21世纪大学英语读写教程第二册单词
21世纪大学英语读写教程 第二册 unit 1 单词整理
3. amid/ amidst: prep. in the middle of, amongThe government collapsed amid budget quarrels.The debate took place amid a mood of growing political tension.Amidst the trees stood a statue of the goddess Diana.4. circumstances -- n. (pl.)Even under the most favorable circumstances this isn't easy.In some circumstances it may be necessary for the managing director to come here in person.6. campaign n.1) a series of planned military actions;2) a planned series of activities, esp. in politics and business;A bombing campaign was conducted against military targets in Iraq.They have planned an all-out campaign to storm the enemy stronghold.The company is going to launch a sales campaign for their new product.Our campaign against smoking is supported by the medical profession.8. mission n.1) (usu. military) duty or purpose for which people are sent somewhere2) A mission is an especially important job that someone is sent somewhere to do. He was immediately sent to Paris. His mission was to negotiate a cease-fire.He was on a dangerous mission behind the enemy lines.9. pay the price: experience sth. unpleasant because one has done sth. wrong, made a mistake, etc.We paid a heavy price for the victory, for we lost 10,000 soldiers.This is a small price to pay for independence.This is the price we must pay for a free press.11. overwhelm -- vt. make (sb.) feel completely helpless, astonished, or embarrassed; overpower the thoughts, emotions, or senses of (sb.)He was overwhelmed by the intensity of her love.Fear overwhelmed me.At the age of forty, he was overwhelmed with work, illness and family problems.12. retire -- vi. go away; leave a group of people, so as to be on one's ownHe retired to his study upstairs.She agreed to dance for us and retired to put on her costume.The guests retired to the living room after dinner.13. retreat n.1. a place into which one can go for peace and safety2. 撤退；避难Examples:a summer retreat / a weekend retreatMike used to go alone to his comfortable retreat by the lake.Enemy soldiers are now in full retreat.retreat vi. move back or leave a center of fighting or other activityThe attacker moved towards her and she retreated onto the balcony.Attacks by enemy aircraft forced the tanks to retreat from the city.15. come/go to one’s rescue: help sb. when he/she is in danger or difficultyWe were about to close down the business, but the bank came to our rescue.I was embarrassed as I couldn't remember his name; fortunately Mary came tomy rescue.They went to the rescue of the drowning man.16. chance upon: meet by chance; find by chanceExamplesI chanced upon an old school-mate in the street yesterday.He chanced upon the solution to that problem.She chanced upon some old love letters her husband kept in the back of the drawer.18. try one’s hand: attempt (to do sth.), esp. for the first timeAfter she lost her job, she thought she'd try her hand at writing a novel.I tried my hand at roller-skating last weekend and found it was much fun.He tried his hand at repairing the bicycle, but without much success.19. contemplate vt. look at in a serious or quiet way, often for some timeShe lay back on the grass to contemplate the high, blue sky.The afternoon passed by as he contemplated the waves at the seashore.21. precaution n.预防措施1) carefulness2) an action taken to avoid sth. dangerous or unpleasantExamples:Wearing a hat is a sensible precaution in hot summer.The climbers took the precaution of telling the local policeman when they expected to return.As a precaution I had taken two sea sickness tablets.22. alarm vt. excite with sudden fear or anxietyExamples:The slightest noise or movement seemed to alarm him.The lack of books and the poor condition of the school buildings are alarming parents.n. 1) a sudden feeling of fear or anxiety惊慌2) a warning of danger警报Darkness fell and he began to feel some alarm for his wife's safety.You ought to get a burglar alarm.The thunder frightened my younger brother.Scary movies frightened me.The “Don't Feed the Bears” signs alarmed the campers,Jane's test results alarmed her doctors.23. plunge into: begin to do sth. suddenly; enter without hesitationShe plunged bravely into the debate.He plunged into a financial gamble.The firefighters had to retreat from the fierce heat.stroke1(疾病的)发作;中风2【机】冲程,行程,动程3笔划4一击,一敲;打,打击;一振,一动;(字的)一笔;一举;一划（课文中的意思）;(游泳的)一爬;一触;一闪;一刀She began to paint with bold strokes.The paper was covered in illegible strokes.5手腕,手法;政策;功劳,成功v.1抚,摩2(用笔)在...上划线,勾消Slashv.2深深砍入,深深切进;割下,割开;乱砍,乱斩;鞭打4在(织物上)开裂缝,在(衣服上)开叉5猛动,猛挥,猛拉n.1〈美俚〉减薪,减少n. 深砍,深切;乱砍,乱斩;刀痕,伤痕,鞭痕The wet paint left slashes of green on his new white shirt.My new dress is pale blue, with a dark blue slash (= a decorative different color) in the sleeves.28. fall upon/on: attack fiercelyTerrorists were falling upon men and women in the street.The robbers fell on him from behind the trees.The gang fell on their rivals with knives and chains.☆Compare: anger, indignation & furyJohn's ___anger__ erupted when he learned that his car had been stolen.The mayor ignored the citizen's __indignation over the tax increase.Bill hid in the closet to protect himself from his father's__fury___.His occasional visits and phone calls are a comfort to his parents in their old age.32. overcome vt. 1) (often pass.) (by, with) (of feelings) take control and influence one's behavior 2) win a victory over; defeatSuddenly, I was overcome by a feeling of outrage.Receiving the prize in honor of her dead father, she was overcome with emotion. Eventually he managed to overcome his fear of public speaking.33. take refuge in doing/sth34.His interest in reading revived after he had read that book.National economy revived after the depression.Don't revive those old prejudices.anizers of the Lawson short story competition have received over 10,000 entries.Entry into the competition is free to all citizens.A flock of sheep blocked our entry to the village.37. awaken…to: cause to become con scious ofPeople are at last awakening to their responsibilities.The documentary film awakens the whole society to the danger of drugs.39. bear fruit: produce successful results 有成果The use of machines to do the work that used to be done by hand has borne fruit in the form of greatly increased profits.40.odd (1)…以上的（2）奇怪的3twenty odd years agoodd-numbered✓Strange unfamiliar, unknown, or inexplicable✓Peculiar distinct from all others✓Odd Strange and peculiar, not ordinary, usual, and expected✓Queer Strange and peculiar, especially from the norm✓Quaint pleasing or old-fashioned peculiarity✓Outlandish alien or bizarre strangeness✓Eccentric strikingly different from the recognized or conventional 41. date from/back:have existed sinceThe tradition dated from/back to medieval times.This church dates from the 13th century.42. keep sb.’s company: stay with sb. so that he/she is not aloneI enjoy the company of animals better than people.See p12 Ex. VIII。
21世纪大学英语读写教程第二册
21世纪⼤学英语读写教程第⼆册Unit 11.I’ve always envied painters and poets —I have no artistic abilitiesat all.2.He’s struggling to overcome his fear of flying, but he stillpanics sometimes when he has to board a plane.3.She held her newborn baby with infinite tenderness.4.The whole nation was plunged into profound grief when Princess Diana died in an accident.5.The volunteers’ mission is to work with the police to reduce crimeon the streets of New York.6.The city is planning a public campaign to awaken people to the problem of noise pollution.7.He was knocked unconscious by a stone, and after I revived him, he didn’t recognize me.8.Once their books are open, A students don’t let anything distractthem from their studies.9.Amanda wasn’t feeling well that day but she performed in the playwith her accustomed ease.10.When you feel overwhelmed by the complications of life in the big city, it’s good to retreat to the countryside for a few days.11.In times of war, people usually buy and store more food as a precaution against shortage.12.The closing of the cigarette factory had disastrous effects on the town’s economy.1. Though excited about the beautiful scenery he was painting, Churchill kept thinking about his daughter Marigold. delighted with2. He struggled for many years before his efforts produced results.bore fruit3. I wonder who kept Clementine from feeling lonely while her husband was painting in Scotland.kept Clementinecompany4. In a market-driven economy, a business can’t depend on the government to help it out.rely on5. Home is the place where you can always find comfort when you meet with frustration（挫折）in your career.takerefuge6. Non-Smoking Day is part of a campaign to make people realize the dangers of smoking.awaken people to7. If you drink any more of that wine, you’ll suffer in the morning.pay the price8. The construction workers happened to find some ancient coins that were made in the 13th century. chance upon9. He was in his 40s when he first attempted to learn calligraphy. triedhis hand at10. Two men suddenly appeared and attacked the girl, but unfortunately some passersby heard her screams and saved her. came toher rescueUnit 21.Please label all the boxes clearly so that we’ll know which ones areours and which belong to you.2.It’s not a simple question. Many different factors have