch carefully.38 Are you watching39 Please look at the blackboard / picture / map …40 Pay attention to your spelling / pronunciation.。

经济学的名词解释

经济学的名词解释

经济学的名词解释经济学的意思是什么呢?怎么用经济学来造句?下面是小编为你整理经济学的意思,欣赏和精选造句,供大家阅览!经济学的意思经济学[1](economics),是研究人类社会在各个发展阶段上的各种经济活动和各种相应的经济关系及其运行、发展的规律的科学。

其中经济活动是人们在一定的经济关系的前提下,进行生产、交换、分配、消费以及与之有密切关联的活动,在经济活动中,存在以较少耗费取得较大效益的问题。

经济关系是人们在经济活动中结成的相互关系,在各种经济关系中,占主导地位的是生产关系。

经济学研究的是一个社会如何利用稀缺的资源生产有价值的商品,并将他们在不同的个体之间进行分配。

——保罗·萨缪尔森《经济学》经济学是一门研究财富的学问,同时也是一门研究人的学问。

——马歇尔《经济学原理》经济学造句欣赏(1)这本书是现代经济学的权威著作。

(2)这就是经济学理论和现实分道扬镳之时。

(3)对现代经济学的一知半解是导致他经营失败的原因之一。

(4)20世纪80年代以来,行为经济学的发展如火如荼。

(5)他们一谈起经济学,我就一窍不通了。

(6)因此它发现自己寻求更关心国内大街小巷的经济学家。

(7)在经济学观念问题上,我们仍是盲人摸象。

(8)经济学教科书视个人为自私的,对他人的福利漠不关心。

经济学造句精选1. 许多新一代的著名中国经济学家,都误将陈岱荪先生的谆谆告诫当做是思想僵化。

2. 这类经济学人常有机会出入于中南海受最高决策人召见,一起座谈。

每当起草党代会文件、政府时,他们中的一些人就聚集在北京西郊的玉泉山,热烈讨论,字斟句酌。

3. 这就是经济学理论和现实分道扬镳之时。

4. 经济学一直是一个充满争议的领域,经济学家之间也总是莫衷一是。

5. 从亚当斯密开始,经济学家们就不遗余力地宣扬贸易自由化,不管是大国还是小国,不管是单边的贸易自由化,还是双边和多边的贸易自由化,只要奉行贸易自由化,都能从中获益。

7. 对于严肃的社会科学而言,人类的温情和善良是很少被考虑的,比如:如果不把所有人都设定为唯利是图,那整个经济学就失去了基础。

经济学术语重点

经济学术语重点

经济学术语National Income (国民收入)Aggregate Supply & Demand (总供应与总需求)Distribution & Re-distribution (分配与再分配)Unemployment & Inflation (失业与通货膨胀)Financial System (金融系统)Development & Growth (发展与增长)Sustainability (可持续性)Scarcity (稀缺性)Efficiency (效率)Supply and Demand (供应与需求)Elasticity (弹性)Equilibrium (均衡)Cost and Profit (成本与利润)Competition (竞争)Market (市场)(由于时间关系,术语数量很少,我会在以后的时间里不断的添加内容的。

)Factor要素factor demand要素需求factor market要素市场factors of production生产要素factor substitution要素替代factor supply要素供给fallacy of composition合成谬误final goods最终产品firm企业firms’ demand curve for labor企业劳动需求曲线firm supply curve企业供给曲线first-degree price discrimination第一级价格歧视first—order condition一阶条件fixed costs固定成本fixed input固定投入fixed proportions production function固定比例的生产函数flow流量fluctuation波动for whom to produce为谁生产free entry自由进入free goods自由品,免费品free mobility of resources资源自由流动free rider搭便车,免费搭车function函数future value未来值Ggame theory对策论、博弈论general equilibrium总体均衡general goods一般商品Giffen goods吉芬晶收入补偿需求曲线Giffen's Paradox吉芬之谜Gini coefficient吉尼系数golden rule黄金规则goods货物government failure政府失败government regulation政府调控grand utility possibility curve总效用可能曲线grand utility possibility frontier总效用可能前沿Hheterogeneous product异质产品Hicks—kaldor welfare criterion希克斯一卡尔多福利标准homogeneity齐次性homogeneous demand function齐次需求函数homogeneous product同质产品homogeneous production function齐次生产函数horizontal summation水平和household家庭how to produce如何生产human capital人力资本hypothesis假说Iidentity恒等式imperfect competition不完全竞争implicit cost隐性成本income收入Income compensated demand curveincome constraint收入约束income consumption curve收入消费曲线income distribution收入分配income effect收入效应income elasticity of demand需求收入弹性increasing cost industry成本递增产业increasing returns to scale规模报酬递增inefficiency缺乏效率index number指数indifference无差异indifference curve无差异曲线indifference map无差异族indifference relation无差异关系indifference set无差异集indirect approach间接法individual analysis个量分析individual demand curve个人需求曲线individual demand function个人需求函数induced variable引致变量induction归纳法industry产业industry equilibrium产业均衡industry supply curve产业供给曲线inelastic缺乏弹性的inferior goods劣品inflection point拐点information信息information cost信息成本initial condition初始条件initial endowment初始禀赋innovation创新input投入input—output投入—产出institution制度institutional economics制度经济学insurance保险intercept截距interest利息interest rate利息率intermediate goods中间产品internalization of externalities外部性内部化invention发明inverse demand function逆需求函数investment投资invisible hand看不见的手isocost line等成本线,isoprofit curve等利润曲线isoquant curve等产量曲线isoquant map等产量族Kkindled—demand curve弯折的需求曲线Llabor劳动labor demand劳动需求labour supply劳动供给labour theory of value劳动价值论labour unions工会laissez faire自由放任Lagrangian function拉格朗日函数Lagrangian multiplier拉格朗乘数,land土地law法则law of demand and supply供需法law of diminishing marginal utility边际效用递减法则law of diminishing marginal rate of substitution边际替代率递减法则law of diminishing marginal rate of technical substitution边际技术替代率law of increasing cost成本递增法则law of one price单一价格法则leader—follower model领导者--跟随者模型least—cost combination of inputs最低成本的投入组合leisure闲暇Leontief production function列昂节夫生产函数licenses许可证linear demand function线性需求函数linear homogeneity线性齐次性linear homogeneous production function线性齐次生产函数long run长期long run average cost长期平均成本long run equilibrium长期均衡long run industry supply curve长期产业供给曲线long run marginal cost长期边际成本long run total cost长期总成本Lorenz curve洛伦兹曲线loss minimization损失极小化1ump sum tax一次性征税luxury奢侈品Mmacroeconomics宏观经济学marginal边际的marginal benefit边际收益marginal cost边际成本marginal cost pricing边际成本定价marginal cost of factor边际要素成本marginal period市场期marginal physical productivity实际实物生产率marginal product边际产量marginal product of capital资本的边际产量marginal product of 1abour劳动的边际产量marginal productivity边际生产率marginal rate of substitution边替代率marginal rate of transformation边际转换率marginal returns边际回报marginal revenue边际收益marginal revenue product边际收益产品marginal revolution边际革命marginal social benefit社会边际收益marginal social cost社会边际成本marginal utility边际效用marginal value products边际价值产品market市场market clearance市场结清,市场洗清market demand市场需求market economy市场经济market equilibrium市场均衡market failure市场失败market mechanism市场机制market structure市场结构market separation市场分割market regulation市场调节market share市场份额markup pricing加减定价法Marshallian demand function马歇尔需求函数maximization极大化microeconomics微观经济学minimum wage最低工资misallocation of resources资源误置mixed economy混合经济model模型money货币monopolistic competition垄断竞争monopolistic exploitation垄断剥削monopoly垄断,卖方垄断monopoly equilibrium垄断均衡monopoly pricing垄断定价monopoly regulation垄断调控monopoly rents垄断租金monopsony买方垄断NNash equilibrium纳什均衡Natural monopoly自然垄断Natural resources自然资源Necessary condition必要条件necessities必需品net demand净需求no convex preference非凸性偏好no convexity非凸性no exclusion非排斥性nonlinear pricing非线性定价no rivalry非对抗性nonprice competition非价格竞争nonsatiation非饱和性non--zero—sum game非零和对策normal goods正常品normal profit正常利润normative economics规范经济学Oobjective function目标函数oligopoly寡头垄断oligopoly market寡头市场oligopoly model寡头模型opportunity cost机会成本optimal choice最佳选择optimal consumption bundle消费束perfect elasticity完全有弹性optimal resource allocation最佳资源配置optimal scale最佳规模optimal solution最优解optimization优化ordering of optimization(social) preference (社会)偏好排序ordinal utility序数效用ordinary goods一般品output产量、产出output elasticity产出弹性output maximization产出极大化Pparameter参数Pareto criterion帕累托标准Pareto efficiency帕累托效率Pareto improvement帕累托改进Pareto optimality帕累托优化Pareto set帕累托集partial derivative偏导数partial equilibrium局部均衡patent专利pay off matrix收益矩阵、支付矩阵perceived demand curve感觉到的需求曲线perfect competition完全竞争perfect complement完全互补品perfect monopoly完全垄断perfect price discrimination完全价格歧视perfect substitution完全替代品perfect inelasticity完全无弹性perfectly elastic完全有弹性perfectly inelastic完全无弹性plant size工厂规模point elasticity点弹性positive economics实证经济学post Hoc Fallacy后此谬误prediction预测preference偏好preference relation偏好关系present value现值price价格price adjustment model价格调整模型price ceiling最高限价price consumption curve价格费曲线price control价格管制price difference价格差别price discrimination价格歧视price elasticity of demand需求价格弹性price elasticity of supply供给价格弹性price floor最低限价price maker价格制定者price rigidity价格刚性price seeker价格搜求者price taker价格接受者price tax从价税private benefit私人收益principal—agent issues委托--代理问题private cost私人成本private goods私人用品private property私人财产producer equilibrium生产者均衡producer theory生产者理论product产品product transformation curve产品转换曲线product differentiation产品差异product group产品集团production生产production contract curve生产契约曲线production efficiency生产效率production function生产函数production possibility curve生产可能性曲线productivity生产率productivity of capital资本生产率productivity of labor劳动生产率profit利润profit function利润函数profit maximization利润极大化property rights产权property rights economics产权经济学proposition定理proportional demand curve成比例的需求曲线public benefits公共收益public choice公共选择public goods公共商品pure competition纯粹竞争rivalry对抗性、竞争pure exchange纯交换pure monopoly纯粹垄断Qquantity—adjustment model数量调整模型quantity tax从量税quasi—rent准租金Rrate of product transformation产品转换率rationality理性reaction function反应函数regulation调节,调控relative price相对价格rent租金rent control规模报酬rent seeking寻租rent seeking economics寻租经济学resource资源resource allocation资源配置returns报酬、回报returns to scale规模报酬revealed preference显示性偏好revenue收益revenue curve收益曲线revenue function收益函数revenue maximization收益极大化ridge line脊线risk风险Ssatiation饱和,满足saving储蓄scarcity稀缺性law of scarcity稀缺法则second—degree price discrimination二级价格歧视second derivative --阶导数second—order condition二阶条件service劳务set集shadow prices影子价格short—run短期short—run cost curve短期成本曲线short—run equilibrium短期均衡short—run supply curve短期供给曲线shut down decision关闭决策shortage短缺shut down point关闭点single price monopoly单一定价垄断slope斜率social benefit社会收益social cost社会成本social indifference curve社会无差异曲线social preference 社会偏好social security社会保障social welfare function社会福利函数socialism社会主义solution解space空间stability稳定性stable equilibrium稳定的均衡Stackelberg model斯塔克尔贝格模型static analysis静态分析stock存量stock market股票市场strategy策略subsidy津贴substitutes替代品substitution effect替代效应substitution parameter替代参数sufficient condition充分条件supply供给supply curve供给曲线supply function供给函数supply schedule供给表Sweezy model斯威齐模型symmetry对称性symmetry of information信息对称Ttangency相切taste兴致technical efficiency技术效率technological constraints技术约束technological progress技术进步technology技术third—degree price discrimination第三级价格歧视total cost总成本total effect总效应total expenditure总支出total fixed cost总固定成本total product总产量total revenue总收益total utility总效用total variable cost总可变成本traditional economy传统经济transitivity传递性transaction cost交易费用Uuncertainty不确定性uniqueness唯一性unit elasticity单位弹性unstable equilibrium不稳定均衡utility效用utility function效用函数utility index效用指数utility maximization效用极大化utility possibility curve效用可能性曲线utility possibility frontier效用可能性前沿VValue价值value judge价值判断value of marginal product边际产量价值variable cost可变成本variable input可变投入variables变量vector向量visible hand看得见的手vulgur economics庸俗经济学Wwage工资wage rate工资率Walras general equilibrium瓦尔拉斯总体均衡Walras's law瓦尔拉斯法则Wants需要Welfare criterion福利标准Welfare economics福利经学Welfare loss triangle福利损失三角形welfare maximization福利极大化Zzero cost零成本zero elasticity零弹性zero homogeneity零阶齐次性zero economic profit零利润Incidence(or tax incidence)归宿,或税赋归宿一项税收最终的经济负担者(相应于法定纳税人)。

经济学基本概念介绍简介

经济学基本概念介绍简介

個體經濟學和總體經濟學難以截然二分。 有些經濟學家甚至認為經濟理論只有一
種,根本不須加以區分。 一般教科書的作法,為了研究教學方便,加
以區分。 現在總體經濟學強調要有個體化的基礎。 個體經濟學與總體經濟學是相輔相成的。
總體經濟學所討論的變數都是屬於總量 (aggregates)或平均量(averages)的概念,並且 以總所得為核心。
Efficiency Tradeoffs Opportunity Cost Economic Growth
比較利益v.s.絕對利益
絕對利益 (absolute advantage):兩人相 比較時有絕對優勢。
比較利益(comparative advantage) :兩 人相比較時沒有絕對優勢。
假設的經濟學用語為其他條件不變(other things being equal 或ceteris paribus)。
過份強調直覺與常識判斷,或完全以現象 發生之先後來判斷因果,常會犯三種邏輯 謬誤:
合成謬誤
分割謬誤
因果謬誤
第四節 經濟學的結構
前部份為個體經濟學(microeconomics)之 課題。
生產是為了消費而引伸出來的行為,產品就是供 給消費用。
產品指的是用來滿足慾望的物品與勞務。 生產的東西如何分配?分配給那些人? 更廣義言之,有限的資源如何分配在各種
用途上,這就是經濟學的分配問題。 分配的方法端視經濟制度而異。 例如有中央集權經濟制度、自由經濟社
會的市場價格經濟制度。
第三節 術語及理論模型
Quantity of
Computers
Produced
3,000
D
2,200 2,000
1,000
C

