Efficient Evaluation of Multiple-Output Boolean Functions in Embedded Software or Firmware
选择题英语作文
选择题英语作文Multiple choice questions have long been a staple of academic assessments, from standardized tests to classroom exams. These types of questions, which present a set of options for the test-taker to choose from, offer a number of advantages over other assessment formats. However, they also have certain limitations that are important to consider. In this essay, we will explore the benefits and drawbacks of multiple choice questions, and discuss the role they play in evaluating student learning.One of the primary advantages of multiple choice questions is their objectivity. Unlike open-ended or essay-style questions, which can be subject to subjective interpretation by the grader, multiple choice questions have a clear and unambiguous correct answer. This makes them ideal for large-scale assessments, where consistency and fairness are paramount. The scoring process is also highly efficient, as multiple choice responses can be quickly and easily evaluated, either by hand or through automated scoring systems.Another key benefit of multiple choice questions is their ability tocover a broad range of content in a relatively concise format. By presenting a set of options, these questions can assess a student's knowledge of a wide variety of topics or concepts, without requiring lengthy written responses. This makes them well-suited for exams that need to cover a significant amount of material in a limited amount of time, such as standardized tests or final exams.Furthermore, multiple choice questions can be designed to test a variety of cognitive skills, from simple recall of factual information to more complex problem-solving and critical thinking abilities. By carefully crafting the question stem and the response options, instructors can create multiple choice items that assess a range of learning objectives, from basic comprehension to higher-order thinking.However, multiple choice questions also have some limitations that are important to consider. One of the primary criticisms is that they can encourage a "guessing" mentality, where students attempt to identify the correct answer through process of elimination, rather than demonstrating a deep understanding of the material. This can be particularly problematic in situations where the stakes are high, such as high-stakes standardized tests, as it can lead to inflated scores that do not accurately reflect a student's true knowledge and abilities.Another potential drawback of multiple choice questions is their inability to assess certain types of skills, such as written communication, problem-solving, or creative thinking. These skills are often better evaluated through open-ended or performance-based assessments, where students have the opportunity to demonstrate their abilities in a more authentic and comprehensive manner.Additionally, the construction of effective multiple choice questions can be challenging, requiring careful attention to the wording of the question stem and the response options. Poorly designed multiple choice items can be confusing or ambiguous, leading to inaccurate assessments of student learning.Despite these limitations, multiple choice questions continue to play a significant role in academic assessment, and they are likely to remain a prominent feature of many educational contexts. However, it is important for instructors and test developers to use these types of questions judiciously and in conjunction with other assessment methods, in order to provide a comprehensive and accurate evaluation of student learning.In conclusion, multiple choice questions offer a number of advantages, including objectivity, efficiency, and the ability to assess a broad range of content and cognitive skills. However, they alsohave certain limitations, such as the potential for guessing, the inability to assess certain types of skills, and the challenge of creating effective question items. By understanding both the benefits and drawbacks of multiple choice questions, educators can make informed decisions about how to best utilize them as part of a comprehensive assessment strategy.。
人工智能英语作文批改
Artificial Intelligence in English EssayCorrectionIn the era of technological advancements, artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a transformative force in various fields, including education. One particular area where AI has made significant strides is in the realm of English essay correction. This technology, through its sophisticated algorithms and machine learning capabilities, is revolutionizing the way students and teachers approach the writing process.Traditionally, essay correction has been a time-consuming and labor-intensive task, often involvingmultiple rounds of revisions and feedback from teachers or peers. However, with the advent of AI-based essaycorrection tools, this process has become much moreefficient and effective.These tools use natural language processing (NLP) techniques to analyze essays and identify grammatical errors, spelling mistakes, and issues with sentence structure. They can also detect problems with coherence andlogical flow, providing valuable insights into how theessay can be improved.One of the key advantages of AI-based essay correctionis its ability to provide instant feedback. Unlike human graders or teachers, who may take days or even weeks to return corrected essays, AI tools can provide real-time feedback as students are writing. This immediate feedback loop allows students to quickly identify and correct errors, leading to improved writing skills over time.Moreover, AI essay correction tools are not limited by human biases or subjectivity. They analyze essays based on objective criteria and predefined rules, ensuringconsistent and unbiased evaluation. This is particularly beneficial for students who may feel anxious or intimidated by the prospect of receiving subjective feedback from teachers or peers.Despite these advantages, it is important to note that AI-based essay correction tools are not a replacement for human teachers or graders. While they can identify and correct many types of errors, they may not always capture the nuances of language or the subtleties of argumentation.Therefore, it is essential for students to use these tools as a supplement to, rather than a substitute for,traditional writing instruction and feedback.In conclusion, artificial intelligence hasrevolutionized the field of English essay correction, making the process more efficient, effective, and objective. By leveraging AI-based tools, students can receive instant feedback, identify and correct errors quickly, andultimately improve their writing skills. While these tools are not a complete replacement for human teachers or graders, they can serve as a valuable resource in enhancing the writing process.**人工智能在英语作文批改中的应用**在科技飞速发展的时代，人工智能（AI）已经成为各个领域变革的推动力量，教育领域也不例外。
performance evaluation理工英语4
performance evaluation理工英语4 Performance EvaluationIntroductionPerformance evaluation is a crucial process in assessing the effectiveness and efficiency of individuals, teams, or organizations. It involves the systematic assessment and measurement of performance against predetermined goals, objectives, and standards. This article aims to explore the concept of performance evaluation, its significance in various contexts, and the different methods used for evaluation.Defining Performance EvaluationPerformance evaluation is defined as the systematic process of assessing and reviewing an individual's or organization's performance in relation to established goals and objectives. It involves analyzing the quality, quantity, and timeliness of work, as well as the overall contribution towards achieving desired outcomes.Significance of Performance EvaluationPerformance evaluation plays a critical role in various contexts, including:1. Employee Performance Evaluation: In organizations, performance evaluation helps assess employees' job performance, identify areas for improvement, and determine reward and promotion opportunities. It provides valuable feedback and helps create a performance-driven culture.2. Team Performance Evaluation: Evaluating team performance is essential for identifying strengths and weaknesses, enhancing collaboration, and optimizing resources. It enables organizations to allocate tasks effectively, promote teamwork, and achieve collective goals.3. Organizational Performance Evaluation: Assessing the overall performance of an organization is essential for strategic planning, decision-making, and performance improvement. It helps identify areas requiring attention and enables organizations to align their objectives with key performance indicators (KPIs).Methods of Performance EvaluationThere are several methods used for performance evaluation, depending on the nature and context of evaluation:1. Rating Scales: This method involves using predefined scales to rate employees' performance against specific criteria. It provides a structured approach and simplifies the evaluation process. However, it can be subjective and may not capture the full extent of performance.2. 360-Degree Feedback: This method involves obtaining feedback from multiple sources, including supervisors, subordinates, peers, and customers. It provides a holistic view of an individual's performance and promotes a comprehensive understanding of strengths and areas for improvement.3. Objective Measurements: Objective measurements involve quantifying performance based on quantifiable data, such as sales figures, production output, or customer satisfaction ratings. This method provides a precise assessment of performance but may not capture qualitative aspects.4. Self-Assessment: Self-assessment encourages individuals to reflect on their performance and identify areas for improvement. It promotes self-awareness, accountability, and personal development. However, it may be biased and influenced by individuals' perceptions.5. Behavioral Observation: This method involves directly observing individuals' behavior in specific work-related situations. It provides valuable insights into work habits, interpersonal skills, and adherence to organizational values. However, it can be time-consuming and may not capture performance in all areas.ConclusionPerformance evaluation is a vital process for assessing and improving individual, team, and organizational performance. It helps organizations align their objectives, motivate employees, and ensure efficient resource allocation. By using appropriate evaluation methods, organizations can drive continuous improvement and achieve long-term success. It is essential for organizations to establish clear evaluation criteria, provide constructive feedback, and support employee development to maximize the benefits of performance evaluation.。
信息类专业英语翻译
Dynamic topology:As the channel of communicationchanges, some of the neighbors who were reachable on theprevious channel might not be reachable on the currentchannel and vice versa. As a result the topology of the network changes with the change in frequency of operation resulting in route failures and packet loss.Heterogeneity:Different channels may support differenttransmission ranges, data rates and delay characteristics.Spectrum-Handoff delay:For each transition from onechannel to another channel due to the PU’s activity, thereis a delay involved in the transition called Spectrum- Handoff delay.All these factors decrease the predictability of the cause oftransit-delay and subsequent packet loss on the network. Thetime latency during channel hand-off in cognitive networksmight cause the TCP round trip timer to time out. TCP willwrongly recognize the delays and losses due to the abovefactors as network congestion and immediately take steps toreduce the congestion window size knowing not the cause ofpacket delay. This reduces the efficiency of the protocol insuch environments.动态技术：随着信道通信的变化，一些邻进信道的用户在原信道没有发生变化而在新信道发生变化，或者相反。