convergedto create the current crisis.3.I can never repay my parents for the many sacrifices they made forme.4.Research shows that humor and fear are two excellent ways to motivate students.5.At first tea was produced only in China; it was later transplantedto India and Japan.6.The sight of the animals’ sufferings so horrified him that he vowednever to visit the zoo again.7. A mother’s bond with her newborn baby is an infinitely deep one that nothing can replace.8.In Australia, women constitute 51% of the population, but occupy only 19% of the managerial positions.9.Thousands of striking workers surged into the city square, demanding higher wages and better working conditions.10.There was a deep-rooted racial prejudice long before the two countriesbecame rivals and went to war.11.Mary resents having to go to work while her husband sits about the house all day.12.Not all of the author’s recommendations for improving students’performance at school are logical.1.His knowledge that he’d done wrong led him to surrender to the police. sense of guilt2. It was a long and difficult journey, full of strange adventures, butin the end we reached our destination. Finally3. Her early life filled her with deep respect for traditional family values.imbued her with4. Don’t go too close! Elephants are very protective of their children. offspring5. When I first saw my test results I was shocked — but they gave mea strong reason to study harder. horrifiedmotivated me to6. The study ended with several pieces of advice for improving the education system. First of all, it said, we have to lengthen the breaks between classes.recommendations To startwith7. Don’t be too willing to believe! If he intended to give you the job,he would have called you by now.na?ve8. According to the stereotype, boys perform well in math and science; on the other hand, girls are better at languages.by contrastUnit 31.We expected Ellen to do well, but when she got straight A’s she surpassed all our expectations.2.You made a good decision, and I thoroughly approved of it.3.They arrived at the stadium three hours early to ensure that they’dget good seats.4.The company is now thriving thanks to the skillful management andoutstanding technology.5.The directors’ disagreement rapidly escalated into a fight, so the meeting became more exciting than anyone had expected.6.As a junior member of the school’s teaching staff, Janet didn’t feel qualified to discuss the issue with the principal.7.The 20-year-old tennis player’s dream is to represent China at thenext Olympics.8.It was becoming apparent that the elderly chemist’s skills were no longer needed.9.I don’t understand how you can justify spending money on space exploration when there are hungry children in the world.10.Many of the conflicts that spring from cultural differences can be avoided if you keep an open mind.1. You don’t have to support his plan if you think it’s crazy.go along with2. Oh, stop complaining about the rain! It’s good from the standpointof farmers.from the farmers’viewpoint3. This 67-year-old Canadian novelist has delighted a large number of readers with his tales of mystery.multitudes of4. Another joint venture in auto manufacturing has started to experience financial problems.run into5. For Sally, the wonderful evening of music and dancing had finishedtoo soon.come to an end6. Rosemary acquired the basics of Chinese very quickly because she used the language at every opportunity.picked up7. Sometimes when I had trouble controlling my temper, I hardly knew whatI was saying or doing. At times8. Once he’d gotten used to eating with chopsticks, he preferred themto a knife and fork. gotteninto the habit of9. Seeing that she had nothing to say after brief greetings, I tried mybest to ease the awkwardness of the first meeting. smooth over10. I thought the man was lying to protect his wife, but in fact it wasthe reverse.the other wayaroundUnit 41.After Henry lost his job, he couldn’t even afford the necessitiesof life.2.Our current economic circumstances preclude any nonessential purchases.3.The article puts a lot of emphasis on the value of failure as a learning experience.4.Success that comes too easily makes people more prone to failure when real challenges arise.5.Scientific discoveries would make greater contributions to societyif all of them are properly applied to industrial production.6.Nancy distinguished herself as an ice-skater at a very early age, winning three national competitions before she was fifteen.7.She was so obsessed with ice-skating that she never had time for normal childhood activities and experiences.8.Failure is painful for adults and children alike, but it can also bea good teacher.9.Sam called the interviewer to enquire about why his application had been turned down.10.My first impulse was to tell him he was a fool, but I controlled myself.11.Years of living overseas had made her practically a foreigner in her own country.12.The lecturer’s remarks prompted a storm of excited questions fromthe audience.1. We put in a request for a little extra time to finish the project,but the board rejected it. turn down2. The politician enjoyed a successful career but his relationship withhis family suffered. at the cost of3. The author is of the opinion that early success may eventually proveharmful to a p erson’s all-round development. in the long run4. I mistakenly took your umbrella —I’m sorry. byaccident5. The bookshop was on the brink of failing until they expanded theirmerchandise (商品) to include CDs and cassettes. branchout into6. With this out-of-date equipment, you can’t expect good results.count on7. Students sometimes get in the habit of discussing class with annoying comments. When that happens, teachers are advised to send them to theschool psychologist.In suchcases8. From the time she started her own business, she’s been more satisfiedwith her life. ever sinceUnit 51.There are plenty of companies that are eager to sponsor young athletes if theyshow enough promise.2.To succeed in life it is not sufficient only to have talent, capacity and training,one must also have determination or a strong will.3.I don’t claim to be an expert on modern art, but I do know this painting isugly!4.When his prospective employers learned that he had had a drinking problem, they decided against hiring him.5.The position requires a master’s degree and a minimum of two years’ work experience.6.David struggled for years to make it as an actor, but ultimately gave up an wentback to his musical career.7.Overseas students are eligible to enroll in all the regular courses, providedthey have the necessary qualifications.8. A Korean company is planning to open a factory here, which will provide employment for about 2,000 people.9.I’d always worked in an academic setting, so my new position as an office manager was a big change for me.10.It’s much easier for big businesses to get bank loans than it is for small companies.11.There’s a new exhibit of classical artwork at the museum —do you want to go?12.The city government’s first priority is to build a new airport this year.1. He finishes his working day at 6:30. gets off(work)2. Steve tried to work two jobs in addition to studying full time, but he justwasn’t able to cope with it. couldn’t take it3. I think it’s unfair that people who have no other people that they support financially have to pay more taxes. dependents4. We’d better delay our trip until the weather clears up. Postpone5. Wishing isn’t enough; you have to be ready to work hard to fulfill your dream. make your dream come true6. She was so small, she almost had to run in order to stay next to me.along side7. When I recall my university years, I realize what a luxury it was to have nothingto do but pursue an education. look back on8. If you don’t put on some warmer clothes, you’re going to get a cold in theend.end up with acoldUnit 61.Stephen Hawking soon proved himself to be a scientist of great insight and creativity.2.Fear of making mistakes is one of the main obstacles to mastering spoken English.3.The disease affected his muscles and nervous system and gradually paralysed him.4.Cloning, a technological breakthrough, poses some serious ethical (伦理的) problems.5.This book has been proclaimed a modern masterpiece.6.The storms are predicted to reach the North of the country tomorrow morning.7.Initially, his theories created a lot of controversy in scientific circles, butnow they’re widely accepted.8.The old man lives alone and is rarely visited by his neighbors, who considerhim eccentric.9.The government must take some measures to narrow the gap between the rich andthe poor.10.Although he knew he would inherit a great fortune from his father, Richard was determined to earn his own living.1. Big industries that are the source of a lot of pollution pay special taxes that finance environmental clean-up projects. responsible for2. We bought these chairs only last year and they’re collapsing already.falling apart3. Each of us has to solve the problems posed by life in our own way. work out4. Haven’t your parents ever said anything about your spending time in the company of such eccentric things. hanging around with5. Just as Jane put the glass on the table, the cat jumped up and caused it to fall. knocked it