经济英语名词知识点总结

经济英语名词知识点总结

经济英语名词知识点总结在经济领域中,有许多专业术语和名词,这些术语和名词在经济运行和分析中起着重要的作用。

掌握这些名词的含义和用法对于学习和理解经济学有着重要的意义。

在这篇文章中,我们将对一些经济英语名词进行总结和解释。

1. 经济学(Economics)经济学是研究如何分配有限资源以满足无限需求的学科。

在经济学中,有许多概念和理论,比如供给和需求、市场结构、成本、收入分配等。

经济学家通过对这些概念和理论的研究,来解释和预测经济现象的发展趋势。

2. 供给和需求(Supply and Demand)供给和需求是经济学中的重要概念,它们描述了市场中商品的交易关系。

供给表示市场上卖方愿意出售的商品的数量,需求表示市场上买方愿意购买的商品的数量。

供给和需求的变化会影响商品价格和市场平衡。

3. 市场结构(Market Structure)市场结构描述了市场中买卖双方的竞争情况。

常见的市场结构包括垄断、寡头垄断、完全竞争和垄断竞争。

不同的市场结构会影响价格、产品质量、销售渠道等方面。

4. 成本(Cost)成本是企业生产商品和服务所需要的资源和费用。

成本包括固定成本和变动成本。

固定成本是不随生产量变化的成本,变动成本是随生产量变化而变化的成本。

5. 收入分配(Income Distribution)收入分配描述了一个社会中不同群体之间收入的不均衡程度。

收入分配的不均衡会影响消费能力、社会稳定和经济增长。

6. 通货膨胀(Inflation)通货膨胀指的是货币的购买力下降,物价上涨。

通货膨胀会导致货币贬值,影响经济稳定和社会发展。

7. 贸易(Trade)贸易是不同国家和地区之间进行商品和服务交流的活动。

贸易可以分为国际贸易和国内贸易。

国际贸易对于各国经济发展和国际关系具有重要的影响。

8. 货币(Money)货币是一种用于交换商品和服务的流通工具。

货币的形式包括纸币、硬币等。

货币的发行和管理对经济稳定和发展有重要作用。

Economics 专业词汇

Economics 专业词汇

Economics 专业词汇accounting:会计accounting cost :会计成本accounting profit :会计利润adverse selection :逆向选择allocation 配置allocation of resources :资源配置allocative efficiency :配置效率antitrust legislation :反托拉斯法arc elasticity :弧弹性Arrow's impossibility theorem :阿罗不可能定理Assumption :假设asymetric information :非对称性信息average :平均average cost :平均成本average cost pricing :平均成本定价法average fixed cost :平均固定成本average product of capital :资本平均产量average product of labour :劳动平均产量average revenue :平均收益average total cost :平均总成本average variable cost :平均可变成本Bbarriers to entry :进入壁垒base year :基年bilateral monopoly :双边垄断benefit :收益black market :黑市bliss point :极乐点boundary point :边界点break even point :收支相抵点budget :预算budget constraint :预算约束budget line :预算线budget set 预算集Ccapital :资本capital stock :资本存量capital output ratio :资本产出比率capitalism :资本主义cardinal utility theory :基数效用论cartel :卡特尔ceteris puribus assumption :“其他条件不变”的假设ceteris puribus demand curve :其他因素不变的需求曲线Chamberlin model :张伯伦模型change in demand :需求变化change in quantity demanded :需求量变化change in quantity supplied :供给量变化change in supply :供给变化choice :选择closed set :闭集Coase theorem :科斯定理Cobb—Douglas production function :柯布--道格拉斯生产函数cobweb model :蛛网模型collective bargaining :集体协议工资collusion :合谋command economy :指令经济commodity :商品commodity combination :商品组合commodity market :商品市场commodity space :商品空间common property :公用财产comparative static analysis :比较静态分析compensated budget line :补偿预算线compensated demand function :补偿需求函数compensation principles :补偿原则compensating variation in income :收入补偿变量competition :竞争competitive market :竞争性市场complement goods :互补品complete information :完全信息completeness :完备性condition for efficiency in exchange :交换的最优条件condition for efficiency in production :生产的最优条件concave :凹concave function :凹函数concave preference :凹偏好consistence :一致性constant cost industry :成本不变产业constant returns to scale :规模报酬不变constraints :约束consumer :消费者consumer behavior :消费者行为consumer choice :消费者选择consumer equilibrium :消费者均衡consumer optimization :消费者优化consumer preference :消费者偏好consumer surplus :消费者剩余consumer theory :消费者理论consumption :消费consumption bundle :消费束consumption combination :消费组合consumption possibility curve :消费可能曲线consumption possibility frontier :消费可能性前沿consumption set :消费集consumption space :消费空间continuity :连续性continuous function :连续函数contract curve :契约曲线convex :凸convex function :凸函数convex preference :凸偏好convex set :凸集corporatlon :公司cost :成本cost benefit analysis :成本收益分cost function :成本函数cost minimization :成本极小化Cournot equilihrium :古诺均衡Cournot model :古诺模型Cross—price elasticity :交叉价格弹性Ddead—weights loss :重负损失decreasing cost industry :成本递减产业decreasing returns to scale :规模报酬递减deduction :演绎法demand :需求demand curve :需求曲线demand elasticity :需求弹性demand function :需求函数demand price :需求价格demand schedule :需求表depreciation :折旧derivative :导数derive demand :派生需求difference equation :差分方程differential equation :微分方程differentiated good :差异商品differentiated oligoply :差异寡头diminishing marginal substitution :边际替代率递减diminishing marginal return :收益递减diminishing marginal utility :边际效用递减direct approach :直接法direct taxes :直接税discounting :贴税、折扣diseconomies of scale :规模不经济disequilibrium :非均衡distribution :分配division of labour :劳动分工distribution theory of marginal productivity :边际生产率分配论duoupoly :双头垄断、双寡duality :对偶durable goods :耐用品dynamic analysis :动态分析dynamic models :动态模型EEconomic agents :经济行为者economic cost :经济成本economic efficiency :经济效率economic goods :经济物品economic man :经济人economic mode :经济模型economic profit :经济利润economic region of production :生产的经济区域economic regulation :经济调节economic rent :经济租金exchange :交换economics :经济学exchange efficiency :交换效率economy :经济exchange contract curve :交换契约曲线economy of scale :规模经济Edgeworth box diagram :埃奇沃思图exclusion :排斥性、排他性Edgeworth contract curve :埃奇沃思契约线Edgeworth model :埃奇沃思模型efficiency :效率,效益efficiency parameter :效率参数elasticity :弹性elasticity of substitution :替代弹性endogenous variable :内生变量endowment :禀赋endowment of resources :资源禀赋Engel curve :恩格尔曲线entrepreneur :企业家entrepreneurship :企业家才能entry barriers :进入壁垒entry/exit decision :进出决策envolope curve :包络线equilibrium :均衡equilibrium condition :均衡条件equilibrium price :均衡价格equilibrium quantity :均衡产量eqity :公平equivalent variation in income :收入等价变量excess—capacity theorem :过度生产能力定理excess supply :过度供给exchange :交换exchange contract curve :交换契约曲线exclusion :排斥性、排他性exclusion principle :排他性原则existence :存在性existence of general equilibrium :总体均衡的存在性exogenous variables :外生变量expansion paths :扩展径expectation :期望expected utility :期望效用expected value :期望值expenditure :支出explicit cost :显性成本external benefit :外部收益external cost :外部成本external economy :外部经济external diseconomy :外部不经济externalities :外部性FFactor :要素factor demand :要素需求factor market :要素市场factors of production :生产要素factor substitution :要素替代factor supply :要素供给fallacy of composition :合成谬误final goods :最终产品firm :企业firms’demand curve for labor :企业劳动需求曲线firm supply curve :企业供给曲线first-degree price discrimination :第一级价格歧视first—order condition :一阶条件fixed costs :固定成本fixed input :固定投入fixed proportions production function :固定比例的生产函数flow :流量fluctuation :波动for whom to produce :为谁生产free entry :自由进入free goods :自由品,免费品free mobility of resources :资源自由流动free rider :搭便车,免费搭车function :函数future value :未来值Ggame theory :对策论、博弈论general equilibrium :总体均衡general goods :一般商品Giffen goods :吉芬晶收入补偿需求曲线Giffen's Paradox :吉芬之谜Gini coefficient :吉尼系数goldenrule :黄金规则goods :货物government failure :政府失败government regulation :政府调控grand utility possibility curve :总效用可能曲线grand utility possibility frontier :总效用可能前沿Hheterogeneous product :异质产品Hicks—kaldor welfare criterion :希克斯一卡尔多福利标准homogeneity :齐次性homogeneous demand function :齐次需求函数homogeneous product :同质产品homogeneous production function :齐次生产函数horizontal summation :水平和household :家庭how to produce :如何生产human capital :人力资本hypothesis :假说Iidentity :恒等式imperfect competion :不完全竞争implicitcost :隐性成本income :收入income compensated demand curve :收入补偿需求曲线income constraint :收入约束income consumption curve :收入消费曲线income distribution :收入分配income effect :收入效应income elasticity of demand :需求收入弹性increasing cost industry :成本递增产业increasing returns to scale :规模报酬递增inefficiency :缺乏效率index number :指数indifference :无差异indifference curve :无差异曲线indifference map :无差异族indifference relation :无差异关系indifference set :无差异集indirect approach :间接法individual analysis :个量分析individual demand curve :个人需求曲线individual demand function :个人需求函数induced variable :引致变量induction :归纳法industry :产业industry equilibrium :产业均衡industry supply curve :产业供给曲线inelastic :缺乏弹性的inferior goods :劣品inflection point :拐点information :信息information cost :信息成本initial condition :初始条件initial endowment :初始禀赋innovation :创新input :投入input—output :投入—产出institution :制度institutional economics :制度经济学insurance :保险intercept :截距interest :利息interest rate :利息率intermediate goods :中间产品internatization of externalities :外部性内部化invention :发明inverse demand function :逆需求函数investment :投资invisible hand :看不见的手isocost line :等成本线,isoprofit curve :等利润曲线isoquant curve :等产量曲线isoquant map :等产量族Kkinded—demand curve :弯折的需求曲线Llabour :劳动labour demand :劳动需求labour supply :劳动供给labour theory of value :劳动价值论labour unions :工会laissez faire :自由放任Lagrangian function :拉格朗日函数Lagrangian multiplier :拉格朗乘数,land :土地law :法则law of demand and supply :供需法law of diminishing marginal utility :边际效用递减法则law of diminishing marginal rate of substitution :边际替代率递减法则law of diminishing marginal rate of technical substitution :边际技术替代率law of increasing cost :成本递增法则law of one price :单一价格法则leader—follower model :领导者--跟随者模型least—cost combination of inputs :最低成本的投入组合leisure :闲暇Leontief production function :列昂节夫生产函数licenses :许可证linear demand function :线性需求函数linear homogeneity :线性齐次性linear homogeneous production function :线性齐次生产函数long run :长期long run average cost :长期平均成本long run equilibrium :长期均衡long run industry supply curve :长期产业供给曲线long run marginal cost :长期边际成本long run total cost :长期总成本Lorenz curve :洛伦兹曲线loss minimization :损失极小化1ump sum tax :一次性征税luxury :奢侈品Mmacroeconomics :宏观经济学marginal :边际的marginal benefit :边际收益marginal cost :边际成本marginal cost pricing :边际成本定价marginal cost of factor :边际要素成本marginal physical productivity :实际实物生产率marginal product :边际产量marginal product of capital :资本的边际产量marginal product of 1abour :劳动的边际产量marginal productivity :边际生产率marginal rate of substitution :边替代率marginal rate of transformation 边际转换率marginal returns :边际回报marginal revenue :边际收益marginal revenue product :边际收益产品marginal revolution :边际革命marginal social benefit :社会边际收益marginal social cost :社会边际成本marginal utility :边际效用marginal value products :边际价值产品market :市场market clearance :市场结清,市场洗清market demand :市场需求market economy :市场经济market equilibrium :市场均衡market failure :市场失败market mechanism :市场机制market structure :市场结构market separation :市场分割market regulation :市场调节market share :市场份额markup pricing :加减定价法Marshallian demand function :马歇尔需求函数maximization :极大化microeconomics :微观经济学minimum wage :最低工资misallocation of resources :资源误置mixed economy :混合经济model :模型money :货币monopolistic competition :垄断竞争monopolistic exploitation :垄断剥削monopoly :垄断,卖方垄断monopoly equilibrium :垄断均衡monopoly pricing :垄断定价monopoly regulation :垄断调控monopoly rents :垄断租金monopsony :买方垄断NNash equilibrium :纳什均衡Natural monopoly :自然垄断Natural resources :自然资源Necessary condition :必要条件necessities :必需品net demand :净需求nonconvex preference :非凸性偏好nonconvexity :非凸性nonexclusion :非排斥性nonlinear pricing :非线性定价nonrivalry :非对抗性nonprice competition :非价格竞争nonsatiation :非饱和性non--zero—sum game :非零和对策normal goods :正常品normal profit :正常利润normative economics :规范经济学Oobjective function :目标函数oligopoly :寡头垄断oligopoly market :寡头市场oligopoly model :寡头模型opportunity cost :机会成本optimal choice :最佳选择optimal consumption bundle :消费束optimal resource allocation :最佳资源配置optimal scale :最佳规模optimal solution :最优解optimization :优化ordering of optimization(social) preference :(社会)偏好排序ordinal utility :序数效用ordinary goods :一般品output :产量、产出output elasticity :产出弹性output maximization 产出极大化Pparameter :参数Pareto criterion :帕累托标准Pareto efficiency :帕累托效率Pareto improvement :帕累托改进Pareto optimality :帕累托优化Pareto set :帕累托集partial derivative :偏导数partial equilibrium :局部均衡patent :专利pay off matrix :收益矩阵、支付矩阵perceived demand curve :感觉到的需求曲线perfect competition :完全竞争perfect complement :完全互补品perfect monopoly :完全垄断perfect price discrimination :完全价格歧视perfect substitution :完全替代品perfect inelasticity :完全无弹性perfectly elastic :完全有弹性perfectly inelastic :完全无弹性plant size :工厂规模point elasticity :点弹性post Hoc Fallacy :后此谬误prediction :预测preference :偏好preference relation :偏好关系present value :现值price :价格price adjustment model :价格调整模型price ceiling :最高限价price consumption curve :价格费曲线price control :价格管制price difference :价格差别price discrimination :价格歧视price elasticity of demand :需求价格弹性price elasticity of supply :供给价格弹性price floor :最低限价price maker :价格制定者price rigidity :价格刚性price seeker :价格搜求者price taker :价格接受者price tax :从价税private benefit :私人收益principal—agent issues :委托--代理问题private cost :私人成本private goods :私人用品private property :私人财产producer equilibrium :生产者均衡producer theory :生产者理论product :产品product transformation curve :产品转换曲线product differentiation :产品差异product group :产品集团production :生产production contract curve :生产契约曲线production efficiency :生产效率production function :生产函数production possibility curve :生产可能性曲线productivity :生产率productivity of capital :资本生产率productivity of labor :劳动生产率profit :利润profit function :利润函数profit maximization :利润极大化property rights :产权property rights economics :产权经济学proposition :定理proportional demand curve :成比例的需求曲线public benefits :公共收益public choice :公共选择public goods :公共商品pure competition :纯粹竞争rivalry :对抗性、竞争pure exchange :纯交换pure monopoly :纯粹垄断Qquantity—adjustment model :数量调整模型quantity tax :从量税quasi—rent :准租金Rrate of product transformation :产品转换率rationality :理性reaction function :反应函数regulation :调节,调控relative price 相对价格rent :租金rent control :规模报酬rent seeking :寻租rent seeking economics :寻租经济学resource :资源resource allocation :资源配置returns :报酬、回报returns to scale :规模报酬revealed preference :显示性偏好revenue :收益revenue curve :收益曲线revenue function :收益函数revenue maximization :收益极大化ridge line :脊线risk :风险Ssatiation :饱和,满足saving :储蓄scarcity :稀缺性law of scarcity :稀缺法则second—degree price discrimination :二级价格歧视second derivative :--阶导数second—order condition :二阶条件service :劳务set :集shadow prices :影子价格short—run :短期short—run cost curve :短期成本曲线short—run equilibrium :短期均衡short—run supply curve :短期供给曲线shut down decision :关闭决策shortage 短缺shut down point :关闭点single price monopoly :单一定价垄断slope :斜率social benefit :社会收益social cost :社会成本social indifference curve :社会无差异曲线social preference :社会偏好social security :社会保障social welfare function :社会福利函数socialism :社会主义solution :解space :空间stability :稳定性stable equilibrium :稳定的均衡Stackelberg model :斯塔克尔贝格模型static analysis :静态分析stock :存量stock market :股票市场strategy :策略subsidy :津贴substitutes :替代品substitution effect :替代效应substitution parameter :替代参数sufficient condition :充分条件supply :供给supply curve :供给曲线supply function :供给函数supply schedule :供给表Sweezy model :斯威齐模型symmetry :对称性symmetry of information :信息对称Ttangency :相切taste :兴致technical efficiency :技术效率technological constraints ;技术约束technological progress :技术进步technology :技术third—degree price discrimination :第三级价格歧视total cost :总成本total effect :总效应total expenditure :总支出total fixed cost :总固定成本total product :总产量total revenue :总收益total utility :总效用total variable cost :总可变成本traditional economy :传统经济transitivity :传递性transaction cost :交易费用Uuncertainty :不确定性uniqueness :唯一性unit elasticity :单位弹性unstable equilibrium :不稳定均衡utility :效用utility function :效用函数utility index :效用指数utility maximization :效用极大化utility possibility curve :效用可能性曲线utility possibility frontier :效用可能性前沿Vvalue :价值value judge :价值判断value of marginal product :边际产量价值variable cost :可变成本variable input :可变投入variables :变量vector :向量visible hand :看得见的手vulgur economics :庸俗经济学Wwage :工资wage rate :工资率Walras general equilibrium :瓦尔拉斯总体均衡Walras's law :瓦尔拉斯法则Wants :需要Welfare criterion :福利标准Welfare economics :福利经学Welfare loss triangle :福利损失三角形welfare maximization :福利极大化Zzero cost :零成本zero elasticity :零弹性zero homogeneity :零阶齐次性zero economic profit :零利润。