多智能体强化学习的几种BestPractice
多智能体强化学习的几种BestPractice（草稿阶段，完成度40%）多智能体强化学习的几种Best Practice - vonZooming的文章 - 知乎 https:///p/99120143这里分享一下A Survey and Critique of Multiagent Deep Reinforcement Learning这篇综述里面介绍的多智能体强化学习Best Practice。
这部分内容大部分来自第四章，但是我根据自己的理解加上了其他的内容。
1.改良Experience replay buffer1.1 传统的Single-agent场景之下的Replay bufferReplay Buffer[90, 89]自从被提出后就成了Single-Agent强化学习的常规操作，特别是DQN一炮走红之后[72] 。
不过，Replay Buffer有着很强的理论假设，用原作者的话说是——The environment should not changeover time because this makes pastexperiences irrelevantor even harmful.（环境不应随时间而改变，因为这会使过去的experience replay变得无关紧要甚至有害）Replay buffer假设环境是stationary的，如果当前的环境信息不同于过去的环境信息，那么就无法从过去环境的replay中学到有价值的经验。
（画外音：大人，时代变了……别刻舟求剑了）在multi-agent场景下，每个agent都可以把其他的agent当作环境的一部分。
因为其他的agent不断地学习进化，所以agent所处的环境也是在不断变换的，也就是所谓的non-stationary。
因为multi-agent场景不符合replay buffer的理论假设，所以有的人就直接放弃治疗了——例如2016年发表的大名鼎鼎的RIAL和DIAL中就没有使用replay buffer。
学术报告 英文
学术报告英文Academic ReportTitle: The Impact of Technology on EducationIntroduction:Technology has greatly influenced various aspects of our lives, and education is no exception. This report aims to explore the impact of technology on education and the benefits it brings to students and educators. The report will also discuss potential challenges and drawbacks associated with the use of technology in the educational field.Body:1. The Benefits of Technology in Education- Enhanced accessibility: Technology enables students to access educational resources and materials anytime and anywhere. Online learning platforms and educational apps provide flexibility and convenience.- Personalized learning: Technology allows for adaptive learning, where students can learn at their own pace. Intelligent tutoring systems and personalized learning programs cater to individual learning needs.- Interactive and engaging learning experience: Technology offers multimedia resources, such as videos, virtual reality, and gamification, making the learning process more interactive and engaging.- Collaboration opportunities: Online platforms and communication tools enable students and educators to collaborateand exchange ideas beyond the boundaries of the physical classroom.- Improved assessment methods: Technology provides various assessment tools, such as online quizzes and automated grading, which allow for immediate feedback and more efficient evaluation of student progress.2. Challenges and Drawbacks of Technology in Education- Unequal access: Not all students have equal access to technology and the internet, creating a digital divide and potentially exacerbating educational inequalities.- Distraction and reduced attention span: The use of technology in the classroom may lead to distractions and reduced attention span, hindering effective learning.- Reliability and technical difficulties: Technological issues and malfunctions may occur, disrupting the learning process and causing frustration for both students and educators.- Privacy and security concerns: The integration of technology in education raises concerns about the privacy and security of students' personal information and data.Conclusion:Technology has positively impacted education by enhancing accessibility, personalizing learning, creating interactive learning experiences, facilitating collaboration, and improving assessment methods. However, challenges such as unequal access, distractions, technical difficulties, and privacy concerns need to be considered and addressed. It is essential for educators and policymakers to strike a balance between utilizing technology effectively andensuring the appropriate use of technology in the educational setting.。
解决方案 英文
SolutionIntroductionIn today’s complex and evolving world, finding effective solutions to various challenges and problems has become essential. In this document, we will explore the concept of solution and present a comprehensive guide on how to develop and implement effective solutions. We will discuss the importance of understanding the problem, identifying stakeholders, conducting thorough research and analysis, exploring all possible options, and evaluating the outcomes. Our goal is to equip you with valuable insights and techniques to solve problems efficiently and effectively.Understanding the ProblemBefore jumping into developing a solution, it is crucial to have a deep understanding of the problem at hand. To do this, it is important to gather relevant information, identify the root causes, and analyze the potential impacts of the problem. This step forms the foundation for effective problem solving.Gathering InformationTo adequately understand a problem, it is crucial to gather relevant information from a variety of sources. This may include conducting interviews, researching existing studies, reviewing data and statistics, or observing the problem firsthand. By gathering diverse perspectives and data, a comprehensive understanding of the problem can be achieved.Identifying Root CausesTo solve a problem successfully, it is essential to identify the underlying root causes. By addressing these causes, it is possible to prevent the problem from recurring. Various tools and techniques, such as root cause analysis or fishbone diagrams, can be employed to identify these causes accurately.Analyzing Potential ImpactsUnderstanding the potential impacts of a problem is critical in prioritizing the development and implementation of a solution. By assessing the consequences of the problem, it is possible to determine its urgency and allocate resources accordingly.Identifying StakeholdersWhen developing a solution, it is crucial to identify and involve relevant stakeholders. Stakeholders are individuals or groups who are directly or indirectly affected by the problem and its potential solutions. Engaging stakeholders in theproblem-solving process can enhance collaboration, gather diverse viewpoints, and increase the chances of developing a successful solution.Stakeholder AnalysisStakeholder analysis involves identifying and evaluating the interests, needs, and potential influence of various stakeholders. This analysis helps prioritize stakeholders and determine the most effective approach to engage them in the problem-solving process.Collaborative Decision MakingInvolving stakeholders in decision-making processes ensures that all perspectives are considered, fostering buy-in and support for the proposed solution. Collaborative decision making can be achieved through workshops, focus groups, or online platforms, allowing stakeholders to contribute their insights, knowledge, and experience.Conducting Research and AnalysisComprehensive research and analysis are essential for developing effective solutions. This stage involves examining existing solutions, conducting feasibility studies, and exploring alternative options.Examining Existing SolutionsBefore reinventing the wheel, it is important to examine existing solutions that have been implemented in similar contexts. This research can provide valuable insights, best practices, and lessons learned, aiding in the development of a more efficient and effective solution.Feasibility StudiesAssessing the feasibility of potential solutions is critical in ensuring their practicality and viability. Feasibility studies include evaluating the technical, economic, legal, and organizational aspects of the proposed solution. This analysis helps identify potential constraints, risks, and opportunities associated with each solution.Exploring Alternative OptionsExploring various alternatives is essential to find the most suitable solution. This may involve brainstorming sessions, conducting pilot projects, or implementing small-scale tests. By exploring different options, it is possible to identify innovative approaches or refine existing solutions for better results.Evaluating OutcomesTo determine the success of a solution, it is critical to evaluate its outcomes and impacts. This evaluation helps identify areas of improvement, measure the effectiveness of the solution, and inform future problem-solving endeavors.Defining Evaluation CriteriaBefore implementing a solution, it is important to define evaluation criteria that will be used to measure its success. These criteria may include specific performance metrics, client satisfaction, cost-effectiveness, or social and environmental impacts.Monitoring and EvaluationThroughout the implementation of a solution, continuous monitoring and evaluation are essential. This enables real-time adjustments and ensures that the solution remains aligned with the desired outcomes. Monitoring and evaluation can involve data collection, surveys, interviews, or the use of monitoring tools.Learning from OutcomesLearning from the outcomes of a solution is crucial for ongoing improvement and growth. By critically assessing the results, analyzing the successes and failures, and collecting feedback from stakeholders, valuable insights can be gained for future problem-solving initiatives.ConclusionDeveloping effective solutions requires a systematic and comprehensive approach. By understanding the problem, identifying stakeholders, conducting research and analysis, and evaluating outcomes, it is possible to develop and implement solutions that address the root causes and have a positive impact. This document provides a comprehensive guide to help you enhance your problem-solving skills and achieve more successful outcomes. Actively applying these strategies and techniques will enable you to contribute to positive changes and progress in various domains.。
雷达图分析法在中职英语教学评价中的应用
雷达图分析法在中职英语教学评价中的应用Radar chart analysis method is a kind of systematic evaluation method. It is widely used in many fields such as management review and assessment. In recent years, it has also been widely used in the evaluation of vocational high school English teaching.仪表盘图分析法是一种系统的评价方法，它在许多领域被广泛应用，如管理审核和评估。
近年来，它也被广泛用于中职英语教学的评价。
Radar chart analysis is also called "Star Chart" in China. It uses closed curve and uniform interval scale to reflect the evaluation result of multiple evaluation indicators. The 5 basic parts of radar chart analysis are: evaluation items, uniform interval scale, evaluation results, closed curve and evaluation report.雷达图分析在中国也称为“星形图”，它利用闭合曲线和统一间隔标度来反映多个评价指标的评价结果。
雷达图分析的5个基本部分是：评价项目、统一间隔标度、评价结果、闭合曲线和评价报告。
In the evaluation of vocational high school English teaching, the 5 basic elements of radar chart analysis can be used to combine the evaluation indicators of the teaching process and guide the target teacher to focus on the functional goals of teaching. At the same time, as the teaching process progresses, all kind of learning results (achieved or not achieved) can be observed through the uniform interval scale on the radar chart, enabling teachers to carry out in-depth research into their weaknesses and strengths in teaching, so as to adjust their teaching plans and methods in time.在中职英语教学的评价中，雷达图分析的5个基本要素可用来结合评价教学过程的评价指标，引导目标授课教师关注教学的功能目标。
高洪德英语学习活动观及其在英语教学中的实践(成都 宽)课件
Through participation in collaborative and problem-solving activities, students develop critical thinking, collaboration, and innovation, essential skills for the 21st century.