off6. Fascinated by the stars and planets, the boy wished to become a professional astronomer someday. dreamedof becoming7. Many educators say that an ability to perform well on tests is completely unrelated to true intelligence.has nothing to do with8. Alfred was a great philosopher and a talented musician as well. at once……and9. Plenty of people who had trouble in school later proved to be creative geniuses. turned out10. Of course you have trouble learning if you never take the trouble to look upnew words in the dictionary. BotherUnit71.Part of a psychiatrist’s work is to provide counseling to help students with personal problems.2.When I’m very angry, I find it best to isolate myself from other people fora little while.3.It’s very sad that many AIDS victims find themselves shunned by friends and neighbors who can’t overcome their fears and prejudices.4.The government official comments on the present economic situation with moderate satisfaction, saying that it is showing signs for the better.5.Mary sneaked off to Paris last weekend all by herself without letting anyone know. She said she just suddenly felt like going away for a few days, and went.6.Many educators feel our schools do too little to promote creativity and critical thinking.7.If our institutions do not have good administration, money will be lost andnothing can be achieved.8.On her way to the airport, it flashed into Catherine’s mind that she’d forgottenher passport.9. A genius is someone who not only has ideas, but also knows how to formulate them in words and communicate them to others.10.Mr. Smith kept himself indoors for a whole week without even opening the windows and his suspicious neighbors reported this to the police.1. How can you expect anyone to have trust in you when you are so careless in everything you do? believe in2. I’m so sorry, but I really can’t go out tonight — I have to do the homeworkI’ve been neglecting. catch up onmy homework3. When we’ve used all our oil supplies, it’ll be too late to look for othersources of energy.run out of4. In spite of what most scientists seem to think, measurements and calculationsare not the only way to discover truth. Regardless of5. With the rapid development of this area, all these old buildings will soon betorn down to clear the space for new ones. make room6. I can’t even afford a bicycle, not to mention a car! let alone7. If a friend is having difficulties, don’t just ask if there’s anything youcan do. Think up something appropriate and do it. in trouble。
21世纪大学英语读写教程 第二册 unit 2
Excel v. (at) be the best or better than others (at sth.)He excels at long-distance running.She excels as a teacher of dancing.I didn't excel academically so I left school as soon as I had the chance.Sacrifice is also the offering of something valuable to a god or gods 祭品In hopes / in the hope (that)— hoping (that)Mother was in hopes that the cake would be good to eat.He showed me a picture of the missing girl in hopes I might recognize her.We left the house early in the hope of avoiding traffic jams.Run out— come to an end; be used upThe car ran out of gas three miles from town.If coal reserves run out, the situation will become critical.Make it (to) a place成功到达某地I don't think the old car will make it to the top of the hill. Cope with I can't cope with such a pile of work this weekend.Foster v.1鼓励;扶植;促进(发育) 2养育,抚育3怀抱(希望等)To foster a child …不合法不是监护人To adopt a child 是合法监护人Own vt. (to) 归功于1. have sth. (usually sth. good) because of the other person or thing.2. have to pay, for sth. already done or given课文中：owning 未付的欠着的Motivate vt. (often pass.)provide (sb.) with a (strong) need, purpose or reason for doing sth.He was motivated only by his wish to help me, and expected nothing in return.Surge vi. Move, esp. forward, in or like powerful waves 汹涌奔腾The crowd surged into the stadium.Demonstration surged through the streets of the tropical city, demanding the President's resignation.n. 感情等的洋溢或奔放She felt a surge of affection for him.A surge of anger rushed over him.Constitute vt 1. form or make up 形成 2. formally establish or appoint 组建选派What constitutes a balanced diet?There is considerable speculation as to whether these sounds constitute a language.We constitute you our spokesman.Stereotype 固定形式老套a fixed pattern which is believed to represent a type of person or eventvalues – n. (pl.) the established ideas of life, objects, customs, ways of acting, and the like, that members of a given society regarded as desirableOne way to judge a society is to consider its values.Treasure vt. regard as valuable; keep as precious爱惜;热爱;铭记She treasures that doll more than other toys.This pen that my grandfather gave me is one of my most treasured possessions.Resent vt. feel anger and dislike about sth. 憎恨,愤恨He resented being kept waiting.Prejudice 偏见歧视Prejudice against Black people is still common in some parts of America.Show up— (cause sth. to) be easily seenWhite shows up well against blue.This test shows up your weakness in arithmeticConverge vi. (of two or more things) come together towards the same point 会聚,集中All the paths across the park converge at the main gate.Their ideas seem to be converging.Our previously opposed views are beginning to converge.The bottom line 底线Imbue v.1使吸入(水分等);浸染2使感染,使蒙受;鼓吹;灌注v. (with)to fill with (sth., often a strong feeling or opinion)She imbued him with a sense of self-worth.be imbued with patriotism, ambition, love, etc.Yue Fei's mother imbued him with a sense of patriotism.He was able to imbue even the friendliest words with a tone of biting criticism.Their economy has expanded enormously in the last five years whereas ours, by/in contrast, has declined.Get ahead 获得成功出头Have what it takes 获得成功所需的条件Spring from Be a product or result of; originate from 发源于来自Her doubts spring from too much experience of failure.His rude behavior springs from selfishness.What unhappiness can spring from the love of money!Heritage 继承物传统Fair play is part of our heritage. English poetry is one of our great heritages.Orientation n. a direction or position 取向方位His political orientation is clearly radical.他的政治取向显然是激进的。
21世纪大学英语读写教程二(复旦、高教)
complain of 诉说(病痛等)；主诉
minister to 照料；援助
4 / 31
give way to 向……让步；对……屈服
be identified with 与……合成一体；投入；卷入
excel [ik'sel] v.胜过他人
rely [ri'lai] vi.依赖；信任；信赖
historian [his't3:ri4n] n.历史学家
barren ['b1r4n] a.(土地等)贫瘠的，荒芜的
awaken [4'weik4n] vt.使意识到；唤醒
menace ['men4s] n.威胁
abundant [4'b8nd4nt] a.丰富的；充足的
religious [ri'lid94s] a.宗教的
order ['3:d4] n.宗教团体；(尤指)修女会；修道会
adopt [4'd3pt] vt.选……为移居地；收养；采取
clinic [klinik] n.诊所
hostel ['h3st4l] n.招待所
pilgrim ['pilgrim] n.朝圣者
chance upon 偶然碰见；偶然发现
try one's hand 尝试
plunge into 突然或仓促地开始某事；突然冲入
before one knows it 转眼之间，瞬息之间
fall upon 猛攻，猛扑
take refuge
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避难
rely on 依赖，依靠
21世纪大学英语读写教程2reading aloud
Unit 1“Very hesitantly I selected a tube of blue paint,and with infinite precaution made a mark about as big as a bean on the snow-white field.at that moment I heard the sound of a motorcar in the drive and threw down my brush in a panic. I was even more alarmed when I saw who stepped from the car,the wife of Sir John Lavery,the celebrated painter who lived nearby.”“Painting!’she declared.’what fun.But what are you waiting for?’Let me have the brush-the big one.’She plunged into the paints and before I knew it,she had swept several fierce strokes and slashes of blue on the absolutely terrified canvas.Anyone could see it could not hit back.I hesitated no more.I seized the largest brush and fell upon my wretched victim with wild fury.I have never felt any fear of a canvas since.”Unit 2This belief in hard work is the first of three main factors contributing to Asian students’outstanding performance.It springs from Asians’common heritage of Confucianism, the philosophy of the 5th-century-BC Chinese sage whose teachings have had a profound influence on Chinese society.One of Confucius’s primary teachings is that through effort,people can perfect themselves.Confucianism provides another important ingredient in the Asians’success as well.In Confucian philosophy,the family plays a central role-an orientation that leads people to work for the honor of the family,not just for themselves.One can never repay one’s parents,and there’s a sense of obligation or even guilt that is as strong a force among Asians as Protestant philosophy is among those in the West.Unit 3The first cultural translator I ever met was an installation engineer,George by name,who worked for an American company where I was the director of international operations.The company had just started a joint venture with a Japanese firm,and the American management needed someone to train the Japanese employees in its unique technology.George’s solid understanding of the equipment,its installation and use made him the best-qualified employee for the job,so everyone was happy when George accepted a two-year contract for temporary transfer to Japan.From the start,George was well accepted by all the Japanese employees.Japanese managers often distrust anyone sent to represent US owners,but George was so naturally nonassertive that no one could see him as a threat to their careers.So they felt comfortable asking his advise on a wide range of matters,including the odd behavior of their partners