经济学专业术语(中英文对照)

经济学专业术语(中英文对照)

经济学专业术语(中英文对照)目录1. 经济学原理 (2)2. 像经济学家一样思考 (2)3. 相互依存性与贸易的好处 (3)4. 供给与需求的市场力量 (3)5. 弹性及其应用 (4)6. 供给需求与政策 (4)7. 消费者、生产者与市场效率 (4)8. 赋税的应用 (4)9. 国际贸易 (5)10. 外部性 (5)11. 公共物品和公共资源 (5)12. 税制设计 (5)13. 生产成本 (6)14. 竞争市场上的企业 (7)15. 垄断 (7)16. 垄断竞争 (7)17. 寡头 (7)18. 生产要素市场 (8)19. 收入与歧视 (8)20. 收入不平等与贫困 (8)21. 消费者选择理论 (9)22. 微观经济学前沿 (9)23. 一国收入的衡量 (10)24. 生活费用的衡量 (10)25. 生产与增长 (10)26. 储蓄、投资和金融体系 (11)27. 金融学的基本工具 (11)28. 失业 (12)29. 货币制度 (12)30. 货币增长与通货膨胀 (13)31. 开放经济的宏观经济学 (14)32. 开放经济的宏观经济理论 (14)33. 总需求与总供给 (14)34. 货币政策和财政政策对总需求影响 (15)35. 通胀与失业之间的短期权衡取舍 (15)1.经济学原理经济:(economy)稀缺性:(scarcity)经济学:(economics)效率:(efficiency)平等:(equality)机会成本:(opporyunity cost)理性人:(rational people)边际变动:(marginal change)边际收益:(marginal benefit)边际成本:(marginal cost)激励:(incentive)市场经济:(market economy)产权:(property rights)市场失灵:(market failure)外部性:(externality)市场势力:(market power)生产率:(productivity)通货膨胀:(inflation)经济周期:(business cycle)2.像经济学家一样思考循环流量图:(circular-flow diagram)生产可能性边界:(production possibilities)微观经济学:(microeconomics)宏观经济学:(macroeconomics)实证表述:(positive statements)规范表述:(normative statements)有序数对:(ordered pair)3.相互依存性与贸易的好处绝对优势:(absolute advantage)机会成本:(apportunity cost)比较优势:(comparative advantage)进口品:(imports)出口品:(exports)4.供给与需求的市场力量市场:(market)竞争市场:(competitive market)需求量:(quantity demand)需求定理:(law of demand)需求表:(demand schedule)需求曲线:(demand curve)正常物品:(normal good)低档物品:(inferior good)替代品:(substitutes)互补品:(complements)供给量:(quantity supplied)供给定理:(law of supply)供给表:(supply schedule)供给曲线:(supply curve)均衡:(equilibrium)均衡价格:(equilibrium price)均衡数量:(equilibrium quantity)过剩:(surplus)短缺:(shortage)供求定理:(law of supply and demand)5.弹性及其应用弹性:(elasticity)需求价格弹性:(price elasticity of demand)总收益:(total revenue)需求收入弹性:(income elasticity)需求的交叉价格弹性:(cross-price elasticity)供给价格弹性:(price elasticity of supply)6.供给需求与政策价格上限:(price ceiling)价格下限:(price floor)税收归宿:(tax incidence)7.消费者、生产者与市场效率福利经济学:(welfare economics)支付意愿:(willingness to pay)消费者剩余:(consumer surplus)成本:(cost)生产者剩余:(producer surplus)效率:(efficiency)平等:(equality)8.赋税的应用无谓损失:(deadweight loss)9.国际贸易世界价格:(world price)关税:(tariff)10.外部性外部性:(externality)外部性内在化:(internalizing the externality)矫正税:(corrective taxes)科斯定理:(coase theorem)交易成本:(transaction cost)11.公共物品和公共资源排他性:(excludability)消费中的竞争性:(rivalry in consumption)私人物品:(private goods)公共物品:(public goods)公共资源:(common resources)俱乐部物品:(club goods)搭便车者:(free rider)成本-收益分析:(cost-benefit analysis)公地悲剧:(tragedy of commons)12.税制设计纳税义务:(tax lianility)预算赤字:(budget defict)预算盈余:(budget surplus)平均税率:(average tax rate)边际税率:(marginal tax rate)定额税:(lump-sum tax)受益原则:(benefits principle)支付能力原则:(ability-to-pay principle)纵向平等:(vertical equity)横向平等:(horizontal equity)比例税:(proportional tax)累退税:(regressive tax)累进税:(progressive tax)13.生产成本总收益:(total revenue)总成本:(total cost)利润:(profit)显性成本:(explicit costs)隐性成本:(implicit costs)经济利润:(economic profit)会计利润:(counting profit)生产函数:(production function)边际产量:(marginal product)边际产量递减:(diminishing marginal product)固定成本:(fixed costs)可变成本:(variable costs)平均总成本:(average total cost)平均固定成本:(average fixed costs)平均可变成本:(average variable costs)边际成本:(marginal cost)有效规模:(efficient scale)规模经济:(economies of scale)规模不经济:(diseconomies of scale)规模收益不变:(constant returns to scale) 14.竞争市场上的企业竞争市场:(competitive market)平均收益:(average revenue)边际收益:(marginal revenue)沉没成本:(sunk revenue)15.垄断垄断企业:(monopoly)自然垄断:(natural monopoly)价格歧视:(price discrimination)16.垄断竞争寡头:(oligopoly)垄断竞争:(monopolistic competition) 17.寡头博弈论:(game theory)勾结:(collusion)卡特尔:(cartel)纳什均衡:(Nash equilibrium)囚徒困境:(prisoners’ dilemma)占优策略:(dominant strategy)18.生产要素市场生产要素:(factors of production)生产函数:(production function)劳动的边际产量:(marginal product of labor)边际产量递减:(diminishing marginal product)边际产量值:(value of the marginal product)资本:(capital)19.收入与歧视补偿性工资差别:(compensating differential)人力资本:(human capital)工会:(union)罢工:(strike)效率工资:(efficiency)歧视:(discrimination)20.收入不平等与贫困贫困率:(poverty rate)贫困率:(poverty line)实物转移支付:(in-kind transfers)生命周期:(life cycle)持久收入:(permanent income)功利主义:(utilitariansm)效用:(utilitariansm)自由主义:(liberalism)最大最小准则:(maximin criterion)负所得税:(negative income tax)福利:(welfare)社会保险:(social insurance)自由至上主义:(libertarianism)21.消费者选择理论预算约束线:(budget constraint)无差异曲线:(indiffernnce curve)边际替代率:(marginal rate of subtitution)完全替代品:(perfect substitudes)完全互补品:(perfect complements)正常物品:(normal good)低档物品:(inferior good)收入效应:(income effect)替代效应:(substitution effect)吉芬物品:(Giffen good)22.微观经济学前沿道德风险:(moral hazard)代理人:(agent)委托人:(principal)逆向选择:(adverse selection)发信号:(signaling)筛选:(screening)政治经济学:(political economy)康多塞悖论:(condorcet paradox)阿罗不可能性定理:(Arrow’s impossibility)中值选民定理:(median vater theorem)行为经济学:(behavioral economics)23.一国收入的衡量微观经济学:(microeconomics)宏观经济学:(macroeconomics)国内生产总值:(gross domestic product,GDP)消费:(consumption)投资:(investment)政府购买:(government purchase)净出口:(net export)名义GDP:(nominal GDP)真实GDP:(real GDP)GDP平减指数:(GDP deflator)24.生活费用的衡量消费物价指数:(consumer price index,CPI)通货膨胀率:(inflation rate)生产物价指数:(produer price index,PPI)指数化:(indexation)生活费用津贴:(cost-of-living allowance,COLA)名义利率:(nominal interest rate)25.生产与增长生产率:(productivity)物质资本:(physical capital)人力资本:(human capital)自然资源:(natural resources)技术知识:(technological knoeledge)收益递减:(diminishing returns)追赶效应:(catch-up effect)26.储蓄、投资和金融体系金融体系:(financial system)金融市场:(financial markets)债券:(bond)股票:(stock)金融中介机构:(financial intermediaries)共同基金:(mutual fund)国民储蓄:(national saving)私人储蓄:(private saving)公共储蓄:(public saving)预算盈余:(budget surplus)预算赤字:(budget deficit)可贷资金市场:(market for loanable funds)挤出:(crowding out)27.金融学的基本工具金融学:(finance)现值:(present value)终值:(future value)复利:(compounding)风险厌恶:(risk aversion)多元化:(diversification)企业特有风险:(firm-specific risk)市场风险:(market risk)基本面风险:(fundamental analysis)有效市场假说:(efficient markets by pothesis)信息有效:(informational efficiency)随机游走:(random walk)28.失业劳动力:(laborforce)失业率:(unemployment rate)劳动力参与率:(labor-force participation rate)自然失业率:(natural rate of unemployment)周期性失业:(cyclical unemployment)失去信心的工人:(discouraged workers)摩擦性失业:(frictional unemployment)结构性失业:(structural unemployment)寻找工作:(job search)失业保险:(unemployment insurance)工会:(union)集体谈判:(collective bargaining)罢工:(strike)效率工资:(essiciency wages)29.货币制度货币:(money)交换媒介:(medium of exchange)计价单位:(unit of account)价值储藏手段:(store of value)流动性:(liquidity)商品货币:(commodity money)法定货币:(fiat money)通货:(currency)活期存款:(demand deposits)联邦储备局:(Federal Reserve)中央银行:(central bank)货币供给:(money supply)货币政策:(monetary policy)准备金:(reserves)部分准备金银行:(fractional-reserve banking)准备金率:(reserve ratio)货币乘数:(money multiplier)银行资本:(bank capital)杠杆:(leverage)杠杆率:(leverage ratio)资本需要量:(capital requirement)公开市场操作:(open-market operations)贴现率:(discount rate)法定准备金:(reserve requirements)补充金融计划:(supplementary financing program)联邦基金利率:(federal funds rate)30.货币增长与通货膨胀铲除通胀:(whip Inflation Now)货币数量论:(quantity theory of money)名义变量:(nominal variables)真实变量:(real variables)古典二分法:(classiacl dichotomy)货币中性:(monetary neutrality)货币流通速度:(velocity of money)数量方程式:(quantity equation)通货膨胀税:(inflation tax)费雪效应:(Fisher effect)皮鞋成本:(shoeleather cost)菜单成本:(menu costs)31.开放经济的宏观经济学封闭经济:(closed economy)开放经济:(open economy)出口:(exports)净出口:(net exports)贸易余额:(trade balance)贸易盈余:(trade surplus)贸易平衡:(balanced trade)贸易赤字:(trade deficit)资本净流出:(net capital outflow)名义汇率:(nominal exchange rate)升值:(appreciation)贬值:(depreciation)真实汇率:(real exchange rate)购买力平价:(purchasing-power parity)32.开放经济的宏观经济理论贸易政策:(trade policy)资本外逃:(capital flight)33.总需求与总供给衰退:(recession)萧条:(depression)总需求与总供给模型:(model of aggregate demand and aggregate supply)总需求曲线:(aggregate-demand curve)总供给曲线:(aggregate-supply curve)自然产出水平:(natural level of output)滞胀:(stagflation)34.货币政策和财政政策对总需求影响流动性偏好理论:(theory of liquidity)财政政策:(fisical policy)乘数效应:(multiplier effect)挤出效应:(crowding-out effect)自动稳定器:(automatic stabilizers)35.通胀与失业之间的短期权衡取舍菲利普斯曲线:(phillips curve)自然率假说:(natural-rate hypothesis)供给冲击:(supply shock)牺牲率:(sacrifice ratio)理性预期:(rational expectations)。

Economics Glossary(经济学词汇)

Economics Glossary(经济学词汇)