02
The core concept of English learning activity view
Gao Hongde believes that students should be the center of English learning activities, and teachers should design activities based on students' needs, interests, and learning styles.
Teachers should design activities that are closely related to students' real life experiences and interests, encourage them to participate actively, and help them gain practical experience.
Gao Hongde's view on English learning activities emphasizes the integration of language knowledge and skills into meaningful communicative activities, enabling learners to acquire English through participation in interactive and situated learning experiences.
seeger,s method
seeger,s methodSeeger's Method: An Effective Approach to Problem Solving IntroductionSeeger's Method, named after its creator, is a problem-solving technique widely used in various fields, including engineering, business, and decision-making. This method provides a structured and systematic approach to tackle complex problems, ensuring that all relevant aspects are considered and potential solutions are thoroughly evaluated. In this article, we will explore the key steps of Seeger's Method and discuss its benefits in problem-solving.Step 1: Problem Identification and DefinitionThe first step in Seeger's Method is to clearly identify and define the problem at hand. It is crucial to have a comprehensive understanding of the problem, its scope, and its underlying causes. This step involves gathering relevant information, conducting research, and consulting with stakeholders to gain different perspectives. By thoroughly defining the problem, we lay the foundation for effective problem-solving.Step 2: Problem AnalysisOnce the problem is defined, the next step is to analyze it in depth. This involves breaking down the problem into smaller components, identifying patterns, and examining cause-effect relationships. Problem analysis helps reveal the root causes and potential barriers to reaching a solution. It allows us to gain insights into the problem's complexity and develop a comprehensive understanding.Step 3: Generation of Possible SolutionsAfter analyzing the problem, it is time to brainstorm and generate possible solutions. This step encourages creative thinking and divergent thought processes. It is essential to consider a wide range of potential solutions, even those that may seem unconventional or impractical at first. By generating multiple alternatives, we increase the likelihood of finding an innovative and effective solution. Step 4: Evaluation and Selection of SolutionsThe next step is to evaluate and select the most promising solutions from the pool of alternatives. This involvesconsidering various criteria, such as feasibility, cost-effectiveness, and potential risks. Each solution should be assessed based on its ability to address the identified problem and achieve the desired objectives. Through careful evaluation, we can identify the best solution or combination of solutions.Step 5: Implementation and MonitoringOnce the solution is selected, it is time to implement it. This step requires careful planning, resource allocation, and effective communication. It is crucial to monitor the implementation process to ensure that the solution is being executed as intended. Regular feedback and progress evaluation help identify potential issues and allow for timely adjustments if necessary.Step 6: Review and Continuous ImprovementAfter implementing the solution, it is essential to review its effectiveness and make necessary adjustments. This step involves evaluating the outcomes, gathering feedback from stakeholders, and identifying lessons learned. Continuous improvement is a key aspect of Seeger's Method, as itallows for ongoing refinement and optimization of the problem-solving process.Benefits of Seeger's MethodSeeger's Method offers several benefits in problem-solving. Firstly, it provides a structured and systematic approach, ensuring that no important aspect is overlooked. By following the defined steps, we can approach complex problems in a methodical and organized manner.Secondly, Seeger's Method encourages creative thinking and the exploration of multiple solutions. This promotes innovation and increases the likelihood of finding novel and effective approaches to problem-solving.Furthermore, Seeger's Method emphasizes the importance of evaluation and continuous improvement. By regularly reviewing the outcomes and learning from the process, we can refine our problem-solving skills and enhance future decision-making.ConclusionSeeger's Method provides a practical and effective approachto problem-solving. Through its systematic steps of problem identification, analysis, solution generation, evaluation, implementation, and review, it ensures a comprehensive and structured problem-solving process. By following this method, individuals and organizations can enhance their problem-solving skills and achieve more efficient and effective outcomes.。
方法不止一种英文
方法不止一种英文In the realm of problem-solving and decision-making, it is often said that there is more than one way to solve a problem. This notion holds true across various domains and scenarios. Methods, or ways of approaching a task, come in diverse forms and each may offer unique benefits and drawbacks. By exploring different methods, we enhance our ability to adapt, innovate, and overcome challenges.Innovation and CreativityOne of the key reasons why methods are not limited to one is the human capacity for innovation and creativity. When faced with a problem, individuals draw upon their diverse backgrounds, experiences, and perspectives to come up with a wide range of solutions. Each solution is, in essence, a different method to tackle the problem. For example, in designing a new product, engineers may approach the task using various methods, such as trial and error, user-centered design, or requirements-based design. Each method offers a different approach to innovation, leading to potentially distinct outcomes.Problem-Specific ConsiderationsAnother fundamental reason for the multiplicity of methods is that different problems necessitate different approaches. No two problems are exactly alike, and thus, no two methods can be universally applicable. Some problems require a systematic and analytical approach, whileothers may require a more intuitive and holistic method. For instance, in medical diagnosis, there are various diagnostic methods such as imaging tests, laboratory tests, and examinations. The choice of method depends on the specific symptoms, the patient's medical history, and the suspected condition. By understanding the problem at hand, we can more effectively select and apply the appropriate methods.Diverse Skills and ExpertiseMethods are also influenced by the diverse skills and expertise of individuals involved in a task or project. Different people contribute distinct strengths, knowledge, and experiences that shape the methods employed. For example, in a software development team, programmers, designers, and testers each bring their own specialized skills. This diversity of skills can lead to the adoption of different programming methods, design principles, and testing techniques, resulting in a more comprehensive and robust end product.Evolving Context and TechnologyAs the world evolves and technology advances, new methods emerge. The context in which a task or problem exists can profoundly influence the methods chosen to address it. For instance, the rise of digital platforms has given rise to new methods of communication, such as video conferencing, instant messaging, and social media. These methods offer different modes of interaction and enable us to connect with othersin previously unimaginable ways. By adapting to the evolving context and embracing new technologies, we extend our range of possible methods.Continuous Improvement and LearningFinally, the existence of multiple methods encourages continuous improvement and learning. Through trial and error, individuals strive to refine and optimize existing methods or discover entirely new ones. Lessons learned from past experiences can shape the development and selection of methods for future tasks. In the field of education, for instance, different pedagogical methods, such as lectures, discussions, and project-based learning, continually undergo evaluation and improvement to enhance student learning outcomes. Continuous improvement and learning foster creativity and enable us to adapt methods to better suit specific situations.In conclusion, the idea that methods are not limited to one is evident across various domains. Innovation and creativity, problem-specific considerations, diverse skills and expertise, evolving context and technology, and the drive for continuous improvement and learning all contribute to the multiplicity of methods. By embracing this diversity and exploring different methods, we expand our problem-solving horizonsand increase our chances of finding efficient and effective solutions.。
集体采访名词解释英语作文
集体采访名词解释英语作文1. A group interview, also known as a collective interview, is a method of interviewing where multiple interviewers speak with a single interviewee at the same time. This type of interview allows for different perspectives and questions to be presented to the interviewee, providing a more comprehensive understandingof the individual being interviewed.2. In a collective interview, the interviewers may come from different departments or areas within the organization, allowing for a diverse range of questions and insights tobe brought to the table. This can be beneficial in gaininga well-rounded view of the interviewee's qualifications, experiences, and potential fit within the organization.3. The dynamic nature of a group interview can create a more interactive and engaging experience for both the interviewers and the interviewee. It can also help to simulate the collaborative environment of the workplace,giving the interviewers a sense of how the individual may work within a team setting.4. Group interviews can also be a time-saving methodfor the organization, as they allow for multipleinterviewers to assess a candidate at the same time, rather than scheduling individual interviews with each interviewer. This can streamline the hiring process and provide a more efficient use of time for all parties involved.5. However, group interviews can also present challenges, such as the potential for interviewees to feel overwhelmed or intimidated by the presence of multiple interviewers. It can also be difficult for interviewers to effectively collaborate and communicate with each other during the interview, potentially leading to a disjointedor uncoordinated interview experience.6. Overall, group interviews offer a unique and multi-faceted approach to the interview process, allowing for a diverse range of perspectives and questions to be presented to the interviewee. While they may present challenges, theyalso offer the potential for a more comprehensive and efficient evaluation of a candidate's qualifications and fit within an organization.。
三甲复审科室的制度、流程、应急预案
