商志3147全集--考研英语

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商志考研英语

商志考研英语摘要:商志考研英语是商务管理专业考研英语的简称。

对于商科考生来说，英语是非常重要的一门课程，它不仅是考研考试的一部分，也是商界交流的重要工具。

本文将从商志考研英语的重要性、学习方法和备考策略等方面进行探讨。

第一章：商志考研英语的重要性商志考研英语作为商务管理专业的一门必修课程，对考研学生的发展和职业规划有着重要的影响。

首先，商志考研英语是考研英语的一部分，考研成绩对于学生后期的深造和求职都有着决定性的作用。

其次，商界是一个国际化的舞台，掌握好英语能力对于进入商业领域、与外国客户合作以及跟踪国际商业动态都有着重要意义。

因此，学好商志考研英语是每个商科考生必不可少的。

第二章：学习商志考研英语的方法学习商志考研英语需要恒心和坚持，下面给出一些学习方法供参考。

首先，要充分利用各种学习资源，如网络课程、教辅资料和商志考研英语专业书籍等，将其作为学习的基础。

其次，要注重练习和应用，通过模拟考试、作文写作等方式提高语言表达能力。

再次，要注重听说读写四个方面的综合能力，培养自己的听力理解、口语表达和阅读写作能力。

最后，要参加真题训练和模拟考试，了解考试形式和要求，提高备考策略。

第三章：备考策略备考商志考研英语需要制定一套科学合理的备考策略。

首先，要了解考试大纲和命题方式，明确考点和考纲，确保备考重点准确无误。

其次，要制定详细的备考计划，合理安排时间，将复习任务分解成每日、每周计划，确保全面复习。

再次，要进行有针对性的练习和复习，注重查漏补缺，避免遗漏重要知识点。

最后，要进行模拟考试和真题训练，检验自己的备考成果，发现薄弱环节，及时调整备考策略。

第四章：商志考研英语的应用商志考研英语不仅仅是为了迎接考试，还具有广阔的应用领域。

首先，商界交流是商科学生必须面对的挑战，通过学好商志考研英语可以提高与外国客户沟通和合作的能力，为商业活动提供帮助。

其次，商界动态和市场分析需要丰富的商业词汇和市场分析能力，学好商志考研英语有助于掌握相关知识和技能。

商志考研英语二作文模板

When preparing for the Gaokao Chinese National College Entrance Examination, many students turn to various resources to improve their English writing skills, especially for the English II section. Here is a template that can be used to structure your essay effectively:Title: Your Title HereIntroduction:Hook: Start with a quote, a question, or a statement that grabs the readers attention.Background: Provide some context about the topic.Thesis Statement: Clearly state the main argument or point of your essay.Body Paragraph 1:Topic Sentence: Introduce the main idea of the paragraph.Supporting Detail 1: Provide evidence or an example that supports your topic sentence. Supporting Detail 2: Offer another piece of evidence or example.Analysis: Explain how the supporting details relate to your topic sentence and thesis. Body Paragraph 2:Repeat the structure of Body Paragraph 1 with a different main idea.Body Paragraph 3 Optional:If needed, include a third body paragraph with a different perspective or counterargument, followed by your refutation.Conclusion:Restate your thesis in a new way.Summarize the main points made in the body paragraphs.End with a call to action, a question, or a final thought that leaves a lasting impression. Sample Essay:Title: The Importance of Bilingual EducationIntroduction:Hook: In an increasingly globalized world, the ability to speak more than one language is becoming a necessity rather than a luxury.Background: Discuss the rise of globalization and its impact on communication.Thesis Statement: This essay argues that bilingual education is crucial for preparing students to thrive in a globalized society.Body Paragraph 1:Topic Sentence: Bilingual education enhances cognitive development and academic performance.Supporting Detail 1: Studies have shown that bilingual students perform better in problemsolving tasks.Supporting Detail 2: Bilingualism has been linked to improved memory and concentration skills.Analysis: Explain how these cognitive benefits can lead to better academic outcomes. Body Paragraph 2:Topic Sentence: Learning a second language fosters cultural understanding and empathy. Supporting Detail 1: Exposure to a new language often involves learning about a different culture.Supporting Detail 2: Understanding different cultures can lead to greater tolerance and respect for diversity.Analysis: Discuss how this cultural awareness can contribute to a more harmonious global community.Body Paragraph 3 Optional:Topic Sentence: Some argue that bilingual education can be challenging and may detract from other subjects.Counterargument: Acknowledge the potential difficulties but argue that the benefits outweigh the challenges.Refutation: Explain how proper implementation and support can mitigate these concerns. Conclusion:Restate Thesis: Bilingual education is not just beneficial but essential in todays interconnected world.Summary: Recap the cognitive and cultural advantages of bilingualism.Final Thought: Encourage the adoption of bilingual education to prepare future generations for global citizenship.Remember to tailor the template to fit the specific requirements of the essay prompt and to ensure that your essay is wellorganized, coherent, and persuasive.。

商志考研英语个人简介

商志考研英语个人简介As a determined individual with a passion for academia, I am currently pursuing a Master's degree in Business Administration. My goal is to integrate my knowledge of business with practical skills to contribute to the corporate world.Having graduated with a Bachelor's in Economics, I have developed a strong foundation in market analysis andfinancial management. My undergraduate experience has equipped me with the analytical tools necessary for the rigorous demands of graduate studies.Throughout my academic journey, I have consistently demonstrated a commitment to excellence, achieving top grades and participating in various research projects. This dedication has prepared me for the challenges of a graduate program.In addition to my academic pursuits, I have also honed my leadership skills through extracurricular activities. I have been an active member of several student organizations, where I have organized events and managed teams effectively.My long-term career objective is to become a strategic consultant, leveraging my expertise in business to help companies achieve their goals. I am confident that myMaster's program will provide me with the necessary knowledgeand skills to excel in this field.I am excited about the prospect of joining a prestigious graduate program and look forward to the opportunity to learn from esteemed faculty and engage with a diverse cohort of peers. I am eager to contribute my perspective and collaborate with others to achieve academic and professional success.。

2019商志考研英语笔记

A：When it comes tothe slowing economy, Ellen Spero isn't biting her nails just yet. But the 47-year-old manicurist isn't cutting, filling orpolishing as many nails as she'd like to, either. Most of her clients spend＄12 to ＄50 weekly, but last month two longtime customers suddenly Stopped showing up.biting her nails=scratch one’s head不知所措，束手无策；when it comes to名词，主谓。

a用法：引出文章topicb翻译为：当提到。

时当谈及。

时Writing： when it comes to 题目，opinions vary。

Many tend to claim that 。

Others，however，may contend thatclaim 主张，认为 some——some peopleHold many——many peopleArgue few——Contend those——注：日本人——Those who are from japan，（写作：简单问题复杂化。

）省略“people”Those who are from average universities。

Top university谓语。

B、This is an explosive situation（危急关头，可怕局面）for any industry（行业）, particularly a declining one.Slowing/Falling/Declining/Fading*slowing 减速的 *falling 日以下跌的，逐渐下跌的Acceleration加速falling communication costsSlowdown减速 falling transportation costs/spending/budgetGrowing industrial competitiveness of emerging economies*declining 衰退的，走下坡路的A declining industry global economic decline例：北师大now is on the decline while 东北师大is now on the riseIndustry 行业Energy-intensive industryAuto industryOne作代词仿：This is an explosive situation for any country，particularly for a developing one。

2019商志考研英语笔记

a用法：引出文章topicb翻译为：当提到。

时当谈及。

时Writing： when it comes to 题目，opinions vary。

Many tend to claim that 。

）省略“people”Those who are from average universities。

Top universitymay/might主语 +tend to + 谓语。

seem toB、This is an explosive situation（危急关头，可怕局面）for any industry（行业）, particularly a declining one.Slowing/Falling/Declining/Fading*slowing 减速的 *falling 日以下跌的，逐渐下跌的Acceleration加速falling communication costsSlowdown减速 falling transportation costs/spending/budgetGrowing industrial competitiveness of emerging economies*declining 衰退的，走下坡路的A declining industry global economic decline例：北师大now is on the decline while 东北师大is now on the riseIndustry 行业Energy-intensive industryAuto industryOne作代词仿：This is an explosive situation for any country，particularly for a developing one。

考研英语商志传奇词汇班重点笔记

考研英语商志传奇词汇班重点笔记全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Here are some key notes on vocabulary for the "Shang Zhi Legend English Class for Postgraduate Entrance Exam Preparation", written from a student's perspective in about 2000 words:Shang Zhi's Legendary Vocab Class: Cracking the CodeAs students gearing up for the daunting postgrad entrance exam, we all know that vocabulary is the bedrock of acing those pesky English sections. That's where the one and only Shang Zhi comes in - the mythical vocabulary maestro whose classes have become the stuff of legend on campus.Right off the bat, Shang Zhi made it crystal clear that rote memorization was out - his methods were all about developing a sophisticated semantic radar. From day one, he drilled home the importance of zeroing in on those deliciously devilish word roots, prefixes, and suffixes. Thoroughly dissecting these lingual building blocks was key to unlocking the hidden etymological patterns lurking within the lexical labyrinth.For the ancient Greek and Latin roots, Shang Zhi had some nifty mnemonic tricks up his sleeve. Who could forget the whimsical storyline he concocted to cement the root 'aud' (meaning hear/sound) in our minds? Involving a sardonic audit clerk whose audacious antics ultimately led to his utter audition debacle, it was both hilarious and incredibly effectual in anchoring that stem.But Shang Zhi's mastery extended far beyond the fossilized vestiges of antiquity. He proved himself a true polymath, artfully navigating the ostensibly opaque territory of academic gibberish that so frequently rears its ugly head in scholarly writing. From quarteronia (those inscrutable 25 words nobody actualy uses) to the ubiquitous, josh-defying nominalizations that litter research papers, he meticulously deconstructed their morphological quagmires. His insights into circumventing this dreaded "ogre-posh" were utterly invaluable.Naturally, no Shang Zhi epic would be complete without his ingenious categorization system for those bothersome lexical rogues that simply refused to be pigeonholed. The "cantakerous constructs" for contrived portmanteaus, the "clash of consonants" for those gnarly tongue-twisters, and of course, the wildly imaginative "WTFugue" for words so outlandishly obscurethey triggered an audible "Say what?" from the entire class. His whimsical taxonomies were sheer verbal wizardry.Then there were his legendary deep dives into the most perilous semantic sargassos - those treacherous pairings of words with maddeningly subtle shades of differentiation. Just pondering chaotic vs erratic, or sanguine vs optimistic, was enough to induce palpitations in even the most stoic wordsmiths. But Shang Zhi would deftly pilot us through those tempests with his astute analyses and precisely curated usage examples. Under his tutelage, we emerged as discerning semioticians with finely calibrated linguistic spidey-senses.Of course, in the supertanker of mnemonics that was Shang Zhi's methodology, no trove would be complete without hispièce de résistance - the elaborate narrative galaxies he wove to capture the essence of an entire semantic field in one grandiloquent metaphorical tapestry. From chronicling the misadventures of a washed-up superhero struggling with ennui while grappling with sartorial choices (thus encapsulating the entire oeuvre of existential adjectives), to the epic saga of feuding deities locked in a metaphysical battle of epoch-shaking cataclysms (summing up the entire cosmos ofobliteration-related vocabulary) - his wildly imaginative vignettes battered our minds into unforgettable retention.Shang Zhi was more than just an adept wordsmith though - he was a supportive sage imparting wisdom that transcended linguistics. Through his tutelage, we learned that the path to verbalistic enlightenment lay in embracing our linguistic peccadilloes with whimsical zeal and shunning linguisticself-consciousness. Honing our logorrheic flair was a joyous, lifelong quest.As I steel myself for the ultimate examinal gauntlet, I'll be calling upon the full armory of Shang Zhi's ingenious mnemonic blueprints and off-the-wall etymological anecdotes. While the competition may be formidable, I know that with his immortal strategies, I'll be locked and loaded with the verbal ammunition to emerge victorious. The legend's legacy shall endure!篇2Here are some key vocabulary notes for an Legendary English Vocabulary Class for Graduate School Entrance Exams, written from a student's perspective (around 2000 words):Vocab Mastery: The Epic Journey BeginsAs an aspiring grad student, I've embarked on an epic quest – conquering the treacherous realm of vocabulary for the English entrance exams. Buckle up, fellow word warriors, for this legendary class promises an adventure like no other!Obscure Origins and Archaic RootsRight off the bat, we delved into the mystical world of etymologies, unraveling the ancient secrets behind words. From the Latin "obscurus" to the Greek "arche," we traced linguistic lineages that would make even the most seasoned scholars gasp in awe. Who knew that such innocuous terms as "enthusiasm" and "sarcasm" harbored such rich, often humorous, backstories?The Multitudinous Families of MeaningBut our journey didn't stop there. We explored the vast families of words, their multitudinous branches bearing subtle shades of meaning. Grasping the nuances between "scarce," "rare," and "infrequent" became a rite of passage, a true test of our wordsmithing prowess.Lexical LegerdemainAnd let's not forget the linguistic legerdemain we mastered – those mind-bending words that could shift meanings based on context or part of speech. "Sanction" could either approve orpenalize, while "resigned" might denote acceptance or departure. Navigating these turbulent lexical waters required dexterity akin to tightrope walking.Mnemonic MadnessTo conquer this voluminous vocabulary, we became mnemonic masters, crafting unforgettable memory aids. From outrageous acronyms to vivid imagery, our strategies knew no bounds. Who could forget the "NUMB" acronym for those negative prefixes (non-, un-, mal-, and bi-), or the mental picture of a "truculent" trucker flipping the bird?Verbal VendettasBut our class wouldn't be complete without a healthy dose of friendly competition. We engaged in rousing bouts of verbal vendettas, pitting our hard-earned knowledge against one another. From rapid-fire definition matches to intenseword-building battles, these clashes forged an unbreakable camaraderie among us lexical warriors.The Bard's BountyAnd what would a legendary vocabulary class be without paying homage to the grand masters of linguistic artistry? We reveled in the bountiful bequests of Shakespeare, Austen, andDickens, marveling at their unparalleled mastery of the English tongue. Dissecting their works became a sacred ritual, revealing hidden gems of expression that would make modern writers weep with envy.Colloquial ConfessionsYet, amidst all this high-brow erudition, we never lost sight of the raw, unvarnished beauty of colloquial speech. We embraced the quirky idioms, the slangy phrases, and the delightfully unrefined argot that pepper our everyday conversations. From "couch potato" to "raining cats and dogs," we celebrated the vibrant tapestry of linguistic expression that truly defines our modern era.The Final FrontierAs our epic journey nears its climax, we stand poised to conquer the final frontier – the graduate entrance exams themselves. Armed with our vast vocabularies, ourbattle-hardened memories, and an unquenchable thirst for lexical mastery, we shall stride forth, undaunted by whatever linguistic challenges await.For in this legendary class, we have forged more than just an expansive word hoard; we have cultiv篇3Here are student-style notes on key vocabulary from the "Legendary Shang Zhi English Vocabulary Class for Postgraduate Entrance Exams", around 2000 words in English:Shang Zhi's Legendary Vocab Class NotesYo guys, it's your mate here with the juicy deets from Shang Laoshi's mind-blowing vocab sessions. This guy is a straight-up legend, droppin' knowledge bombs left and right. Better strap in 'cause these notes are gonna be lit!Roots, Prefixes and Suffixes• This is where it's at, fam. Shang Zhi says nailing these word parts is key for destroying the vocab section.• Prefixes like 'de-', 'sub-', 'pre-' can switch up a word's meaning entirely. Say 'de-merit' vs 'merit' - two totally different vibes.• Suffixes like '-ance', '-cy', '-tion' are mad important too. Like 'abundance' giving us that plentiful, copious sense.• And don't sleep on them roots! Words branching from the same source like 'aud' (hearing) leading to 'auditorium','audition', 'audible' etc.Need to burn these into your brain, bro. Shang Laoshi bent over backwards drilling us on em.Academic Vocabulary• This is the type of ultra-specialized lingo you'd find in scholarly papers and journals.• Heavy-hitters like 'aforementioned', 'ErgoIn sum','substantiated', 'dichotomous'.• Knowing this GRE level vocab is clutch for separating the students from the Masters candidates, ya dig?• Shang Laoshi was not playin' with the practic e tests. Failure was not an option with his rigorous approach!Idiomatic Expressions & Phrasal Verbs• Yo, these are straight-up vibes. Taking English vocab next level with their slangy, almost cryptic semantics.• Like 'piece of cake' or 'backhanded compliment' making no literal sense based on the individual word meanings.• Then you got wild phrasal verbs like 'put up with', 'ran into', 'went off about'. Bet you'd never piece those together just from the separate words!• Maste ring these is what separates the basic speakers from the real Einsteins of Englis。