across the ocean.Engineers throughout the company appreciated George’s expertise and his friendly and capable help,and they got into the habit of turning to him whenever they had a problem-any problem.And the secretaries in the office were eager to help this nice bachelor learn Japanese.Unit 4Failure is never pleasant.It hurts adults and children alike.But it can make a positive contribution to your life once you learn to use it.Step one is to ask“Why did I fail?”Resist the natural impulse to blame someone else.Ask yourself what you did wrong,how you can improve.If someone else can help,don’t be shy about inquiring.Success,which encourages repetition of old behavior,is not nearly as good a teacher as failure.You can learn from a disastrous party how to give a good one,from an ill-chosen first house what to look for in a second.Even a failure that seems total can prompt fresh thinking,a change of direction.Unit 8When you’re eating among other people,you don’t raise your voice;it’s just one example of the unwritten rules we live by.When you consider it,you recognize that those rules probably govern our lives on a more absolute basis than the ones you could find if you looked in the law books.The customs that govern us are what make a civilization.There would be chaos without them,and yet it’s not at all clear why-even in our disintegrating society-we obey them.How many times have you stopped at a red light late at night?You can see in all directions;there’s no one else around-no headlights,no police cruise idling behind you.You’re tired and in a hurry.But you wait for the light to change.Is it for safety’s sake?No;you can see that there would be no accident if you drove on.Is it to avoid getting arrested?No;you are alone;there’s no one to catch you.Still,you sit and wait.。
21世纪大学英语读写教程第二册单词短语复习
1.absolutely ad. completely；without conditions 完全地；绝对地2.abundance n. a great quantity; plenty 丰富；充裕；大量3.abundant a. plentiful; more than enough 丰富的；充足的4.accompany陪同；陪伴和…一起发生（存在）5.accountant n. 会计师6.accustomed a. regular; usual 惯常的，通常的7.acute 剧烈的，激烈的；深切的（思想或感官）敏锐的；灵敏的3. 尖的，锐的；成锐8.admiralty n.（英）海军部9.afford vt. 买得起担负得起（损失、费用、后果等）10.alarm vt. excite with sudden fear or anxiety 使惊恐；使忧虑惊恐；忧虑警报11.alas int. a cry expressing grief, sorrow or fear 唉（表示悲伤、忧愁、恐惧等）12.alike同样地；相似地；以同样程度想像的，同样的13.amateur 业余（水平）的（运动员、艺术家等）14.amid prep.in the middle of, among 在…之中15.anonymous a.名字不详的；匿名的16.apparent显然的，明明白白的表面上的17.apply应用；实施（尤指以书面形式）申请；请求18.approve . (of) agree (officially) to 同意，批准19.artistic a. 1. of. concerning art or artists 艺术的；艺术家的富有艺术性的20.attention span a length of time over which one can concentrate 注意力的持续时间21.awaken vt. 1. (to) cause to become conscious of 使意识到唤醒22.bachelor n. an unmarried man 未婚男子；单身汉23.ballet n. 芭蕾舞（剧）24.barren. (of land) unproductive （土地等）贫瘠的，荒芜的25.battery n. 2. 电池（组）26.bean n. 豆；蚕豆27.behavio(u)r n. manner of acting 行为；举止28.beloved a. much loved; darling 深爱的；亲爱的29.beneficial 有益的；有帮助的30.blank a. 1. without writing, print or other marks 空白的，无表情的；茫然的31.bloody a. 血腥的，血污的32.bond 联结；联系2. 公债，债券3. 合约33.bound a准备到…去的2. very likely; certain 一定的；注定的34.breakdown崩溃；衰竭2. （关系、计划或讨论等的）中断35.campaign n. 战役，运动36.canvas 帆布画布，油画37.central a. 1. chief, main, of greatest importance 主要的，最重要的（位居）中心的38.claim索赔；宣称；声明；断言panion n. mate; one who associates with or accompanies another 同伴；伴侣plex 错综复杂的2. （词或句子）复合的，复杂的综合体；复合体；群落41.conflict 抵触；争论战争；战斗；冲突vi. (with) 冲突；抵触42.consolation prize安慰奖43.consolation安慰；慰问44.constitute vt. 1. form or make up 形成；构成组建；选派45.constitution n. 制定；设立；组成2. (often cap.) [常大写] 宪法；法规；章程46.constitutional a. allowed or limited by a political constitution 宪法规定的；合乎宪法的47.contemplate vt. look at in a serious or quiet way, often for some time （默默地）注视，凝视48.context背景；环境上下文49.contract 合同，契约v. l. 订（约）；承包2. 收缩，缩小50.contrast 对比；对照v. examine (two things) in order to find or show differences 对比；对照51.converge（在一点上）会合；集中52.cope vi. (with) deal successfully (with a difficult situation) （妥善地）应付或处理53.costly a. expensive, costing a lot of money 代价高昂的；昂贵的54.counterpart对应的人（或物）；对手（方)55.courageously 英勇地，无畏地56.crawl vi. & n. 爬（行）57.crazy a. 1. (infml.) foolish or strange 愚蠢的；古怪的着迷的；热衷的58.critical判断（或评价）审慎的2. 批判的3. 关键的59.criticism n. unfavorable judgment or expression of disapproval 批评；指责60.criticize (-cise)v. 1. make judgments about the good or bad points of 评论批评；指责61.curriculum n. the program of study offered in a school, college, etc. 课程，大纲62.damage 损害；损失损害；损坏；毁坏63.departure n. 1. the act of leaving a place 离开；启程背离；违反64.destructive 破坏（性）的65.device n.. 策略；手段装置；设备66.disaster n. (a)sudden great misfortune 灾难，天灾；祸患67.disastrous a. extremely bad; terrible 灾难性的，糟透的68.discriminate 有差别地对待区别，辨别，区分69.discrimination n. 1. the practice of unfairly treating sb. or sth. 区别对待；歧视识别力；辨别力70.disqualify vt. 取消…的资格；使不适合；使不能71.distinguish 使出众2. recognize 辨别；区分72.distract vt. (from) take (one's mind, sb.) off sth. 转移（注意力）; 使转移注意力73.distrust v. lack trust in; mistrust 不信任；怀疑74.disturb vt. 1. break the peace or order of 扰乱；打扰使心神不安；使烦恼75.disturbance 打扰；扰乱2. sth. that disturbs 造成干扰的事物76.disturbing a. causing worry or fright 令人不安的；令人烦恼的77.downhill 走下坡路的（地）向坡下（的）：向下（的）78.eccentric怪人；偏心圆；【机】偏心器；【天】离心圈古怪的；异乎寻常的79.edit（为出版、广播等而）编辑，编选；剪辑2 主编；充任（报纸等的）编辑80.edition版本81.editorial a. of or done by an editor 编辑的，编者的82.editor校订者；（文字）编辑2. 编辑；主编83.eligible有资格的；合格的；具备条件的；合适的84.emotional （令人）情绪激动的感情（上）的；情绪（上）的85.emphasis强调；重点；重要性86.ensure vt. (esp. BrE) make (sth.) certain to happen 保证，担保87.entry n. 参赛一员2. entrance; the act of entering or the right to enter 进入；进入权88.equipment设备；装备89.escalate（使）逐步升级；（使）逐步加剧90.Excel v. (at) be the beat or better others (at sth.) 胜过他人91.exclaim （由于惊讶、痛苦、愤怒、高兴等而）叫嚷，叫喊92.exclude vt. keep out from a place or an activity 阻止…进入；把…排斥在外93.exclusion n. the act of excluding or fact of being excluded 拒绝；排斥94.exclusive a. (of) not taking into account；without；excluding 不算；不包括；把…排斥在外95.exclusively ad. only；and nothing/no one else 排斥其他地；专有地；单独地96.exhibit展览；表现；展出97.existence n. the state of existing 存在；实有98.expertise 专门知识（或技能、意见等），专长99.extreme 极端的；极度的；最大的末端的；尽头的n. 极端；极度（状态）100.f actor因素，要素101.f ascinate强烈地吸引；迷住102.f ascinating a. having great attraction or charm 吸引人的；迷人的103.f ierce a. 1. angry, violent and cruel 暴怒的；凶猛的；残酷的强烈的104.f lop 失败（者）笨重地行动；沉重地落下105.f oster a. 收养孩子的；寄养的vt. 收养；照料106.f ury n. 1. a wildly excited state (of feeling or activity) 狂热；激烈狂怒107.g ap差距；间隙；缺口；间隔108.g lamo(u)r 魅力；迷人的力量109.g lamo(u)rous 富有魅力的；令人向往的110.g low n. a feeling of warmth or pleasure 热烈发光111.g rief悲哀112.g rieve v. suffer from grief or great sadness （为…而）悲伤；伤心113.g rind n美）［常贬义］用功的学生，书呆子vt. 磨；磨碎114.g uilt n. 1. the feelings produced by knowledge or belief that one has done wrong 内疚罪（行）115.h aste n. quick movement or action 急忙，匆忙116.h astily 匆忙地；草率地；性急地117.h aunt [常被动]（思想、回忆等）萦绕；缠扰；常去118.h eartbreaking a. which causes great sorrow 令人悲痛的，令人心碎的119.h eritage 继承物，遗产；传统120.h eroism n. the quality of being a hero; great courage 大无畏精神；英勇121.h esitantly ad.犹豫不决地122.h istorian n. a person who studies history and/or writes about it 历史学家123.h onor roll（美）光荣榜（指优秀学生名单、当地服兵役公民名单等）124.h orrify vt. shock greatly；fill with horror 吓；使感惊骇125.h orror（文学作品、电影等）意在引起恐怖的恐惧；震惊126.h orsemanship n. the practice or skill of horse-riding 马术；骑术127.i ll ad. 不恰当地；拙劣地不利地；恶劣地；冷酷无情地3. hardly 几乎不；困难地128.i ll-chosen a. not well chosen 选择不恰当的129.i mbue［常被动］灌输（某种强烈的情感或意见）130.i mmigrant n. a person who has come to live in a country from abroad 移民；侨民131.i mpulse（一时的）冲动2. 冲力；脉冲；神经冲动132.i nfinite a. extremely great in degree or amount; without limits or end 无限的；极大的133.i ngredient n. 1. one of the essential parts of a situation 因素；要素2. 成分134.i nherit继承（金钱、财产等）；经遗传获得（品质、身体特征等）135.i nitially最初；开始；起初136.i nquire, enquire询问；查问137.i nquiry, enquiry n. (into, about) an act of inquiring 询问；查问138.i nsight洞察力；了解；洞悉；领悟139.i nstallation n. 1. 安装；设置2. 装置；设备140.j oint venture n. 合资企业141.J oint 共享的；共有的；共同做的142.j ustification正当的理由；辩解的理由143.j ustify 证明…正当（或有理）144.k indergarten幼儿园145.l abel vt 把…称为；把…列为2. 加标签于；用标签标明n. 标签146.l oaf游荡，闲逛（一个）面包147.l ord n. (in Britain) title of some officials of very high rank（英）大臣；大人，阁下148.l oyal a. faithful 忠诚的，忠实的149.l oyally忠诚地，忠实地150.m agic n. 魔法，法术a. 有魔力的151.m anagement管理层；管理部门2. 管理；经营152.m at 地席；席子2. 垫子153.m enace n. a threat or danger 威胁154.m inor a. 较少的，较小的155.m inority少数民族；少数派少数156.m isplace vt. 1. lose (sth.),usu. for only a limited time （暂时）丢弃把…放错地方157.m ission n.［常指军事］任务，天职，使命158.m otivate vt. [常被动] 激发…的积极性2. 使有动机159.m otorcar n. a car 汽车160.m ultitude n. a large number of 大批；大量161.n aivea. 1. too willing to believe or trust 轻信的幼稚的；天真的162.n aturally可预期地，自然地天生地；天然地163.n ervous breakdown 精神崩溃164.n onassertive谦虚的；不武断的165.o bligation n. sth. that one must do out of a duty or promise 义务；责任166.o bsess [常被动]使着迷167.o bstacle168.o dd a. 常用以构成复合词］…以上的；…出头的奇特的；古怪的奇数的，单数的169.o ffspring子女；后代170.o rientation n. a direction or position 取向；方位；定位171.o utstanding a. 杰出的；优秀的2. easily seen, important 显要的；重要的172.o vercome ［常被动］（感情等）压倒，使受不了克服；战胜173.o we vt. (to) 1. have sth. (usually sth. good) because of 把…归功于欠174.o wing a. (to) still to be paid 未付的，欠着的175.p aralyse使瘫痪；使麻痹；使不能正常工作176.p artner n. a person who shares (in the same activity) 合伙人；合作者；伙伴177.p arty n （条约、诉讼、争论等中的）一方，当事人178.p astime n. hobby；sth. done to pass time in a pleasant way 消遣，娱乐179.p ayroll工资表；在职人员名单180.p eak 达到顶峰；达到最大值n. （山）峰；顶峰；尖顶181.p ersonnel人事部门2. ［总称］职员182.p hilosophy n. 