三甲复审科室的制度、流程、应急预案In order to address your question about the system, process, and emergency plan of tertiary hospital re-evaluation departments, it is important to understand the significance of these aspects in ensuring quality healthcare services.The establishment of a comprehensive system within these departments is essential for effective functioning. This includes defining clear roles and responsibilities for different stakeholders such as medical professionals, administrators, and support staff. A well-structured system helps in streamlining the workflow and enables efficient coordination among various departments within the hospital.这个问题涉及到三级医院复审科室的制度、流程和应急预案。
为了回答这个问题，需要理解这些方面在保证高质量医疗服务方面的重要性。
在这些科室内建立一个全面的制度对于正常运行是至关重要的。
包括明确各利益相关者（如医护人员、行政人员和支持人员）的角色和责任。
一个良好结构化的系统有助于优化工作流程，并确保医院内各个部门之间有效地协调。
The process involved in tertiary hospital re-evaluation departments mainly consists of multiple stages, including application submission, document review, on-site evaluation, and final decision-making. Each stage is crucial and necessitates careful consideration of multiple factors such as compliance with regulations, patient safety measures, quality management systems, and adherence to clinical guidelines.三级医院复审科室主要包括多个阶段的过程，包括申请提交、文件审查、现场评估和最终决策。
公共政策评估 英语
公共政策评估英语Public policy evaluation is a crucial process that helps governments and organizations to assess the effectiveness and impact of their policies on society. It involves a systematic analysis of policy goals, design, implementation, and outcomes to determine whether the policy has achieved its intended objectives and generated the desired effects. This essay will discuss the importance of public policy evaluation, the key principles and methods used in the evaluation process, and the challenges and limitations associated with policy evaluation.Importance of Public Policy EvaluationPublic policy evaluation plays a critical role in improving the quality of policymaking and governance. By assessing the performance of policies, decision-makers can identify areas of strength and weaknesses in policy designand implementation. This enables them to make informed decisions about whether to continue, modify, or terminate existing policies, as well as to design new policies that are more effective and efficient. Policy evaluation also helps to enhance transparency and accountability in government, as it provides evidence-based information on the impact of policies to the public, stakeholders, and policymakers.Key Principles of Public Policy EvaluationSeveral key principles underpin the process of public policy evaluation. First, it is essential to clearly define the goals and objectives of the policy being evaluated. This involves establishing specific and measurable outcomes that the policy intends to achieve. Second, the evaluation should be designed to be systematic and rigorous, using appropriate methods and data to generate reliable and valid findings. Third, the process should be transparent and inclusive, involving the participation of multiple stakeholders,including policymakers, experts, and the public. Fourth, the evaluation should be tailored to the specific context and needs of the policy, considering factors such as the target population, resources, and timeframe. Finally, the results of the evaluation should be used to inform decision-making and drive continuous improvement in policymaking and implementation.Methods of Public Policy EvaluationThere are various methods and approaches used in public policy evaluation, each with its strengths and limitations. One common method is the use of quantitative data analysis, which involves the collection and analysis of numerical data to measure the impact of policies on specific outcomes. This can include statistical techniques such as regression analysis, cost-benefit analysis, and randomized controlled trials. Another approach is the use of qualitative methods, such as interviews, focus groups, and case studies, to gain adeeper understanding of the experiences and perceptions of individuals affected by the policy. Mixed-methods evaluation, which combines quantitative and qualitative approaches, is also increasingly used to provide a more comprehensive and nuanced assessment of policies.Challenges and Limitations of Public Policy EvaluationDespite its importance, public policy evaluation faces several challenges and limitations. One challenge is the complexity of evaluating the long-term and indirect effects of policies, which may not be immediately apparent or easy to measure. This is particularly true for policies that aim to address complex social issues, such as poverty, education, and health. Additionally, there may be political and institutional barriers to conducting rigorous evaluation, such as reluctance to seek out negative findings or resistance to change from stakeholders who are invested in the status quo. Furthermore, there may be technicalchallenges related to data collection, measurement, and analysis, particularly when dealing with large-scale policies that have multiple and diverse impacts.In conclusion, public policy evaluation is an essential process for assessing the effectiveness and impact ofpolicies on society. By following key principles and using a variety of methods, policymakers and organizations can gain valuable insights into the strengths and weaknesses of their policies, and make evidence-based decisions to improve governance and public services. While there are challenges and limitations associated with policy evaluation, its benefits in terms of enhancing transparency, accountability, and effectiveness in policymaking make it an indispensable tool for promoting good governance and social progress.。
国际生物大分子二修的概率
国际生物大分子二修的概率英文回答：The probability of getting a double major in International Biochemistry is highly dependent on various factors. These factors include the individual's academic performance, the availability of courses and resources, and the individual's personal motivation and dedication.Firstly, academic performance plays a crucial role in determining the probability of successfully completing a double major. The requirements for a double major in International Biochemistry typically involve taking a certain number of courses in both biology and chemistry, as well as fulfilling other academic requirements. Therefore, having a strong foundation in these subjects and maintaining good grades is essential. For instance, if a student consistently performs well in their biology and chemistry courses, they are more likely to be successful in pursuing a double major.Secondly, the availability of courses and resources also affects the probability of completing a double major. Some universities may have limited course offerings in International Biochemistry, which can make it more challenging for students to fulfill the necessary requirements. In such cases, students may need to carefully plan their course schedules and seek out alternative options, such as taking courses at other institutions or participating in research projects related to biochemistry. By being proactive and resourceful, students can increase their chances of completing the double major.Lastly, personal motivation and dedication are crucial factors in determining the probability of successfully completing a double major. Pursuing a double major requires a significant amount of time, effort, and commitment. It may involve taking on a heavier course load, balancing multiple assignments and exams, and juggling different academic responsibilities. Therefore, having a strong passion for biochemistry and a genuine interest in thefield is essential. Additionally, being able to manage timeeffectively, stay organized, and seek help when needed are important skills that can contribute to success in a double major.In conclusion, the probability of obtaining a double major in International Biochemistry varies depending on factors such as academic performance, the availability of courses and resources, and personal motivation and dedication. By excelling academically, seeking out alternative options when necessary, and demonstrating a strong commitment to the field, individuals can increase their chances of successfully completing a double major.中文回答：获得国际生物大分子二修的概率高度取决于各种因素。
招聘管理制度翻译英文
招聘管理制度翻译英文1. IntroductionRecruitment is an essential part of the human resource management process. It involves sourcing, attracting, screening, and selecting qualified candidates for jobs within an organization. A well-structured recruitment management system ensures that the best talent is hired for the organization, contributing to its overall success.2. ObjectivesThe primary objectives of the recruitment management system are:To attract and retain the best talent for the organizationTo ensure a fair and transparent recruitment processTo streamline and optimize the recruitment processTo comply with legal and ethical standardsTo build a pool of potential candidates for future vacanciesTo reduce recruitment time and cost3. Recruitment ProcessThe recruitment process consists of the following stages:Identification of Job Vacancy: The first step is to identify the need for a new employee. This involves a thorough analysis of the job requirements and the skills and qualifications needed for the role.Job Posting: Once the job vacancy is identified, it is posted on various platforms such as the company website, job portals, social media, and professional networks to attract potential candidates.Screening and Shortlisting: Applications received are screened and shortlisted based on the job requirements. This is usually done through a review of resumes, cover letters, and other relevant documents.Interviewing: Shortlisted candidates are invited for interviews, which may include one or more rounds. The purpose of the interview is to assess the candidate's skills, qualifications, and suitability for the role.Selection and Offer: After the interview process, the most suitable candidate is selected and an offer of employment is made. This includes negotiations on salary, benefits, and other terms and conditions.Onboarding: Once the offer is accepted, the new employee undergoes a process of onboarding, which includes orientation, training, and integration into the organization.4. Recruitment Management SystemA recruitment management system is a set of processes, tools, and technologies designed to streamline and optimize the recruitment process. It includes various components such as applicant tracking, job posting, candidate screening, interview scheduling, and offer management. The recruitment management system may be implemented as a standalone software or integrated into the organization's human resource management system.Key features of a recruitment management system include:Job Posting and Advertising: The system allows for easy posting of job vacancies on multiple platforms and channels, reaching a wider audience of potential candidates.Applicant Tracking: The system tracks and manages the applicant pool, including resumes, applications, and candidate profiles. It provides a centralized database for easy access to candidate information.Candidate Screening: The system automates the screening process based on predefined criteria, allowing for fast and efficient evaluation of candidate qualifications.Interview Scheduling: The system facilitates the scheduling of interviews, including coordination with multiple stakeholders and sending out interview invitations.Collaboration and Communication: The system enables seamless collaboration and communication among the hiring team, candidates, and other