Aaccounting cost 会计成本accounting profit 会计利润allocation of resources 资源配置antitrust legislation 反托拉斯法Assumption 假设asymmetric information 非对称性信息average fixed cost 平均固定成本average revenue 平均收益average total cost 平均总成本Bbarriers to entry 进入壁垒bilateral monopoly 双边垄断benefit 收益black market 黑市Ccapital stock 资本存量capital output ratio 资本产出比率change in demand 需求变化change in supply 供给变化command economy 指令经济commodity market 商品市场commodity space 商品空间common property 公用财产competitive market 竞争性市场complement goods 互补品consumer behavior 消费者行为consumer choice 消费者选择consumer equilibrium 消费者均衡consumer optimization 消费者优化consumer preference 消费者偏好consumer surplus 消费者剩余consumer theory 消费者理论consumption bundle 消费束consumption combination 消费组合consumption space 消费空间corporation 公司cost function 成本函数cost minimization 成本极小化Ddeduction 演绎法demand cure 需求曲线demand function 需求函数demand price 需求价格discounting 贴税、折扣distribution 分配division of labour 劳动分工durable goods 耐用品dynamic analysis 动态分析dynamic models 动态模型EEconomic agents 经济行为者economic cost 经济成本economic efficiency 经济效率economic mode 经济模型economic regulation 经济调节exchange efficiency 交换效率economy of scale 规模经济endogenous variable 内生变量endowment 禀赋endowment of resources 资源禀赋Engel cure 恩格尔曲线entry barriers 进入壁垒excess supply 过度供给exchange 交换exclusion principle 排他性原则existence 存在性expected value 期望值expenditure 支出explicit cost 显性成本external benefit 外部收益external cost 外部成本external economy 外部经济Ffactor demand 要素需求factor market 要素市场final goods 最终产品firm 企业fixed costs 固定成本fixed input 固定投入flow 流量fluctuation 波动free entry 自由进入free goods 自由品,免费品free mobility of resources 资源自由流动function 函数future value 未来值Ggame theory 对策论、博弈论general equilibrium 总体均衡general goods 一般商品government failure 政府失败government regulation 政府调控Hheterogeneous product 异质产品homogeneous product 同质产品human capital 人力资本hypothesis 假说Iimplicit cost 隐性成本income distribution 收入分配increasing returns to scale 规模报酬递增inefficiency 缺乏效率index number 指数indifference 无差异indirect approach 间接法individual analysis 个量分析industry 产业industry equilibrium 产业均衡industry supply cure 产业供给曲线inflection point 拐点information cost 信息成本innovation 创新input—output 投入—产出institutional economics 制度经济学insurance 保险interest 利息interest rate 利息率investment 投资invisible hand 看不见的手Llabour demand 劳动需求labour supply 劳动供给labour unions 工会law 法则law of demand and supply 供需法law of increasing cost 成本递增法则law of one price 单一价格法则licenses 许可证long run长期long run average cost 长期平均成本long run equilibrium 长期均衡loss minimization 损失极小化luxury 奢侈品Mmacroeconomics 宏观经济学marginal 边际的marginal benefit 边际收益marginal cost 边际成本marginal social benefit 社会边际收益marginal social cost 社会边际成本market demand 市场需求market economy 市场经济market mechanism 市场机制market structure 市场结构market separation 市场分割market regulation 市场调节market share 市场份额maximization 极大化microeconomics 微观经济学minimum wage 最低工资misallocation of resources 资源误置mixed economy 混合经济monopolistic competition 垄断竞争monopolistic exploitation 垄断剥削monopoly 垄断,卖方垄断monopoly pricing 垄断定价monopoly regulation 垄断调控monopsony 买方垄断NNatural monopoly 自然垄断Natural resources 自然资源Necessary condition 必要条件necessities 必需品net demand 净需求nonprice competition 非价格竞争normal goods 正常品normal profit 正常利润normative economics 规范经济学Ooligopoly 寡头垄断oligopoly market 寡头市场oligopoly model 寡头模型opportunity cost 机会成本optimal choice 最佳选择optimal resource allocation 最佳资源配置optimal scale 最佳规模optimal solution 最优解optimization 优化ordinary goods 一般品output 产量、产出output maximization 产出极大化Pparameter 参数partial equilibrium 局部均衡patent 专利perfect competition 完全竞争perfect monopoly 完全垄断perfect price discrimination 完全价格歧视perfect substitution 完全替代品plant size 工厂规模present value 现值price adjustment model 价格调整模型price ceiling 最高限价price control 价格管制price difference 价格差别price discrimination 价格歧视price maker 价格制定者private benefit 私人收益principal—agent issues 委托--代理问题private cost 私人成本private goods 私人用品private property 私人财产producer equilibrium 生产者均衡producer theory 生产者理论product differentiation 产品差异product group 产品集团production efficiency 生产效率productivity 生产率productivity of capital 资本生产率productivity of labor 劳动生产率profit maximization 利润极大化property rights 产权property rights economics 产权经济学proposition 定理proportional demand cure 成比例的需求曲线public benefits 公共收益public choice 公共选择public goods 公共商品pure competition 纯粹竞争rivalry 对抗性、竞争pure exchange 纯交换pure monopoly 纯粹垄断Qquantity—adjustment model 数量调整模型quantity tax 从量税quasi—rent 准租金Rrate of product transformation 产品转换率regulation 调节,调控relative price 相对价格rent control 规模报酬rent seeking 寻租resource allocation 资源配置returns 报酬、回报returns to scale 规模报酬revenue 收益revenue maximization 收益极大化ridge line 脊线Ssatiation 饱和,满足saving 储蓄scarcity 稀缺性law of scarcity 稀缺法则service 劳务shadow prices 影子价格short—run 短期short—run cost cure 短期成本曲线short—run equilibrium 短期均衡short—run supply cure 短期供给曲线shut down decision 关闭决策shortage 短缺slope 斜率social benefit 社会收益social cost 社会成本social security 社会保障solution 解space 空间stability 稳定性stable equilibrium 稳定的均衡static analysis 静态分析stock 存量stock market 股票市场strategy 策略subsidy 津贴substitutes 替代品substitution effect 替代效应sufficient condition 充分条件supply 供给supply cure 供给曲线supply function 供给函数supply schedule 供给表symmetry 对称性symmetry of information 信息对称Ttangency 相切taste 兴致technical efficiency 技术效率technological constraints 技术约束technological progress 技术进步total cost 总成本total effect 总效应total expenditure 总支出total fixed cost 总固定成本total product 总产量total revenue 总收益total utility 总效用total variable cost 总可变成本traditional economy 传统经济transitivity 传递性transaction cost 交易费用Uuncertainty 不确定性uniqueness 唯一性unit elasticity 单位弹性utility 效用utility function 效用函数utility index 效用指数value 价值value judge 价值判断variable cost 可变成本variable input 可变投入variables 变量vector 向量visible hand 看得见的手vulgar economics 庸俗经济学Wwage 工资wage rate 工资率Wants 需要Welfare criterion 福利标准welfare maximization 福利极大化Zzero cost 零成本zero elasticity 零弹性zero economic profit 零利润。

经济学术语

经济学术语

经济学术语经济学术语1、Capital:it is something produced that is long-lasting, and used to make other things that we value.2、Economics is the study of choice under conditions of scarcity.3、Entrepreneurship(企业家作用)is an individual’s ability and the willingness to use this ability to combine the other resources into a productive enterprise.4、Human capital: the skills and knowledge possessed by workers.5、Macroeconomics (宏观经济学) is the study of aggregate economic behavior of the economy as a whole.6、Microeconomics(微观经济学)is the study of individual behavior in the economy of the components of the larger economy.7、Normative economics(规范经济)uses value judgments to decide what should be.8、Positive economics(实证经济)deals with how the economy works.9、A resource is anything that is used to produce goods and services.1、Absolute advantage(绝对优势): The capability of the production of some goodusing fewer resources than another individual can.2、Capitalism(资本主义): Most resources are owned privately .Examples: USA,UK.3、Comparative advantage(比较优势):A person has acomparative advantage inproducing some good if he or she can produce it with a smaller opportunity cost than some other person can.4、Explicit cost(外显成本): The dollars sacrificed and actually paid out for a choice.(书P25 PPT5)5、Implicit cost(内含成本): The value of something sacrificed for a choice thatinvolves no actual payment. (书P25 PPT5)6、Opportunity cost(机会成本): The most desired goods and services that areforegone in order to obtain something else. (书P23 PPT 4)7、Principle of Opportunity Cost(机会成本原理): The correct way to measure thecost of a choice of a choice is its opportunity cost ——that which is given up to make the choice.8、Production possibilities frontier PPT(生产可能性边界): The alternativecombinations of goods and services that could be produced in a given time period with all available resources and technology.9、Resource allocation(资源配置):1. Deciding how to use our scarce resources.2、The method a society chooses to allocate its resources1、Change in demand(需求的变化):when something other than the price changes,causing the entire demand curve to shift, we call it a change in demand.2、Change in quantity demanded(需求量的变化): for one reaso,when a change in the price of a good moves us along a demand curve, we called it a change in quantity demanded.3、Change in quantity supplied(供给量的变化): when the price of the goodchanges, and we move along the supply curve, we have a change in quantitysupplied. (书P71)4、Change in supply(供给的变化):when something other than the price changes,causing the entire supply curve to shift, we call it a change in supply. (书P71) 5、Complement(互补): A complement is the opposite of a substitute: it is usedtogether with the good we are interested in.6、Demand schedule(需求表):A table showing the quantities of a good a consumer is willing and able to buy at alternative prices in a given time period, ceteris paribus.(书P61 PPT 24)7、Equilibrium price(均衡价格):The price at which the quantity of a good demanded in a given time period equals the quantity supplied.8、Equilirium quantity(均衡数量):The equilibrium price occurs at the intersectionof the supply and demand curves.9、Inferior good(低档品): A rise in income will decrease the demand for aninferior good.10、Normal good(正常商品): A rise in income will increase the demand for a normalgood.11、Price ceiling(价格上限): Upper limit imposed on the price of a good or service.12、Price floor(价格下限) :Lower limit imposed on the priceof a good or service.13、Substitute(替代品):A substitute is a good that can be used in place of anothergood and that fulfills more or less the same purpose.(书64 PPT38)1、Budget constraint(预算约束): A consumer’s budget constraint identifies which combinations of goods and services the consumer can afford with a limited budget, at given prices.2、Budget line(预算线):A pattern which is to show budget line.3、Marginal utility(边际效应):It is the change in utility an individual enjoys from consuming an additional unit of a good.4、Rational preferences(理性偏好):1. Assumption: you look at two alternatives and state either that you prefer one to other or that you are entirely indifferent between the two---you value them equally. 2. When a consumer can make choices, and is logically consistent5、Substitution effect(替代效应): The substitution effect ofa price change arises from a change in the relative price of a good, it always moves quantity demanded in the opposite direction to the price change. When price decreases, the substitution effect works to increase quantity demanded; when price increases, the substitution effect works to decrease quantity demanded.1、Perfect competition(完全竞争):perfect competition is a market structure with three important characteristics:There are large numbers of buyers and sellers, and each buys or sells only a tiny fraction of the total quantity in themarket.Sellers offer a standardized product.Sellers can easily enter into or exit from the market.2Price taker(价格执行者):A perfectly competitive firm is aprice taker. Individual firm s’ output decisions do not affect the market p rice. Individual firms must take the market price and do the best they can within these constraints.3、Shutdown price(停产价格):The firm is indifferent between staying opening and shutting down. We call this price the firm’s shutdown price.1、Cartel(卡特尔): price-fixing agreements The most extreme form.A group of firms that tries to maximize the total profits of the group as a whole. (书P258 PPT84)2、Duopoly(双头寡头): A true Duopoly is a specific type of Oligopoly where only two producers exist in one market.3、Explicit collusion(公开勾结): The simplest form of cooperation. managers meet face to face to decide how to set prices.(书P258 PPT83)4、Monopoly firm(垄断企业): A monopoly firm is one that produces the entire market supply of a particular good or service.Monopoly market(垄断市场): The market in which the monopoly firm operates is called a monopoly market.5、Tacit collusion(默契勾结): Any time firms cooperate without an explicit agreement, they are engaging in tact collusion. It is a tit-for tat strategy. It will lead to price war!。

economics_definitions(经济学术语大全)

economics_definitions(经济学术语大全)

经济学的一些术语绝对优势(Absolute advantage)如果一个国家用一单位资源生产的某种产品比另一个国家多,那么,这个国家在这种产品的生产上与另一国相比就具有绝对优势。

逆向选择(Adverse choice)在此状况下,保险公司发现它们的客户中有太大的一部分来自高风险群体。

选择成本(Alternative cost)如果以最好的另一种方式使用的某种资源,它所能生产的价值就是选择成本,也可以称之为机会成本。

需求的弧弹性(Arc elasticity of demand)如果P1和Q1分别是价格和需求量的初始值,P2 和Q2 为第二组值,那么,弧弹性就等于-(Q1-Q2)(P1+P2)/(P1-P2)(Q1+Q2)非对称的信息(Asymmetric information)在某些市场中,每个参与者拥有的信息并不相同。