商志考研英语作文模版

商志考研英语作文模版考研英语作文模版。

Introduction（介绍段）。

Nowadays, with the increasing competition in the job market, pursuing a higher degree has become a trend among college graduates. Among various postgraduate examinations, the National Entrance Examination for Master's Degree, commonly known as the postgraduate entrance examination or the postgraduate entrance examination, is undoubtedly the most influential and competitive one. Every year, millions of students participate in this fierce competition, aiming to pursue further studies and enhance their competitiveness in the job market.Body（正文段）。

There are several reasons why so many students choose to take the postgraduate entrance examination. Firstly,obtaining a master's degree is often seen as a shortcut to career advancement. In today's society, where knowledge is highly valued, having a higher academic qualification can significantly improve one's employment prospects and earning potential. Moreover, many industries and professions require specialized knowledge and skills that can only be acquired through postgraduate education.Secondly, for some students, pursuing a master's degree is a way to fulfill their academic aspirations and intellectual curiosity. They see postgraduate study as an opportunity to delve deeper into their chosen field of study, conduct research, and contribute to the advancement of knowledge in their respective disciplines. For these students, the postgraduate entrance examination is not just a means to an end but a journey of self-discovery and personal growth.Thirdly, in certain fields such as academia, research, and certain professions like teaching and scientific research, having a master's or even a doctoral degree is a basic requirement. Therefore, for students who aspire topursue a career in these fields, taking the postgraduate entrance examination is almost a necessity.Conclusion（结尾段）。

商志主讲考研英语词汇考点逐词精讲第一个讲义全集应试宝直播版

1

商老师讲课程之考研英语词汇逐词精讲班第一个讲汇总
班，请在全国各地启航各分校或教学点燕园各分校及教学点高联各分校及教学点听课 4 商志老师做客中国教育在线启航龙腾网校腾讯网易等各大门户为大家指导四六级考研英语复习的课程，会通过商志老师的新浪微博商志考研英语发布链接，请每天访问该微博，以免错过重要直播
perform v. 表演操，执行 ~ a task 执行一项任
performance n. 表演表
We are amazed at Liu Qian’s ~
outstanding ~
excellent ~ 异的表，卓的就
17. genre n. 文学艺术的类型，体裁，流派，种类，型式，风格
3
商老师讲课程之考研英语词汇逐词精讲班第一个讲汇总
4. command v./n. 命掌握，用例 1 command the English language with skill and gift. 例 2 have a good command over computer
5. gift n. 赋
address [ə'dres] v./n. 讲话 v．解问题
例 1 If you are talking to a group of managers, you may refer to the disorganized methods of their secretaries; alternatively if you are addressing secretaries, you may want to comment on their disorganized bosses. 例 2 Regrettably, however, the report’s failure to address the true nature of the crisis facing liberal education may cause more harm than good.

商志3147考研词汇

2010全国硕士研究生入学考试英语核心词汇必备编讲商志主讲介绍：★“考研路上最不可错过的一位英语老师”★考研英语辅导史上划时代的人物，考研英语辅导高分神话的缔造者★中国单词第一人，传奇考研英语写作创始人，高联考研英语首席主讲★直取本质，彻底破解，主讲的考研英语词汇班、写作班、强化班、全程班等创造了多项他人无法打破的记录注意：1.本资料为考研英语3147个核心词汇系列资料部分。