relevant parties.Reporting and Analytics: The system provides insights and analytics on various recruitment metrics, such as time to fill, cost per hire, and source of hire, to measure the effectiveness of the recruitment process.Integration with HRMS: The recruitment management system may be seamlessly integrated with the organization's human resource management system, ensuring a smooth flow of data and information across various HR functions.Mobile Accessibility: The system is accessible on mobile devices, allowing for on-the-go access and management of the recruitment process.Security and Compliance: The system ensures data security and compliance with legal and ethical standards, such as the protection of candidate information and adherence to equal employment opportunity laws.5. Recruitment Management Best PracticesTo ensure the effectiveness and efficiency of the recruitment management system, the following best practices should be considered:Define Job Requirements: Clear and comprehensive job descriptions and specifications should be developed to attract the right candidates for the role.Use Multiple Sourcing Channels: Job postings should be promoted through various channels to reach a diverse pool of candidates, including social media, job boards, professional networks, and employee referrals.Streamline Screening Process: Automation and predefined criteria should be used to quickly screen and shortlist candidates based on their qualifications and suitability for the role.Create a Positive Candidate Experience: The recruitment process should be designed to provide a positive experience for candidates, from application submission to onboarding, enhancing the employer brand and attracting top talent.Collaborative Hiring: The hiring process should involve collaboration among the hiring team, managers, and other stakeholders to ensure a comprehensive evaluation of candidates.Measure Recruitment Metrics: Key recruitment metrics should be tracked and analyzed to assess the effectiveness of the recruitment process and identify areas for improvement.6. ConclusionA well-structured recruitment management system is essential for attracting and retaining the best talent for an organization. It streamlines the recruitment process, ensures a fair and transparent process, and contributes to the overall success of the organization. By implementing best practices and leveraging modern technologies, organizations can build a competitive advantage in talent acquisition and achieve their strategic goals.。
高性能近似排序算法基于GPU说明书
High Performance Approximate Sort AlgorithmUsing GPUsJun Xiao,Hao Chen,Jianhua SunCollege of Computer Science and Electronic EngineeringHunan UniversityChangsha,China*********************,******************,****************Abstract—Sorting is a fundamental problem in computer science,and the strict sorting usually means a strict order with ascending or descending.However,some applications in reality don’t require the strict ascending or descending order and the approximate ascending or descending order just meets the requirement.Graphics processing units(GPUs)have become accelerators for parallel computing.In this paper,based on the popular CUDA parallel computing architecture,we propose high performance approximate sort algorithm running on multicore GPUs.The algorithm divides the distribution interval of input data into multiple small intervals,and then uses the processing cores of GPUs to map the data into the different intervals in parallel. Finally by combining the small intervals,we can make the data between the different intervals in order state and the data in the same interval is disorder state.Thus we can get the approximate sorting result and the result is characterized by a general order but local disorder.By utilize the massive core of GPUs to parallel sort data,the algorithm can greatly shorten the execution time. Radix sort is the fastest GPUs-based sorting and the experimental results show that our approximate sort algorithm is two times as fast as the radix sort and far exceeds all the GPUs-based sorting. Keywords—sorting,parallel computing,high performance,GPUs, CUDAI.INTRODUCTIONSorting is one of most widely studied algorithmic problems in computer science,and has become a fundamental component in data structures and algorithms analysis.Many applications could be just classified as sorting problem,and the other applications depend on the efficient sorting as an intermediate step to accelerate the execution time[1],[2].For example,search engine widely uses of sorting to select valuable information to users.Therefore,designing and implementing efficient sorting routine is important on any parallel platforms.As many parallel platforms spring up,we need to explore efficient sorting techniques for utilizing parallel computing power[3].Recently,Graphics Processing Units have evolved into high performance accelerators and provide considerably higher peak computing and memory bandwidth than CPUs[4].For instance,NVIDIA’s GeForce GTX780GPUs contain up to 192scalar processing cores(SPs)per chip.And,these cores are broken up into12Streaming Multiprocessors(SMs)and each SM comprises16SPs.A3GB off-chip global memory is shared by the192on-chip cores.By introduction of CUDA, programmers could use C to program GPUs for general-purpose computation[5].In consequence,it is an explosion of research on GPUs for high performance computing[6].With the high computing power,advanced features such as atomic operations,shared memory and synchronization,also lead into modern GPUs.Many researchers have proposed GPUs-based sorting algorithms and transit from the coarse-grained parallelism of multicore chips to the fine-grained parallelism of manycore chips.Quick sort is a popular sorting algorithm,and Cederman et al.[7]have adapted quick sort for GPUs to parallelization. Satish et al.[3]have designed efficient sorting algorithms to make use of the fast on-chip memory provided by NVIDIA GPU and change from a largely task-parallel structure to a more data-parallel structure.The studies of GPUs sorting mainly concentrate on bitonic sort,quick sort,radix sort and merge sort.However,these GPUs-based sorting are belong to the strict sorting.The strict sorting usually means the strict order with ascending or descending after sorting.Some applications in the reality don’t necessarily require the strictly ascending or descending order,and tolerate unsorted order to some extent. As a result,the approximately ascending or descending order already meets the requirement.In this situation,the overhead of the strict sorting is relatively high.Our focus,in this paper,is to develop the approximate sort on manycore GPUs which is suitable for sorting data to reach the state of the approximately ascending or descending order. Our experimental results demonstrate that our approximate sort is fastest in all previously published GPUs sorting when running on current-generation NVIDIA GPUs.The radix sort is the fastest GPUs sorting for the large amount data[3]and our approximate sort could achieve at least more than twice compared with GPUs-based radix sort.The rest of this paper is organized as follows:In Section2 we will describe the background on GPUs architecture and the sorting on GPUs.In Section3we will elaborate the approximate sort in detail.In Section4we will present theInternational Conference on Computer Science and Intelligent Communication (CSIC 2015)experimental evaluation of the approximate sort compared with GPUs-based sorting.II.BACKGROUNDIn this section,we will provide background information on GPU architecture and the GPU-based sorting.A.GPUs architectureOur approximate sort algorithm is designed and implemented on the NVIDIA GPUs architecture.GPUs have become high performance accelerators for parallel computing, which are massively multi-threaded data-parallel processor. GPUs contain two major components:the processing component and the memory component.A certain number of streaming multiprocessors comprises the processing component.At the same time,each streaming multiprocessor includes a series of simple cores that execute the in-order instructions.For high performance,a few tens of thousands of threads are launched and these threads carry out the same instruction on the different data sets.Threads in GPUs have three-level hierarchy:each block includes hundreds of threads mapped to a streaming multiprocessor and a grid contains a set of blocks executed on a kernel[8].In the memory component,the off-chip global memory in GPUs is accessible across all streaming multiprocessors.The data transfer between host and device memory is at the means of DMA.A16KB on-chip cache equipped in each streaming multiprocessor,which has very high bandwidth and very low access latency.Our approximate sort algorithm leverages the CUDA Data Parallel Primitives library[9],specifically its scan and reduce. By using the CUDPP library,we avoid do tedious work that the CUDPP has done for us.B.Sorting on GPUsWe here present only the most relevant work because sorting on GPUs has always been the research hotspot.Early GPUs-based sorting algorithms were primarily based on Batcher’s bitonic sort[10].Barajlia et al.[11]presented a practical bitonic sorting network implemented in CUDA when bringing in the new general-purpose parallel platform. Cederman et al.[7]developed an efficient implementation of GPUs quick sort to make use of the highly parallel nature and its limited cache memory.Satish et al.designed efficient parallel radix sort and merge sort for GPUs,and their radix sort is the fastest GPU sort[3].Above mentioned sorting can be viewed as a feasible alternative to sort a large amount of data on GPUs.However, these sorting routines are all belong to the strict sorting.We define the strict sorting that the strict order with ascending or descending after sorting,otherwise call as the approximate sorting.For example,we have an input array of(10,8,2,9,3, 1)and sort in ascending order.If the output is(1,2,3,8,9,10) with strict order,the sorting algorithm used is part of the strict sorting.If the output is(1,3,2,10,9,8)or others with unsorted within the interval and sorted between the intervals,the sorting algorithm used belongs to the approximate sorting. The length of the interval controlled by the users and the length of the interval is3in this case.For further explanation, (1,3,2)and(10,9,8)are two intervals.