例如,在旧车市场上,有关旧车质量的信息,卖者通常要比潜在的买者知道得多。

平均成本(Average cost)平均成本是总成本除以产量。

也称为平均总成本。

平均固定成本( Average fixed cost)平均固定成本是总固定成本除以产量。

平均产品(Average product)平均产品是总产量除以投入品的数量。

平均可变成本(Average variable cost)平均可变成本是总可变成本除以产量。

投资的β(Beta)β度量的是与投资相联的不可分散的风险。

对于一种股票而言,它表示所有现行股票的收益发生变化时,一种股票的收益会如何敏感地变化。

债券收益(Bond yield)债券收益是债券所获得的利率。

收支平衡图(Break-even chart)收支平衡图表示一种产品所出售的总数量改变时总收益和总成本是如何变化的。

收支平衡点是为避免损失而必须卖出的最小数量。

预算线(Budget line)预算线表示消费者所能购买的商品X和商品Y的数量的全部组合。

它的斜率等于商品X的价格除以商品Y的价格再乘以一1。

(完整版)经济学专业英语术语

(完整版)经济学专业英语术语

经济学专业英语术语the nature of the firmPrice mechanism 价格机制Transaction costs 交易成本Entrepreneur 企业家Exchange transaction 交换交易Sales tax 销售税monopoly gain 垄断收益factors of production 生产要素diminishing returns of management 管理收益递减market transaction 市场交易marketing cost 营销成本spatial distribution 空间分布combination 合并(when transactions which were previous organized by two or more entrepreneurs become organized by one)integration 一体化(when it involves the organization of transactions which were previously carried out between the entrepreneurs on a market)(p.45) (a firm canexpand in either or both of these two ways.)specialized exchange economy 专业化交换经济the division of labour 劳动分工specialization 专业化uncertainty 不确定性collusion 勾结forecasting 预测,预期relative price 相对价格economic system 经济体制,经济制度perfect competition 完全竞争imperfect competition 不完全竞争marginal cost 边际成本dynamic factors 动态因素a theory of moving equilibrium 移动均衡理论,动态均衡理论marginal product of entrepreneur 企业家的边际产品The Role of Monetary Policymonetary policy 货币政策The Great Contraction 大收缩liquidity preference 流动偏好depression 萧条fiscal policy 财政政策rigidity of wages 工资刚性deflation policy 通货紧缩政策monetary authority 货币当局Federal Reserve System 联邦储备系统aggregate demand 总需求fine tuning 微调prompt adjustment 即刻调整government bonds 政府债券pioneering capital 创业资本full employment 充分就业money market 货币市场speculation 投机interest rate 利息率unemployment 失业financial community 金融集团the quantity of money 货币数量liquidity preferences schedule 流动性偏好图demand for loans 贷款需求cyclical adjustment process 周期性调节过程price expectation effect 价格预期效应nominal interest rate 名义利率real interest rate 实际利率natural interest rate 自然利率Fisher effect 费雪效应capital formation 资本形成natural rate of unemployment 自然失业率Walrasian system of general equilibrium equations 瓦尔拉一般均衡公式体系anticipations 预期job vacancies 工作空职real magnitude 实际量值monetary expansion 货币扩张the creation of money 货币创造Gold standard 金本位制surplus or deficits 顺差或逆差tariffs and quotas 关税或限额stagnation 停滞federal budget 联邦预算monetary stability 货币稳定exchange rate 汇率floating exchange rates 浮动汇率monetary total 货币总量monopoly 垄断inflationary gap 通胀缺口aggregate demand 总需求Phillips curve 菲利普斯曲线money illusion 货币幻觉disequilibrium 非均衡voluntary unemployment 自愿失业stickiness of money wages 货币工资粘性bargain 议价decentralized economy 非集中的经济labor supply functions 劳动供给函数involuntary unemployment 非自愿失业Neoclassical equilibrium 新古典均衡comparative statics 比较静态scale of exogenous monetary variables 外生货币变量比例static equilibrium 静态均衡irrationality 非理性Phillips doctrine 菲利普斯学说Natural rate doctrine 自然率学说transitional effect 转移效应marginal productivity 边际生产率full information 完全信息,充分信息mechanics of adjustment 调节机制stochastic variables 随机变量cost of mobility 流动成本frictional unemployment 摩擦性失业the mean duration of unemployment 平均失业时间长度inflation illusion 通胀幻觉Over-estimation of real wages 实际工资的高估substitution effect 替代效应income effect 收入效应under-estimation of price inflation 价格通胀的低估capital stocks 资本存量congestion theory 阻塞理论external effect 外部效应deadweight loss 绝对亏损,沉重损失suboptimal 次优stochastic macro-equilibrium 随机宏观均衡heterogeneous markets 异质的市场monotonic function 单调函数asymmetry 不对称relative wages 相对工资monopoly 垄断oligopoly 寡占mark-ups 标高(价格)administered price 规定价格econometric evidence 经济计量证明currency 通货demand deposits 活期存款financial assets 金融资产reparations 赔款hyper-inflation 过度通货膨胀anti-inflation 反通胀purchasing power 购买力pension funds 年金基金Pigou Effect 庇古效应human capital 人力资本social utility 社会效用government regulations 政府管制,政府规制,政府调节government intervention 政府干预government management 政府管理welfare macroeconomics 福利宏观经济学other readingsEconomics 经济学current income 现期收入Future income 远期收入econometrics 经济计量学positive economics 实证经济学normative economics 规范经济学net gains 净利economic rationality 经济理性institutionalist school 制度学派neoclassical school 新古典学派maximum profit 最大化利润decision maker 决策人revenue 岁收comparative statics 比较静态partial equilibrium 局部均衡general equilibrium 一般均衡heterogeneous 异质technological progress 技术进步scarce 稀缺barter 易货,物物交换medium of exchange 交换媒介economic system 经济体制Probabilistic laws 概率律substitutes 替代品Resource allocation 资源配置competition 竞争delivery time 交货时间decision making 决策distribution 分配equilibrium price 均衡价格equilibrium quantity 均衡产量Factor input 生产要素,投入要素shortage 短缺radical economists 激进经济学家dynamics 动态学anti-trust law 反托拉斯法marginal analysis 边际分析functional relationship 函数关系merger 兼并acquisition 并购horizontal merger 横向兼并vertical merger 纵向兼并conglomerate merger 混合兼并New York Exchange 纽约证券交易所economic growth 经济增长Security 证券population 人口Intermediary 中介,中介人,中介机构per capita 人均Broker 中人,中介人fluctuation 波动Homogeneous 同质。

经济学专业英语术语表

经济学专业英语术语表

经济学专业英语术语表专业简介: 经济学主要研究经济学、金融学、投资学、精算学等方面的基本知识和技能,在银行、证券、信托等金融机构进行经济分析、预测、规划、管理以及各类金融服务。

例如:债券、基金的投资前景分析,股票、投资的风险评估,汽车、房子的抵押贷款,企业破产时的资产清算等。

开设课程: 经济学主要课程:政治经济学、《资本论》、西方经济学、统计学、国际经济学、货币银行学、财政学、经济学说史、发展经济学、企业管理、市场营销、国际金融、国际贸易等1. 政治经济学 (Political Economy)术语术语术语术语术语生产力 (Productivity)生产关系 (ProductionRelations)经济制度 (EconomicSystem)社会主义市场经济(Socialist MarketEconomy)资本主义市场经济(Capitalist MarketEconomy)劳动价值论 (Labor Theory of Value)剩余价值 (SurplusValue)利润率 (Profit Rate)资本积累 (CapitalAccumulation)资本有机构成 (OrganicComposition of Capital)经济危机 (EconomicCrisis)货币 (Money)信用 (Credit)利息 (Interest)货币政策 (MonetaryPolicy)财政 (Fiscal)税收 (Taxation)政府支出 (GovernmentExpenditure)财政政策 (Fiscal Policy)公共债务 (Public Debt)国民收入 (NationalIncome)国内生产总值 (GrossDomestic Product,GDP)国民生产总值 (GrossNational Product, GNP)经济增长率 (EconomicGrowth Rate)经济发展水平 (EconomicDevelopment Level)2. 《资本论》(Capital)术语术语术语术语术语商品 (Commodity)使用价值 (Use Value)交换价值 (ExchangeValue)商品拜物教(CommodityFetishism)商品流通形式 (Forms ofCommodity Circulation)简单商品流通 (Simple Commodity Circulation)货币商品流通 (MoneyCommodityCirculation)货币转化为资本(Money Transformedinto Capital)资本循环过程(Circuit of Capital)资本周转时间 (TurnoverTime of Capital)不变资本 (ConstantCapital)变动资本 (VariableCapital)剩余价值率 (Rate ofSurplus Value)剥削率 (Rate ofExploitation)绝对剩余价值生产方式(Absolute Surplus ValueProduction Method)相对剩余价值生产方式(Relative Surplus Value Production Method)简单再生产(SimpleReproduction)扩大再生产(ExpandedReproduction)生产部门(Department ofProduction)消费部门(Department ofConsumption)资本主义生产方式(Capitalist Mode of Production)资本主义生产关系(Capitalist ProductionRelations)资本主义经济规律(Capitalist EconomicLaws)资本主义经济危机(Capitalist EconomicCrisis)资本主义的历史趋势(Historical Trend ofCapitalism)3. 西方经济学 (Western Economics)术语术语术语术语术语微观经济学(Microeconomics)宏观经济学(Macroeconomics)经济学方法论(EconomicMethodology)经济学思想史 (Historyof Economic Thought)经济学流派 (Schools ofEconomics)边际分析 (MarginalAnalysis)需求 (Demand)供给 (Supply)市场均衡 (MarketEquilibrium)弹性 (Elasticity)消费者行为(Consumer Behavior)效用 (Utility)预算约束 (BudgetConstraint)消费者选择(Consumer Choice)消费者剩余 (ConsumerSurplus)生产者行为 (ProducerBehavior)生产函数 (ProductionFunction)成本函数 (CostFunction)收益函数 (RevenueFunction)利润最大化 (ProfitMaximization)市场结构 (Market Structure)完全竞争市场 (PerfectCompetition Market)垄断市场 (MonopolyMarket)寡头垄断市场(Oligopoly Market)竞争性垄断市场(Monopolistic CompetitionMarket)4. 统计学 (Statistics)术语术语术语术语术语统计数据 (Statistical Data)数据来源 (DataSources)数据类型 (DataTypes)数据收集方法(DataCollection Methods)数据整理方法(DataProcessing Methods)频数分布表(Frequency Distribution Table)直方图(Histogram)频率多边形(Frequency Polygon)分位数(Quantile)箱线图(Boxplot)中心趋势度量(Measures of Central Tendency)平均数(Mean)中位数(Median)众数(Mode)几何平均数(GeometricMean)离散趋势度量(Measures ofDispersion)极差(Range)方差(Variance)标准差(StandardDeviation)变异系数(Coefficient ofVariation)相关分析(CorrelationAnalysis)散点图(ScatterPlot)相关系数(CorrelationCoefficient)回归分析(RegressionAnalysis)回归方程(RegressionEquation)5. 国际经济学(International Economics)术语术语术语术语术语国际贸易(InternationalTrade)国际收支(Balance ofPayments)汇率(Exchange Rate)国际金融(InternationalFinance)国际货币体系(International MonetarySystem)比较优势(Comparative Advantage)贸易政策(TradePolicy)关税(Tariff)非关税壁垒(Non-TariffBarrier)自由贸易区(Free TradeArea)关税同盟(CustomsUnion)共同市场(CommonMarket)经济一体化(EconomicIntegration)区域贸易协定(RegionalTrade Agreement)世界贸易组织(WorldTrade Organization)汇率制度(Exchange Rate Regime)固定汇率(FixedExchange Rate)浮动汇率(FloatingExchange Rate)管理浮动汇率(ManagedFloating Exchange Rate)汇率决定理论(ExchangeRate DeterminationTheory)汇率风险(Exchange Rate Risk)避险(Hedging)套利(Arbitrage)规模经济(Economies ofScale)产品差异化(ProductDifferentiation)贸易多样化(Trade Diversification)贸易创造(TradeCreation)贸易转移(TradeDiversion)贸易保护主义(TradeProtectionism)贸易自由化(TradeLiberalization)国际金融市场(International FinancialMarket)国际债券市场(International BondMarket)国际股票市场(International StockMarket)国际外汇市场(International ForeignExchange Market)国际金融危机(International FinancialCrisis)金本位制(Gold Standard System)布雷顿森林体系(Bretton WoodsSystem)特别提款权(SpecialDrawing Rights,SDRs)欧洲货币体系(EuropeanMonetary System, EMS)欧元(Euro)6. 货币银行学 (Money and Banking)货币的本质(Nature ofMoney)货币的功能(Functionof Money)货币的种类(Types ofMoney)货币供给(MoneySupply)货币需求(Money Demand)货币创造(Money Creation)存款准备金率(ReserveRequirement Ratio)存款货币乘数(DepositMoney Multiplier)银行的资产负债表(Bank's Balance Sheet)银行的盈亏表(Bank'sIncome Statement)银行的风险管理(Risk Management of Bank)银行的监管(Regulation of Bank)银行的稳健性(Soundnessof Bank)银行的效率(Efficiencyof Bank)银行的竞争力(Competitiveness of Bank)中央银行(CentralBank)中央银行的职能(Function of CentralBank)中央银行的独立性(Independence of CentralBank)中央银行的货币政策(Monetary Policy ofCentral Bank)中央银行的政策工具(PolicyTools of Central Bank)存款利率(Deposit Interest Rate)贷款利率(LoanInterest Rate)基准利率(BenchmarkInterest Rate)政策利率(PolicyInterest Rate)市场利率(Market InterestRate)7. 财政学 (Public Finance)术语术语术语术语术语公共部门(PublicSector)公共财政(Public Finance)公共财政的功能(Function of PublicFinance)公共财政的目标(Objective of PublicFinance)公共财政的原则(Principleof Public Finance)公共支出(Public Expenditure)公共支出的结构(Structure of PublicExpenditure)公共支出的效果(Effect ofPublic Expenditure)公共支出的决策(Decisionof Public Expenditure)公共支出的评价(Evaluation of PublicExpenditure)公共收入(Public Revenue)税收(Tax)税收的分类(Classification of Tax)税收的效果(Effect of Tax)税收的原则(Principle ofTax)税制(Tax System)税率(Tax Rate)税基(Tax Base)税负(Tax Burden)税收弹性(Tax Elasticity)财政赤字(FiscalDeficit)财政平衡(Fiscal Balance)财政盈余(Fiscal Surplus)财政政策(Fiscal Policy)财政乘数(FiscalMultiplier)8. 经济学说史 (History of Economic Thought)术语术语术语术语术语经济思想(EconomicThought)经济思想家(EconomicThinker)经济思潮(EconomicTrend)经济范式(EconomicParadigm)经济方法论(EconomicMethodology)古典经济学(Classical Economics)亚当·斯密(Adam Smith)大卫·李嘉图(DavidRicardo)托马斯·罗伯特·马尔萨斯(Thomas Robert Malthus)约翰·斯图亚特·穆勒(John Stuart Mill)新古典经济学(Neoclassical Economics)威廉·斯坦利·杰文斯(William StanleyJevons)卡尔·门格尔(CarlMenger)列昂·瓦尔拉斯(LeonWalras)阿尔弗雷德·马歇尔(Alfred Marshall)凯恩斯主义(Keynesianism)约翰·梅纳德·凯恩斯(John Maynard Keynes)总需求(TotalDemand)总供给(Total Supply)有效需求(EffectiveDemand)马克思主义(Marxism)卡尔·马克思(Karl Marx)弗里德里希·恩格斯(Friedrich Engels)剩余价值(Surplus Value)剩余价值理论(Theory ofSurplus Value)9. 发展经济学 (Development Economics)术语术语术语术语术语发展(Development)经济发展(EconomicDevelopment)社会发展(SocialDevelopment)人类发展(HumanDevelopment)可持续发展(SustainableDevelopment)发展中国家(Developing Countries)发达国家(DevelopedCountries)最不发达国家(LeastDeveloped Countries)新兴市场国家(Emerging MarketCountries)发展中欧洲和中亚国家(Europeand Central Asia DevelopingCountries)发展指标(Development Indicator)经济增长率(EconomicGrowth Rate)人均国民收入(PerCapita NationalIncome)贫困率(Poverty Rate)不平等系数(InequalityCoefficient)发展理论(Development Theory)进化论(Evolutionism)扩散论(Diffusionism)追赶论(Catch-upTheory)结构主义(Structuralism)发展战略(Development Strategy)进口替代战略(ImportSubstitution Strategy)出口导向战略(Export-oriented Strategy)自力更生战略(Self-reliance Strategy)开放型战略(Open Strategy)10. 企业管理 (Business Management)术语术语术语术语术语企业(Business)企业的目标(Objective ofBusiness)企业的环境(Environment ofBusiness)企业的组织(Organization ofBusiness)企业的管理(Management ofBusiness)管理的定义(Definition of Management)管理的功能(Function ofManagement)管理的原则(Principle ofManagement)管理的过程(Process ofManagement)管理的效果(Effect ofManagement)计划(Planning)计划的类型(Type ofPlanning)计划的步骤(Step ofPlanning)计划的工具(Tool ofPlanning)计划的评价(Evaluationof Planning)组织(Organizing)组织的类型(Type ofOrganizing)组织的结构(Structure ofOrganizing)组织的设计(Design ofOrganizing)组织的变革(Change ofOrganizing)领导(Leading)领导的类型(Type ofLeading)领导的风格(Style ofLeading)领导的技能(Skill ofLeading)领导的效果(Effect ofLeading)11. 市场营销 (Marketing)术语术语术语术语术语市场(Market)市场营销(Marketing)市场营销的概念(Conceptof Marketing)市场营销的目标(Objective ofMarketing)市场营销的原则(Principle ofMarketing)市场营销环境(Marketing Environment)微观环境(Microenvironment)宏观环境(Macroenvironment)竞争环境(CompetitiveEnvironment)法律环境(LegalEnvironment)市场营销信息系统(Marketing InformationSystem)市场调查(MarketResearch)市场分析(Market Analysis)市场预测(MarketForecast)市场控制(MarketControl)市场细分(Market Segmentation)目标市场(TargetMarket)市场定位(MarketPositioning)市场选择(MarketSelection)市场组合(Market Mix)产品(Product)产品生命周期(ProductLife Cycle)产品策略(ProductStrategy)产品创新(ProductInnovation)产品品牌(ProductBrand)12. 国际金融 (International Finance)术语术语术语术语术语国际金融(InternationalFinance)国际金融市场(International FinancialMarket)国际金融机构(International FinancialInstitution)国际金融体系(International FinancialSystem)国际金融秩序(International FinancialOrder)国际收支(Balance of Payments)经常账户(CurrentAccount)资本账户(Capital Account)官方储备账户(OfficialReserve Account)国际收支平衡(Balanceof Payment Equilibrium)汇率(Exchange Rate)汇率制度(ExchangeRate Regime)汇率决定理论(ExchangeRate DeterminationTheory)汇率风险(ExchangeRate Risk)汇率政策(ExchangeRate Policy)国际债务(InternationalDebt)外债(Foreign Debt)内债(Domestic Debt)多边债务(MultilateralDebt)双边债务(Bilateral Debt)国际金融危机(International FinancialCrisis)金融全球化(FinancialGlobalization)金融自由化(FinancialLiberalization)金融监管(FinancialRegulation)金融稳定(FinancialStability)13. 国际贸易国际贸易是指不同国家或地区之间进行的商品和服务的交换活动。