哲学183.p lunge vi. (into, in) 1. rush suddenly and deeply into sth. 投身于纵身投入；一头扎入184.p ose引起；假扮；造成（威胁、问题等）；产生185.p ositive a. 1. (of people) sure, having no doubt about sth. 无疑问的；确定的肯定的正面的186.p ractically 几乎，差不多实际上；从实际角度187.p recaution n. 1. carefulness 防备，预防预防措施188.p reclude vt. (fml.) (from) make impossible; prevent 妨碍，阻止；排除；防止189.p redict预报；预言；预告190.p rejudice歧视；偏见；成见191.p restige 声望；威望；威信192.p rimary a. 1. chief, main 主要的2. earliest in time or order of development 最初的193.p riority优先；优先权；重点；优先事项194.p rivately ad. 1非公开地在涉及私（个）人方面；秘密地195.p rivate私（个）人的；秘密的，非公开的196.p robable a. likely 很可能发生的197.p roclaim198.p rofitable有利（可图）的，有赢利的；有益的199.p romising 有前途的；有希望的200.p romotion 提升，晋级促销；宣传201.p rompt vt. 促使；推动；激励迅速的；及时的202.p rone a. (to) habitually likely to do sth. (usu. undesirable) 有…倾向的，易于…的203.p roperly适当地；正确地真正地204.p ropose 建议；提出提名，推荐205.p rospective有望的；可能的；预期的；潜在的206.q ualified 胜任的；合格的207.q ualify （使）取得资格208.r eaction n. response or change caused by the action of another 反应；感应209.r ecommendation n. 1. suggestion, piece of advice 建议2. 推荐信210.r efuge n.避难（所）；庇护（所）211.r efugee n.难民；流亡者212.r ejection （遭到）拒绝；摒弃213.r ely vi. 信任；信赖2. depend with full trust or confidence 依赖214.r epay vt. reward；pay back 偿还；回报215.r epetition 重复；反复216.r epresent 代表2. 象征；体现217.r escue 救助；救援vt. 救助；救援218.R esent vt. feel anger and dislike about sth. 对…表示愤恨219.r etreat n. 1 隐居处，撤退；避难vi. 撤退；退避220.r everse discrimination 逆向歧视，反其道而行之的歧视221.r evive （使）复苏；（使）重振活力恢复生机；复兴；重新流行222.r isk 危险；风险使遭受危险；冒…的风险223.s acrifice n. loss or giving up of sth. of value, esp. for what is believed to be a good purpose 牺牲224.s age 圣贤；哲人225.s avings n. money saved, esp. in a bank 积蓄；存款226.s cholarship n. 1. 奖学金2. 学识；学术成就227.s ensible 合情合理的；明白事理的2. (of) knowing；aware 知道的；意识到的228.s eries 系列；连接2. 丛书；广播（或电视）系列节目229.s etting环境；背景；（戏剧、小说等的）情节背；级230.s hield 保护；庇护n. 盾，盾牌231.s ketch 素描，速写232.s lash n. a long sweeping cut or blow 砍；挥击砍，砍击；猛挥233.s pan 持续时间2. 跨度；跨距234.s ponsor赞助商；发起人；保证人；为慈善活动捐资的人235.s tereotype n.固定形式，老套236.s tock. 库存物；储备树桩；树干备货；储备237.s uccession （前后相接的）一系列，一连串；连续238.s uccessive a. following each other closely 接连的，连续的，相继的239.s urge vi. （如浪潮般）汹涌；奔腾n. （感情等的）洋溢或奔放240.s urpass 超过；超越241.t errify vt. fill with terror or fear 恐吓，使惊吓242.t error 恐怖；引起恐怖的人（或物）243.t he basic point 基本要点244.t he bottom line245.t herapy n. the treatment of mental or physical illness （心理或生理）疗法，治疗246.t hrive繁荣；茁壮成长247.t oe n. 脚趾；足尖248.t oe shoe 芭蕾舞鞋249.t ransplant移植；移居250.t umble 摔下；跌倒；倒塌，坍塌251.u ltimately最终；最后；归根结底；终究252.u naccustomed a. not used (to sth.); not usual （对某物）不习惯的；不寻常的253.u nequipped 未配备所需物品的；无准备的254.u nhealthy a. 有碍健康的体弱多病的，不结实的，不健康的255.v acation n. (esp. AmE) holiday 假期；休假256.v ast a. 1. very large and wide 广阔的；广大的2. great in amount 大量的257.v astly ad. 1. very greatly 非常大地2. 广阔地258.v ictim n.牺牲者，受害者；牺牲品259.v iewpoint. 观点；看法260.V ote 推选2. 投票选举（或制定、决定、赞成、支持、通过261.w atercolo(u)r n. 水彩（颜料）；水彩画262.w hereas 反之，然而263.w retched a. very unhappy or unfortunate 不幸的；可怜的角的第一单元Phrases and Expressionsoverwhelmed by 被……所困惑pay the priceexperience sth. unpleasant because one has done sth. wrong, made a mistake, etc. 付出代价come to sb.'s rescuehelp sb. when he/she is in danger or difficulty 解救某人，救助某人chance uponmeet by chance; find by chance 偶然碰见；偶然发现try one's handattempt (to do sth.), esp. for the first time 尝试plunge intobegin to do sth. suddenly; enter without hesitation 突然或仓促地开始某事；突然冲入before one knows itbefore one has time to consider the course of events 转眼之间，瞬息之间fall uponattack fiercely 猛攻，猛扑take refugeseek protection from danger or unhappiness 避难rely ontrust, or confidently depend on 依赖，依靠fall from officelose a position of authority to which sb. was elected or appointed 离位，下台awaken tocause to become conscious of 使意识到bear fruitproduce successful results 结果实；有成果date fromhave existed since 始自keep sb. companystay with sb. so that he/she is not alone 陪伴某人第二单元Phrases and Expressionsmake it (to) (a place)succeed in getting (to) (a place) 成功抵达某地owe tohave (sth. good) because of 把…归功于…imbue with(use. pass.) fill (sb), with (sth.), esp. a strong feeling or opinion [常被动] 向…灌输…by contrastvery differently (from sth. previously mentioned)；on the other hand 对比之下get aheadbe successful in one's career 获得成功；出头have what it takes(infml.) have the qualifications necessary for success 具备取得成功的必要条件spring frombe a product or result of；originate from 发源于；来自can't wait (for sth.)be excited about and eager (for sth.) 迫不及待，等不及第三单元Phrases and Expressionsrun intounexpectedly begin to experience; meet by chance 意外遇到；偶然遇到a multitude of/multitudes ofa very large number of 许多，众多due tobecause of; caused by 由于，因为by namewith the name of 名叫get into the habit ofdevelop a regular way of doing (sth.) 养成…的习惯come to an end(of sth. which goes on for a while) finish, stop 结束；终了pick upacquire without effort 获得；学会be faced withbe confronted with 面临着（某种情况）at timessometimes; once in a while 有时；间或keep sb. on the payrollkeep sb. employed 使某人留任somehow or otherin one way or another 以某种方式go along withagree with; accept; support 同意；接受；支持the other way aroundin the opposite way 相反地；倒过来；以相反方式thanks toowing to, because of 幸亏；由于；因为smooth overmake (problems or difficulties) seem less serious and easier to deal with 缓和；减轻leave in sb.'s handsgive sb. the responsibility for dealing with sth. 把…交某人管理第四单元Phrases and Expressionsplace/lay/put emphasis on/upongive sth. special force or attention to show that it is particularly important 强调；把重点放在，着重于in the long runafter enough time; in the end 从长远观点来看；终究a world ofa lot of 大量的，无数的be brilliant/best at sth.having or showing great skill at sth. 在某一方面极为出色at the cost of 以…为代价branch out 扩大（兴趣、活动、业务等的）范围count on/uponexpect; depend on 指望；料想；依靠turn down 拒绝（某人或其请求、忠告等）take stock 作出判断，进行评估第五单元Hold onto 抓住，坚持Get by （勉强）对付过去Take(time )off(from sth.) 暂时放下（学业、工作等）；休假Move into 搬入，搬迁Sign up for 签约从事Make (both ) ends meet 使收支相抵；勉强维持As of 自……起Stay up 不睡觉Throw oneself into 投身于；积极从事End up with 结果是，以……告终End up doing sth. 以……结束Make one’s dream come true 使梦想成真Work one’s way through school 靠做工挣钱完成学业Can(‘t) take sth. 能（不能）经受（困难、艰苦努力等）Get up down 被击败第六单元Far and wide 到处，广泛的Dream of 梦想，向往Specialize in 专门从事In use 在使用着的Fall apart 破碎，崩溃In a sense 从某种意义上说Be responsible for 是……的原因；对……负责Hang around (with) （在某处）闲荡；（和某人）厮混At once 同时，一起Struggle away with 努力做某事，艰难地做某事Having nothing to do with 与……无关Bother to do sth 费心去做某事Knock off 敲掉，击倒Work out 想出，得出Have one’s share of sth 享有其中一份，享有自己应得的一份Fit (right ) in （正）相合Mind over matter 精神战胜物质Turn out to be 最后是，结果是。
21世纪大学英语第二册词汇与短语
21世纪大学英语第二册词汇与短语Unit 1 Text AVocabularies & ExpressionsⅠ. Vocabularies1.campaign n.战役；运动【同battle, combat】【例句】Did you serve in either of my last two campaigns?你参加过我上两次战役中的一次吗?【搭配】the campaign against corruption 反腐败运动；on campaign从军；出征；从事运动；参加竞选；begin/start/conduct/launch a campaign开展一场运动2.mission n..（军事）任务；天职，使命【例句】He was sent on a top-secret mission. 他被派去执行一项高度机密的任务。
【搭配】carry out/perform a mission执行命令；accomplish one’s mission完成任务/使命;send sb. on a mission of inquiry 派某人去进行调查【辩析】assignment, mission, taskassignmen t 指职责外另行指派的具体“任务、工作”; mission指被派遣人员领受的正式“使命”，有时专指“军事任务”或飞机、飞船的“飞行任务”; task应用范围较广，既可指职责内的“任务”，一般“工作”，又可指分派或指定的“工作”。
3.loss n.. 丢失；遗失；丧失；损失；输，失败【例句】It was a great loss to us all. 这对我们所有人来说都是一个巨大的损失。
【扩展】lose vt./vi. 丢失；损失；失败【搭配】at a loss不知所措; 亏本；loss of face 丢面子4.grieve vt .使悲痛vi.悲痛，伤心【例句】It grieves me to see him in such bad health. 看到他身体这样差，我心里十分难过。
21世纪大学英语读写教程第二册textA(4-6)
4Vicky —beautiful, talented, very bright, voted "Most Likely to Succeed" in college — got a promising job with a large company after graduation. Then, after two years without promotions, she was fired. She suffered a complete nervous breakdown. "It was panic," she told me later. "Everything had always gone so well for me that I had no experience in coping with rejection. I felt I was a failure." Vicky's reaction is an extreme example of a common phenomenon.Our society places so much emphasis on "making it" that we assume that any failure is bad. What we don't always recognize is that what looks like failure may, in the long run, prove beneficial. When Vicky was able to think coolly about why she was fired, for example, she realized that she was simply not suited for a job dealing with people all the time. In her new position as a copy editor, she works independently, is happy and once again "successful."People are generally prone to what language expert S. I. Hayakawa calls "the two-valued orientation." We talk about seeing both sides of a question as if every question had only two sides. We assume that everyone is either a success or a failure when, in fact, infinite degrees of both are possible. As Hayakawa points out, there's a world of difference between "I have failed three times" and "I am a failure." Indeed, the words failure and success cannot be reasonably applied to a complex, living, changing human being. They can only describe the situation at a particular time and place.Obviously no one can be brilliant at everything. In fact, success in one area often precludes success in another. A famous politician once told me that his career had practically destroyed his marriage. "I have no time for my family," he explained. "I travel a lot. And even when I'm home, I hardly see my wife and kids. I've got power, money, prestige — but as a husband and father, I'm a flop."Certain kinds of success can indeed be destructive. The