(1,3,2)or(10,9,8)is unsorted but every element in(1,3,2)is less than the one in (10,9,8),that is the ascending order between the intervals and it means the approximately ascending order.Some applications in the reality don’t necessarily require the strictly ascending or descending order,and tolerate unsorted order to some extent.As a result,the approximately ascending or descending order already meets the requirement. In this situation,the overhead of the traditional sorting is relatively high.We propose lightweight approximate sort on manycore GPUs to address the above problem.III.APPROXIMATE SORT ON GPUS In the following section,we present the detail of approximate sort algorithm on GPUs to parallelism.Fig.1.Illustration of approximate sort on GPUs As shown in Figure1,our algorithm on GPUs operates in three steps.First,each data element in the input array is mapped into a smaller interval(the number of the smaller intervals is a pre-defined parameter and typically much less than the input size,NUM_INTERVAL=3in our case).In this step,we use offset array to maintain an ordering among all data elements that are mapped into the same interval.At the same time,the interval counter array is use to record the number of data elements falling into each interval.Second,an exclusive prefix sum operation is performed on the interval counter array.In the third step,the results of the above two steps are combined to produce the final coordinates that are then used to transform the input array to the approximately-sorted form.Step1:Similar to many parallel sort algorithms that subdivide the input into the equally-sized intervals and then sort each interval in parallel,we first map each data element of the input array into an interval.As shown in Listing1,the number of the interval is a fixed value NUM_INTERV AL,and the mapping procedure is a linear projection of each data element of the input vector to one of the NUM_INTERV ALintervals.The linear projection is demonstrated at lines10and 11in Listing1.The variables of min and max represent the minimum and maximum value in the input respectively,which can be obtained when using the CUDPP’s reduce tool on GPUs.In this way,each interval represents a partition of the interval[min,max],and all intervals have the same width of (max－min)/NUM_INTERVAL.The data elements in the input array are assigned to the target interval whose value range contains the corresponding data element,and for brief illustration we use interval_index array to record the target interval.In addition,another array interval_count is maintained to record the number of data assigned to each interval.As shown at line13,the offset array is based on an atomic function provided by CUDA,atomicInc,to avoid the potential conflicts incurred by concurrent writes.The function atomicInc returns the old value located at the address presented by its first parameter,which can be leveraged to indicate the local ordering among all the data elements assigned to the same interval.The Kepler GPUs have substantially improved the throughput of atomic operations compared to Fermi GPUs,which also demonstrated in our implementation.1__global__void assign_interval(uint∗input,uint lenght,uint max,uint min,2uint∗offset,uint∗interval_count,uint∗interval_index) 3{4int idx=threadx.x+blockDim.x∗blockIdx.x;5uint interval_idx;6for(;idx<lenght;idx+=total_threads)7{8uint value=input[idx];910interval_idx=(size−min)∗(NUM_INTERVAL−1)/(max−min);11interval_index[idx]=interval_idx;1213offset[idx]=atomicInc(&interval count[interval_idx],length);14}15}1__global__void appr_sort(uint∗key,uint∗key_sorted,void∗value,uint length,2void∗value_sorted,uint∗offset,uint∗interval_count, 3uint∗interval_index)4{5int idx=threadIdx.x+blockDim.x∗blockIdx.x;6uint count=0;7for(;idx<length;idx+=total threads)8{9uint Key=key[idx];10uint Value=value[idx];1112uint Interval_index=interval_index[idx];13count=interval_count[Interval_index];14uint off=offset[idx];15off=off+count;1617key_sorted[off]=key;18value_sort[off]=value;19}20}Step2:Having obtained the counters for each interval and the local ordering within a specific interval,we perform a prefix sum operation on the interval_count array to determine the address at which each interval’s data would start.Given an input array,the prefix sum,also known as scan,is to generate a new array B from original array A in which each data B[i]is the sum of data from A[0]to A[i](inclusive and exclusive prefix sum respectively).Because the length of the interval count_array(NUM_INTERV AL)is typically less than that of the length of the input,performing the scan operation on CPU is much fast than the GPUs counterpart.However,due to the data transfer overhead(in our case,two transfers),and the fact that we observed devastating performance degradation when mixing the execution of the CPU-based scan with other GPUs kernels in a CUDA stream,the parallel prefix sum is performed on GPUs using the CUDPP library.Step3:By combining the atomically-incremented offsets generated in step1and the interval data locations produced by the prefix sum in step2(as shown at lines12-15in Listing2), it is straightforward to scatter the key-value pairs to proper locations(see lines17-18).Choosing a suitable value for the number of intervals may have important implications for the efficiency and effectiveness of our sorting algorithm.As the number of intervals increases,if the input data exhibiting uniform distribution of elements,our algorithm would approximate more closely to the ideal sorting,while the overhead of performing the prefix sum may increase accordingly.When decreasing the number of intervals,we will get a coarse-grained approximation for the input array.We will present empirical evaluations on this in Section IV.IV.EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATIONA.Experiment setupWe ran the experiments on an eight-processor Intel Xeon E52648L1.8GHz machine.At the same time,the machine equipped with a high-end NVIDIA GeForce GTX780GPUs with12multiprocessors and192GPUs processing cores.We compared approximate sort on GPUs with the following state-of-the-art GPUs sorting algorithms:Satish et al.’s[3]merge sort and radix sort.Because the version of radix sort is the fastest GPUs sort and the version of merge sort is the fastest comparison-based GPUs sort according to the reference.At the same time,the source code of that merge sort and radix sort is available in the NVIDIA CUDA SDK[12].The data sets we automatically generated for the benchmark test conform to Uniform distribution or Gaussian distribution.Values that are picked randomly from0to231 produce Uniform distribution.The Gaussian distribution is created by always taking the average of four randomly picked values from the uniform distribution[7].We choose the two distributions for the representative.B.Performance analysisWe compare our approximate sort with merge sort and radix sort on GPUs.First,we generate respectively three data sets on Uniform distribution and Gaussian distribution.The size of the data set we evaluate is1M,2M,4M(M means106in this paper)and we set the NUM_INTERV AL =10000.As shown in Figure 2and Figure 3,the performance on the two distributions is roughly the same.When the data volume is doubling,the cost of approximate sort slowly increases compared with merge sort.Our approximate could achieve at least more than twice compare with radixsort.Data SizeFig.2.Data sets on UniformdistributionData SizeFig.3.Data sets on Gaussian distributionFig.4.The parameter of NUM_INTERV ALIn the Figure 4,we evaluate how the parameter of NUM_INTERV AL effects on performance.We prepare two data set on Uniform distribution and the size of the data set respectively 1M and 2M.The values of NUM_INTERVAL is (10000,20000,30000,40000,50000,60000,70000,80000,90000).As the NUM_INTERVAL increased,the executiontime of approximate sort almost the same.When the NUM_INTERVAL is small,the cost of atomic operation is high because multiple elements are assigned to the same interval concurrently and the overhead of prefix sum is small.When the NUM_INTERVAL is large,the cost of atomic operation is low because fewer elements are assigned to the same interval concurrently but the overhead of prefix sum is expensive.It is suggested that the performance almost keep same when the NUM_INTERV AL changes within a certain range.V.CONCLUSIONSThis paper,we propose approximate sort on manycore GPUs to parallelism.The approximate sort could obtain the approximate order with ascending or descending by controlling the parameter of NUM_INTERVAL.The radix sort is the fastest GPUs sort and our approximate sort could achieve at least more than twice compared with GPUs-based radix sort.As for future,our work is to integrate our approximate sort into the application in the reality.VI.ACKNOWLEDGMENTThis research was supported in part by the National Science Foundation of China under grants 61272190and 61173166,the Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University,and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China.REFERENCES[1]D.E.Kauth,“The art of computer programming:Volume 3/sorting and searching,”1973.[2]T.H.Cormen,C.E.Leiserson,R.L.Rivest,C.Stein et al.,Introductionto algorithms.MIT press Cambridge,2001,vol.2.[3]N.Satish,M.Harris,and M.Garland,“Designing efficient sortingalgorithms for manycore gpus,”in Parallel &Distributed Processing,2009.IPDPS 2009.IEEE International Symposium on.IEEE,2009,pp.1–10.[4] C.Nvidia,“Nvidia cuda c programming guide,”NVIDIA Corporation,vol.120,2011.[5]J.Nickolls,I.Buck,M.Garland,and K.Skadron,“Scalable parallelprogramming with cuda,”Queue,vol.6,no.2,pp.40–53,2008.[6]S.Bandyopadhyay and S.Sahni,“Grsgpu radix sort for multifieldrecords,”in High Performance Computing (HiPC),2010International Conference on.IEEE,2010,pp.1–10.[7] D.Cederman and P.Tsigas,“A practical quicksort algorithm forgraphics processors,”in Algorithms-ESA 2008.Springer,2008,pp.246–258.[8]L.Chen and G.Agrawal,“Optimizing mapreduce for gpus witheffective shared memory usage,”in Proceedings of the 21st international symposium on High-Performance Parallel and Distributed Computing.ACM,2012,pp.199–210.[9]M.Harris,J.Owens,S.Sengupta,Y.Zhang,and A.Davidson,“Cudpp:Cuda data parallel primitives library,”2007.[10]K.E.Batcher,“Sorting networks and their applications,”in Proceedingsof the April 30–May 2,1968,spring joint computer conference.ACM,1968,pp.307–314.[11]R.Baraglia,G.Capannini,F.M.Nardini,and F.Silvestri,“Sortingusing bitonic network with cuda,”in the 7th Workshop on Large-Scale Distributed Systems for Information Retrieval (LSDS-IR),Boston,USA,2009.[12]“Nvidia cuda sdk,”(/cuda),2014.。
食品包装外文翻译文献中英文