3.本资料为半成品，商老师仅在高联英语课堂面授精确意思及其具体记忆方法。

Unit One 9701vote v. /n. 投票debate v. /n. 辩论，争论authority n. 政府；权威专家，权威（人士）occupation authorities 占领当局be authorized to do 得到授权be entitled to (do) sth. 被赋予做…的权利，有做…的权利incurably ill patients 晚期患者terminally ill 晚期的，终期的convince v. 坚信，相信；令人信服word n. 消息flash v./n. 闪现，，闪动，出现executive a.执行的n.执行官chief executive 首席执行官the right to…（有）做…的权利have rights doing sth. 有权做某事society n. 协会，社团academic ~ 学术社团specific society 具体的、特定的社团community n. …界, 团体；社会，社区legal community 法律界scientific community 科学界religious community 宗教团体health research community 医疗研究团体via prep. 经由，通过post v. 张贴，发布；（在网上）发帖bulletin n. 公告，报告import n. 重要性，重要意义；进口implications n. 含义，意义；暗示，启示imply v. 暗示，推论出；蕴含着…implicit a. 不言明(含蓄)的explicit a. 表达明确地，明白的sink in 被了解alike adj. 类似的，同类的deal with 安排，处理，思考breathe sighs of relief 轻松地出了一口气association n. 协会associate… with…把…和…联系起来bitterly adv. 尖酸刻薄地，厉害地bill n. 法案，法律；账单passage n. 通过；经过；道路，通道tide n. 潮流，趋势likely adj/adv. 很有可能，可能的= possible be likely to 常常，很有可能unlikely adj. 不可能= impossible aging population 老龄化的人口extend v. 延长，延伸，推广life-extending technology 延长寿命的技术extended family 三代以上同堂的家庭模式be extended indefinitely 无限期延长get on with 继续做have something to do with…与…有关have much to do with 与…很有关系observer n. 观察者，旁观者observe v. 观察，注意；评论observation观察（报告）,观察（结论）;评论make observations 做评论domino（es）多米诺效应（~ effect）request v. 请求，要求deadly adj. 致命的dreadful adj. 可怕的；极大的inject v. 注射，注入pill n. 药丸suffering n. 痛苦，受罪suffer v. 遭受diagnose v. 诊断cool off 平静下来，变凉certificate n. 证明（书、证等）haunting a.常浮现于脑海中的，不易忘怀的terrifying a. 可怕的，令人害怕的spiritual a. 精神上的fight for 努力…，为…而努力claw v. 抓（scratch）mask n. 面具object to 反对objection to objectionable 引起反对的，讨厌的objective adj. 客观的objectivity n. 客观性impartial adj. 公正，客观share the same view on 对…持相同观点be responsible for 对…负责（表示原因）significance n. 重要性，意义calm a . 平静的，镇静的intense a.强烈的，剧烈的（~ fear 非常担心）characteristic n.（~s）特点，特色a. 特有的be characteristic of 特点是= be typical of be characterized by 特点是，以…为特点experience v./n.经历（= undergo=go through）shared experience 共同的经历、经验perish v. 死亡，变腐败in peril 处在危险中approve v. 赞同（approval）disapproval n.反对indifferent a.漠不关心的,冷漠的（indifference）carefree adj. 不关心的，冷漠的suspect v. 怀疑，不信suspicion n. 怀疑，猜疑，不信be suspicious of 表示怀疑subjective adj. 主观的biased adj. 有偏见的（= prejudiced）prejudice n./v. （持有）偏见= bias puzzling adj. 令人困惑的puzzle v. 困惑word ~ 填字游戏puzzlement n.困惑,不明白的地方=confusionconfused adj.困惑的confusing adj.令人不解的confuse v. 茫然，困惑；混淆confusion n. 困惑，混淆optimistic adj. 乐观的optimism n. 乐观（精神）pessimistic adj. 悲观的pessimism n. 悲观（精神）reserve v. 预留，保留；储备（金）reserved adj. 有保留的reserve space 保留位置，空间consent v. 同意slight adj. 轻微的enthusiastic adj.热情的enthusiast n. 热衷者，狂热分子gloomy adj. 前途暗淡的gloom n. 昏暗；暗淡doom n. 末日，宿命gloom and ~ 悲伤沮丧scary adj.令人害怕的,可怕的scar n. 伤疤scared adj. 感到害怕的Unit Two 9702consistent a. 一直的，一贯的，始终如一的courteous a. 谦恭有礼的court n. 法庭，法院，足球场frequently adv. 经常，频繁地（反义词rarely）small-minded a. 小心眼儿的ill-mannered a. 态度恶劣的，粗鲁的deserve v. 应该有，应该受到；值得comment on （做）评论otherwise adv./adj. 原本，本来dull a. 无趣的，无聊的（dullness）existence n. 存在；生存状态, 生活（life）typically ad. 通常，一般地（= generally）distant a. 远的，距离远的source n. 来源，本源；根源，原因=origin diversion n. 娱乐；转移diverse adj. 不同的，多种多样的diversity n. 多样化program n. 项目；程序= projectharsh a. 残酷的；严厉、苛刻的（harshness）harsh realities残酷现实frontier n. 边境，前方shape v. 塑造，形成；外形，体形reshape v. 重塑hospitality n. 友好，好客（~ to sb.）injure v. 伤害（injury）turn to 诉诸，求助于，寻求…的帮助= resort tolodge n. 乡间小屋，旅社v. 借宿，临时住cabin n. 小屋settlement n. 住所shelter n. 藏身处，避难处v. 保护，庇护residence n. 住处，住宅；居住dwelling n. 住所，处所dwell v. 住，居住mere（ly）adj./adv. 仅仅，不过，只（= only）charitable a. 仁慈的，慈善的impulse n. 冲动；推动，动力on the part of…从…的角度（on my part在我看来）reflect v. 反映，表现（= mirror）；反省，反思（~ on）reflection n.weary a.疲倦的，筋疲力尽的（=exhausted）tourist trails 旅游线路pretty ad.相当地（~ soon非常一小会儿）pretty = fairly = ratherproper a.适当正确的，完全彻底的（properly）casual a. 不经意的，偶然的，临时的casualness n. 随便，随意，非正式interpret v. 阐释，说明interpret as 理解为，解释为artificial a. 假的，人造的；矫揉造作的historically developed历史形成(发展而来)的developed society 发达国家emerging countries 新兴国家As is true of…正如…一样complex a.复杂的,综合的n. 大型建筑（群）complicated a. 结构复杂的a set of 一整套的signal n. 信号sign n. 迹象，征兆；符号assume v.（没有根据地）认为，假定；承担assumption n. 假设，假定，设想，认为not necessarily 未必underlie v.形成了，构成了(…的基础)；强调fail v. 失败fail to 不能，未能translate v. 转化；理解more than 不仅仅是，远远胜过brief a.短暂的，简短的in brief 简而言之brief n. 概要，简短情况介绍encounter v./n. 相遇，遇到distinguish between 区分，区别value…highly 非常珍视be interralated 相互联系exercise v.行使,使产生~ an influence over…manifest v. 体现，显现（~ oneself）~ation manifesto n. 宣言，声明exclusive adj.独一的（exclusive use单独使用）equal v. 等于，相当于entertain v. 招待，款待(=treat)；使娱乐out of 出于…out of charitable impulse出于慈善的冲动flavor n. 风味keep up 维持，持续（传统，习惯等）keep up with 跟上，追上keep doing 一直，持续做某事Unit Three 9703substance n. 物质other than 除了（…之外）rather than 而不是technically a. 技术上，学术上technical progress 技术进步professional progress 职业发展alter v. 改变mental a. 精神的drug n. 药品term n. 术语，专用名词v. 把…叫做/称为human term 普通人可以理解的说法refer to 指…，指的是；谈到，提及chemical n. 化学药品，化学制品addict n. 沉迷…的人v.（~ to）沉迷于addiction n. （to）上瘾，沉迷familiar a . 熟悉的alcohol 白酒，酒精tobacco n. 烟草neutral a. 中性的psychologist n. 心理医生，心理学家psychoactive作用于精神的,影响(改变)心理状态的abuse v./n 滥用;虐待patient abuse虐待病人make clear 解释，说明misuse v. 误用，用错；使用…不当heroin n. 海洛因cocaine n. 可卡因pervasive a. 广泛的（= widespread）aspirin n. 阿司匹林quiet v. 使安静；平息下来sociable a. 社交的，增进友谊的nerve n. 神经；勇气，胆量apparent a. 显然的，明显的= obvious apparently adv. 显然，明显地constructive a. 建设性的negative effects a. 副作用，消极作用impact n.深刻影响,冲击have significant ~ onpoison v 中毒，投毒(~ous 有毒的) perceptual v. 知觉的，感觉的perception n. 知觉，感觉perceive v. 观察，感知distort v. 扭曲，歪曲（~ion）repeated use 反复使用，再三使用repeated adj. 再三的，反复的，重复性的lead to 导致，造成（= result in =cause）substance dependence 物质（药物）依赖be dependent on /upon 依赖于independent a. 独立的be ~ of不受…的限制independence n. 独立be marked by 以…为明显特征tolerance n. 容忍，承受（tolerate v. ）be tolerant of 容忍tolerate v. 忍受，容忍desire n./v.期望,希望~ed effect预期的效果appearance n. 表现；外表unpleasant n.令人不愉快的pleasure n.快乐withdraw v.撤销，撤退，收回（withdrawal n.）symptom n. 症状discontinue v. 停止，废止，放弃affect v. 影响effect n. 影响；效果mood n. 情绪，心情group v. 归类，分类= classifystimulate v.刺激(stimulant n.使人兴奋的物质)depress v. 使压抑，使消沉，使沮丧depressant n. 使人镇静、情绪压抑的物质illusion v.错觉（hallucination n.幻觉，幻想）hallucinogens n. 迷幻剂initially adv. 最初，起初（=originally）；第一，首先（= primarily）speed up 加速（slow down 减速，放缓）activate v. 刺激，使活跃起来primary a.初步的，首要的;主要的，重要的primarily adv. 主要的（=predominantly）首先，第一（=firstly=initially）primacy n. 首要地位，优势= predominancevariety n.多样性,各种各样a ~ of各种各样的radical a. 根本的，彻底的，激进的radical change/reform 彻底的改革/变革state of consciousness 意识状态conscious a. 有意识的，有知觉的be preferable to比…更让人喜爱，更可取,更好preference n. 优先权，优惠preferential adj. 优惠的,优先的~ policies in that 之所以这样是因为（解释原因）fatal a. 致命的，毁灭性的overwhelming a. 压倒性的，无法抵抗的piercing a. 刺穿的，深刻的，感人的pierce v. 刺穿，刺透，刺fierce 激烈的result from 由…而产生，来源于；原因是… = arise from = stem from…be attributed to 归因于，归功于attribute… to…把…的原因归为blame 归咎于, 责备owe… to …原因在于，原因是= due to consumption n. 消费,消费量(consume v.) production and consumption 生产与消费pattern n.模式,形式,方式standard ~ 标准模式purpose n.目的（= intention）quantitative a. 定量的，按一定数量的application （to）n. 应用，使用technological application 科学技术的运用apply v. （to）应用，适用于employ v. 使用；雇佣employer n. 用人单位；老板employment n. 使用；职位part time employment 兼职工作full time employment 全职工作disease n. 疾病positive a. 积极的（nagative a. 消极的）positive forces积极力量=driving forces推动力Unit Four 9704contribute to 导致，促成；为…做了贡献contribution n.促成因素(=contributing factors)decline n./v. 衰退，下跌economic/ moral decline 经济/ 道德衰退declining adj. 处于衰退的a ~ industry fade v. 渐渐消失，衰弱，减弱fading adj. 处于衰退的，日渐消失的falling adj. 日渐降低的，日益衰退的rising adj. 越来越多(大)的=growing, soaring, increasingfall v./n. 下跌，降低（fell，fallen）= drop rise v./n. 上升，增加（rose ，risen）on the rise/ decline 处于上升/ 下跌、衰退accomplish v. 实现，完成，达到complete v. 完成，使完善adj.完整的,完全incomplete不完全的career n. 职业生涯corrupt v. 腐蚀，使恶化 a. 腐败的various a 各种各样的，各不相同的times n. 时代creative freedom 创作自由bottom line 底线core n./a. 核心（的），中心take over 接管，接班，接任late a. 已逝的,已故的alive adj. 活着的raise stock price 提高股票价格debt n. 债务deal n. 交易dealership n. 经销商property n.财产intellectual property知识产权restructure v.结构重组,调整结构,体制改革reengineer v. 再设计，重新建造，结构重组flap n./v. 辩论，辩护debate n. 争论,辩论hip-hop 街舞expression n. 表达~ freedom 表达自由defend v. 保卫，辩护defender n. 支持者，辩护人=supporter defendant n. 被告justify v. 证明…合理，为…而辩护be justified 有道理scientifically justified 科学上合理的justifiable adj. 合理的defend/justify…on the grounds that/of 为…而辩护，理由是…release v. 发表，发行issue v.under fire 受攻击violent a. 暴力的，猛烈的violence n. 暴力school violence 校园暴力violate v. 违反，违背（规章等）= infringe violate the rules and regulationstest n./v. 测试，检验；试验democratic a. 民主的，大众化的column n. 专栏lie in 在于the widest possible latitude 最大的幅度dispute v./n.争执，争论beyond ~ 毋庸质疑disputable a. 有争议的irritating a. 令人愤怒的，使人气愤的compromise v./n.妥协，让步（=retreat ；=back off）hard-line 强硬路线~ stand强硬立场to some extent 在某种程度上=at some level stockholder n. 股东，股票持有人cite v. 引用，引证balance n./v. 平衡announce v. 宣布= declarelaunch v. 发动，发起~ a drive to do sth. drive v. 驱动，推动driving force 推动力，驱动力be driven underground 被赶到地下，暗处develop v. 制定，培养；发展；研发develop standards 制定标准distribute v. 分发，分配；发行，销售distribution n. 发行，销售；发放，分布collection n. 收集information collection and distribution信息的收集与发布board n. 董事会；委员会boss and board 管理层= the management licencing board 执照颁发委员会be supportive of 支持oppositive adj. 相反的oppose v. 反对insider n. 业内人士，知道内情的人士people associated with…与…有关联的人senator n 参议员amendment n.（法律、合同等的）修改,修订unite v. 团结，联合为一Unit Five 9705monetary a. 金融的，货币的steer v. 驾驶，驾驭land v. 着陆（take off 起飞，猛增）brake n./v. 闸；刹车precise a. 精确的far from the truth 远非事实variable a. 不确定的，易变的effect（on …）n. 影响（= influence on ）hence adv. 因此就出现了，因此就有了analogy n. 类比nanlogous adj. 相当于，类似于conduct v./n 进行…行为；行为（~ online transactions进行网上贸易）liken…to…v. 把…比作…crack v. 破裂，破碎rear v. 后部的，后面的view n. 景色，风景；观点，看法faulty a 有缺点的，不完美的banker n. 银行家boast v. 值得夸耀，引以为豪double-digit 两位数poll v. 投票选出percentage n. 百分比favorable a 有利的capacity n. 最大承受力（能力），最大承受量（容量）utilization n. 利用，使用prove v. (结果)竟然是,原来是,证明是;证明thrilling n. 令人激动的follow v. 遵循，按照…去做comparable a. 可比较的，可比作extremely a. 极端地，非常地last v. 持续（一段时间）amaze v. 令人吃惊，使吃惊amazing a.神奇的，奇异的Unit Six 9801it doesn’t help that 无法阻止，无法避免capture v. 吸引, 引起；俘获，夺取(~ one’s attention/ imagination)giant dam 巨大的水坝gigantic adj. 巨大的= giant=titanicat the mercy of 任凭…摆布drought n. 干旱（flood n. 洪涝）ideal n. 理想 a. 理想的give up on… as an ideal 放弃…的理想do one’s bidding 听从某人的吩咐fascinating adj.令人着迷的，迷人的fascination n.着迷,异常兴奋be fascinated（with ）对…着迷project n.(各类)建设项目;研究项目,计划threaten（to do）有…的危险，威胁（到）= riskthreat n. 威胁symbol n. 象征strive to do something / for something努力奋斗assert oneself 表现自己cement v. 巩固，加强bid n. 出价，投标bid for（投标）竞争,争取得到overbidding过高出价status n. 地位；状态tend to 往往，通常会intend v. 打算，目的在于~ doing/to do sth. be intended to do目的在于tendency n. 趋势trend n. 趋势，倾向deprive somebody of something 剥夺，夺去…fertile adj. 土地肥沃的, 多产的silt n. 淤泥in return for 作为…的回报reservoir n. 水库barely adv. 几乎不= hardlygenerate electricity 发电myth n. 神秘事件，神话；荒诞的说法mythical adj. 令人神往的，想象的，虚构的persist v. 持续, 坚持persistent adj. 没完没了的civilized adj. 文明的，进步的= civil civilize v. 让…变得文明，使文明stop (short of) doing停止了做某事(差点做了…) troops n. 军队（= forces ）contention over 竞争，争夺… (contend v. ) contend v.主张；竞争,斗争（contention n. ）give the go-ahead 允许，许可wrong-headed adj. 执迷不悟的,固执错误的even though 即使= even ifalthough ( = though ) ad. 尽管，虽然destruction n. 毁灭，破坏the powerful 权贵，强势阶层the powerless 平民，群众far from 远非，根本不是，根本没有far beyond 远远超过，远非resolve v. 决心；解决（同问题、分歧连用）conflict n. 冲突，斗争，摩擦hydroelectric power 水力发电irrigation n. 灌溉monster adj. 庞大，巨大的shut one’s eyes to reality 对现实视而不见neglect v. 忽视，忽略negligence n. 忽视vital adj. 致命的，至关重要的vitality n. 生命力，活力concern v. 与…有关n. 担忧，关切concerning prep.就…而言；与…有关concerned 相关的（后置修饰词）voice one’s concern 公开声明对…表示关注mild/serious/hightened concern稍稍/严重/高度关注be concerned about/with 关心，担心，重视strengthen v. 巩固，加强weaken v. 消弱，使变弱strengths and weaknesses 长处和不足之处international ties 国际关系universal adj. 普遍的n. 普遍情况universalize v. 普及，使普遍= popularize no use crying over spilt milk 覆水难收haste n. 匆忙（贬义）= rushhasten v. 加速leap v. /n. 跳跃，跳，飞跃Unit Seven 9802tale n. 故事，童话corporation n. 大公司corporate adj. 公司的international/multinational corporation跨国公司incorporate v. 包含，加入；合并revival n. 复兴，振兴，重生establish v. 建立，确立；公认，确定established adj. 确定的，既定的well-established adj.得到广泛公认的~ tend productive adj. 生产力的；多产的productivity n. 生产力revolution n. 革新，变革revolutionary adj. 革命性的preside over v. 主持，负责president n.总统,总裁,大学校长vice ~ 副的official adj.正式的，官方的~ status官方地位statistics n. 统计数字，统计学mildly adv. （mild adj. ）轻微的，适度的lump…together v. 合起来manufacturing n. 制造~ industry 制造业manufacturer n. 制造商on average 平均（只用于数字或人的资质）previous adj. 以前的，过去的acceleration n. 加速，加速度due to 因为rebound n. 反弹cycle n. 循环，周期business ~ 商业周期recycle v. 再利用，循环使用conclusive adj. 结论性的，充分的~ evidenceinconclusive adj. 不充分的,不足以下结论的evidence n. 证据（不可数名词）treasury secretary n. 财政大臣，财政部长disjunction n. 分离，不吻合，出入anecdote n. 趣闻，轶事downsize v. 裁减，精简overall adj. 整体，全部的，总的factor n. 因素，要素joint adj. 共同的，联合的join v. 连接，结合equipment n. 装备，设备，装置machinery n. （总称）机器，机械profitable adj. 赢利的profit n. 利润switch (to) 转向matter much 关系很大，很有关系speculate (on) v. （对…进行）预测，推测speculative adj. 预测的，猜测的ineptly adv. 不适当地，不理想地spread v. 分布, 传播, 蔓延widespread adj. 广泛的，普遍的be evenly spread 平均分布，均衡分布的suppose v. 假设，猜想，想象academic v. 学者，大学教师 a. 学术的former adj. 过去的n. 前者colony n. 殖民地anti-colonial反殖民主义的chain n. 连锁机构crude adj.未经加工的；粗糙的，粗放型的crude oil 原油bakery n. 面包店toast v. 举杯庆祝case n. 情况；；案例，例子；（法律）案件in many cases 在很多情况下revenue n. 年收入，财政收入colleague n. 同事，伙伴= company mechanistic adj.机械的mechanism n.机制mechanical a.机械的，机械似的mechanical learning 机械的学习in a…fashion以…方式，方法(= in a…manner)version 版本；说法chop out 削减give thought to (n) 考虑sufficient adj.足够的,大量的sufficiency n.long-term adj. 长期的~ prospect 远景in a short term 短期内blunt adj. 直率，直言不讳的dismiss… as…认为…不过是…consultant n. 顾问( = advisor ) consultancy n. 咨询ambulance n. 救护车turning point 转折点recovery n. 复苏；复原，恢复exclude v. 排除，除去…之外include v. 包含，包括fall short of 落后于，达不到（目标），不如anticipation n.预测anticipate v. 预测，预计the true state of 真实情况pose a question / challenge提出问题/ 挑战raise a question 提出问题question v. 怀疑，质疑= suspect questionnaire n. 问卷reply n. 答复,回答put forward提出(观点) (= pose v.提出，造成)unquestioned claim 毋庸质疑的论点reform n. 改革(liberal reform 自由改革)essential（for/to）adj.关键,至关重要的,核心的a bunch of 一帮，一捆，一串good-for-nothing n.无价值的,无用的人;废物Unit Eight 9803uneasy adj.不自在、不稳定的;困难、艰难的aspect n. （问题等的）方面rebel v.反叛,叛逆rebelling beliefs 叛逆的信念、信仰trial n. 审判；试验Catholic Church 天主教remark n./v. 话，言语harsh remarks make a passing remark 短暂发言，说话worldview n. 世界观schism n. 裂隙，分裂deepen v. 加深，深化humanities n.人文学科humanity n.人文主义精神if anything 如果有的话afford to do 有条件、有资格做某事critic n. 批评者，评论家criticize v. 批评critical(ly) adj. 缜密严谨的；批评的；至关重要的think critically 批判地思维/思想think independently 独立地思考ignore v. 忽视be completely ~ed 完全遭到忽视fund n.资金v. 出资,拨款,资助funding n.资助over-funding 拨款过度under-funding 拨款不足anti-science n. 反科学notably adv. 引人注目地，显著地assemble v. 集合；组装find fault with 批评，挑…的毛病social status 社会地位sociology n. 社会学sociologist n. 社会学家philosopher n. 哲学家，思想家philosophy n. 哲学，人生准则，生活方式create v. 创造（creation n. 创造，创造物）creativity n. 创造力creature n. 生物creationism n. 上帝造人说evolution n. 进化；物种进化论phenomenon n. 现象（phenomena 复数）contradict v. 与…矛盾contradiction n.矛盾contradictory adj. 相矛盾的self-contradictory adj. 自相矛盾的on the contrary 相反contrast n. 对照，对比（不同点）survey n./v. 调查；纵览，通盘考虑reveal v. 显示，显示出；揭示，揭露；泄露tag n. 标签v. 贴标签（= label ）label v./n. （贴）标签，标示epithet n.称号attach… to…将…联系在一起attach importance to…强调，重视…advocate v. 提倡，倡导n. 倡导者eliminate v.消除,淘汰,剔除(elimination n.)smallpox n. 天花virus n. 病毒virtue n. 美德scorn v. 蔑视long for 渴望，盼望utopia n. 乌托邦,理想完美境界,理想状态biological utopia 生物学上的理想状态environmentalist n.环保主义者,环境保护论者essay n. 文章，散文article n. 文章inevitable adj. 不可避免的，必不可少的respond forcefully/strongly to 对…做出强有力的反应respond to对…做出反应correspond to…v. 与…有关，相一致corresponding adj. 相应的pioneer n. 先驱，先锋global warming 全球气候变暖depletion n. 损耗，枯竭ozone layer 臭氧层consequence n. 后果logical consequence 合理结果，逻辑结论consequent adj. 随之而来的，作为结果的consequently adv. 因此= thus = therefore note v. 注意到；写道n. 注释explanatory note 注释heavy note 很浓的意味，明显特征denote v. 指示，表示的是have… in common 共同点是common adj. 共有的，共同的annoy v. 惹恼，激怒，令…不快annoying employees 惹人生气的雇员confront v. 面对，挑战confrontation n. 对抗，冲突，不和separation n. 分裂，分离separate adj. 独立的，各自的，分离的earn one’s keep 挣钱吃饭earn v. 挣钱，赚得；博得，得到contempt n.鄙视,蔑视,看不起earn the contempt of sb. 受到鄙视contemptible adj. 让人鄙视的，可鄙的greedy adj. 贪婪的show sympathy with/for 表示同情、同感in sympathy with 同情sympathetic adj.表示同情的；赞同、支持的compassionate adj.表示同情的，有同情心的exemplify v. 举例说明，例证context n. 上下文，语境Unit Nine 9804emerge v. 出现= appearemergence n. 出现emerge as v. 以…面貌出现emerging countries 新兴国家emerging economies 新兴国家的经济census n.人口普查head-counting n.数人数，人口普查regional adj. 地区性的national a. 全国性的worldwide a.世界范围的compete with 与…竞争competitor n. 竞争者fierce/ intense competition激烈竞争competitive adj.竞争的anti-competitive force 反竞争的力量competitiveness竞争性，竞争力fading/growing competitiveness 越来越强/弱的竞争力competently adv. 合格,有效地incompetently adv. 不合格,不称职地standstill n. 停滞不前enthrone v. 使成为首位，是名列…之首densely/thinly populated人口稠密(稀少)的be populated with/by 充满了，充斥着numerically adv.从数字上显示,从数字方面ever recorded/witnessed 有历史(记载)以来decade n. 十年gain n. 上升，增长（= rise）add up to 总数为annual adj. 每年的，每年一度的the Depression years 经济大萧条的年代migrate v. 迁徙immigrant n. 进入另一国的移民移民immigration n.迁移,移民(进入一地区或国家) prevail v. 普遍,,盛行prevalent adj. 流行的,主导的drop out of 离开，掉出，退出shift v. /n. 转换，变化，转移，转嫁shift (from…) to…转向major shift主要变化，重要变化wave n. 浪潮，潮流（= trend ）one wave after another 一波接一波的the snow-belt 冰雪地带the sun-belt 阳光地带role n. 角色，作用play a role 起作用play a key role 起到关键作用baby boom生育高峰期,婴儿潮child-bearing adj.育龄的,怀孕的crop n. 收获，收割generation n. 一代（人）two-generation household 由两代人组成的家庭demography n. 人口统计学related adj. 有关，相关的closely related tocareer-related adj. 与工作有关的instance n. 例子，实例rapid adj. 迅速的，飞快的rap n. 说唱vast adj. 广大的，巨大的vastly = greatly = broadlydevastate v. 毁坏，破坏be composed of 由…组成的square n./a. 平方（的）~ meters 平方米flight n. 逃跑；远离bearable adj. 可以忍受的dramatize v. 明显体现出drama n. 戏剧dramatic adj. 剧烈的;巨大的~ changes 巨变dramatic declaration 引起轰动的消息dramatically adv. 大幅度地spacious adj. 宽敞的space n. 空间smog n. 烟雾crime n. 刑事犯罪criminal a. 有罪的n. 罪犯plague n. 瘟疫，通病urbanization n. 都市化urban a. 城市的suburban adj. 近郊的，城市边缘的rural a. 农村的rate n. 比率；费率interest rates 利率divorce rate离婚率crime rate犯罪率birth rate出生率inflation rates通货膨胀率ratio n. 比例sex ratio 男女性别比例reason n. 理性；原因v. 推理reasonable a.合理的considerably adv. 相当大的，非常（= vastly）perplex v. 困扰，迷惑perplexing adj. 令人困惑的witness v. 见证，目击n. 目击者，证人undergo v. 经历了= experience distinguish oneself from others使自身与众不同stress n. 压力v. 强调stress…over…v. 强调…比…更重要climatic influence 气候影响climate n. 气候highlight v. 强调（= stress ）continuous adj. 连续不断的continual adj. 频繁的，不断的elaborate v. 详细阐述，精心制作delayed adj. 迟到的delay v. 延迟,耽误unanimously adv. 一致地democracy n. 民主be engaged in 从事，忙于conservative a. 保守的n. 保守的人cling to something 坚持= stick toUnit 10 9805scatter v. 遍布，散乱分布the globe n. 地球isolate v. 分离，隔绝isolated adj. 分离的，隔绝的region n. 地区volcano n. 火山volcanic activity 火山活动geology n. 地质学geologist n. 地质学家geological feature 地质特点geological publication n. 地质学出版物hot spot 热点boundary n. 界限drifting plate 漂移的板块drift away 漂走make up 占…（比例）（= account for）组成（be made up of…由…构成）弥补，化妆surface n. 表面interior n. 内部 a. 内部的trail n. 踪迹,痕迹,路线tourist ~s；volcanic ~smilestone n. 里程碑mark v. 标志着markedly adv. 显著地complementary adj. 互补的coastline n. 海岸线span v. 横跨，横越n. 跨距，跨度attention span 注意力集中时间段life span寿命ocean n. 海洋oceanic adj. 海洋的reminder n. 提示，提醒的人或物remind v. 提醒，使想起continent n. 大陆continental plate 大陆板块relative adj. 相对的motion n. 动作，移动（= mobility ）mobile adj.（可）移动的，流动的mobility n.orbital motion 有轨道的运动construct v. 建造，构造；构思，构想，想象in detail adv. 细节的，详细的detail n. 细节with respect to关于…，在…方面，与…有关= in terms of = regarding readily adv. 轻易地，容易地translate… into…将…解释为determine v. 确定，决定in opposite directions 向不同方向stationary adj. 固定的，静止不动的respectively adv. 各自地，分别地anchor v. 固定在，停留n 节目主持人layer n. 层，层次measuring instrument 测量工具，测量仪器measure n. 措施；衡量指标，测量方法conventional measures 常规的指标measurable adj. 可以衡量的analysis n. 分析self-analysis n. 自我分析senior analyst 高级分析师be confined to something 被限制于，局限于frame n. 框架，范围reference n. 参考geophysical adj. 地球物理学的propel v. 推动，推进，加速broad adj. 宽阔的，巨大的，广泛的broaden v. 拓展fissure n./ v. 缝隙，裂痕（= crack ）entire adj. 完全的，整体的entirely adv. 完全地，彻底地entirely reasonable 完全合理的entirely different story 完全不同的情况initiate v. 开始，引发take initiative 积极行动，采取主动medical initiative 医疗动机formation n. 形成mutability n. 变形；易变性consistent adj.一直的,一贯的~ly adv. 一直inconsistency n. 不一致，变化apart adv. 分开dome n. 拱型，圆屋顶be deducted from 由…推论出stable adj. 稳定stability n. 稳定Unit 11 9901rough adj. 粗糙的，粗略的；困难，复杂roughly adv. 大约，大致（后跟数字或数目）slip v. 滑倒warning n. 警告warn of/against提醒注意…,发出关于…的警告disaster n. 灾难catastrophe n. 大灾难tragedy n. 悲剧，灾难lawsuit n. 法律诉讼sue v.起诉appeal v. (to,for)上诉，申诉compensate sb. for 赔偿，补偿compensation n. 赔偿，补偿or so 大约jury n. 陪审团hold v. 认为，主张；保持be liable for adj. 负法律责任，对…应负责任be liable to 易…的，有…可能的liability n. 义务，法律责任misfortune n. 不幸fortune n. 运气；财富；财产状况,经济状况cautious adj. 小心谨慎的caution n./v. 小心谨慎；警告precaution n. 预防，防范，警惕appropriate adj. 正确，适当的= proper inappropriate subject 不恰当的题材drug interaction 药物过敏，药物交互作用interact with 互动，相互作用interactive adj. 互动的interactivity n. 互动性federal adj. 联邦的regulation n. 管理规定，规则regulate v.规范，管理regular adj. 规则的，标准的；定期的regularity n. 规律性，规则性customer n. 顾客，消费者client n.顾客，客户potential customer 潜在顾客，可能的顾客customize n. 量身定制，定做，用户化take somebody to court 将…告上法庭turn the tide潮流倒转，逆转潮流reverse the trend 逆转这一潮流,逆转这一趋势claim n. 索赔；主张；宣称，声称unquestioned claim 毋庸置疑的言论proclaim v. 宣称（= claim）side with / back up 支持paralyze v. 麻痹，瘫痪paralysis n. 瘫痪parallel n. 类似事物或做法a.平行的unparalleled adj.无以伦比的= unmatched unsurpassed might无法超越、空前的巨大力量unprecedented a. 史无前例的，空前的precede v. 先于，在…之前（发生）proceed to 着手做，进入（下一个议程或项目）athlete n. 运动员institute n. 学院，机构judge n. 法官v. 判断judgement n.判断justice n. 司法；正义；法官recommendation n.建议；推荐recommend v. 建议；推荐counsel v. 建议carry v. 有，蕴含着，承载着carry substantial weight 很有分量substantial adj. 相当大的；相当多的= considerableweight n. 分量，重量issue v. 发布，出台n. 问题，争端，事务guideline n. 指导，方针，大纲tort law 侵权法state v. 声明，陈述，规定statement n bombard sb. with…v. 用…狂轰滥炸lengthy adj.（演说、文章等）冗长的= tediouslengthen v. 延长shorten v. 缩短get buried 被掩埋，被忽略= be buriedtriviality n. 琐碎的事务draft v. 起草n. 草案，草稿moderate adj. 适度，中等的have one’s way 按照…的愿望行事，顺利进行for the benefit of / in the interest of 为了…的利益find fault with 找茬，挑错promise v. 承诺n. 前途intellectual promise 读书方面的前途political promise 政治前途promising adj. 有前景的inadequacy n. 不足，不完美inadequate adj.不够充分的,不完全,不够的make the best use of 充分利用be / feel obliged to do不得不demonstrate v.说明,显示,表明= illustrate discard v. 抛弃discard… in words 口头，表面上抛弃Unit 12 9902web business = internet commerce= online transaction 在线商务，互联网贸易anti-consumerism 反消费主义，抵制消费第一的观念consumer n. 消费者culture of consumption 消费文化medical consumer 医疗消费者fashion n. 时尚v.制定,开发,研发(=develop)attain a certain fashion 一定程度上得到流行old-fashioned a. 落伍的，过时的fashionable a. 时髦的，流行的revolve around v. 围绕…展开或进行tap v. 开发~ the market 开发市场make sense 合理，行得通；有意义nonetheless adv. 然而，但是(= nevertheless )hesitate v. 犹豫，犹豫不决doubt v. 怀疑self-doubt n. 自我怀疑doubter n. 怀疑者dubious a. 半信半疑的reliable adj. 可靠的fairly ~ 相当可靠的reliability n. 可靠性trust v./n. 信任n. 托拉斯，大型垄断企业distrust v. 不信任mistrust v. 不信任，怀疑trustworthy adj. 可靠的pathway n. 路径path n. 路径risk v./n. 风险，冒…的风险= threaten risk doing something 冒险做某事partner n. 伙伴give somebody access to 允许出入，允许接触access n. 接近，利用（网络）accessible adj. 可获得的，可利用的intranet n. （单位内部）局域网model n./v. 模式，方式，模仿，建模focus on 集中于；全神贯注于available adj. 可以得到的，可以用的available online 在网上可得到的site n. 位址，场所；网址=website direct a. 直接的，径直的indirect a. 间接的transmit v. 传播，传染transmission n. message n. 信息，消息send out messages screen savor 屏幕保护deliver v.传送，送货上门；发言，发表演说updated adj. 最新的，更新的stream n.流,河流,一连串tourist streams客流a stream of 一系列的，一连串的streams of news/information 大量的新闻、信息subscriber n. 订阅者subscribe v. （to）同意，赞同monitor n. 监视器，显示器as yet （到目前为止）尚未not…(just) yet 尚未special sales 减价销售，特价销售commercial promotion 商业促销promote v. 推动，促进；促销；提拔byproduct n. 副产品produce v. 生产出,创造出;培养出n. 产品side-effect n. 副作用offer v. 提供；出价，报价provide v. 提供= offerprovided conj. 如果（= if）think tank 智囊团notion n. 观念，概念，想法，意见connotation n. 内涵，含义，意义event n. 活动，事件，事情eventually adv. 最终，最后flow v. 流动request n. 要求。