danger of too early success is particularly acute. I recall from my childhood a girl whose skill on ice skates marked her as "Olympic material." While the rest of us were playing, bicycling, reading and just loafing, this girl skated — every day after school and all weekend. Her picture often appeared in the papers, and the rest of us envied her glamorous life. Years later, however, she spoke bitterly of those early triumphs. "I never prepared myself for anything but the ice," she said. "I peaked at 17 — and it's been downhill ever since."Success that comes too easily is also damaging. The child who wins a prize for a carelessly - written essay, the adult who distinguishes himself at a first job by lucky accident faces probable disappointment when real challenges arise.Success is also bad when it's achieved at the cost of the total qualityof an experience. Successful students sometimes become so obsessed with grades that they never enjoy their school years. They never branch out into tempting new areas, because they don't want to risk their grade - point average.Why are so many people so afraid of failure? Simply because no one tells us how to fail so that failure becomes a growing experience. We forget that failure is part of the human condition and that "every person has the right to fail."Most parents work hard at either preventing failure or shielding their children from the knowledge that they have failed. One way is to lower standards. A mother describes her child's hastily made table as "perfect!" even though it's clumsy and unsteady. Another way is to shift blame. If John fails math, his teacher is unfair or stupid.The trouble with failure - prevention devices is that they leave a child unequipped for life in the real world. The young need to learn that no one can be best at everything, no one can win all the time — and that it's possible to enjoy a game even when you don't win. A child who's not invited to a birthday party, who doesn't make the honor roll or the baseball team feels terrible, of course. But parents should not offer a quick consolation prize or say, "It doesn't matter," because it does. The youngster should be allowed to experience disappointment — and then be helped to master it.Failure is never pleasant. It hurts adults and children alike. But it can make a positive contribution to your life once you learn to use it. Step one is to ask, "Why did I fail?" Resist the natural impulse to blame someone else. Ask yourself what you did wrong, how you can improve. If someone else can help, don't be shy about inquiring.When I was a teenager and failed to get a job I'd counted on, I telephoned the interviewer to ask why. "Because you came ten minutes late," I was told. "We can't afford employees who waste other people's time." The explanation was reassuring (I hadn't been rejected as a person) and helpful, too. I don't think I've been late for anything since.Success, which encourages repetition of old behavior, is not nearly as good a teacher as failure. You can learn from a disastrous party how to give a good one, from an ill-chosen first house what to look for in a second. Even a failure that seems total can prompt fresh thinking, a change of direction.A friend of mine, after 12 years of studying ballet, did not succeed in becoming a dancer. She was turned down by the ballet master, who said, "You will never be a dancer. You haven't the body for it." In such cases, the way to use failure is to take stock courageously, asking, "What have I left? What else can I do?" My friend put away her toe shoes and moved into dance therapy, a field where she's bothcompetent and useful.Though we may envy the assurance that comes with success, most of us are attracted by courage in defeat. There is what might be called the noble failure — the special heroism of aiming high, doing your best and then, when that proves not enough, moving bravely on. As Ralph Waldo Emerson said: "A man's success is made up of failures, because he experiments and ventures every day, and the more falls he gets, moves faster on....I have heard that in horsemanship — a man will never be a good rider until he is thrown; then he will not be haunted any longer by the terror that he shall tumble, and will ride whither he is bound."5While preparing to graduate from high school in 1987, Priscilla Vazquez waited anxiously for her letter from the University of Washington, hoping she would be the first person in her family to attend college. When the acceptance letter arrived, she was overjoyed.There was just one problem: The University of Washington didn't have any grant money to give Priscilla. It offered her only a small loan and expected her family to come up with the rest. "My family was making enough money to get by, but not enough to pay that much for me to go to school," she said.Priscilla called the financial-aid office for advice. They told her that prospective students seeking more financial aid are eligible only if they have lived apart from their parents for a minimum of two years. During that time, their parents cannot have claimed them as a dependent on the family's tax forms. "Hearing this, I was totally stunned," Priscilla recalls. "I realized I was going to have to take some time off, work, become financially independent from my parents, and then reapply to school. Postponing my dream hurt, but it was the only possibility."Within a month, Priscilla had found a job at a restaurant and moved into a cheap apartment in a poor neighborhood of Seattle. She also signed up for a job-training program in the city, to learn to be a secretary. It was a hard lifestyle to adjust to. "I got up at 6 a.m. for a long commute to school, finished class at 2 p.m., started work at three, got off my shift at 11 p.m., and then I came back home and collapsed."Priscilla soon found that her restaurant job just didn't pay enough for her to make ends meet. "So I went to the landlord of my apartment building and asked if there was any cleaning work I could do. Since hefelt sorry for me, he agreed to give me thirty hours a month."The job-training program was designed to last six months. Priscilla finished it in four. "They taught me various office skills and word-processing programs. I also learned to answer the phone in an office setting, and write proper business letters," she said. The program helped Priscilla find employment as a secretary with a small company. "It was my first decent job," she says. "I was nineteen years old, living on my own, and making $15,000 a year."Priscilla reapplied to the University of Washington and was accepted. She qualified for financial aid because she had been independent from her parents for more than two years. As of the fall of 1990, Priscilla was finally a college student — working full-time during the day as a secretary and going to school full-time at night.Balancing work and school was difficult. "I was staying up late studying, and going to work early every morning. I was having a hard time concentrating in class, and a hard time on the job because I was so tired," she says. But she ended up with two A's in her first semester anyway.Priscilla decided to pursue an archaeology major, and in the summer of 1992, she got her first opportunity to really test out her interest in the subject. The archaeological field school of Washington State University was sponsoring a summer research project at a site alongside the Snake River in Washington. Priscilla threw herself into the work, and the project supervisors were impressed. At the end of the summer, one of the professors offered her a job. "He said,‘We just got a contract for a project in North Dakota. We want to hire you if you're willing to take a semester off from school.'" The offer was a diversion from Priscilla's pursuit of her BA. "But by then I no longer doubted that I would ultimately finish school, so I felt comfortable grabbing this opportunity," she says.When the North Dakota project ended, Priscilla moved to California, where she could live rent-free with one of her brothers. "I ended up working three jobs, trying to make as much money as I could," she recalls. "I was tired of working full-time and being a full-time student. My goal was to save enough money to let me go back to school, study full-time and work only part-time." Priscilla's brother ran a house-cleaning service, and he agreed to give her work. And she decided to enroll at a local community college where the tuition was much cheaper.Priscilla took some art classes (she was an amateur photographer) and helped organize a gallery exhibit of students' artwork, including her own. In the spring of 1994, she graduated from Wenatchee Valley College with a two-year Associate of Arts degree. After graduating, Priscilla applied to the University of Washington once more. She wasaccepted and enrolled in the fall of 1994. Not having to work so many hours allowed her to make school her priority. "This was such a luxury, I was almost sorry to graduate!" Priscilla laughs. "But I was awarded my BA in January of 1996."As Priscilla looks back on her years of struggle to make her dream come true, she is cautiously encouraging toward others working their way through school. "To balance work and school, you have to know