食品包装外文翻译文献(含：英文原文及中文译文)英文原文Scheme for industrialized production of steamed breadSteamed bread in our country people's daily lives in the main position, is the traditional popular staple food. According to statistics, the amount of flour used to bread flour accounted for about 40% of the total. At present, the production condition of steamed bread is not suitable for people's living rhythm and nutrition and health requirements. In recent years, although the production environment of steamed bread has improved, but still remain in the workshop type stage. Steamed bread production of process appears simple, but includes the formulation of raw materials, fermentation method, process selection, quality factors, hobbies, evaluation of multiple subject, relate to biotechnology, cereal chemistry, fermentation science, food engineering, mechanics and other multi application discipline techniques. Because our country wheaten food for a long time in family workshops processing mode based, coupled with flour staple food of the diversity and complexity of wheat varieties, traditional staple food processing by experience, for a long time domestic research based on staple food process is relatively weak. Steamed bread industrialized production of steamed bread, the process should be simple,continuous, fast and efficient. Therefore, after the fermentation process, then neutralizing the forming. Process is as follows: Flour + water + yeast and fermentation < doped mixing > forming a shaping a discharge a Xing hair a steaming a product cooling packaging.Staple food steamed bread industry will drive the industrialization of other Chinese traditional pasta, promote related industries the development of as traditional staple food, steamed bread, dumplings, noodles, as the main raw materials are flour, in mechanism research and application research have many similarities and differences. Such as easy to aging, easy to mildew and other issues in the flour food ubiquitous, is caused by flour food shelf life is short, not easy to store the main reason that restrict the circulation radius of flour food. To capture the steamed bread aging resistance, mildew key technologies, to solve dumplings, noodles and other food related issues, many varieties of Chinese traditional food industry of have a strong reference, for the comprehensive development of nearly 200 billion yuan of the industrialization of staple food market has a positive role in promoting. Also the staple food industrialization involves the national economy of our country the first, the second and third industry, the industrial chain relates to grow wheat, flour processing, food processing, food service industry, mechanical design and processing, testing equipment, such as related industries, driven by industry, the scientific and technologicallevel of the related industries, relevant industry labor productivity and international competitiveness of the market existing production equipment steamed bread simply copy the handmade process to improve. However, due to the surface and mechanical stirring strength is greater, forming the spiral extrusion would seriously undermine the strength of dough, the dough in the machining process temperature rise too higher defect is the steamed bread machine processing beyond the main reason for the comprehensive quality of bread by hand. Steamed Buns is also involved in biotechnology, cereal chemistry, fermentation, food engineering, mechanics and other application technology.At present, as the unique Chinese characteristics of traditional food safety and health, China has introduced the world's interest in steamed bread. In recent years, Europe and the United States food companies and research institutions have set off a boom in the study of Chinese steamed bread.Industry of Chinese steamed bread is in the workshop and intensive chemical plant to the industrialization and industrialization development is an important transition period, the scientific research community and the industry is bound to see tremendous market potential in the future, thereby increasing the intensity of the use of scientific research investment and high technology, especially in the use of modern science and technology discovery and maintenance of traditional craft productionof the unique flavor of bread at the same time, will gradually raise the production automation and mechanization. Because the way to rely on a large number of artificial production can not adapt to the growing tension of human resources in China, but also does not meet the requirements of safety and health of consumers. Through the implementation of the promotion of staple food steamed bread industrialization projects, will lead a batch of products of good quality, high technology content, strong market competitiveness of enterprises are booming, gradually replace the workshops and other backward processing methods, further improve the industrial concentration and the core competitiveness.Development of steamed bread machine relates to food engineering, fermentation theory, mechanical design, multi applied science and technology, and requires a lot of food based on research results do support. Therefore Engineering Center has established a special flour food machinery research, by the technology personnel and mechanical design personnel together, in the development of steamed bread in the process of the equipment, engineering center make full use of the accumulated over the years the scientific research in wheat, flour, flour food, in the in-depth study of traditional handmade bread and surface, forming, baking, steaming process principle of system based on, according to scientific industrialization production process requirements for mechanical design, the hand-made steamed bread shaping method is successfully simulatedby using intelligent bionics technology. And on this basis for a series of technical innovationWheat flour is the main raw material for the production of steamed bread, and the protein content of the steamed bread production process and the quality of steamed bread have a great impact. Rheological measurement showed that the content of wet gluten flour in the production of 39.7% or so steamed bread is better. This process of dough, good quality, good air, moderate strength, surface color Steamed Buns white, thin silk. The internal structure is small and flexible honeycomb layers. With high gluten content of flour production, although the volume of steamed bread, but the fermentation time is long, the surface of the finished product surface color, there are blisters. The volume is smaller than 60% Steamed Buns gluten content in wheat flour, the internal honeycomb structure is rough, poor flavor.Plays an important role in the process of production of steamed bread fermentation of steamed bread production process of fermentation, fermentation quality will directly affect the steamed bread quality and nutrient composition, fermentation is using the yeast flour sugar and other nutrients alcohol fermentation to produce CO2 and alcohol, the dough swelling loose and flexible. With the dough fermentation, lactic acid and acetic acid, such as lactic acid and acetic acid, can also be produced by lactic acid and acetic acid. Alcohol and acid can be combined into estersof aromatic substances, aromatic flavor. Therefore, alcohol, organic acids and esters are important substances Steamed Buns produce wine, sweet dough. If the fermentation time is long, also can form aldehyde, ketone and so on carbonyl compound, they are also the important flavor substance. The temperature, humidity, time and the protein content of flour should be controlled strictly in the process of dough fermentation.Double roller spiral forming Steamed Buns used rub finish forming machine. Its working principle is by motor starting will and good fermentation of dough into surface feed bucket inner feeder cast will shape the dough into a packing auger, and the introduction of dough extruding mouth rotary cutting knife cut into uniform size of dough, and turn into a twin roll type forming groove. Fermentation under the screw driven rapidly knead the dough into feed hopper, feeder cast will shape the dough into a packing auger, and launched crowded mouth rotary rubbing to form a smooth surface spherical dough blank. If you need a different shape, a specially designed auxiliary device to achieve the weight of billet surface by an adjusting device set. The double roller forming machine theory error, leave some blank dough spin marks affect the quality of the finished appearance. And set up a plastic machine to be eliminated. The spherical twist ratio of height to diameter greater than the green cylinder, and then become the steaming process thoroughly smooth spherical. The production of key equipment Steamed BunsOne is to solve the problem of labor intensity, the two is to ensure product hygiene, three are automatically arranged accurately, to avoid sticking to the skin. Dial plate discharge machine.The plate-type discharge machine feeds the formed dough to the discharge machine at a certain distance from the conveyor belt. The upper part of the discharge machine is provided with a rotating carboxylate plate, and the direction of rotation of the plate is perpendicular to the direction of movement of the conveyor belt. Whenever a certain number of boring heads pass through the conveyor belt, the dial plate moves once and a predetermined number of boring heads are dialed into the locators located under the conveyor belt. With the natural drop of the steamed bread and the arrangement of the discharge port, a certain number of steamed breads are arranged neatly on the tray or main conveyor belt with a certain clearance, and the next process is performed. The number of steamers dialed by the dial plate is based on the output of the production line. set up. Zhu Keqing, the industrialized production technology of the traditional staple steamer, completely synchronizes the movement of the dial plate with the conveyor belt speed. Both must be connected by a transmission system. This discharge machine, structureSimple and convenient for the layout of the production line.Automatic discharge machine. The discharge principle of this kind of discharge machine is to use the self weight of the hammer to guide theraw blank into a fixed positioning device through an intermittent placement guide to achieve automatic alignment. The machine is mainly composed of three parts: guide, fixed positioning device and main transmission mechanism. After the boring head has been formed, the feeding port fed into the guide is lifted by the conveyor belt, and the guide is a raceway that can rotate flexibly. One is to control the rolling drop of the boring head and the other is to accurately realize the rotation at a certain angle, and ensure that the outlet of the boring head is opposite to the hole arranged on the plane of the positioning device. The function of the fixed positioning device is to change the position of the blank to achieve discharge. The arrayed blanks fall onto the tray or conveyor belt and run forward to the next process.Steaming is the two key processes that determine the final quality of steamed bread. The production process combines the two processes together in a single positioning situation, and the bursting and steaming are controlled and implemented according to the specified process conditions and requirements. The purpose of bursting is to make the dough continue to expand more evenly, and the volume after the curl increases compared to the original. There are two forms of bursting process, one is a batch layout and the other is a continuous layout. The batch type arrangement uses a special boring tray. After arranging the boring heads, the rakes are sent together with the pallet trucks and sentinto the masher to be steamed. The continuous method is to link the bursting and steaming process with a set of mechanisms and complete the steaming under the appropriate process conditions. Continuous production We have developed two devices. One is a tunnel type and the other is a cascade type. Tunnel type device. The tunnel type device consists of a power source, a chain, a sprocket, a carriage and a guide rail. This kind of conveying device feeds the dough at one end of the steamer, ensures the steam process conditions in the steam chamber, and matures when the hammer is output from the other end. At the turning point of the device, the breadboard automatically falls off due to the white weight, and the conveyor belt enters the finished product warehouse. This device has a simple structure, convenient maintenance, and high reliability. However, it has a large floor area and relatively low thermal efficiency. The return trip cannot be used. It has brought some difficulties to the promotion of the production line.Stacked device. The stacking device ensures the structure is simple and the action is realized. The conveyor belt is composed of multiple pallets. A long and a short two pins are projected from both ends of each pallet. The long pins are hinged on the two chains and the short pins are covered with rollers. In the horizontal movement state, the chain drives the carriage, the short pins have supporting rails, and all the carriages are in a plane. During cornering, the long axis moves in a circular motionwith the wheel, and the short axis enters an arc-shaped track to perform a circular motion synchronously, and the dragging plate realizes a translational transition at the turning point, which ensures that the position of the hammer head when turning. When the steamed bread is steamed and the short axis support rail is removed at the outlet position for a certain distance, the weight loss will be reversed along the long axis to disengage the steamed bread.Shantou factory production must be adapted to local conditions, the scale is moderate, and the output and variety must take into account the market demand. In terms of equipment, we should focus on the development of multi-functional continuous cooking machines and single machines with complete functions to produce taro products of different flavors and varieties.中文译文工业化生产馒头的方案馒头在我国人民日常生活中占主要地位,是传统的大众主食。