商志考研英语2篇

商志考研英语商志考研英语第一篇：市场营销市场营销是现代社会中的一个重要领域，它涉及到企业与消费者之间的互动。

在市场营销中，企业通过各种手段来满足消费者的需求，从而实现商品和服务的销售目标。

市场营销的核心是将产品或服务与目标消费者进行匹配，并通过有效的传播和销售策略来促进销售增长。

市场营销的基本原则是市场导向，即以市场需求为导向来开发产品和制定营销策略。

企业需要了解消费者的需求和偏好，从而生产出符合市场需求的产品。

此外，企业还需要关注竞争对手的动态并根据市场需求和竞争状况来制定差异化的营销策略。

在市场营销中，定位和差异化策略是非常重要的。

定位是指企业通过特定的市场定位来塑造产品或服务的形象和品牌，以满足特定消费者群体的需求。

差异化策略则是通过创造产品或服务的独特卖点来与竞争对手区别开来。

通过定位和差异化策略，企业可以在市场中树立自己的品牌形象，提高产品市场份额。

营销传播是市场营销的重要组成部分。

它通过广告、促销、公关和直销等手段来传递产品或服务的信息，吸引消费者的注意力并引起他们的购买欲望。

营销传播需要根据目标消费者的特点和市场环境来选择合适的传播渠道和方式。

同时，有效的市场调研是成功的营销传播的关键，因为只有了解消费者的需求和意见才能准确地传递产品或服务的信息。

总之，市场营销是一个研究如何将产品或服务与目标消费者相匹配，通过有效的传播和销售策略来实现销售目标的领域。

在市场营销中，企业需要以市场需求为导向，并采取定位和差异化策略来塑造品牌形象。

同时，营销传播是市场营销的重要组成部分，它通过合适的传播方式来传递产品或服务的信息。

第二篇：国际贸易国际贸易是不同国家之间的商品和服务交换。

随着全球化的发展，国际贸易在世界经济中的地位越来越重要。

国际贸易可以带来经济增长和发展机会，促进国家之间的合作和交流。

国际贸易对于各国经济的发展具有重要意义。

通过参与国际贸易，国家可以利用自身的资源和优势生产具有竞争力的商品和服务，从而获得经济增长和提高人民生活水平的机会。

商志考研英语作文模板

商志考研英语作文模板1. In today's fast-paced society, pursuing further education has become a popular trend among young people.2. The reasons for choosing to take the postgraduate entrance examination are varied. Some people hope to enhance their competitiveness in the job market, while others aim to gain more knowledge and expertise in their field.3. However, preparing for the postgraduate entrance examination is no easy task. It requires a great deal of time, effort, and perseverance.4. Despite the challenges, many people are still determined to take the postgraduate entrance examination because they believe it will open up more opportunities for their future career development.5. In the process of preparing for the postgraduateentrance examination, many people experience stress, anxiety, and even self-doubt. It's important to find ways to manage these negative emotions and stay focused on the ultimate goal.6. On the day of the examination, candidates may feel a mix of excitement and nervousness. It's crucial to stay calm and maintain a positive mindset in order to perform at their best.7. Whether one succeeds or fails in the postgraduate entrance examination, it's important to remember that it's just one part of their journey, and there are always other opportunities waiting for them in the future.8. In conclusion, taking the postgraduate entrance examination is a significant decision that requires careful consideration and thorough preparation. It's a challenging but rewarding experience that can help individuals achieve their academic and career goals.。

商志考研英语作文精讲

商志考研英语作文精讲When it comes to the postgraduate entrance examination, the English composition section is often a significant hurdle for many candidates. Mastering the art of writing a compelling and well-structured essay is crucial for success in this competitive examination. In this lecture, we will delve into the intricacies of crafting an excellent postgraduate English essay, focusing on the strategies and techniques that can elevate your writing to the next level.Understanding the Essay PromptBegin by thoroughly reading and understanding the essay prompt. It is essential to identify the key issues or questions that the prompt is asking you to address. Make sure you understand the type of essay required (argumentative, expository, narrative, etc.) and tailor your response accordingly.Developing a Strong Thesis StatementYour thesis statement is the backbone of your essay. It should be clear, concise, and assertive, providing a roadmap for your argument. It is not just a topic; it is a claim that you will support with evidence throughout your essay.Outlining Your EssayBefore you start writing, create an outline. This will help you organize your thoughts and ensure that your essay flows logically. A typical structure includes an introduction, body paragraphs, and a conclusion.- Introduction: Introduce the topic and present your thesis statement.- Body Paragraphs: Each paragraph should focus on one main idea that supports your thesis. Use topic sentences to introduce each idea.- Conclusion: Summarize your main points and restate your thesis in a new way.Writing the IntroductionStart with a hook to grab the reader's attention. This could be a question, a quote, a fact, or a bold statement. Follow this with a brief overview of the main points you will discuss and conclude with your thesis statement.Expanding on the Body ParagraphsEach body paragraph should follow a clear structure:1. Topic Sentence: State the main idea of the paragraph.2. Supporting Details: Provide evidence, examples, or explanations to back up your idea.3. Analysis: Analyze how your evidence supports your thesis.4. Transition: Use transitional phrases to guide the reader to the next paragraph.Crafting the ConclusionYour conclusion should not introduce new information. Instead, it should summarize the key points made in the body and reiterate the importance of your thesis. End with a strong, memorable statement that leaves a lasting impression.Proofreading and EditingAlways review your essay for any grammatical errors, unclear sentences, or logical fallacies. Ensure that your essay is cohesive and that each paragraph contributes to the overall argument.Time ManagementDuring the exam, allocate your time wisely. Spend a few minutes planning and outlining, then move on to writing the essay, and finally, set aside time for proofreading.Practice Makes PerfectThe more you practice writing essays, the better you will become. Try to write on a variety of topics and seek feedback from teachers or peers.By following these guidelines and practicing regularly, you can significantly improve your English essay writing skills, which will be a great asset in your pursuit of a postgraduate degree. Remember, the key to a successful essay is clarity, coherence, and compelling argumentation.。