经济学基本词汇英文对照

经济学基本词汇英文对照

经济学基本词汇英文对照1. 供需关系(Supply and Demand)在经济学中,供需关系是指商品或服务的供给量与需求量之间的关系。

当供给量大于需求量时,价格往往下降;反之,当需求量大于供给量时,价格则会上升。

2. 市场均衡(Market Equilibrium)市场均衡是指在一个市场中,商品的供给量和需求量达到平衡状态,此时商品的价格稳定。

3. 边际效用(Marginal Utility)边际效用是指消费者在消费过程中,每增加一单位商品所获得的额外满足感。

随着消费量的增加,边际效用逐渐递减。

4. 机会成本(Opportunity Cost)机会成本是指为了得到某种东西而放弃的其他最有价值的机会。

在做决策时,我们需要考虑机会成本。

5. 生产要素(Factors of Production)生产要素是指在生产过程中所使用的资源,主要包括劳动力、土地、资本和企业家精神。

6. 宏观经济学(Macroeconomics)宏观经济学研究的是整个国家或地区的经济总量、经济增长、通货膨胀、失业等经济现象。

7. 微观经济学(Microeconomics)微观经济学研究的是个体经济单位(如家庭、企业)在资源有限的情况下如何进行选择,以及这些选择如何影响市场价格和资源配置。