yourself," she says. "You have to know what you can take and what you can't take. You need a lot of discipline, and you have to stay focused, even when you run into barriers and distractions and delays. But mostly you need determination. If you get put down once, just get back up there and keep fighting."6He has been proclaimed "the finest mind alive", "the greatest genius of the late 20th century", and "Einstein's heir". Known to millions, far and wide, for his book A Brief History of Time, Stephen Hawking is a star scientist in more ways than one. His gift for revealing the mysteries of the universe in a style that non-scientists can enjoy made Hawking an instant celebrity and his book a bestseller in both Britain and America. It has earned a place in the Guinness Book of Records for spending 184 weeks in The Sunday Times "top-ten" lists, and has sold more than five million copies worldwide —virtually unheard-of success for a science book.How did all this happen? How has a man who is almost completely paralysed and unable to speak except through a computer overcome these incredible obstacles and achieved far more than most people ever dream of?Stephen William Hawking was a healthy baby, born to intellectual, eccentric parents. His father Frank, a doctor specialising in tropical diseases, and his mother Isobel, a doctor's daughter, lived in a big old house full of books. Carpets and furniture stayed in use until they fell apart; the wallpaper hung peeling from old age. The family car was a London taxi, bought for ￡50.Hawking has always been fascinated by his birth date: January 8,1942. It was the 300th anniversary of the death of Galileo, the Italian mathematician and astronomer who revolutionised astronomy by maintaining that the Sun is the centre of the Solar System — not the Earth, as ancient astronomers believed."Galileo", says Hawking, "was the first scientist to start using his eyes, both figuratively and literally. In a sense, he was responsible for the age of science we now enjoy."Hawking attended St. Albans School, a private school noted for its high academic standards. He was part of a small elite group, the brightest of the bright students. They hung around together, listened to classical music and read only such "smart" authors as Aldous Huxley and Hawking's hero, Bertrand Russell, at once an intellectual giant and liberal activist.Hawking spent very little time on maths homework, yet got full marks.A friend recalls: "While I would be struggling away with a complicated problem, he just knew the answer. He didn't have to think about it." This instinctive insight also impressed his teachers. One of Hawking's science teachers, for example, recalls the time he posed the question: "Does a cup of hot tea reach a drinkable temperature more quickly if you put the milk in first, or add the milk after pouring?" While the rest of the class struggled over how to even begin approaching the problem, Hawking almost instantly announced the correct answer: "Add the milk after pouring, of course." (The hotter the tea initially, the faster it will cool.) Another teacher relates how Hawking and his friends built a simple computer—and this was in 1958, a time when only large research centres had any computers at all.Hawking the schoolboy was a typical grind, underweight and awkward and peering through eyeglasses. His grey uniform always looked a mess and he spoke rather unclearly, having inherited a slight lisp from his father. This had nothing to do with early signs of illness; he was just that sort of kid—a figure of classroom fun, respected by his friends, avoided by most.Hawking went on to study at Oxford, winning a scholarship to read Natural Science, a course which combines mathematics, physics and astronomy, at University College. He found much of the work easy and averaged only one hour's work a day. Once, when his tutor set some physics problems from a textbook, Hawking didn't even bother to do them. Asked why, he spent 20 minutes pointing out errors in the book. His main enthusiasm was the Boat Club. Many times he returned to shore with bits of the boat knocked off, having tried to guide his crew through an impossibly narrow gap. His rowing trainer suspects, "Half the time, he was sitting in the stern with his head in the stars, working out mathematical formulae."Oxford has always had its share of eccentric students, so Hawking fit right in. But then, when he was 21, he was told that he had ALS—a progressive and incurable nerve disease. The doctors predicted that he had only a few years to live."Before my condition was diagnosed, I was very bored with life," Hawking says today, speaking from his wheelchair through a computerized voice synthesizer. The doctors' grim prognosis made him determined to get the most from a life he had previously taken forgranted."But I didn't die," Hawking notes dryly. Instead, as his physical condition worsened, Hawking's reputation in scientific circles grew, as if to demonstrate the theory of mind over matter. Hawking himself acknowledges his disease as being a crucial factor in focusing his attention on what turned out to be his real strength: theoretical research. Hawking specializes in theoretical cosmology, a branch of science that seeks ultimate answers to big questions; Why has the universe happened, and what are the laws that govern it? His main work has been on black holes and the origin and expansion of the universe. He currently holds the Cambridge University professorship once held by Sir Isaac Newton.The smartest man in the world is not immune to the depression that can accompany severe disabilities. But Hawking says: "I soon realized that the rest of the world won't want to know you if you're bitter or angry. You have to be positive if you're to get much sympathy or help." He goes on: "Nowadays, muscle power is obsolete. What we need is mind power—and disabled people are as good at that as anyone else."。
(完整版)21世纪大学英语读写教程第二册单词
amidprep.in the middle of, among 在⋯之中* disastrousa. extremely bad; terrible 灾难性的，糟透的lordn. （in Britain） title of some officials of very high rank （英）大臣；大人，阁下 admiraltyn. （the A ～）（in Britain） government department in charge of the navy （英）海军部 campaignn. 1. a series of planned military actions 战役2. a planned series of activities, esp. in politics and business 运动bloodya. 1. very violent, with a lot of wounding and killing 血腥的2. covered with blood 血污的missionn. 1. （usu. military） duty or purpose for which people are sent somewhere ［常指军事］任务2. 天职，使命privatelyad. 1. not publicly 非公开地2. personally; secretly 在涉及私（个）人方面；秘密地 privatea. 1. personal; secret 私（个）人的；秘密的2. not public 非公开的disastern. （a）sudden great misfortune 灾难，天灾；祸患* griefn. a feeling of extreme sadness 悲哀* grievev. suffer from grief or great sadness （为⋯而）悲伤；伤心 retreatn. 1. a place into which one can go for peace and safety 隐居处2. 撤退；避难vi. move back or leave a center of fighting or other activity 撤退；退避muse, Musen. 1. （in Greek mythology） one of the nine goddesses of poetry, music, etc. 缪斯（希腊神话中司文艺的九位女神之一）2. a force or person that inspires sb. to write, paint, etc. 创作灵感rescuen. help which gets sb. out of a dangerous or unpleasant situation 救助；救援vt. 救助；救援 sister-in-lawn. sister of one's husband or wife 姑子；姨子；嫂子；弟媳 sketchv. make a quick, rough drawing （of sth.）素描，速写n. 素描，速写watercolo(u)rn. 水彩(颜料)；水彩画magicn. 魔法，法术a. 有魔力的* distractvt. (from) take (one's mind, sb.) off sth. 转移(注意力) ; 使转移注意力* canvasn. 1. a piece of strong heavy cloth used for an oil painting 帆布画布2. a completed oil painting 油画* contemplatevt. look at in a serious or quiet way, often for some time (默默地)注视，凝视 blanka. 1. without writing, print or other marks 空白的2. expressionless； without understanding 无表情的；茫然的 unaccustomeda. not used (to sth.); not usual (对某物)不习惯的；不寻常的 accustomeda. regular; usual 惯常的，通常的hesitantlyad. not doing sth. quickly or immediately for one's uncertainty or worry about it 犹豫不决地 infinitea. extremely great in degree or amount; without limits or end 无限的；极大的 precautionn. 1. carefulness 防备，预防2. an action taken to avoid sth. dangerous or unpleasant 预防措施 beann. 豆；蚕豆motorcarn. a car 汽车alarmvt. excite with sudden fear or anxiety 使惊恐；使忧虑n. 1. a sudden feeling of fear or anxiety 惊恐；忧虑2. a warning of danger 警报plungevi. (into, in) 1. rush suddenly and deeply into sth. 投身于2. suddenly fall in a particular direction 纵身投入；一头扎入 fiercea. 1. angry, violent and cruel 暴怒的；凶猛的；残酷的2. (of heat, strong feelings) very great 强烈的* slashn. a long sweeping cut or blow 砍；挥击vt. cut with long sweeping forceful strokes ；move or force with this砍，kind of cutting movement砍击；猛挥absolutelyad. completely ； without conditions 完全地；绝对地* terrifyvt. fill with terror or fear 恐吓，使惊吓* wretcheda. very unhappy or unfortunate 不幸的；可怜的victimn. sb. or sth. hurt or killed as a result of other people's actions, or of illness, bad luck, etc. 牺牲者，受害者；牺牲品* furyn. 1. a wildly excited state (of feeling or activity) 狂热；激烈2. (a state of) very great anger 狂怒artistica. 1. of. concerning art or artists 艺术的；艺术家的2. made with inventive skill or imagination 富有艺术性的 companionn. mate; one who associates with or accompanies another 同伴；伴侣 beloved a. much loved; darling 深爱的；亲爱的overcomevt. 