商志考研英语作文

商志考研英语作文The Importance of Business Ethics in the Modern Corporate World。

In today's fast-paced and competitive business environment, the issue of business ethics has become increasingly important. Business ethics refers to the moral principles and values that guide the behavior ofindividuals and organizations in the business world. It is essential for businesses to uphold high ethical standards in order to maintain their reputation, gain the trust of their stakeholders, and contribute to the overall well-being of society.First and foremost, business ethics is crucial for maintaining a positive reputation. In the age of social media and instant communication, any unethical behavior by a company can quickly become public knowledge and damageits image. For example, a company that is found to be engaging in exploitative labor practices or environmentaldegradation can face severe backlash from consumers, investors, and the public at large. This can lead to a loss of trust and credibility, as well as a decline in sales and profitability. Therefore, it is in the best interest of businesses to adhere to ethical standards in order to protect their brand and reputation.Moreover, upholding business ethics is essential for gaining the trust of stakeholders. Whether it is customers, employees, suppliers, or investors, all stakeholders want to engage with businesses that they can trust. By demonstrating a commitment to ethical behavior, businesses can build strong relationships with their stakeholders and create a sense of loyalty and goodwill. For example, a company that treats its employees fairly and ethically is more likely to attract and retain top talent, leading to higher levels of productivity and innovation. Similarly, a company that is transparent and honest in its dealings with customers and suppliers will build long-lasting relationships based on trust and mutual respect.Furthermore, business ethics is important forcontributing to the overall well-being of society. Businesses have a significant impact on the communities in which they operate, and ethical behavior can have apositive influence on social and environmental issues. For example, a company that is committed to sustainability and corporate social responsibility can make a meaningful contribution to environmental conservation and social welfare. By adhering to ethical standards, businesses can help to create a more equitable and sustainable society for future generations.In conclusion, the importance of business ethics in the modern corporate world cannot be overstated. Upholding high ethical standards is essential for maintaining a positive reputation, gaining the trust of stakeholders, and contributing to the overall well-being of society. It is incumbent upon businesses to prioritize ethics andintegrity in their operations, as this will ultimately lead to long-term success and sustainability. By doing so, businesses can build a strong foundation for growth and prosperity, while also making a positive impact on the world around them.。

2017考研英语新题型所有题型全部真题及大纲样题全精讲专用讲义(英语一)

2017考研英语一新题型历年所有题型及大纲样题全精讲编讲商志主讲介绍：★直取本质，彻底破解，主讲的考研英语传奇系列课程成为了考研界无人能够企及的巅峰之作；★考研英语辅导史上划时代的传奇名师，其课堂批量制造高分，被称为“高分梦工厂”、“牛人集中营”；★教育部考试中心首席专家，高等教育出版社考研英语高分系列图书主编，“考研路上最不可错过的一位英语老师”★考研英语应试教学法第一人,传奇考研英语写作创始人,考研英语辅导神话的缔造者,全国一线城市考研英语首席主讲拨开考研迷雾打破英语瓶颈揭示致命误区铺就高分坦途阅读理解B部分是在2005年才设置的，之前在考研英语试卷上没有这种题型，所以这种题型被称为新题型。

也就是说，迄今为止，新题型一共只考过12年。

其中英语一共考过12次（2005年到2016年）、英语二共考过7次（2010年到2016年）。

一、大纲对阅读理解B部分的要求本部分1篇500---600词左右的文章，共5题,10分。

主要考察考生对诸如连贯性、一致性、逻辑联系等语篇、语段整体特征的理解，即要求考生在理解全文的基础上弄清文章的总体结构和微观结构。

实际上就是《大纲》对考生提出的阅读理解八项技能要求中的第六项“(考生应能)理解文章的整体结构以及单句之间、段落之间的关系”的具体体现。

本部分有5种备选题型，实际考试时将从中仅选择一种进行命题。

需要注意的是：英语一只考前3种。

而英语二只考其中的后2种。

题型一：试题内容是一篇文章中有5个空白处。

每个空白处本应有一个或一组句子。

文章后面有6-7段文字，要求考生根据文章内容从这6-7段文字中选出能放进文章中每个空白处的一段文字，使上下文连贯、一致。

英语一的12年真题中有7年考了这种题型，分别是05、06、08、09、12、13以及2015年。

题型二：在一篇长度约500-600词的文章中，各段落的原有顺序已被打乱。

要求考生根据文章内容和结构将所列段落(6--7个)重新排序，其中1-2个段落在文章中的位置已给出。

商志考研英语单词精讲(3147)

第一讲&第二讲：Carry v.有Suspend v.停止Suspend logic thinking 停止逻辑思维(05.03)Suspend oil imports 停止石油进口(01.05)Shame n.令人惋惜的事(可耻的事<考研一般不考>)It would be a shame to do sth. ……将会是一件令人惋惜的事Eg：1)this is a shame. 这是一件令人惋惜的事(15新42)2)It would be a shame to spoil our child since they would fail to cope with stresses,setbacks or frustrations. 溺爱孩子将会是件令人惋惜的事，因为我们的孩子会不能应对压力或者挫折Because = as = for = since = 因为Handle = cope with = deal with = 应对Frustration n.挫折( = setback)Eg：cope with the frustrations in school and in life. 应对学业和人生中的挫折Spoil the child 溺爱孩子Operation n.手术;操作(operate v.操作<不考>)Bypass operation 心脏搭桥手术(0302para3s2)Enlarge operations to meet customer’s demands 扩大经营来满足消费者的需求(0104para3s1)---->Operational adj.操作的Eg: 1)lower the operational costs 降低运营支出2)operatioal research experts and economists 运筹学研究专家和经济学家Huge 巨大的Extremely huge 极其的巨大Extremely important 极其的重要Global challenges 全球性问题Global warming /climate changes 全球变暖/气候变化(climate n.气候)Eg：1)We are now faced with global challenges such as cliamate changes,security and bird fly. 现在我们面对全球难以解决的问题，就像气候变化、安全和禽流感一样2)This is really a challenge for me. 这对我来说真是一个挑战(注：it 做形式主语，先翻译真正主语，后翻译it后面的形式主语)第三讲&第四讲Substance n.物质Substance abuse 物质滥用Most substance 大多数物质Substance dependence 物质依赖Eg：familiar substances such as alcohol and tobacco. 像烟和酒这样的物质Alcohol n.乙醇，酒精Tobacco n.烟草，香烟Substantial adj.(数量上、幅度上)巨大的Eg：1)substantial cost reduction 大幅降低支出(0303para2s1) (reduce v.缩小，减少)2)The recommendations of public figures carry substantial weight. 公众人物的建议有很大的份量(9901para-1s-3)Recommendation n.建议(recommend v.建议，推荐-> ~ a book to sb.)Illusion n.幻觉Addict v.沉迷Be addicted to smart phones 沉迷于智能手机smart phone 智能手机Be addicted to A and B 沉迷于A和BSmart a.聪明的<--->Stupid adj.愚蠢的Figure n.人物，数字Figures = data = statistics n.数据，数字Public figures 公众人物Senior figures 高管，有影响力的人物Influential n.有影响力的人adj.有影响力的(influence n./v.影响)Influential media/company 有影响力的媒体/公司Advantage n.优点，长处，好处，优势Eg：1)Generally speaking，there are advantages to avoid substantial height. 总的来说，避免太高是有好处的(0803para4s1)substantial height/substantial weight 相当高/重2)There are advantages to …………是有很多好处的Substantially improve productivity 大幅提高生产力Substantially improve performance 大幅提高成绩Poor/excellent performance 拙劣/卓越的成绩Considerable (数量上)巨大的(=substantial)Considerable loss/profit 巨额损失/利润Considerably below……远低于……A considerable number of ……大量的……A considerable number of youngsters/people/country……大量的年轻人/人/国家Eg：A considerable number of the most significant collections of criticism. 大量的最重要的文艺评论集The most significant events in history 历史最重要的事件Consider v.考虑，思考Collections n.收集，集合Criticism n.评论，批评-->criticize v.批评Art criticism 文艺评论Collections of poems 诗集Consist in…由…构成(=be made up of)The Chinese people consist in 56 ethnic groups 中华名族是由56个名族组成的Ethnic adj.名族的*Take a longer view, there’s a surprising amount that we can say with considerable assurance 从长远来看，有相当大量的事情我们能够非常有把握地说出来(1303para-2s1)We can say with considerable assurance that……我们可以相当有把握地说出……Assure v.向某人保证，向…确保Assure sb. that/of……Experience v.经历n.经验Expert n.专家adj.卓越的(=outstanding=excellent)Expert /outstanding/excellent performance 卓越的成绩，优异的成绩(0101后21)*Take a longer view, we can say (with…)that mobile phone will be a tool rather than host of everyone around us.Fat adj.(数额上)巨大的,胖的(06完型para03/15完型para03s1) n.脂肪Eg：1)Everybody loves a fat pay rise 人人都喜欢大幅加薪(0501s1)2)Banker’s fat pay packets have attracted much criticism 银行家们丰厚的薪酬已经招致了大量的批评(1204s-1)Pay n.薪水-->Equal work，equal payUrge n/.v.强烈愿望，诉求Packet n.套餐-->pay packet 薪酬第五讲Total amount 总的数量A surprising amount 大量的令人吃惊的数量The supreme court’s decisions on physician-assisted suicide carry important implication(0204s1)最高法院关于安乐死的判决有重要的含义Court n.法院，法庭Top patent court 最高专利权法院(patent n.专利<权>)Supreme court 最高法院(考过9次)Supreme a.至高无上的，最高的Superior a.优越的，高级的，好的Eg：socialism is superior to capitalism 社会主义比资本主义优越A be superior toB A比B优越Superiority n.优越性Federal adj.联邦<制>的Federal court 联邦法院FBI (Federal Bureau of investigation) 联邦调查局Federal government 联邦政府Eg：the US court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit 美国联邦巡回上诉法庭Centralized control 集中控制Appeal n./v. 呼吁;上访,上诉Appeal to a higher court 向更高法院上诉Decision n.决定(v.decide);裁决,判决(=rule)(注:当出现judge<n.法官>、Justice<n.大法官>、court时一定要将decision翻译成裁决、判决)The court’s ruling on physician-assisted suicide(0204para7s1) 法院对安乐死的判决Rule v.判决、裁决Eg：The court rules that high-dosage pain-relieving medication can be prescribed 法院判决可以开高剂量的止疼药Prescribe v.开处方、开药方Prescription n.药方~ drugs 处方药(05新)Dose = dosage n.剂量High-dosage 高剂量Effect n.作用，效果Side-effect 副作用=(negative effect)Relieve v.使…摆脱;减轻,缓解Relieve one’s pain 减轻某人的疼痛Pain-relieving medication 止疼药Medication = medicine = drug 药Drug store 药店Physician-assisted suicide 安乐死Physical adj.身体的,肉体的Physical enjoyment 身体上的快乐Physician n.医生Assist v.帮助Suicide n.自杀= commit suicideEg：He commit suicide last December 他去年十二月自杀了Imply v.暗含Implication n.含义Carry important implication 有重要含义Try v.尝试--> trial n.审判The trial of…对…的审判(01完型s1)第六讲The constitution 宪法The constitutional right to sth 宪法赋予…的权利Take sb. to court (9901para3s-1) 把…告上法庭Defendant n.被告Defend v.保卫,保护;为…辩护,证明…合情/合理/合法(justify)Case n.案子,案件The courts tend to side with defendants in personal injury claims/cases (9901para4s1) 法院往往在个人伤害案的诉讼中支持被告Claim =case n.案子Side with…支持，站在…一边Injury n.伤害Claim n./v. 索取,索赔;主张Personal injury claim/cases 个人伤害案The court has ruled that police don’t violate the Fourth Amendment when they go through the wallet or pocketbook of an arrestee with a warrant (2015 text2) 法院裁决到警方不违反第四修正案,当他们有一个搜查证搜查被捕者的钱包的时候Trial n.审判the trial of …对…的审判Violate v.违反，违背Violate the law 违法Violate the rules and regulations 违反规章制度Violate the traffic rule 违反交通规则Amend v.(对合同/法律文书…)修正,改进The Fourth Amendment 第四修正案Amend the contract 修改合同Amend the bill 修改法案Purse/wallet/pocketbook 钱包,皮夹子Go through 经历,搜查Arrest n./v. 逮捕During a arrest 在抓捕期间Arrestee n.被捕者，嫌疑人(=suspect)Warrant n.搜查证,保证,搜查令,委任状,凭证,根据Guarantee v.保证,确保;保证(书),担保(人)Search the contents of a mobile phone without a warrant 没有搜查令搜查一个人的收集目录Search = go through 搜查Go through a wallet or pocketbook of an arrestee 搜查一个被捕者的钱包No one can guarantee the truthfulness of the information (030144[B]) 没有人可以保证信息的真实性Guaranteed future/payment 有保障的未来/收入George Osborne’s scheme was intended to guarantee jobseekers’legitimate right to benefits(2014text1:21[D]) 乔治·奥斯本的项目旨在保障求职者获得福利的合法权利Scheme n.方案,计划;阴谋Be intended to旨在;目的是Jobseeker 求职者the unemployed 失业的人Legitimate right to sth. ……的合法权利Benefit n.福利;好处Scheme = project = program 项目Project Hope 希望工程第七讲&第八讲Obtain a warrant to search through phone contents of a suspect 获得一个收查证去搜查一个嫌疑犯的收集目录Obtain v.获得Search = go through = search through 搜查Jobseekers’ legitimate right to benefit is far from guaranteed 求职者的领取福利的合法权利远没有得到保障The legitimate right to sth. 做某事的合法权利Seek v.寻找Jobseeker =jobhunter n.求职者Benefit n.利益，好处；补贴=allowance=subsidy=pensionThe disadvantaged 弱势群体There is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide(0204para2)宪法没有安乐死的权利The constitution 宪法The Fourth Amendment 第四修正案The legitimate/constitutional right to=the right to sth. …的权利The right to private property 私有财产权The right to intellectual property 知识财产权Right and regulations权利和义务Intellectual adj.智力的n.知识分子Shippers who feel they are being overcharged have the right appeal to the federal government’s Surface Transportation Board for rate relief 感觉自己被过高收费的客户有权向联邦政府的地面交通委员会申请降低费率Shipper n.客户(运输企业)Shopper n.客户，顾客(商场)Board n.板，董事会，委员会Appeal to sb. for sth. 向…呼吁/上访/恳求Charge v.收费Overcharge v.过高收费Relieve v.降低；使…摆脱Relieve one’s pain/burden 减轻某人的负担Pain-relieving medication 止疼药It is legitimate for physician to prescribe high-dosage pain-relieving medication 医生开高剂量的止疼药是合法的It is legitimate for sb. to do sth. 对某人来说做…是合法的Human right 人权Animal right 动物权Animal right movement 动物权利运动Animal rights advocates 动物权利倡导者Advocate n.倡导者，鼓吹者Rights and obligations 权利与义务Invest more，harvest more 投资越多，收获越多Invest v.投资Harvest v/n.收获Web store 网店Drug store 药店Appeal to 呼吁;对…有吸引力Appeal v/n.恳求；呼吁；上诉；吸引(力)；上访；号召Relieve v.降低，减轻，缓和Relieve the rate 降低费率(rate relief)Huge rate increase 大幅涨价Substantial cost reduction 大幅降低支出Considerably improve productivity 大幅提高生产力A significant number of 大量的…The appeal for legislation is still going on (9904s-1) 对法律的呼吁一直在上演Legal a.合法的，法律的Legislate v.立法Legislation n.议会，立法；法律Legitimate a.合法的The appeal for rate relief is still going on (0203后53[C]) 对降价的呼吁一直在上演White pollution is going on 白色污染一直在上演Environment destruction is going on 环境破坏一直在上演Legal learning 法律知识(07翻译)The government appeal to netizens not to spreed gossip. 政府呼吁网民不要传播谣言Netizen n.网民citizen n.市民Spreed v.传播，扩散Gossip n.谣言Source of gossip 流言的来源His music may not appeal to young readers today 他的音乐可能不对现在的年轻听众有吸引力The lecture of 对…有吸引力Learn valuable information about the appeal of other companies’ marketing(1103para2s-1)学习其他公司市场营销的宝贵的信息The appeal of sb. 某人的长处appeal n.魅力，吸引力As the responsible steward of the country ,we should respond positively to CPC’s appeal 作为这个国家的负责人的主人，我们应该积极响应中国共产党得到呼吁/号召CPC ：Communist Party of China 中国共产党Positively adv.积极的Positive adj.积极的Negative adj.消极的Steward n.主人Host n.男主人Hostess n.女主人第九讲Load 载重量、负荷Overload v.超载Strive v.努力Endeavor n./v.努力With regard to 与…有关,与…相关Guarantee the truthfulness of the information 确保信息的真实性(030144[B])True a.真(正)的truth n.真实，真相False a.虚假的falsehood n.谎言，假话Guaranteed payments 有保障的未来Guaranteed future 稳定的未来Set the goal 确定目标goal n.目标The ward amateur carries a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community and may not fully share its values 业余人士这个词有一种含义，即相关的个人没有完全融入进科学界而且可能没有完全接受价值观The department (concerned) 相关部门；有关部门Integrate v.整合(为一体)；融合Integration n.整合，融合Disintegrate v.分解，分裂；瓦解，解体We are genetically programmed to disintegrated and perish(0304para2s1) 从遗传学的角度来看我们主动了要解体和死去Gene n.基因，遗传因子Genetic adj.遗传的Genetically adv.遗传学，基因Genetics n遗传学Program n.工程，项目；程序v.编程序Community n.界，团体Religious/academic/scientific communityShare v.分享；共有，有共同的n.份(额);股票Shareholder n.股东Lawfirm share 律师事务所的股份Firm n.公司(=company)Physician and citizen share the same view on euthanasia 医生和市民对安乐死持有同样的观点Netizen n.网民Citizen n.市民Share the same view on 对…有共同的观点第十讲Share n.股份，份额；v.共有，有公共的Shareholder n.股东Stakeholder n.利益攸关者Lawfirm share 律师事务所的股份The largest share 最大份额The smallest share 最小份额Shared efforts 共同努力Shared beliefs 共同的信念Believe v.相信Belief n.信念Shared culture/beliefs/efforts 共同的文化/信念/努力Shared experiences and problems 共同的经历和问题Africa and South America have been found to share certain geological features(9805后68[B]) 人们发现非洲和南美洲有某些共同的地质特征Geology n.地质学-->geologist 地质学家Geography 地理学-->geographer 地理学家Feature n.特点，特征，特写Geological feature 地质特征Because the ultimate stakeholders are patients,the health research community should actively recruit to its cause all those who receive medical treatment 因为最终的利益攸关者是患者，因此医学研究界应该积极主动地把所有接受治疗的人吸纳到他的事业中来Late-stage patients 晚期患者Primary stage 初级阶段，初期Ultimate a.最后的，最终的Adult n.成年人Active a.积极的，主动的，活跃的Quiet a.安静的Recruit v.招募，吸纳，接收~ freshman 吸纳新生Cause n.事业，原因v.导致，造成A misguided cause 一个被误导的事业Recruiter n.招聘者Recruit to its cause sb.把某人招入到…Remedy/therapy/treatment/cure n.治疗v.治疗All those who receive medical treatment 所有接受过治疗的人Soldier n.士兵Warrior n.武士，士兵Resume n.简历(CV)Interview n.面试Interviewee 被面试的人;被访问者不熟悉单词：Anthropology 人类学Anthropologist 人类学家Alter v.改变Alteration n.改变Hostage n.人质Minister n.牧师，大臣，部长father 神父Gossip/Rumor n.谣言Generate negative feelings 产生负面情绪Cope with negative feelings 应对负面情绪Evade v.逃避evade the harsh reality 逃避残酷的现实Invade 入侵，侵略IQ is negatively correlated with leadership 智商与领导力负相关Lead v.领导Leadership n.领导力Allege v.断言Allegation n.断言，陈述，主张Lie n.谎言v.说谎liar n.说谎的人Cruelty n.残忍。