8. 总需求(Aggregate Demand)总需求是指一个国家或地区在一定时期内,所有消费者、企业、政府和外国购买者对最终产品和服务的需求总和。

9. 总供给(Aggregate Supply)总供给是指一个国家或地区在一定时期内,所有生产者愿意提供的最终产品和服务的总量。

10. 通货膨胀(Inflation)通货膨胀是指货币供应量增加,导致物价普遍上涨,购买力下降的经济现象。

11. 失业(Unemployment)失业是指有劳动能力并愿意工作的人未能找到工作的情况。

失业率是衡量一个国家或地区经济状况的重要指标。

12. 货币政策(Monetary Policy)货币政策是指中央银行通过调整货币供应量和利率等手段,以达到控制通货膨胀、促进经济增长等目标的政策。

经济学常用英语词汇

经济学常用英语词汇

经济学英语词汇1、General terms 一般术语economist 经济学家socialist economy 社会主义经济capitalist economy 资本主义经济collectiveeconomy 集体经济planned economy 计划经济controlled economy 管制经济rural economics 农村经济liberal economy 自由经济mixed economy 混合经济political economy 政治经济学protectionism 保护主义autarchy 闭关自守primary sector 初级成分private sector 私营成分,私营部门public sector 公共部门,公共成分economic channels经济渠道economic balance 经济平衡economic fluctuation 经济波动economic depression 经济衰退economic stability 经济稳定economic policy 经济政策economic recovery 经济复原understanding 约定concentration 集中holdingcompany 控股公司trust 托拉斯cartel 卡特尔rate of growth 增长economic trend经济趋势economic situation 经济形势infrastructure 基本建设standard of living生活标准,生活水平purchasing power, buying power 购买力scarcity 短缺stagnation停滞,萧条,不景气underdevelopment 不发达underdeveloped 不发达的developing 发展中的2、Capital 资本initial capital 创办资本frozen capital 冻结资金frozenassets 冻结资产fixed assets 固定资产real estate 不动产,房地产circulatingcapital, working capital 流动资本available capital 可用资产capital goods资本货物reserve 准备金,储备金calling up of capital 催缴资本allocation of funds资金分配contribution of funds 资金捐献working capital fund 周转基金revolvingfund 循环基金,周转性基金contingency fund 意外开支,准备金reserve fund 准备金buffer fund 缓冲基金,平准基金sinking fund 偿债基金investment 投资,资产investor 投资人self-financing 自筹经费,经费自给bank 银行current account 经常帐户(美作:checking account) current-account holder 支票帐户(美作:checking-account holder)cheque 支票(美作:check) bearer cheque, cheque payable to bearer无记名支票,来人支票crossed cheque 划线支票traveller's cheque 旅行支票chequebook 支票簿,支票本(美作:checkbook) endorsement 背书transfer 转让,转帐,过户money 货币issue 发行ready money 现钱cash 现金ready money business, no creditgiven 现金交易,概不赊欠change 零钱banknote, note 钞票,纸币(美作:bill) to pay(in) cash 付现金domestic currency, local currency] 本国货币convertibility 可兑换性convertible currencies 可自由兑换货币exchange rate汇率,兑换率foreign exchange 外汇floating exchange rate 浮动汇率freeexchange rates 自由汇兑市场foreign exchange certificate 外汇兑换券hardcurrency 硬通货speculation 投机saving 储装,存款depreciation 减价,贬值devaluation (货币)贬值revaluation 重估价runaway inflation 无法控制的通货膨胀deflation 通货紧缩capital flight 资本外逃securities business 证券市场stockexchange 股票市场stock exchange corporation 证券交易所stock exchange证券交易所,股票交易所quotation 报价,牌价share 股份,股票shareholder, stockholder股票持有人,股东dividend 股息,红利cash dividend 现金配股stock investment 股票投资investment trust 投资信托stock-jobber 股票经纪人stock company, stockbrokerage firm 证券公司securities 有价证券share, common stock 普通股preference stock 优先股income gain 股利收入issue 发行股票par value 股面价格,票面价格bull 买手, 多头bear 卖手, 空头assigned 过户opening price 开盘closing price 收盘hard times 低潮business recession 景气衰退doldrums 景气停滞dull盘整ease 松弛raising limit 涨停板break 暴跌bond, debenture 债券WallStreet 华尔街3、Credit 信贷short term loan 短期贷款long term loan长期贷款medium term loan 中期贷款lender 债权人creditor 债权人debtor 债务人,借方borrower 借方,借款人borrowing 借款interest 利息rate of interest 利率discount 贴现,折扣rediscount 再贴现annuity 年金maturity 到期日,偿还日amortization 摊销,摊还,分期偿付redemption 偿还insurance 保险mortgage 抵押allotment 拨款short term credit 短期信贷consolidated debt 合并债务fundeddebt 固定债务,长期债务floating debt 流动债务drawing 提款,提存aid 援助allowance, grant, subsidy 补贴,补助金,津贴4、Pruduction 生产output 产出,产量producer 生产者,制造者productive, producing 生产的products, goods 产品consumer goods 消费品article 物品,商品manufactured goods, finished goods制成品,产成品raw product 初级产品semifinished goods 半成品by-product 副产品foodstuffs 食品raw material 原料supply 供应,补给input 投入productivity生产率productiveness 赢利性overproduction 生产过剩5、Expenses 耗费cost 成本,费用expenditure, outgoings 开支,支出fixed costs 固定成本overheadcosts 营业间接成本overheads 杂项开支,间接成本operating costs 生产费用,营业成本operating expenses 营业费用running expenses 日常费用,经营费用miscellaneouscosts 杂项费用overhead expenses 间接费用,管理费用upkeep costs, maintenancecosts 维修费用,养护费用transport costs 运输费用social charges 社会负担费用contingent expenses, contingencies 或有费用apportionment of expenses分摊费用6、Profit 利润income 收入,收益earnings 利润,收益gross income,gross earnings 总收入,总收益gross profit, gross benefit 毛利,总利润,利益毛额net income 纯收益,净收入,收益净额average income 平均收入national income 国民收入profitability, profit earning capacity 利润率,赢利率yield 产量收益,收益率increase in value, appreciation 增值,升值7、taxes 税duty 税taxation system 税制taxation 征税,纳税fiscal charges 财务税收progressivetaxation 累进税制graduated tax 累进税value added tax 增值税income tax 所得税land tax 地租,地价税excise tax 特许权税basis of assessment 估税标准taxableincome 须纳税的收入fiscality 检查tax-free 免税的tax exemption 免税taxpayer纳税人tax collector 收税员8、Internal economic and trade orgnization国际经济与贸易组织China Council for the Promotion of InternationalTrade, C.C.P.I.T. 中国国际贸易促进委员会National Council for US-China Trade美中贸易全国理事会Japan-China Economic Association 日中经济协会Association forthe Promotion of International Trade,Japan 日本国际贸易促进会BritishCouncil for the Promotion of International Trade 英国国际贸易促进委员会International Chamber of Commerce 国际商会International Union ofMarine Insurance 国际海洋运输保险协会International Alumina Association国际铝矾土协会Universal Postal Union, UPU 万国邮政联盟Customs Co-operation Council, CCC 关税合作理事会United Nations Trade and Development Board联合国贸易与发展理事会Organization for Economic cooperation and Development,DECD 经济合作与开发组织European Economic Community, EEC, European Common Market 欧洲经济共同体European Free Trade Association, EFTA 欧洲自由贸易联盟European Free Trade Area, EFTA 欧洲自由贸易区Council for Mutual EconomicAid, CMEA 经济互助委员会Eurogroup 欧洲集团Group of Ten 十国集团Committee of Twenty(Paris Club) 二十国委员会Coordinating Committee, COCOM 巴黎统筹委员会Caribbean Common Market, CCM, Caribbean Free-Trade Association,CARIFTA 加勒比共同市场(加勒比自由贸易同盟)Andeans Common Market, ACM, Andeans Treaty Organization, ATO 安第斯共同市场Latin American Free TradeAssociation, LAFTA 拉丁美洲自由贸易联盟Central American Common Market, CACM中美洲共同市场African and Malagasy Common Organization, OCAM 非洲与马尔加什共同组织East African Common Market, EACM 东非共同市场Central African Customs andEconomic Union, CEUCA 中非关税经济同盟West African Economic Community,WAEC 西非经济共同体Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries,OPEC 石油输出国组织Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries,OAPEC 阿拉伯石油输出国组织Commonwealth Preference Area 英联邦特惠区Centre National du Commerce Exterieur, National Center of External Trade法国对外贸易中心People's Bank of China 中国人民银行Bank of China 中国银行International Bank for Reconstruction and development, IBRD国际复兴开发银行World Bank 世界银行International Development association, IDA国际开发协会International Monetary Found Agreement 国际货币基金协定International Monetary Found, IMF 国际货币基金组织European Economic andMonetary Union 欧洲经济与货币同盟European Monetary Cooperation Fund欧洲货币合作基金Bank for International Settlements, BIS 国际结算银行African Development Bank, AFDB 非洲开发银行Export-Import Bank of Washington美国进出口银行National city Bank of New York 花旗银行American OrientalBanking Corporation 美丰银行American Express Co. Inc. 美国万国宝通银行TheChase Bank 大通银行Inter-American Development Bank, IDB 泛美开发银行European Investment Bank, EIB 欧洲投资银行Midland Bank,Ltd. 米兰银行UnitedBank of Switzerland 瑞士联合银行Dresden Bank A.G. 德累斯敦银行Bank ofTokyo,Ltd. 东京银行Hongkong and Shanghai Corporation 香港汇丰银行International Finance Corporation, IFC 国际金融公司La CommunauteFinancieve Africane 非洲金融共同体Economic and Social Council, ECOSOC联合国经济及社会理事会United Nations Development Program, NUDP 联合国开发计划署United Nations Capital Development Fund, UNCDF 联合国资本开发基金UnitedNations Industrial Development Organization, UNIDO 联合国工业发展组织UnitedNations Conference on Trade and Development, UNCTAD 联合国贸易与发展会议Foodand Agricultural Organization, FAO 粮食与农业组织, 粮农组织EconomicCommission for Europe, ECE 欧洲经济委员会Economic Commission for LatinAmerica, ECLA 拉丁美洲经济委员会Economic Commission for Asia and Far East,ECAFE 亚洲及远东经济委员会Economic Commission for Western Asia, ECWA 西亚经济委员会Economic Commission for Africa, ECA 非洲经济委员会Overseas ChineseInvestment Company 华侨投资公司New York Stock Exchange, NYSE 纽约证券交易所London Stock Market 伦敦股票市场Baltic Mercantile and Shipping Exchange波罗的海商业和航运交易所Nash equilibrium 纳什均衡Natural monopoly 自然垄断Natural resources 自然资源Necessary condition 必要条件necessities 必需品net demand 净需求nonconvex preference 非凸性偏好nonconvexity 非凸性nonexclusion 非排斥性nonlinear pricing 非线性定价nonrivalry 非对抗性nonprice competition 非价格竞争nonsatiation 非饱和性non--zero—sum game 非零和对策normal goods 正常品normal profit 正常利润normative economics 规范经济学TopOobjective function 目标函数oligopoly 寡头垄断oligopoly market 寡头市场oligopoly model 寡头模型opportunity cost 机会成本optimal choice 最佳选择optimal consumption bundle 消费束perfect elasticity 完全有弹性optimal resource allocation 最佳资源配置optimal scale 最佳规模optimal solution 最优解optimization 优化ordering of optimization(social) preference (社会)偏好排序ordinal utility 序数效用ordinary goods 一般品output 产量、产出output elasticity 产出弹性output maximization 产出极大化TopPparameter 参数Pareto criterion 帕累托标准Pareto efficiency 帕累托效率Pareto improvement 帕累托改进Pareto optimality 帕累托优化Pareto set 帕累托集partial derivative 偏导数partial equilibrium 局部均衡patent 专利pay off matrix 收益矩阵、支付矩阵perceived demand curve 感觉到的需求曲线perfect competition 完全竞争perfect complement 完全互补品perfect monopoly 完全垄断perfect price discrimination 完全价格歧视perfect substitution 完全替代品perfect inelasticity 完全无弹性perfectly elastic 完全有弹性perfectly inelastic 完全无弹性plant size 工厂规模point elasticity 点弹性positive economics 实证经济学post Hoc Fallacy 后此谬误prediction 预测preference 偏好preference relation 偏好关系present value 现值price 价格price adjustment model 价格调整模型price ceiling 最高限价price consumption curve 价格费曲线price control 价格管制price difference 价格差别price discrimination 价格歧视price elasticity of demand 需求价格弹性price elasticity of supply 供给价格弹性price floor 最低限价price maker 价格制定者price rigidity 价格刚性price seeker 价格搜求者price taker 价格接受者price tax 从价税private benefit 私人收益principal—agent issues 委托--代理问题private cost 私人成本private goods 私人用品private property 私人财产producer equilibrium 生产者均衡producer theory 生产者理论product 产品product transformation curve 产品转换曲线product differentiation 产品差异product group 产品集团production 生产production contract curve 生产契约曲线production efficiency 生产效率production function 生产函数production possibility curve 生产可能性曲线productivity 生产率productivity of capital 资本生产率productivity of labor 劳动生产率profit 利润profit function 利润函数profit maximization 利润极大化property rights 产权property rights economics 产权经济学proposition 定理proportional demand curve 成比例的需求曲线public benefits 公共收益public choice 公共选择public goods 公共商品pure competition 纯粹竞争rivalry 对抗性、竞争pure exchange 纯交换pure monopoly 纯粹垄断accounting 会计accounting cost 会计成本accounting profit 会计利润adverse selection 逆向选择allocation 配置allocation of resources 资源配置allocative efficiency 配置效率antitrust legislation 反托拉斯法arc elasticity 弧弹性Arrow's impossibility theorem 阿罗不可能定理Assumption 假设asymetric information 非对称性信息average 平均average cost 平均成本average cost pricing 平均成本定价法average fixed cost 平均固定成本average product of capital 资本平均产量average product of labour 劳动平均产量average revenue 平均收益average total cost 平均总成本average variable cost 平均可变成本Bbarriers to entry 进入壁垒base year 基年bilateral monopoly 双边垄断benefit 收益black market 黑市bliss point 极乐点boundary point 边界点break even point 收支相抵点budget 预算budget constraint 预算约束budget line 预算线budget set 预算集Ccapital 资本capital stock 资本存量capital output ratio 资本产出比率capitalism 资本主义cardinal utility theory 基数效用论cartel 卡特尔ceteris puribus assumption “其他条件不变”的假设ceteris puribus demand curve 其他因素不变的需求曲线Chamberlin model 张伯伦模型change in demand 需求变化change in quantity demanded 需求量变化change in quantity supplied 供给量变化change in supply 供给变化choice 选择closed set 闭集Coase theorem 科斯定理Cobb—Douglas production function 柯布--道格拉斯生产函数cobweb model 蛛网模型collective bargaining 集体协议工资collusion 合谋command economy 指令经济commodity 商品commodity combination 商品组合commodity market 商品市场commodity space 商品空间common property 公用财产comparative static analysis 比较静态分析compensated budget line 补偿预算线compensated demand function 补偿需求函数compensation principles 补偿原则compensating variation in income 收入补偿变量competition 竞争competitive market 竞争性市场complement goods 互补品complete information 完全信息completeness 完备性condition for efficiency in exchange 交换的最优条件condition for efficiency in production 生产的最优条件concave 凹concave function 凹函数concave preference 凹偏好consistence 一致性constant cost industry 成本不变产业constant returns to scale 规模报酬不变constraints 约束consumer 消费者consumer behavior 消费者行为consumer choice 消费者选择consumer equilibrium 消费者均衡consumer optimization 消费者优化consumer preference 消费者偏好consumer surplus 消费者剩余consumer theory 消费者理论consumption 消费consumption bundle 消费束consumption combination 消费组合consumption possibility curve 消费可能曲线consumption possibility frontier 消费可能性前沿consumption set 消费集consumption space 消费空间continuity 连续性continuous function 连续函数contract curve 契约曲线convex 凸convex function 凸函数convex preference 凸偏好convex set 凸集corporatlon 公司cost 成本cost benefit analysis 成本收益分cost function 成本函数cost minimization 成本极小化Cournot equilihrium 古诺均衡Cournot model 古诺模型Cross—price elasticity 交叉价格弹性Ddead—weights loss 重负损失decreasing cost industry 成本递减产业decreasing returns to scale 规模报酬递减deduction 演绎法demand 需求demand curve 需求曲线demand elasticity 需求弹性demand function 需求函数demand price 需求价格demand schedule 需求表depreciation 折旧derivative 导数derive demand 派生需求difference equation 差分方程differential equation 微分方程differentiated good 差异商品differentiated oligoply 差异寡头diminishing marginal substitution 边际替代率递减diminishing marginal return 收益递减diminishing marginal utility 边际效用递减direct approach 直接法direct taxes 直接税discounting 贴税、折扣diseconomies of scale 规模不经济disequilibrium 非均衡distribution 分配division of labour 劳动分工distribution theory of marginal productivity 边际生产率分配论duoupoly 双头垄断、双寡duality 对偶durable goods 耐用品dynamic analysis 动态分析dynamic models 动态模型EEconomic agents 经济行为者economic cost 经济成本economic efficiency 经济效率economic goods 经济物品economic man 经济人economic mode 经济模型economic profit 经济利润economic region of production 生产的经济区域economic regulation 经济调节economic rent 经济租金exchange 交换economics 经济学exchange efficiency 交换效率economy 经济exchange contract curve 交换契约曲线economy of scale 规模经济Edgeworth box diagram 埃奇沃思图exclusion 排斥性、排他性Edgeworth contract curve 埃奇沃思契约线Edgeworth model 埃奇沃思模型efficiency 效率,效益efficiency parameter 效率参数elasticity 弹性elasticity of substitution 替代弹性endogenous variable 内生变量endowment 禀赋endowment of resources 资源禀赋Engel curve 恩格尔曲线entrepreneur 企业家entrepreneurship 企业家才能entry barriers 进入壁垒entry/exit decision 进出决策envolope curve 包络线equilibrium 均衡equilibrium condition 均衡条件equilibrium price 均衡价格equilibrium quantity 均衡产量eqity 公平equivalent variation in income 收入等价变量excess—capacity theorem 过度生产能力定理excess supply 过度供给exchange 交换exchange contract curve 交换契约曲线exclusion 排斥性、排他性exclusion principle 排他性原则existence 存在性existence of general equilibrium 总体均衡的存在性exogenous variables 外生变量expansion paths 扩展径expectation 期望expected utility 期望效用expected value 期望值expenditure 支出explicit cost 显性成本external benefit 外部收益external cost 外部成本external economy 外部经济external diseconomy 外部不经济externalities 外部性FFactor 要素factor demand 要素需求factor market 要素市场factors of production 生产要素factor substitution 要素替代factor supply 要素供给fallacy of composition 合成谬误final goods 最终产品firm 企业firms’demand curve for labor 企业劳动需求曲线firm supply curve 企业供给曲线first-degree price discrimination 第一级价格歧视first—order condition 一阶条件fixed costs 固定成本fixed input 固定投入fixed proportions production function 固定比例的生产函数flow 流量fluctuation 波动for whom to produce 为谁生产free entry 自由进入free goods 自由品,免费品free mobility of resources 资源自由流动free rider 搭便车,免费搭车function 函数future value 未来值Ggame theory 对策论、博弈论general equilibrium 总体均衡general goods 一般商品Giffen goods 吉芬晶收入补偿需求曲线Giffen's Paradox 吉芬之谜Gini coefficient 吉尼系数goldenrule 黄金规则goods 货物government failure 政府失败government regulation 政府调控grand utility possibility curve 总效用可能曲线grand utility possibility frontier 总效用可能前沿Hheterogeneous product 异质产品Hicks—kaldor welfare criterion 希克斯一卡尔多福利标准homogeneity 齐次性homogeneous demand function 齐次需求函数homogeneous product 同质产品homogeneous production function 齐次生产函数horizontal summation 水平和household 家庭how to produce 如何生产human capital 人力资本hypothesis 假说Iidentity 恒等式imperfect competion 不完全竞争implicitcost 隐性成本income 收入income compensated demand curveincome constraint 收入约束income consumption curve 收入消费曲线income distribution 收入分配income effect 收入效应income elasticity of demand 需求收入弹性increasing cost industry 成本递增产业increasing returns to scale 规模报酬递增inefficiency 缺乏效率index number 指数indifference 无差异indifference curve 无差异曲线indifference map 无差异族indifference relation 无差异关系indifference set 无差异集indirect approach 间接法individual analysis 个量分析individual demand curve 个人需求曲线individual demand function 个人需求函数induced variable 引致变量induction 归纳法industry 产业industry equilibrium 产业均衡industry supply curve 产业供给曲线inelastic 缺乏弹性的inferior goods 劣品inflection point 拐点information 信息information cost 信息成本initial condition 初始条件initial endowment 初始禀赋innovation 创新input 投入input—output 投入—产出institution 制度institutional economics 制度经济学insurance 保险intercept 截距interest 利息interest rate 利息率intermediate goods 中间产品internatization of externalities 外部性内部化invention 发明inverse demand function 逆需求函数investment 投资invisible hand 看不见的手isocost line 等成本线,isoprofit curve 等利润曲线isoquant curve 等产量曲线isoquant map 等产量族Kkinded—demand curve 弯折的需求曲线Llabour 劳动labour demand 劳动需求labour supply 劳动供给labour theory of value 劳动价值论labour unions 工会laissez faire 自由放任Lagrangian function 拉格朗日函数Lagrangian multiplier 拉格朗乘数,land 土地law 法则law of demand and supply 供需法law of diminishing marginal utility 边际效用递减法则law of diminishing marginal rate of substitution 边际替代率递减法则law of diminishing marginal rate of technical substitution 边际技术替代率law of increasing cost 成本递增法则law of one price 单一价格法则leader—follower model 领导者--跟随者模型least—cost combination of inputs 最低成本的投入组合leisure 闲暇Leontief production function 列昂节夫生产函数licenses 许可证linear demand function 线性需求函数linear homogeneity 线性齐次性linear homogeneous production function 线性齐次生产函数long run长期long run average cost 长期平均成本long run equilibrium 长期均衡long run industry supply curve 长期产业供给曲线long run marginal cost 长期边际成本long run total cost 长期总成本Lorenz curve 洛伦兹曲线loss minimization 损失极小化1ump sum tax 一次性征税luxury 奢侈品Mmacroeconomics 宏观经济学marginal 边际的marginal benefit 边际收益marginal cost 边际成本marginal cost pricing 边际成本定价marginal cost of factor 边际要素成本marginal period 市场期marginal physical productivity 实际实物生产率marginal product 边际产量marginal product of capital 资本的边际产量marginal product of 1abour 劳动的边际产量marginal productivity 边际生产率marginal rate of substitution 边替代率marginal rate of transformation 边际转换率marginal returns 边际回报marginal revenue 边际收益marginal revenue product 边际收益产品marginal revolution 边际革命marginal social benefit 社会边际收益marginal social cost 社会边际成本marginal utility 边际效用marginal value products 边际价值产品market 市场market clearance 市场结清,市场洗清market demand 市场需求market economy 市场经济market equilibrium 市场均衡market failure 市场失败market mechanism 市场机制market structure 市场结构market separation 市场分割market regulation 市场调节market share 市场份额markup pricing 加减定价法Marshallian demand function 马歇尔需求函数maximization 极大化microeconomics 微观经济学minimum wage 最低工资misallocation of resources 资源误置mixed economy 混合经济model 模型money 货币monopolistic competition 垄断竞争monopolistic exploitation 垄断剥削monopoly 垄断,卖方垄断monopoly equilibrium 垄断均衡monopoly pricing 垄断定价monopoly regulation 垄断调控monopoly rents 垄断租金monopsony 买方垄断NNash equilibrium 纳什均衡Natural monopoly 自然垄断Natural resources 自然资源Necessary condition 必要条件necessities 必需品net demand 净需求nonconvex preference 非凸性偏好nonconvexity 非凸性nonexclusion 非排斥性nonlinear pricing 非线性定价nonrivalry 非对抗性nonprice competition 非价格竞争nonsatiation 非饱和性non--zero—sum game 非零和对策normal goods 正常品normal profit 正常利润normative economics 规范经济学Oobjective function 目标函数oligopoly 寡头垄断oligopoly market 寡头市场oligopoly model 寡头模型opportunity cost 机会成本optimal choice 最佳选择optimal consumption bundle 消费束perfect elasticity 完全有弹性optimal resource allocation 最佳资源配置optimal scale 最佳规模optimal solution 最优解optimization 优化ordering of optimization(social) preference (社会)偏好排序ordinal utility 序数效用ordinary goods 一般品output 产量、产出output elasticity 产出弹性output maximization 产出极大化Pparameter 参数Pareto criterion 帕累托标准Pareto efficiency 帕累托效率Pareto improvement 帕累托改进Pareto optimality 帕累托优化Pareto set 帕累托集partial derivative 偏导数partial equilibrium 局部均衡patent 专利pay off matrix 收益矩阵、支付矩阵perceived demand curve 感觉到的需求曲线perfect competition 完全竞争perfect complement 完全互补品perfect monopoly 完全垄断perfect price discrimination 完全价格歧视perfect substitution 完全替代品perfect inelasticity 完全无弹性perfectly elastic 完全有弹性perfectly inelastic 完全无弹性plant size 工厂规模point elasticity 点弹性positive economics 实证经济学post Hoc Fallacy 后此谬误prediction 预测preference 偏好preference relation 偏好关系present value 现值price 价格price adjustment model 价格调整模型price ceiling 最高限价price consumption curve 价格费曲线price control 价格管制price difference 价格差别price discrimination 价格歧视price elasticity of demand 需求价格弹性price elasticity of supply 供给价格弹性price floor 最低限价price maker 价格制定者price rigidity 价格刚性price seeker 价格搜求者price taker 价格接受者price tax 从价税private benefit 私人收益principal—agent issues 委托--代理问题private cost 私人成本private goods 私人用品private property 私人财产producer equilibrium 生产者均衡producer theory 生产者理论product 产品product transformation curve 产品转换曲线product differentiation 产品差异product group 产品集团production 生产production contract curve 生产契约曲线production efficiency 生产效率production function 生产函数production possibility curve 生产可能性曲线productivity 生产率productivity of capital 资本生产率productivity of labor 劳动生产率profit 利润profit function 利润函数profit maximization 利润极大化property rights 产权property rights economics 产权经济学proposition 定理proportional demand curve 成比例的需求曲线public benefits 公共收益public choice 公共选择public goods 公共商品pure competition 纯粹竞争rivalry 对抗性、竞争pure exchange 纯交换pure monopoly 纯粹垄断Qquantity—adjustment model 数量调整模型quantity tax 从量税quasi—rent 准租金Rrate of product transformation 产品转换率rationality 理性reaction function 反应函数regulation 调节,调控relative price 相对价格rent 租金rent control 规模报酬rent seeking 寻租rent seeking economics 寻租经济学resource 资源resource allocation 资源配置returns 报酬、回报returns to scale 规模报酬revealed preference 显示性偏好revenue 收益revenue curve 收益曲线revenue function 收益函数revenue maximization 收益极大化ridge line 脊线risk 风险Ssatiation 饱和,满足saving 储蓄scarcity 稀缺性law of scarcity 稀缺法则second—degree price discrimination 二级价格歧视second derivative --阶导数second—order condition 二阶条件service 劳务set 集shadow prices 影子价格short—run 短期short—run cost curve 短期成本曲线short—run equilibrium 短期均衡short—run supply curve 短期供给曲线shut down decision 关闭决策shortage 短缺shut down point 关闭点single price monopoly 单一定价垄断slope 斜率social benefit 社会收益social cost 社会成本social indifference curve 社会无差异曲线social preference 社会偏好social security 社会保障social welfare function 社会福利函数socialism 社会主义solution 解space 空间stability 稳定性stable equilibrium 稳定的均衡Stackelberg model 斯塔克尔贝格模型static analysis 静态分析stock 存量stock market 股票市场strategy 策略subsidy 津贴substitutes 替代品substitution effect 替代效应substitution parameter 替代参数sufficient condition 充分条件supply 供给supply curve 供给曲线supply function 供给函数supply schedule 供给表Sweezy model 斯威齐模型symmetry 对称性symmetry of information 信息对称Ttangency 相切taste 兴致technical efficiency 技术效率technological constraints 技术约束technological progress 技术进步technology 技术third—degree price discrimination 第三级价格歧视total cost 总成本total effect 总效应total expenditure 总支出total fixed cost 总固定成本total product 总产量total revenue 总收益total utility 总效用total variable cost 总可变成本traditional economy 传统经济transitivity 传递性transaction cost 交易费用Uuncertainty 不确定性uniqueness 唯一性unit elasticity 单位弹性unstable equilibrium 不稳定均衡utility 效用utility function 效用函数utility index 效用指数utility maximization 效用极大化utility possibility curve 效用可能性曲线utility possibility frontier 效用可能性前沿Vvalue 价值value judge 价值判断value of marginal product 边际产量价值variable cost 可变成本variable input 可变投入variables 变量vector 向量visible hand 看得见的手vulgur economics 庸俗经济学Wwage 工资wage rate 工资率Walras general equilibrium 瓦尔拉斯总体均衡Walras's law 瓦尔拉斯法则Wants 需要Welfare criterion 福利标准Welfare economics 福利经学Welfare loss triangle 福利损失三角形welfare maximization 福利极大化Zzero cost 零成本zero elasticity 零弹性zero homogeneity 零阶齐次性zero economic profit 零利润。