国外专家学者对于高中英语教学评一体化的研究
国外专家学者对于高中英语教学评一体化的研究Research on the integration of high school English teaching evaluation has gained significant attention from foreign experts and scholars. In recent years, there has been a growing interest in exploring the effectiveness and implications of integrating evaluation methods within the context of high school English education. This research aims to provide an overview of the current trends and perspectives among foreign experts and scholars regarding this topic.One of the key findings from this research is the recognition of the need for a more holistic approach to evaluating high school English teaching. Traditional evaluation methods, such as standardized tests and exams, have been criticized for their limited scope and ability to assess students' overall language proficiency. Foreign experts and scholars argue that a more comprehensive evaluation framework is necessary to adequately measure students' language skills, including listening, speaking, reading, and writing.Moreover, foreign experts have highlighted the importance of integrating formative assessment into high school English teaching. Formative assessment, which involves providing feedback and guidance to students throughout the learningprocess, has been shown to be highly effective in improving students' language skills and performance. By incorporating formative assessment strategies into the curriculum, teachers can better identify students' strengths and weaknesses and tailor their instruction to meet individual learning needs.In addition, foreign experts have emphasized the role of technology in enhancing the evaluation of high school English teaching. Digital tools and resources can provide teachers with valuable data on students' progress and performance, enabling them to make more informed decisions about instructional strategies and interventions. Technology can also facilitate communication and collaboration among teachers, students, and parents, creating a more dynamic and interactive learning environment.Furthermore, foreign experts have underscored the importance of involving students in the evaluation process. By encouraging students to reflect on their own learning and progress, teachers can empower them to take ownership of their education and become more motivated and engaged learners. Student self-assessment and peer assessment have been shown to be effective strategies for promoting metacognitive skills and fostering a culture of continuous improvement in the classroom.Overall, the research on the integration of high school English teaching evaluation reflects a growing awareness of the need for more innovative and inclusive approaches to assessing students' language skills and performance. By incorporating a variety of evaluation methods, including formative assessment, technology, and student involvement, teachers can create a more comprehensive and effective evaluation framework that promotes meaningful learning outcomes for all students.Going forward, it is essential for educators to continue exploring new ways to enhance the evaluation of high school English teaching and to adapt their practices in response to changing educational needs and priorities.。
固体废物综合利用评价工作规程
固体废物综合利用评价工作规程英文回答：The evaluation of comprehensive utilization of solid waste is an important aspect of waste management. It helps in assessing the effectiveness and efficiency of various waste management strategies and technologies. The evaluation process involves analyzing the environmental and economic impacts of waste utilization methods, as well as considering the social and health aspects.One of the key aspects of the evaluation process is the assessment of environmental impacts. This includes analyzing the greenhouse gas emissions, air and water pollution, and land use impacts associated with different waste utilization methods. For example, if a waste-to-energy incineration plant is being evaluated, the emissions of pollutants such as sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxide, and particulate matter need to be assessed. Similarly, if a waste recycling method is being evaluated, the energy andwater consumption, as well as the emissions associated with the recycling process, need to be considered.The economic evaluation of waste utilization methods is also crucial. This involves assessing the costs andbenefits associated with different waste management strategies. The costs include the capital investment, operation and maintenance costs, and the cost of waste disposal. On the other hand, the benefits can include revenue generation from the sale of recycled materials or energy production. The economic evaluation helps in determining the financial feasibility of different waste utilization methods and aids in decision-making.Social and health impacts are also considered during the evaluation process. This involves assessing the potential risks and benefits to the local communities and workers involved in waste management activities. For example, if a waste incineration plant is being evaluated, the potential health risks associated with the emissions of pollutants need to be analyzed. Similarly, if a waste recycling facility is being evaluated, the potentialbenefits to the local community in terms of job creation and improved waste management practices need to be considered.Overall, the evaluation of comprehensive utilization of solid waste is a complex process that requires the consideration of multiple factors. It helps in identifying the most sustainable and efficient waste management strategies and technologies. By conducting comprehensive evaluations, decision-makers can make informed choices and promote sustainable waste management practices.中文回答：固体废物综合利用评价是废物管理的重要方面。
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JOURNAL OF SOFTWARE, VOL. 2, NO. 5, NOVEMBER 2007
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of n variables yi = fn(i)(x1 , x2 , …, xn), i = 1, 2, ..., m (3) or y = F(x) in vector notation. Alternative implicit description is based on the so called output characteristic function (CF) [7] φ0 (x, y) = 1. (4) Machine representation of Boolean functions uses binary decision diagrams (BDDs), which can have many forms. Bit-level binary decision diagrams (BDDs), ordered binary decision diagrams (OBDDs) and reduced ordered binary decision diagrams (ROBDDs) are well known representation of a single Boolean function in a form of a directed acyclic graph [1]. Whereas ROBDD is a canonical (unique) representation for any given complete function and an order of variables, incomplete Boolean functions may be transformed into more than one complete form and into the associated ROBDD. Important parameters of a BDD are its size and width, i.e. the total number of decision nodes and the maximum number of edges between adjacent levels, where the edges pointing to the same nodes are counted as one. The size determines the memory space needed to store the BDD data structure while thees a BDD form factor since the height is given by the number of variables. The construction of minimum-size or by the same token minimum-width ROBDDs belong among NP-complete problems [5]; the size and width of the ROBDD depend on variable ordering and there are n! possible orderings of n variables. A heuristic approach can be used in a search for near-optimal orderings [6]. Upper bounds on the OBDD’s size and width for general random complete Boolean functions grow exponentially with number of variables n for any ordering, but functions used in digital systems design with few exceptions do have a reasonable BDD size and small width. M-ary decision diagrams are straightforward generalization of BDDs. They have two types of nodes: decision and terminal nodes. Decision node L is testing M-ary variable var(L) and its outgoing edges are marked by its values 0, 1, …, M-1. The terminal node assigns a single value from ZM (generally ZR, R≠M) to output y = Fn(x1, x2,…, xn). To represent a system of Boolean functions (1) by means of decision diagrams, we can use either m bit-level BDDs, one for each of m Boolean functions (possibly sharing some of their sub-diagrams in Shared BDDs or SBDDs, [7]), or one word-level BDD (WLBDD) with n Boolean decision variables and with R integer terminal values. There are many types of WLDDs. Multi-terminal BDDs have integer leaves and therefore represent functions from Booleans to integers. A BMD (Binary Moment Diagram) is more compact representation for some useful arithmetic functions which have exponential size if represented by MTBDDs. Hybrid decision diagrams HDDs are a combination of MTBDDs and BMDs. BDD for Characteristic Function (BDD for CF) [7] is yet another representation of multiple-output functions, which uses the shortest encoding of output vectors y by
I. INTRODUCTION Efficient evaluation of Boolean functions is an important part of many embedded software systems. Functions most frequently used in embedded system practice are not random, but application-specific with low complexity. Among them sparse functions defined below include applications such as encryption, data compression and conversion, pattern matching and searching, moving window functions on data streams, etc. We will address Boolean functions of large numbers (tens, hundreds) of variables because small size systems can be implemented directly in hardware, e.g. in PLA, ROM or TCAM (Ternary Content Addressable Memory). Software implementation of Boolean functions will be assumed in a form of a data structure describing the function and of a compiled program that reads the input vector and evaluates the function with the use of this data structure. The size of the code and of the data structure is one figure of merit and the other is the evaluation time from reading the input to generating the output. Hereafter we will use three compact representations: a PLA-like table, Look-Up Tables (LUTs) and binary decision diagrams (BDDs). The BDDs are well known, especially the reduced ordered BDDs (ROBDDs), [1]. On
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JOURNAL OF SOFTWARE, VOL. 2, NO. 5, NOVEMBER 2007
Efficient Evaluation of Multiple-Output Boolean Functions in Embedded Software or Firmware