考研英语万能作文模板-—商志英语作文模板(最好用的版本)

大作文：（1）正面（正确、积极的）：01、02、03、08、10反面（不正确的做法、消极）： 04、 05、 06、 07、 09、 11（2）一幅图还是两幅图（ 04、 06）（3）作文有无规定题目（仅 02）（4） 1st：描述图画， 2nd:解释图画要表达的含义， 3rd：严重性及采取的举措。

例如： 2011 环境污染； 2010：一个火锅——多种文化＊2012 重点预测正面What the image is trying to express is symbolic and philosophic ! Featured in the above illustration are large numbers of people who , sitting in front of computer , are placed in separate rooms . However ridiculous and humorous it may seem at first glimpse, this cartoon does carry rather significant implications .Evidently, the cartoonist aims to enlighten us that we should keep a balance between interenet communication and face-to-face .A great deal of attention is being paid today to internet . Indeed , it has long been know that using the internet in a proper way should be great emphasized ,if we want to construct a harmonious word . to our disappointment , however ,with an ever-developing of science and technology ,people in mounting numbers tend to neglect the seriousness of this problem . hence people ’ s emotional tancedis in becoming larger and larger .keeping a balance between internet communication and face-to-face , to my mind , is not simply good for individuals , but also beneficial to the whole society . Hence a widespread education campaign should be laun ched so as to enhance people ’ s awarenesstheimportanceof of using internet in a proper way .Only by concerted efforts , can we embrace a happy , healthy and harmonious world , as we all wish , in the long run !一种事物或现象（正面意义倾向） (第一段黄色为： is a hot pot，which is a symbol of the world.二三段的中心词换为：cultural communication)第一段：套话+图片描述 +套话What the drawing is trying to express is symbolic and philosophic !（并列押韵，可以说是有用的废话） Featured in the above image are two men who , each of them having only one leg , are running forward together. （妙在 featured 和 who，插入的独立主格结构。

商志英语翻译

正品U 盘38元读卡器5元内存卡元万能充5元数据线3元手机电池20元耳机2.5元各种MP3高档品牌耳机电脑配件手机学生电器数码产品出租音响设备地址：济宁医学院南门对面金川电脑数码科技1NO.1 (0601)尽管我们在喋喋不休地谈论个性或差异，美国社会实际上是一台神奇的同化人们的机器。