经济学的55个概念

经济学的55个概念

经济学的55个概念1.经济学(economics):研究一个社会如何利用稀缺的资源进行有价值的生产,并把生产成果在社会成员之间进行分配的科学。

2.稀缺(scarcity):相对于人类无穷的欲望,资源总是显得不足的状态。

3.效率(efficiency):社会对资源的利用达到最佳状态,没有再改进的余地,即如果不让某个社会成员的境况变差,就不能让任何其他成员的境况变得更好。

4.生产什么,如何生产,为谁生产(what,how and whom):一个经济社会面临的基本问题,也叫资源配置,社会必须就这三个问题做出选择,以实现社会福利的最大化。

5.微观经济学(microeconomics):研究微观经济主体,即单个消费者、单个厂商、单个市场的经济学分支,其核心是价格的决定。

6.宏观经济学(macroeconomics):研究一个经济总体运行的经济学分支。

7.计划经济(planned economy):由计划当局决定生产什么、如何生产、为谁生产的经济。

8.市场经济(market ecomomy):由市场特别是价格决定生产什么、如何生产、为谁生产的经济。

9. 边际(marginal):某个变量的微小变动,引起的其它变量的改变量。

10.总收益(total revenue):企业出售产品得到的全部货币。

12.边际收益(marginal benifit):某种活动的微小增加所增加的总收益。

13.机会成本(opportunity cost):一件事情的机会成本是把做这件事的资源用于其他事情,所能产出的最大价值。

14.均衡(equilibrium):本来是物理学上的概念,指物体受到大小相等方向相反的两个力的作用,而保持一种暂时不动的状态。

经济学界借用这个概念,分析消费者、厂商以及宏观经济达到的最佳状态及其实现条件。

15.经济人假设(economic man’s hypothesis):每个人都是在给定约束下追求自己利益极大化的人,这是经济学最基本的假设。

14. Economy - Economic Terms 经济-经济学用语

14. Economy - Economic Terms 经济-经济学用语

14 Economy - Economic Terms 经济-经济学用语balance of payments国际收支平衡表The balance of payments is a summary of all economic transactions.国际收支平衡表摘要记录所有的经济交易。

bubble economy泡沫经济We call it a bubble economy because it wasn't supported by the fundamentals. 我们称之为泡沫经济是因为它并没有基本面的支撑。

current account经常帐Sustained current account deficits are undesirable and should be corrected by appropriate policies.长期经常帐赤字是不乐于见到的,应采取适当正策予以矫正。

deficitn. 赤字;逆差The trade deficit is hurting the nation's economy.贸易赤字对该国经济造成伤害。

domestic demand国内需求Expanding domestic demand is a strategic policy that China will adhere to for a long period of time.扩大国内需求是中国将长期遵循的策略性政策。

economic growth经济成长Manufacturing has long been the driving force of economic growth in Asia.制造业长期以来一直是推动亚洲经济成长的原动力。

economic statistics经济统计The economic statistics show that Russia is in the midst of an oil-fueled boom.该经济统计数字显示俄罗斯正处于石油所引发的荣景之中。

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经济学的一些术语绝对优势(Absolute advantage)如果一个国家用一单位资源生产的某种产品比另一个国家多,那么,这个国家在这种产品的生产上与另一国相比就具有绝对优势。

逆向选择(Adverse choice)在此状况下,保险公司发现它们的客户中有太大的一部分来自高风险群体。

选择成本(Alternative cost)如果以最好的另一种方式使用的某种资源,它所能生产的价值就是选择成本,也可以称之为机会成本。

需求的弧弹性(Arc elasticity of demand)如果P1和Q1分别是价格和需求量的初始值,P2 和Q2 为第二组值,那么,弧弹性就等于-(Q1-Q2)(P1+P2)/(P1-P2)(Q1+Q2)非对称的信息(Asymmetric information)在某些市场中,每个参与者拥有的信息并不相同。

例如,在旧车市场上,有关旧车质量的信息,卖者通常要比潜在的买者知道得多。

平均成本(Average cost)平均成本是总成本除以产量。

也称为平均总成本。

平均固定成本( Average fixed cost)平均固定成本是总固定成本除以产量。

平均产品(Average product)平均产品是总产量除以投入品的数量。

平均可变成本(Average variable cost)平均可变成本是总可变成本除以产量。

投资的β(Beta)β度量的是与投资相联的不可分散的风险。

对于一种股票而言,它表示所有现行股票的收益发生变化时,一种股票的收益会如何敏感地变化。

债券收益(Bond yield)债券收益是债券所获得的利率。

收支平衡图(Break-even chart)收支平衡图表示一种产品所出售的总数量改变时总收益和总成本是如何变化的。

收支平衡点是为避免损失而必须卖出的最小数量。

预算线(Budget line)预算线表示消费者所能购买的商品X和商品Y的数量的全部组合。

它的斜率等于商品X的价格除以商品Y的价格再乘以一1。

捆绑销售(Bundling)捆绑销售指这样一种市场营销手段,出售两种产品的厂商,要求购买其中一种产品的客户,也要购买另一种产品。

资本(Capital)资本是指用于生产、销售及商品和服务分配的设备、厂房、存货、原材料和其他非人力生产资源。

资本收益(Capital gain)资本收益是指人们卖出股票(或其他资产)时所获得的超过原来为它支付的那一部分。

资本主义(Capitalism)资本主义是一种市场体系,它依赖价格体系去解决基本的经济问题:生产什么?如何生产?怎样分配?经济增长率应为多少?基数效用(Cardinal utility)基数效用是指像个人的体重或身高那样在基数的意义上可以度量的效用(它意味着效用之间的差别,即边际效用,是有意义的)。

序数效用与它相反,它只在序数的层面上才有意义。

卡特尔(Cartel)卡特尔是指厂商之间为了合谋而签订公开和正式协议这样一种市场结构形态。

科布一道格拉斯生产函数(Cobb-Douglas production function)科布一道格拉斯生产函数是指这样的生产函数Q=AL“IK”2 Mi3。

式中,Q为产量;L为劳动的数量;K为资本的数量;M为原材料的数量;A,31,12,23均为常数。

勾结(Collision)勾结是指一个厂商和同业内其他的厂商签订有关价格、产量和其他事宜的协议。

比较优势(Comparative advantage)如果与生产其他商品的成本相比,一个国家生产的某种产品的成本比另一个国家低,那么,该国就在这种商品的生产上与另一个国家相比具有比较优势。

互补品(Complements)如果X和Y是互补品,X的需求量就与Y的价格成反向变化。

成本不变行业(Constant-cost industry)成本不变的行业是指具有水平的长期供给曲线的行业,它的扩大并不会引起投入品价格的上升或下降。

规模收益不变(Constant returns to scale)如果所有投入品的数量都以相同的百分数增加,并导致产量也以相同的百分数增加,就是规模收益不变的。

消费者剩余(Consumer surplus)消费者剩余是指消费者愿意为某种商品或服务所支付的最大数量与他实际支付的数量之差。

可竞争市场(Contestable market)可竞争市场是指那种进入完全自由以及退出没有成本的市场。

可竞争市场的本质在于它们很容易受到打了就跑的进入者的伤害。

契约曲线(Contract curve)契约曲线是(在消费者之间进行交换时)两个消费者的边际替代率相等的点的轨迹,或者(在生产者之间进行交换时)两个生产者的边际技术替代率相等的点的轨迹。

角点解(Corner solution)角点解是指这样一种情形,预算线在位于坐标轴上的点处达到最高的可获得的无差异曲线。

(在生产者理论中也会发生类似的情况。

)需求的交叉弹性(Cross elasticity of demand)需求的交叉弹性是指商品Y的价格发生1%的变化时所引起的商品X的需求量变化的百分比。

垄断的无谓损失(Deadweight loss of monopoly)如果一个完全竞争的市场转变为一个垄断的市场,这种转变所带来的总剩余的减少就是无谓损失。

买方垄断的无谓损失(Deadweight loss of monopsony)如果一个完全竞争的市场转变成一个买方垄断的市场,这种转变所带来的总剩余的减少即为无谓损失。

成本递减行业(Decreasing-cost industry)成本递减行业是指具有向下倾斜的长期供给曲线的行业,它的扩大会引起平均成本下降。

规模收益递减(Decreasing return to scale)如果所有投入品的数量都以相同的百分数增加,并导致产量增加的百分数小于该百分数,就是规模收益递减的。

需求曲线(Demand curve)需求曲线表示在每一价格下所需求的商品数量。

可贷资金的需求曲线(Demand curve of loanable funds)可贷资金的需求曲线表示可贷资金的需求量与利率二者之间的关系。

贴现率(Discount rate)当利率用于计算投资的净现值时,它被称为贴现率。

可分散风险(Diversifiable risk)可以通过多样化来避免的风险是可分散风险。

主导厂商(Dominant firm)在寡头垄断的行业中,主导厂商是一个制定价格的大型厂商,它允许该行业中的小厂商在此价格下销售它们想出售的全部数量的商品。

优势策略(Dominant strategy)不论其他局中人采取什么策略,优势策略对一个局中人而言都是最好的策略。

双头垄断(Duopoly)双头垄断是指有两个卖主这样一种市场结构。

古诺模型,以及其他模型中都涉及双头垄断。

经济效率(Economic efficiency)经济效率是指这样一种状况,所进行的任何改变都不会给任何人带来损失而能增加一些人的福利。

这样一种状态就是经济的有效率状况(或者帕累托效率或帕累托最优)。

经济利润(Economic profit)经济利润是指厂商的收益与它的成本之差,后者包括从最有利的另外一种厂商资源的使用中可以获得的收益。

生产的经济区域(Economic region of production)生产的经济区域是指等产量线斜率为负的投入品组合。

没有一个厂商会在等产量线斜率为正的点上运行,因为在这种点上总会有一种投入品的边际产品为负。

经济资源(Economic resource)经济资源是指一种稀缺的、要求一个非零价格的资源。

范围经济(Economies of scope)范围经济是指由厂商的范围而非规模带来的经济。

只要把两种或更多的产品合并在一起生产比分开来生产的成本要低,就会存在范围经济。

有效市场假说(Efficient markets hypothesis)根据这一假设,投资者在买卖股票时会迅速有效地利用可能的信息.所有已知的影响一种股票价格的因素都已经反映在股票的价格中,因此根据这一理论,股票的技术分析是无效的。

(这个假设有三种形式。

)财富状况(Endowment position)财富状况是指消费者每年的收人。

恩格尔曲线(Engel curve)恩格尔曲线反映的是所购买的一种商品的均衡数量与消费者收入水平之间的关系。

它是以19世纪德国的统计学家恩斯特?恩格尔的名字命名的。

均衡(Equilibrium)均衡是指没有任何变化趋势的状态。

例如,均衡价格就是一种能够维持的价格。

过剩生产能力(Excess capacity)过剩生产能力是指成本最低产量与长期均衡中的实际产量之差。

垄断竞争理论有一个著名的且颇有争论的结论,它认为这种市场结构之下的厂商往往会在还有过剩生产能力的情况下进行生产。

扩张路径( Expansion path)扩张路径是指与各种产量相对应的等产量线与等成本线相切的点的轨迹。

(所有投入品都是可变的。

)期望货币价值(Expected monetary vale)为了确定一项投机的期望货币价值,计算每一种可能出现的结果的货币收益(或损失)与其出现的概率相乘以后的和。

预期利润(Expected profit)预期利润就是长期的平均利润值,也就是用所出现的概率加权以后的各种可能的利润水平之和。

完全信息的预期价值(Expected value of perfect information)完全信息的预期价值是指决策者获得完全信息所导致的预期的货币价值的增加。

它是决策者为获得完全的信息而能支付的最大数量。

显成本(Explicit costs)显成本是指账目上所包括的厂商的正常费用,诸如工资成本和原材料支付。

外部不经济(External diseconomy)外部不经济是指由于消费或者其他人和厂商的产出所引起的一个人或厂商无法补偿的成本。

外部经济(External economy)外部经济是指由于消费或者其他人和厂商的产出所引起的一个人或厂商无法索取的收益。

先动优势(First-mover advantages)先动优势是由于在博弈中第一个采取行动的局中人所拥有的优势。

固定成本(Fixed cost)固定成本为每个时期不变投入品的总成本。

不变投人品(FIXed input)不变投入品是指生产过程中所使用的(如厂房和设备)、在考察的期间数量不变的资源。

自由资源(Free resource)自由资源是指特别富裕以致在零价格就可以获得的资源。

一般均衡分析(General equilibrium analysis)一般均衡分析是指(与局部均衡分析相反)把各种市场和价格的相互作用都考虑进去的分析。

吉芬反论(Giffen`s paradox)吉芬反论是指商品的需求量与价格成正向关系这样一种状况。

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