这就是“人们一致的大众化的着装和言谈，以及随意、我行我素”，这都是大众文化的特征。

人们被一种消费文化所吸引了，这种文化是由十九世纪的百货商店所发起的。

这些百货商店在高雅的氛围中陈列着琳琅满目的商品。

这些百货商店不是为了迎合有知识的精英们而开设的专门商店，而是“不分阶层和背景、人人都可进入”的大众商店。

这使得购物成为一种大众的行为。

大众传媒、广告和体育也是推动人们同化的力量。

这种文化可能并不算高雅，但也算不上有害，移民们很快就融入了这种共同文化。

GregoryRodriguez 为美国移民论坛撰文指出，今天的移民既非处于空前的水平，也不抵制同化。

在1998年，移民占全国人口的9.8%；在1900年为13.6%。

在1990年之前的十年中，在每千位居民当中，有千分之3.1的新来的移民；而在1890年之前的十年中，每千位居民当中就有千分之9.2的移民。

现在，让我们来看一下三个同化指标——语言、拥有产权住房和异族结婚情况。

1990年的人口普查显示：“来自十五个移民数量最多的国家的移民在到美国十年后英语说得‘好’或‘很好’。

”移民的子女几乎都说两种语言，且精通英语。

“到了第三代，在大多数移民家庭，他们的母语就消失了。

”因此，有人就把美国描述成了“语言的坟场”。

到了1996年，出生于国外的、在1970年以前到达美国的移民有75.6%购置了自己的住房，这个数字高出土生土长的美国人拥有自己所有权住房的百分比——69.8%。

在国外出生的亚裔和西班牙裔移民“与美国本土白人和黑人相比，与异族通婚的比率要高。

”到了第三代，有三分之一的西班牙裔女性与非西班牙裔男性结婚，而有41%亚裔美国妇女与非亚裔男性结婚。

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Unit Onevote v. /n. 投票 97阅读1 debate v. /n. 辩论，争论authority n. 政府；权威专家，权威（人士） occupation authorities 占领当局 be authorized to do 得到授权be entitled to (do) sth. 被赋予做…的权利，有做…的权利incurably ill patients 晚期患者 terminally ill 晚期的，终期的 convince v. 坚信，相信；令人信服word n. 消息flash v./n. 闪现，，闪动，出现 executive a.执行的 n.执行官 chief executive 首席执行官 the right to … （有）做…的权利 have rights doing sth. 有权做某事 society n.协会，社团academic ~ 学术社团 specific society 具体的、特定的社团community n. …界, 团体；社会，社区 legal community 法律界 scientific community 科学界 religious community 宗教团体health research community 医疗研究团体 via prep. 经由，通过post v. 张贴，发布；（在网上）发帖 bulletin n. 公告，报告import n. 重要性，重要意义；进口 implications n. 含义，意义；暗示，启示 imply v. 暗示，推论出；蕴含着… implicit a. 不言明(含蓄)的explicit a. 表达明确地，明白的 sink in 被了解 alike adj. 类似的，同类的 deal with 安排，处理，思考breathe sighs of relief 轻松地出了一口气 association n. 协会associate… with… 把…和…联系起来 bitterly adv. 尖酸刻薄地，厉害地 bill n. 法案，法律；账单passage n. 通过；经过；道路，通道 tide n. 潮流，趋势likely adj/adv. 很有可能，可能的= possible be likely to 常常，很有可能unlikely adj. 不可能 = impossibleaging population 老龄化的人口 extend v. 延长，延伸，推广life-extending technology 延长寿命的技术 extended family 三代以上同堂的家庭模式 be extended indefinitely 无限期延长 get on with 继续做have something to do with … 与…有关 have much to do with 与…很有关系 observer n. 观察者，旁观者 observe v. 观察，注意；评论 observation 观察（报告/结论）;评论 make observations 做评论domino （es ）多米诺效应（~ effect ） request v. 请求，要求 deadly adj. 致命的dreadful adj. 可怕的；极大的 inject v. 注射，注入 pill n. 药丸suffering n. 痛苦，受罪 suffer v. 遭受 diagnose v. 诊断 cool off 平静下来，变凉certificate n. 证明（书、证等） haunting a.常浮现于脑海中的，不易忘怀的 terrifying a. 可怕的，令人害怕的 spiritual a. 精神上的fight for 努力…，为…而努力 claw v. 抓（scratch ） mask n. 面具object to 反对 objection to objectionable 引起反对的，讨厌的objective adj. 客观的 objectivity n. 客观性impartial adj. 公正，客观share the same view on 对…持相同观点 be responsible for 对…负责（表示原因） significance n. 重要性，意义 calm a . 平静的，镇静的intense a.强烈的，剧烈的（~ fear 非常担心）characteristic n.（~s ）特点，特色 a. 特有的 be characteristic of 特点是 = be typical of be characterized by 特点是，以…为特点 experience v./n.经历 =undergo=go through shared experience 共同的经历、经验 perish v. 死亡，变腐败 in peril 处在危险中approve v. 赞同（approval）disapproval n.反对indifferent a.漠不关心的,冷漠的（indifference）carefree adj. 不关心的，冷漠的suspect v. 怀疑，不信suspicion n. 怀疑，猜疑，不信be suspicious of 表示怀疑subjective adj. 主观的biased adj. 有偏见的（= prejudiced）prejudice n./v. （持有）偏见= bias puzzling adj. 令人困惑的puzzle v. 困惑 word ~ 填字游戏puzzlement n.困惑,不明白的地方=confusion confused adj.困惑的confusing adj.令人不解的confuse v. 茫然，困惑；混淆confusion n. 困惑，混淆optimistic adj. 乐观的optimism n. 乐观（精神）pessimistic adj. 悲观的pessimism n. 悲观（精神）reserve v. 预留，保留；储备（金）reserved adj. 有保留的reserve space 保留位置，空间consent v. 同意slight adj. 轻微的enthusiastic adj.热情的enthusiast n. 热衷者，狂热分子gloomy adj. 前途暗淡的gloom n. 昏暗；暗淡doom n.末日，宿命 gloom and ~ 悲伤沮丧scary adj.令人害怕的,可怕的 scar n. 伤疤scared adj. 感到害怕的Unit Two 97阅读2consistent a. 一直的，一贯的，始终如一的courteous a. 谦恭有礼的court n. 法庭，法院，足球场frequently adv. 经常，频繁地（反义词rarely）small-minded a. 小心眼儿的ill-mannered a. 态度恶劣的，粗鲁的deserve v. 应该有，应该受到；值得comment on （做）评论otherwise adv./adj. 原本，本来dull a. 无趣的，无聊的（dullness）existence n. 存在；生存状态, 生活（life）typically ad. 通常，一般地（= generally）distant a. 远的，距离远的source n. 来源，本源；根源，原因 =origin diversion n. 娱乐；转移diverse adj. 不同的，多种多样的diversity n. 多样化program n. 项目；程序 = projectharsh a. 残酷的；严厉、苛刻的（harshness）harsh realities残酷现实frontier n. 边境，前方shape v. 塑造，形成；外形，体形reshape v. 重塑hospitality n. 友好，好客（~ to sb.）injure v. 伤害（injury）turn to诉诸，求助于，寻求…的帮助resort to lodge n. 乡间小屋，旅社 v. 借宿，临时住cabin n. 小屋settlement n. 住所shelter n. 藏身处，避难处 v. 保护，庇护residence n. 住处，住宅；居住dwelling n. 住所，处所dwell v. 住，居住mere（ly）adj./adv. 仅仅，不过，只（= only）charitable a. 仁慈的，慈善的impulse n. 冲动；推动，动力on the part of…从…的角度（on my part在我看来）reflect v. 反映，表现（= mirror）；反省，反思（~ on） reflection n. weary a.疲倦的，筋疲力尽的（=exhausted）tourist trails 旅游线路pretty ad.相当地（~ soon非常一小会儿）pretty = fairly = ratherproper a.适当正确的，完全彻底的（properly）casual a. 不经意的，偶然的，临时的casualness n. 随便，随意，非正式interpret v. 阐释，说明interpret as 理解为，解释为artificial a. 假的，人造的；矫揉造作的historically developed历史形成(发展而来)的developed society 发达国家emerging countries 新兴国家As is true of…正如…一样complex a.复杂的,综合的n.大型建筑（群）complicated a. 结构复杂的a set of 一整套的signal n. 信号sign n. 迹象，征兆；符号assume v.（没有根据地）认为，假定；承担assumption n. 假设，假定，设想，认为not necessarily 未必underlie v.形成了，构成了(…的基础)；强调fail v. 失败 fail to 不能，未能translate v. 转化；理解more than 不仅仅是，远远胜过brief a.短暂的，简短的 in brief 简而言之brief n. 概要，简短情况介绍encounter v./n. 相遇，遇到distinguish between 区分，区别value…highly 非常珍视be interralated 相互联系exercise v.行使,使产生~ an influence over…manifest v. 体现，显现（~ oneself） ~ation manifesto n. 宣言，声明exclusive adj.独一的（exclusive use单独使用）equal v. 等于，相当于entertain v. 招待，款待(=treat)；使娱乐out of 出于…out of charitable impulse出于慈善的冲动flavor n. 风味keep up 维持，持续（传统，习惯等）keep up with 跟上，追上keep doing 一直，持续做某事Unit Three 97年阅读3substance n. 物质other than 除了（…之外）rather than 而不是technically a. 技术上，学术上technical progress 技术进步professional progress 职业发展alter v. 改变mental a. 精神的drug n. 药品term n. 术语，专用名词 v. 把…叫做/称为human term 普通人可以理解的说法refer to 指…，指的是；谈到，提及chemical n. 化学药品，化学制品addict n. 沉迷…的人 v.（~ to）沉迷于addiction n. （to）上瘾，沉迷familiar a . 熟悉的alcohol 白酒，酒精tobacco n. 烟草neutral a. 中性的psychologist n. 心理医生，心理学家psychoactive作用于精神的,影响(改变)心理状态的abuse v./n 滥用;虐待patient abuse虐待病人make clear 解释，说明misuse v. 误用，用错；使用…不当heroin n. 海洛因cocaine n. 可卡因pervasive a. 广泛的（= widespread）aspirin n. 阿司匹林quiet v. 使安静；平息下来sociable a. 社交的，增进友谊的nerve n. 神经；勇气，胆量apparent a. 显然的，明显的 = obvious apparently adv. 显然，明显地constructive a. 建设性的negative effects a. 副作用，消极作用impact n.深刻影响,冲击have significant ~ onpoison v 中毒，投毒 (~ous 有毒的) perceptual v. 知觉的，感觉的perception n. 知觉，感觉perceive v. 观察，感知distort v. 扭曲，歪曲（~ion）repeated use 反复使用，再三使用repeated adj. 再三的，反复的，重复性的lead to 导致，造成（= result in =cause）substance dependence 物质（药物）依赖be dependent on /upon 依赖于independent a. 独立的be ~ of不受…的限制independence n. 独立be marked by 以…为明显特征tolerance n. 容忍，承受（ tolerate v. ）be tolerant of 容忍 tolerate v. 忍受，容忍desire n./v.期望,希望 ~ed effect预期的效果appearance n. 表现；外表unpleasant n.令人不愉快的pleasure n.快乐withdraw v.撤销，撤退，收回withdrawal n.）symptom n. 症状discontinue v. 停止，废止，放弃affect v. 影响 effect n. 影响；效果mood n. 情绪，心情group v. 归类，分类 = classifystimulate v.刺激(stimulant n.使人兴奋的物质) depress v. 使压抑，使消沉，使沮丧depressant n. 使人镇静、情绪压抑的物质illusion v.错觉（hallucination n.幻觉，幻想）hallucinogens n. 迷幻剂initially adv. 最初，起初（=originally）；第一，首先（= primarily）speed up 加速（slow down 减速，放缓）activate v. 刺激，使活跃起来primary a.初步的，首要的;主要的，重要的primarily adv. 主要的（=predominantly）首先，第一（=firstly=initially）primacy n. 首要地位，优势 = predominance variety n.多样性,各种各样a ~ of各种各样的radical a. 根本的，彻底的，激进的radical change/reform 彻底的改革/变革state of consciousness 意识状态conscious a. 有意识的，有知觉的be preferable to比…更让人喜爱，更可取,更好preference n. 优先权，优惠preferential adj. 优惠的,优先的 ~ policies in that 之所以这样是因为（解释原因）fatal a. 致命的，毁灭性的overwhelming a. 压倒性的，无法抵抗的piercing a. 刺穿的，深刻的，感人的pierce v. 刺穿，刺透，刺 fierce 激烈的result from 由…而产生，来源于；原因是… = arise from = stem from…be attributed to 归因于，归功于attribute… to…把…的原因归为blame 归咎于, 责备owe… to …原因在于，原因是 = due to consumption n. 消费,消费量(consume v.) production and consumption 生产与消费pattern n.模式,形式,方式standard ~ 标准模式purpose n.目的（= intention）quantitative a. 定量的，按一定数量的application （to） n. 应用，使用technological application 科学技术的运用apply v. （to）应用，适用于employ v. 使用；雇佣employer n. 用人单位；老板employment n. 使用；职位part time employment 兼职工作full time employment 全职工作disease n. 疾病positive a. 积极的（nagative a. 消极的）positive forces积极力量=driving forces推动力Unit Four 97年阅读4contribute to 导致，促成；为…做了贡献contribution n.促成因素(=contributing factors)decline n./v. 衰退，下跌economic/ moral decline 经济/ 道德衰退declining adj. 处于衰退的 a ~ industry fade v. 渐渐消失，衰弱，减弱fading adj. 处于衰退的，日渐消失的falling adj. 日渐降低的，日益衰退的rising adj. 越来越多(大)的=growing, soaring, increasingfall v./n. 下跌，降低（fell，fallen）= drop rise v./n. 上升，增加（rose ，risen）on the rise/ decline 处于上升/ 下跌、衰退accomplish v. 实现，完成，达到complete v. 完成，使完善adj.完整的,完全incomplete不完全的career n. 职业生涯corrupt v. 腐蚀，使恶化 a. 腐败的various a 各种各样的，各不相同的times n. 时代creative freedom 创作自由bottom line 底线core n./a. 核心（的），中心take over 接管，接班，接任late a. 已逝的,已故的 alive adj. 活着的raise stock price 提高股票价格debt n. 债务deal n. 交易 dealership n. 经销商property n.财产intellectual property知识产权restructure v.结构重组,调整结构,体制改革reengineer v.再设计，重新建造，结构重组flap n./v. 辩论，辩护 debate n.争论,辩论hip-hop 街舞expression n. 表达 ~ freedom 表达自由defend v. 保卫，辩护defender n. 支持者，辩护人 =supporter defendant n. 被告justify v. 证明…合理，为…而辩护be justified 有道理scientifically justified 科学上合理的justifiable adj. 合理的defend/justify…on the grounds that/of 为…而辩护，理由是…release v. 发表，发行 issue v.under fire 受攻击violent a. 暴力的，猛烈的violence n. 暴力school violence 校园暴力violate v. 违反，违背（规章等）= infringe violate the rules and regulationstest n./v. 测试，检验；试验democratic a. 民主的，大众化的column n. 专栏lie in 在于the widest possible latitude 最大的幅度dispute v./n.争执，争论beyond ~ 毋庸质疑disputable a. 有争议的irritating a. 令人愤怒的，使人气愤的compromise v./n.妥协，让步（=retreat ；=back off）hard-line 强硬路线 ~ stand强硬立场to some extent 在某种程度上=at some level stockholder n. 股东，股票持有人cite v. 引用，引证balance n./v. 平衡announce v. 宣布 = declarelaunch v. 发动，发起 ~ a drive to do sth. drive v. 驱动，推动driving force 推动力，驱动力be driven underground 被赶到地下，暗处develop v. 制定，培养；发展；研发develop standards 制定标准distribute v. 分发，分配；发行，销售distribution n. 发行，销售；发放，分布collection n. 收集information collection and distribution信息的收集与发布board n. 董事会；委员会boss and board 管理层 = the management licencing board 执照颁发委员会be supportive of 支持oppositive adj. 相反的 oppose v. 反对insider n. 业内人士，知道内情的人士people associated with…与…有关联的人senator n 参议员amendment n.（法律、合同等的）修改,修订unite v. 团结，联合为一Unit Five 97年阅读5monetary a. 金融的，货币的steer v. 驾驶，驾驭land v. 着陆（take off 起飞，猛增）brake n./v. 闸；刹车precise a. 精确的far from the truth 远非事实variable a. 不确定的，易变的effect（on …）n. 影响（= influence on ）hence adv. 因此就出现了，因此就有了analogy n. 类比nanlogous adj. 相当于，类似于conduct v./n 进行…行为；行为（~ online transactions进行网上贸易）liken…to… v. 把…比作…crack v. 破裂，破碎rear v. 后部的，后面的view n. 景色，风景；观点，看法faulty a 有缺点的，不完美的banker n. 银行家boast v. 值得夸耀，引以为豪double-digit 两位数poll v. 投票选出percentage n. 百分比favorable a 有利的capacity n. 最大承受力（能力），最大承受量（容量）utilization n. 利用，使用prove v. (结果)竟然是,原来是,证明是;证明thrilling n. 令人激动的follow v. 遵循，按照…去做comparable a. 可比较的，可比作extremely a. 极端地，非常地last v. 持续（一段时间）amaze v. 令人吃惊，使吃惊amazing a.神奇的，奇异的Unit Six 98年阅读1it doesn’t help that 无法阻止，无法避免capture v. 吸引, 引起；俘获，夺取(~ one’s attention/ imagination)giant dam 巨大的水坝gigantic adj. 巨大的 = giant=titanicat the mercy of 任凭… 摆布drought n. 干旱（flood n. 洪涝）ideal n. 理想 a. 理想的give up on… as an ideal 放弃…的理想do one’s bidding 听从某人的吩咐fascinating adj.令人着迷的，迷人的fascination n.着迷,异常兴奋be fascinated（with ）对…着迷project n.(各类)建设项目;研究项目,计划threaten（to do）有…的危险，威胁（到）= risk threat n. 威胁symbol n. 象征strive to do something / for something努力奋斗assert oneself 表现自己cement v. 巩固，加强bid n. 出价，投标bid for（投标）竞争,争取得到overbidding过高出价status n. 地位；状态tend to 往往，通常会intend v. 打算，目的在于~ doing/to do sth. be intended to do目的在于tendency n. 趋势trend n. 趋势，倾向deprive somebody of something 剥夺，夺去… fertile adj. 土地肥沃的, 多产的silt n. 淤泥in return for 作为…的回报reservoir n. 水库barely adv. 几乎不= hardlygenerate electricity 发电myth n. 神秘事件，神话；荒诞的说法mythical adj.令人神往的，想象的，虚构的persist v. 持续, 坚持persistent adj. 没完没了的civilized adj. 文明的，进步的 = civil civilize v. 让… 变得文明，使文明stop (short of) doing停止了做某事(差点做了…) troops n. 军队（ = forces ）contention over 竞争，争夺… (contend v. ) contend v.主张；竞争,斗争（contention n. ）give the go-ahead 允许，许可wrong-headed adj.执迷不悟的,固执错误的even though 即使 = even ifalthough ( = though ) ad. 尽管，虽然destruction n. 毁灭，破坏the powerful 权贵，强势阶层the powerless 平民，群众far from 远非，根本不是，根本没有far beyond 远远超过，远非resolve v. 决心；解决（同问题、分歧连用）conflict n. 冲突，斗争，摩擦hydroelectric power 水力发电irrigation n. 灌溉monster adj. 庞大，巨大的shut one’s eyes to reality 对现实视而不见neglect v. 忽视，忽略negligence n. 忽视vital adj. 致命的，至关重要的vitality n. 生命力，活力concern v. 与…有关 n. 担忧，关切concerning prep.就…而言；与…有关concerned 相关的（后置修饰词）voice one’s c oncern 公开声明对…表示关注mild/serious/hightened concern稍稍/严重/高度关注be concerned about/with 关心，担心，重视strengthen v. 巩固，加强weaken v. 消弱，使变弱strengths and weaknesses 长处和不足之处international ties 国际关系universal adj. 普遍的 n. 普遍情况universalize v. 普及，使普遍 = popularize no use crying over spilt milk 覆水难收haste n. 匆忙（贬义）= rushhasten v. 加速leap v. /n. 跳跃，跳，飞跃Unit Seven 98年2tale n. 故事，童话corporation n. 大公司corporate adj. 公司的international/multinational corporation跨国公司incorporate v. 包含，加入；合并revival n. 复兴，振兴，重生establish v. 建立，确立；公认，确定established adj. 确定的，既定的well-established adj.得到广泛公认的~ tend productive adj. 生产力的；多产的productivity n. 生产力revolution n. 革新，变革revolutionary adj. 革命性的preside over v. 主持，负责president n.总统,总裁,大学校长vice ~ 副的official adj.正式的，官方的~ statu3/22/2010s 官方地位statistics n. 统计数字，统计学mildly adv. （mild adj. ）轻微的，适度的lump…together v. 合起来manufacturing n. 制造 ~ industry 制造业manufacturer n. 制造商on average 平均（只用于数字或人的资质）previous adj. 以前的，过去的acceleration n. 加速，加速度due to 因为rebound n. 反弹cycle n. 循环，周期 business ~ 商业周期recycle v. 再利用，循环使用conclusive adj. 结论性的，充分的~ evidence inconclusive adj.不充分的,不足以下结论的evidence n. 证据（不可数名词）treasury secretary n. 财政大臣，财政部长disjunction n. 分离，不吻合，出入anecdote n. 趣闻，轶事downsize v. 裁减，精简overall adj. 整体，全部的，总的factor n. 因素，要素joint adj. 共同的，联合的join v. 连接，结合equipment n. 装备，设备，装置machinery n. （总称）机器，机械profitable adj. 赢利的profit n. 利润switch (to) 转向matter much 关系很大，很有关系speculate (on) v.（对…进行）预测，推测speculative adj. 预测的，猜测的ineptly adv. 不适当地，不理想地spread v. 分布, 传播, 蔓延widespread adj. 广泛的，普遍的be evenly spread 平均分布，均衡分布的suppose v. 假设，猜想，想象academic v. 学者，大学教师 a. 学术的former adj. 过去的n. 前者colony n.殖民地anti-colonial反殖民主义的chain n. 连锁机构crude adj.未经加工的；粗糙的，粗放型的crude oil 原油bakery n. 面包店toast v. 举杯庆祝case n. 情况；；案例，例子；（法律）案件in many cases 在很多情况下revenue n. 年收入，财政收入colleague n. 同事，伙伴 = company mechanistic adj.机械的mechanism n.机制mechanical a.机械的，机械似的mechanical learning 机械的学习in a…fashion以…方式，方法(= in a… manner) version 版本；说法chop out 削减give thought to (n) 考虑sufficient adj.足够的,大量的 sufficiency n. long-term adj. 长期的 ~ prospect 远景in a short term 短期内blunt adj. 直率，直言不讳的dismiss… as… 认为…不过是…consultant n. 顾问 ( = advisor ) consultancy n. 咨询ambulance n. 救护车turning point 转折点recovery n. 复苏；复原，恢复exclude v. 排除，除去…之外include v. 包含，包括fall short of 落后于，达不到（目标），不如anticipation n.预测anticipate v. 预测，预计the true state of 真实情况pose a question / challenge提出问题 / 挑战raise a question 提出问题question v. 怀疑，质疑 = suspect questionnaire n. 问卷 reply n. 答复,回答put forward提出(观点) (= pose v.提出，造成) unquestioned claim 毋庸质疑的论点reform n.改革(liberal reform 自由改革) essential（for/to）adj.关键,至关重要的,核心的a bunch of 一帮，一捆，一串good-for-nothing n.无价值的,无用的人;废物Unit Eight 98年3uneasy adj.不自在、不稳定的;困难、艰难的aspect n. （问题等的）方面rebel v.反叛,叛逆rebelling beliefs 叛逆的信念、信仰trial n. 审判；试验Catholic Church 天主教remark n./v. 话，言语 harsh remarksmake a passing remark 短暂发言，说话worldview n. 世界观schism n. 裂隙，分裂deepen v. 加深，深化humanities n.人文学科humanity n.人文主义精神if anything 如果有的话afford to do 有条件、有资格做某事critic n. 批评者，评论家 criticize v. 批评critical(ly) adj. 缜密严谨的；批评的；至关重要的think critically 批判地思维/思想think independently 独立地思考ignore v. 忽视be completely ~ed 完全遭到忽视fund n.资金 v. 出资,拨款,资助funding n.资助over-funding 拨款过度under-funding 拨款不足anti-science n. 反科学notably adv. 引人注目地，显著地assemble v. 集合；组装find fault with 批评，挑…的毛病social status 社会地位sociology n. 社会学sociologist n. 社会学家philosopher n. 哲学家，思想家philosophy n. 哲学，人生准则，生活方式create v. 创造（creation n. 创造，创造物）creativity n. 创造力creature n. 生物creationism n. 上帝造人说evolution n. 进化；物种进化论phenomenon n. 现象（phenomena 复数）contradict v. 与… 矛盾contradiction n.矛盾contradictory adj. 相矛盾的self-contradictory adj. 自相矛盾的on the contrary 相反contrast n. 对照，对比（不同点）survey n./v. 调查；纵览，通盘考虑reveal v.显示，显示出；揭示，揭露；泄露tag n. 标签 v. 贴标签（= label ）label v./n. （贴）标签，标示epithet n.称号attach… to… 将… 联系在一起atta ch importance to… 强调，重视…advocate v. 提倡，倡导 n. 倡导者eliminate v.消除,淘汰,剔除(elimination n.) smallpox n. 天花virus n. 病毒virtue n. 美德scorn v. 蔑视long for 渴望，盼望utopia n. 乌托邦,理想完美境界,理想状态biological utopia 生物学上的理想状态environmentalist n.环保主义者,环境保护论者essay n. 文章，散文 article n. 文章inevitable adj. 不可避免的，必不可少的respond forcefully/strongly to 对…做出强有力的反应respond to对…做出反应correspond to… v. 与… 有关，相一致corresponding adj. 相应的pioneer n. 先驱，先锋global warming 全球气候变暖depletion n. 损耗，枯竭ozone layer 臭氧层consequence n. 后果logical consequence 合理结果，逻辑结论consequent adj. 随之而来的，作为结果的consequently adv. 因此 = thus = therefore note v. 注意到；写道 n. 注释explanatory note 注释heavy note 很浓的意味，明显特征denote v. 指示，表示的是have… in common 共同点是common adj. 共有的，共同的annoy v. 惹恼，激怒，令…不快annoying employees 惹人生气的雇员confront v. 面对，挑战confrontation n. 对抗，冲突，不和separation n. 分裂，分离separate adj. 独立的，各自的，分离的earn one’s keep 挣钱吃饭earn v. 挣钱，赚得；博得，得到contempt n.鄙视,蔑视,看不起earn the contempt of sb. 受到鄙视contemptible adj. 让人鄙视的，可鄙的greedy adj. 贪婪的show sympathy with/for 表示同情、同感in sympathy with 同情sympathetic adj.表示同情的；赞同、支持的compassionate adj.表示同情的，有同情心的exemplify v. 举例说明，例证context n. 上下文，语境Unit Nine 98.4emerge v. 出现 = appearemergence n. 出现emerge as v. 以…面貌出现emerging countries 新兴国家emerging economies 新兴国家的经济census n.人口普查head-counting n.数人数，人口普查regional adj. 地区性的national a. 全国性的worldwide a.世界范围的compete with 与… 竞争competitor n. 竞争者fierce/ intense competition激烈竞争competitive adj.竞争的anti-competitive force 反竞争的力量competitiveness竞争性，竞争力fading/growing competitiveness 越来越强/弱的竞争力competently adv. 合格,有效地incompetently adv. 不合格,不称职地standstill n. 停滞不前enthrone v. 使成为首位，是名列…之首densely/thinly populated人口稠密(稀少)的be populated with/by 充满了，充斥着numerically adv.从数字上显示,从数字方面ever recorded/witnessed 有历史(记载)以来decade n. 十年gain n. 上升，增长（= rise）add up to 总数为annual adj. 每年的，每年一度的the Depression years 经济大萧条的年代migrate v. 迁徙immigrant n. 进入另一国的移民移民immigration n.迁移,移民(进入一地区或国家) prevail v. 普遍,,盛行prevalent adj. 流行的,主导的drop out of 离开，掉出，退出shift v. /n. 转换，变化，转移，转嫁shift (from…) to…转向major shift主要变化，重要变化wave n. 浪潮，潮流（ = trend ）one wave after another 一波接一波的the snow-belt 冰雪地带the sun-belt 阳光地带role n. 角色，作用 play a role 起作用play a key role 起到关键作用baby boom生育高峰期,婴儿潮child-bearing adj.育龄的,怀孕的crop n. 收获，收割generation n. 一代（人）two-generation household 由两代人组成的家庭demography n. 人口统计学related adj. 有关，相关的 closely related to career-related adj. 与工作有关的instance n. 例子，实例rapid adj. 迅速的，飞快的rap n. 说唱vast adj. 广大的，巨大的vastly = greatly = broadlydevastate v. 毁坏，破坏be composed of 由… 组成的square n./a. 平方（的）~ meters 平方米flight n. 逃跑；远离bearable adj. 可以忍受的dramatize v. 明显体现出drama n. 戏剧dramatic adj.剧烈的;巨大的~ changes 巨变dramatic declaration 引起轰动的消息dramatically adv. 大幅度地spacious adj. 宽敞的 space n. 空间smog n. 烟雾crime n. 刑事犯罪criminal a. 有罪的n. 罪犯plague n. 瘟疫，通病urbanization n. 都市化urban a. 城市的suburban adj. 近郊的，城市边缘的rural a. 农村的rate n. 比率；费率interest rates 利率 divorce rate离婚率crime rate犯罪率 birth rate出生率inflation rates通货膨胀率ratio n. 比例 sex ratio 男女性别比例reason n. 理性；原因 v. 推理reasonable a.合理的considerably adv. 相当大的，非常（= vastly）perplex v. 困扰，迷惑perplexing adj. 令人困惑的witness v. 见证，目击 n. 目击者，证人undergo v. 经历了 = experiencedistinguish oneself from others使自身与众不同stress n. 压力 v. 强调stress…over…v. 强调…比…更重要climatic influence 气候影响climate n. 气候highlight v. 强调（= stress ）continuous adj. 连续不断的continual adj. 频繁的，不断的elaborate v. 详细阐述，精心制作delayed adj. 迟到的 delay v. 延迟,耽误unanimously adv. 一致地democracy n. 民主be engaged in 从事，忙于conservative a. 保守的 n. 保守的人cling to something 坚持 = stick toUnit 10 98.5scatter v. 遍布，散乱分布the globe n. 地球isolate v. 分离，隔绝isolated adj. 分离的，隔绝的region n. 地区volcano n. 火山volcanic activity 火山活动geology n. 地质学 geologist n. 地质学家geological feature 地质特点geological publication n. 地质学出版物hot spot 热点boundary n. 界限drifting plate 漂移的板块drift away 漂走make up 占…（比例）（= account for）组成（be made up of…由…构成）弥补，化妆surface n. 表面interior n. 内部 a. 内部的trail n.踪迹,痕迹,路线tourist ~s；volcanic ~s milestone n. 里程碑mark v. 标志着 markedly adv. 显著地complementary adj. 互补的coastline n. 海岸线span v. 横跨，横越 n. 跨距，跨度attention span 注意力集中时间段life span寿命ocean n. 海洋oceanic adj. 海洋的reminder n. 提示，提醒的人或物remind v. 提醒，使想起continent n. 大陆continental plate 大陆板块relative adj. 相对的motion n. 动作，移动（= mobility ）mobile adj.（可）移动的，流动的mobility n. orbital motion 有轨道的运动construct v. 建造，构造；构思，构想，想象in detail adv. 细节的，详细的detail n. 细节with respect to关于…，在…方面，与…有关= in terms of = regarding readily adv. 轻易地，容易地translate… into… 将… 解释为determine v. 确定，决定in opposite directions 向不同方向stationary adj. 固定的，静止不动的respectively adv. 各自地，分别地anchor v. 固定在，停留 n 节目主持人layer n. 层，层次measuring instrument 测量工具，测量仪器measure n. 措施；衡量指标，测量方法conventional measures 常规的指标measurable adj. 可以衡量的analysis n. 分析 self-analysis n. 自我分析senior analyst 高级分析师be confined to something 被限制于，局限于frame n. 框架，范围reference n. 参考geophysical adj. 地球物理学的propel v. 推动，推进，加速broad adj. 宽阔的，巨大的，广泛的broaden v. 拓展fissure n./ v. 缝隙，裂痕（ = crack ）entire adj. 完全的，整体的entirely adv. 完全地，彻底地entirely reasonable 完全合理的entirely different story 完全不同的情况initiate v. 开始，引发take initiative 积极行动，采取主动medical initiative 医疗动机formation n. 形成mutability n. 变形；易变性consistent adj.一直的,一贯的 ~ly adv.一直inconsistency n. 不一致，变化apart adv. 分开dome n. 拱型，圆屋顶be deducted from 由… 推论出stable adj. 稳定 stability n. 稳定Unit 11 99.1rough adj. 粗糙的，粗略的；困难，复杂roughly adv. 大约，大致（后跟数字或数目）slip v. 滑倒warning n. 警告warn of/against提醒注意…,发出关于…的警告disaster n. 灾难 catastrophe n. 大灾难tragedy n. 悲剧，灾难lawsuit n. 法律诉讼sue v.起诉 appeal v. (to,for)上诉，申诉compensate sb. for 赔偿，补偿compensation n. 赔偿，补偿or so 大约jury n. 陪审团hold v. 认为，主张；保持be liable for adj. 负法律责任，对…应负责任be liable to 易…的，有…可能的liability n. 义务，法律责任misfortune n. 不幸fortune n.运气；财富；财产状况,经济状况cautious adj. 小心谨慎的caution n./v. 小心谨慎；警告precaution n. 预防，防范，警惕appropriate adj. 正确，适当的 = proper inappropriate subject 不恰当的题材drug interaction 药物过敏，药物交互作用interact with 互动，相互作用interactive adj. 互动的interactivity n. 互动性federal adj. 联邦的regulation n. 管理规定，规则regulate v.规范，管理regular adj. 规则的，标准的；定期的regularity n. 规律性，规则性customer n. 顾客，消费者client n.顾客，客户potential customer 潜在顾客，可能的顾客customize n. 量身定制，定做，用户化take somebody to court 将…告上法庭turn the tide潮流倒转，逆转潮流reverse the trend 逆转这一潮流,逆转这一趋势claim n. 索赔；主张；宣称，声称unquestioned claim 毋庸置疑的言论proclaim v. 宣称（= claim）side with / back up 支持paralyze v. 麻痹，瘫痪paralysis n. 瘫痪parallel n. 类似事物或做法 a.平行的unparalleled adj.无以伦比的 = unmatched unsurpassed might无法超越、空前的巨大力量unprecedented a. 史无前例的，空前的precede v. 先于，在… 之前（发生）proceed to 着手做，进入（下一个议程或项目）athlete n. 运动员institute n. 学院，机构judge n. 法官 v. 判断 judgement n.判断justice n. 司法；正义；法官recommendation n.建议；推荐recommend v.建议；推荐 counsel v. 建议carry v. 有，蕴含着，承载着carry substantial weight 很有分量substantial adj. 相当大的；相当多的= considerableweight n. 分量，重量issue v. 发布，出台 n.问题，争端，事务guideline n. 指导，方针，大纲tort law 侵权法state v. 声明，陈述，规定 statement n bombard sb. with… v. 用…狂轰滥炸lengthy adj.（演说、文章等）冗长的 = tedious lengthen v. 延长 shorten v. 缩短get buried 被掩埋，被忽略= be buriedtriviality n. 琐碎的事务draft v. 起草 n. 草案，草稿moderate adj. 适度，中等的have one’s way 按照…的愿望行事，顺利进行for the benefit of / in the interest of 为了…的利益find fault with 找茬，挑错promise v. 承诺 n. 前途intellectual promise 读书方面的前途political promise 政治前途promising adj. 有前景的inadequacy n. 不足，不完美inadequate adj.不够充分的,不完全,不够的make the best use of 充分利用be / feel obliged to do不得不demonstrate v.说明,显示,表明= illustrate discard v. 抛弃discard… in words 口头，表面上抛弃Unit 12 99.2web business = internet commerce= online transaction 在线商务，互联网贸易anti-consumerism 反消费主义，抵制消费第一的观念consumer n. 消费者culture of consumption 消费文化medical consumer 医疗消费者fashion n. 时尚 v.制定,开发,研发(=develop) attain a certain fashion 一定程度上得到流行old-fashioned a. 落伍的，过时的fashionable a. 时髦的，流行的revolve around v. 围绕…展开或进行tap v. 开发 ~ the market 开发市场make sense 合理，行得通；有意义nonetheless adv. 然而，但是(= nevertheless ) hesitate v. 犹豫，犹豫不决doubt v. 怀疑 self-doubt n. 自我怀疑doubter n. 怀疑者 dubious a. 半信半疑的reliable adj. 可靠的 fairly ~ 相当可靠的reliability n. 可靠性trust v./n. 信任 n. 托拉斯，大型垄断企业distrust v. 不信任mistrust v. 不信任，怀疑trustworthy adj. 可靠的pathway n. 路径 path n. 路径risk v./n. 风险，冒…的风险 = threatenrisk doing something 冒险做某事partner n. 伙伴give somebody access to允许出入，允许接触access n. 接近，利用（网络）accessible adj. 可获得的，可利用的intranet n. （单位内部）局域网model n./v. 模式，方式，模仿，建模focus on 集中于；全神贯注于available adj. 可以得到的，可以用的available online 在网上可得到的site n. 位址，场所；网址=websitedirect a. 直接的，径直的indirect a. 间接的transmit v. 传播，传染 transmission n. message n. 信息，消息 send out messages screen savor 屏幕保护deliver v.传送，送货上门；发言，发表演说updated adj. 最新的，更新的stream n.流,河流,一连串tourist streams客流a stream of 一系列的，一连串的streams of news/information 大量的新闻、信息subscriber n. 订阅者subscribe v. （to）同意，赞同monitor n. 监视器，显示器as yet （到目前为止）尚未not…(just) yet 尚未special sales 减价销售，特价销售commercial promotion 商业促销promote v. 推动，促进；促销；提拔byproduct n. 副产品produce v. 生产出,创造出;培养出 n. 产品side-effect n. 副作用offer v. 提供；出价，报价provide v. 提供 = offerprovided conj. 如果（= if）think tank 智囊团notion n. 观念，概念，想法，意见connotation n. 内涵，含义，意义event n. 活动，事件，事情eventually adv. 最终，最后flow v. 流动request n. 要求once adv. 以前，曾经（= used to）；一旦，如果univited a. 不请自来的，未经请求的distinction n. 区别；显赫身份，声望distinct a. 截然不同的，明显独特的draw v. 做比较，进行区别draw distinctions/ comparisons between …and …对…进行比较,区别两者comparison n. 比较（相同点或不同点）prospect n. 前景 raise the ~ 使前景变得光明job prospect 就业前景career prospect职业前景horrify v. 吓唬，恐吓，令人害怕，使害怕Net purist网络纯净主义者pure a. 纯粹的, 纯洁的resort to something 借助，采取，求助于the best resort 最好的办法，最好的手段the last resort最后的手段；终审法庭，最高法庭the right mix of …and ……和…的有机结合cost n.支出，成本；代价at all ~s 不惜一切代价地cost and benefit 利弊costly adj. 昂贵的 = expensivefree fall 自由落体，自由降落enterprise n. 企业silicon n. 硅，电脑业in silicon在互联网上silicon chips 硅片，芯片，集成电路板set up 设立，创立take the online plunge投身于互联网,置身于网络expand v. 扩大expansion n. 扩展fanciful adj. 新奇的in vain 徒劳，白费，没有用处boom v.繁荣，迅猛发展baby boom生育高峰enjoy the widest popularity 得到流行，受到欢迎popular adj. 受欢迎的；大众的popular culture 大众文化populist n. 大众主义者，平民主义者adj. 大众主义者的，大众的faith n. 忠诚，信任give priority to 重视，认为…优先function v.起作用,运行,行使职责n.功能，职责functional adj. 功能性的leading adj. 主要的，重要的；领先的Unit 13 99.3invisible adj. 看不见的，无形的visible adj. 看得见的border n. 边界，界限frontier n. 边境，前方divide v. 分开，划分开 n. 差距，鸿沟digital divide数字化鸿沟division n. 分歧,分隔,分离argue for赞成，支持，同意= subscribe =favor argue v.坚决主张,认为=claim=hold=contend argument n. 论点，观点；论据on behalf of 代表…，为了…= on one’s behalfexplore v. 探索，探讨，探究，研究exploration n. 探究，研究subject n.题目,主题;学科adj.遭受…的,容易受到…（影响）的be subject to (n.) 受限制，属于subject matter 主题，主旨。

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