1. (often pass.) (by, with) (of feelings) take control and influence one's behavior ［常被动］(感情等)压倒，使受不了2. win a victory over; defeat 克服；战胜* refugen. (a place that provides) protection or shelter from harm, danger or unhappiness 避难(所)；庇护(所)alasint. a cry expressing grief, sorrow or fear 唉(表示悲伤、忧愁、恐惧等)* revivev. 1. regain strength, consciousness, life, etc. ； bring (sb. or sth.) back to strength, consciousness, life, etc. (使)复苏；(使)重振活力2. become active, popular, or successful again 恢复生机；复兴；重新流行glown. a feeling of warmth or pleasure 热烈vi. emit a soft light 发光amateura. & n. (a person who is) not professional 业余(水平)的(运动员、艺术家等) entryn. 1. a person or thing taking part in a competition, race, etc. 参赛一员2. entrance; the act of entering or the right to enter 进入；进入权* anonymousa. (of a person) with name unknown ； (of a letter, painting, etc.) written or created by an unidentified person 名字不详的；匿名的disqualifyvt. make or declare unfit, unsuitable, or unable to do sth. 取消⋯的资格；使不适合；使不能 relyvi. (on, upon) 1. have trust or confidence (in) 信任；信赖2. depend with full trust or confidence 依赖* historiann. a person who studies history and/or writes about it 历史学家* barrena. (of land) unproductive (土地等)贫瘠的，荒芜的awakenvt. 1. (to) cause to become conscious of 使意识到2. cause to wake up 唤醒* menacen. a threat or danger 威胁abundanta. plentiful; more than enough 丰富的；充足的abundancen. a great quantity; plenty 丰富；充裕；大量odda. 1. (infml.) (after numbers) a little more than the stated number ［常用以构成复合词］⋯以上的；⋯出头的2. strange or unusual 奇特的；古怪的3. 奇数的，单数的existencen. the state of existing 存在；实有* pastimen. hobby ；sth. done to pass time in a pleasant way 消遣，娱乐Phrases and Expressionspay the priceexperience sth. unpleasant because one has done sth. wrong, made a mistake, etc. 付出代价 come to sb.'s rescuehelp sb. when he/she is in danger or difficulty 解救某人，救助某人 chance uponmeet by chance; find by chance 偶然碰见；偶然发现try one's handattempt (to do sth.), esp. for the first time 尝试plunge intobegin to do sth. suddenly; enter without hesitation 突然或仓促地开始某事；突然冲入before one knows itbefore one has time to consider the course of events 转眼之间，瞬息之间fall uponattack fiercely 猛攻，猛扑take refugeseek protection from danger or unhappiness 避难rely ontrust, or confidently depend on 依赖，依靠fall from officelose a position of authority to which sb. was elected or appointed 离位，下台 awaken tocause to become conscious of 使意识到bear fruitproduce successful results 结果实；有成果date fromhave existed since 始自keep sb. companystay with sb. so that he/she is not alone 陪伴某人第二单元excelv. (at) be the beat or better others (at sth.) 胜过他人savingsn. money saved, esp. in a bank 积蓄；存款heartbreakinga. which causes great sorrow 令人悲痛的，令人心碎的 costlya. expensive, costing a lot of money 代价高昂的；昂贵的 sacrificen. loss or giving up of sth. of value, esp. for what is believed to be a good purpose 牺牲 vt. 牺牲 riskn. (of) a danger； sth. that might have undesirable results 危险；风险vt. place in a dangerous situation 使遭受危险；冒⋯的风险 copevi. (with) deal successfully (with a difficult situation) (妥善地)应付或处理 successionn. a series or the act of following one after the other (前后相接的)一系列，一连串；连续 successivea. following each other closely 接连的，连续的，相继的*fostera. 收养孩子的；寄养的vt. 收养；照料 scholarshipn. 1. 奖学金2. 学识；学术成就owevt. (to) 1. have sth. (usually sth. good) because of 把⋯归功于2. have to pay, for sth. already done or given 欠 owinga. (to) still to be paid 未付的，欠着的motivatevt. (often pass.) 1. provide (sb.) with a (strong) need, purpose or reason for doing sth. [ 常被动 ] 激发⋯的积极性2. 使有动机*surgevi. move, esp. forward, in or like powerful waves (如浪潮般) 汹涌；奔腾n. (感情等的)洋溢或奔放constitutevt. 1. form or make up 形成；构成2. formally establish or appoint 组建；选派 constitutionn. 1. the act of establishing, making, or setting up ； constituting 制定；设立；组成2. (often cap.) [ 常大写 ] 宪法；法规；章程*constitutionala. allowed or limited by a political constitution 宪法规定的；合乎宪法的grindn. (AmE, often derog.) a student who is always working (美) [常贬义]用功的学生，书呆子 vt. 磨；磨碎*stereotypen. a fixed pattern which is believed to represent a type of person or event 固定形式，老套 misplacevt. 1. lose (sth.),usu. for only a limited time (暂时)丢弃2. put in an unsuitable or wrong place 把⋯放错地方 refugeen. sb. who has been forced to leave their country for political reason or during a war 难民；流亡者*resentvt. feel anger and dislike about sth. 对⋯表示愤恨labelvt. 1. describe as belonging to a particular kind or class 把⋯称为；把⋯列为2. 加标签于；用标签标明n. 标签minorityn. 1. a small part of a population which is different from others in race, religion, etc. 少数民族；少数派2. the small number or part ； less than half 少数 minora. 较少的，较小的*discriminationn. 1. the practice of unfairly treating sb. or sth. 区别对待；歧视2. the ability to recognize the difference between two things 识别力；辨别力 reverse discriminationthe making of distinctions in favour of groups considered disadvantaged or underprivileged 逆向歧视，反其道而行之的歧视*discriminatev. 1. (against, in favor of) unfairly treat one person or group worse or better than others 有差别地对待2. see or make a difference between things or people 区别，辨别，区分contrastn. (to, with) a strong difference between two people, objects or situations 对比；对照v. examine (two things) in order to find or show differences 对比；对照excludevt. keep out from a place or an activity 阻止⋯进入；把⋯排斥在外exclusionn. the act of excluding or fact of being excluded 拒绝；排斥exclusivea. (of) not taking into account ； without ； excluding 不算；不包括；把⋯排斥在外 exclusivelyad. only； and nothing/no one else 排斥其他地；专有地；单独地 immigrantn. a person who has come to live in a country from abroad 移民；侨民prejudicen. unfair and usually unfavorable feeling or opinion about a group — e.g.a nationality or race 歧视；偏见；成见seriesn. 1. (of) a set or group of things of the same kind or related in some way, coming one after another or in order 系列；连接2. 丛书；广播(或电视)系列节目fascinatinga. having great attraction or charm 吸引人的；迷人的*fascinatevt. (with) charm powerfully ； be very interesting to 强烈地吸引；迷住disturbinga. causing worry or fright 令人不安的；令人烦恼的disturbvt. 1. break the peace or order of 扰乱；打扰2. cause to become anxious or upset 使心神不安；使烦恼*disturbancen. 1. an act of disturbing or the state of being disturbed 打扰；扰乱2. sth. that disturbs 造成干扰的事物kindergartenn. a school or class for young children, usu. between the ages of four and six 幼儿园 *counterpartn. a person or thing that has the same purpose or does the same job as another in a different system 对应的人(或物)；对手(方 )batteryn. 1. (of) a set or number of things of the same kind occurring in rapid succession 一组；一系列2. 电池(组)*convergevi. (of two or more things) come together towards the same point (在一点上)会合；集中 the bottom linethe basic point 基本要点imbuev. (with)(usu. pass.) to fill with (sth., often a strong feeling or opinion) ［常被动］灌输(某种强烈的情感或意见)*offspringn. a child or children from particular parents 子女；后代 criticala. 1. providing a careful judgment of the good and bad qualities of sth. 判断(或评价)审慎的2. 批判的3. 关键的 criticize (-cise)v. 1. make judgments about the good or bad points of 评论2. judge with disapproval ； point out the faults of 批评；指责 criticism n. unfavorable judgment or expression of disapproval 批评；指责 curriculum n. the program of study offered in a school, college, etc. 课程，大纲factorn. any of the facts, conditions, influences, etc. that act with others to bring about a result 因素，要素outstandinga. 1. better than others, very good 杰出的；优秀的2. easily seen, important 显要的；重要的*heritagen. a tradition, custom, or quality which is passed down over many years within a family, social group, or nation and which is thought of as belonging to all its members 继承物，遗产；传统 philosophyn. 哲学 sagen. sb., esp. an old man or historical person, known for his wisdom and long experience 圣贤；哲人 primarya. 1. chief, main 主要的2. earliest in time or order of development 最初的 ingredientn. 1. one of the essential parts of a situation 因素；要素2. 成分 centrala. 1. chief, main, of greatest importance 主要的，最重要的2. being (at, in, or near) the center (位居)中心的 *orientationn. a direction or position 取向；方位；定位*repayvt. reward ；pay back 偿还；回报 obligationn. sth. that one must do out of a duty or promise 义务；责任guiltn. 1. the feelings produced by knowledge or belief that one has done wrong 内疚2. the fact of having broken a moral rule or official law 罪(行) bondn. 1. sth. that unites two or more people, or groups, such as a shared feeling or interest 联结；联系2. 公债，债券3. 合约crawlvi. & n. 爬(行)horrifyvt. shock greatly ； fill with horror 吓；使感惊骇unhealthya. 1. likely to cause illness or poor health 有碍健康的2. not very strong or well, often ill 体弱多病的，不结实的，不健康的*naivea. 1. too willing to believe or trust 轻信的2. without experience (as of social rules or behaviour), esp. because one is young 幼稚的；天真的 *transplantvt. move sth. from one place and plant, settle or establish elsewhere 移植；移居 recommendationn. 1. suggestion, piece of advice 建议2. 推荐信vacationn. (esp. AmE) holiday 假期；休假vastlyad. 1. very greatly 非常大地2. 广阔地vasta. 1. very large and wide 广阔的；广大的2. great in amount 大量的positivea. 1. (of people) sure, having no doubt about sth. 无疑问的；确定的2. certain, beyond any doubt 肯定的3. (of a statement) direct 正面的spann. 1. the length of time over which a stated thing continues or works well 持续时间2. 跨度；跨距attention spana length of time over which one can concentrate 注意力的持续时间Phrases and Expressionsmake it (to) (a place)succeed in getting (to) (a place) 成功抵达某地owe tohave (sth. good) because of 把⋯归功于⋯imbue with(use. pass.) fill (sb), with (sth.), esp. a strong feeling or opinion [ 常被动 ] 向⋯灌输⋯by contrastvery differently (from sth. previously mentioned) ； on the other hand 对比之下get aheadbe successful in one's career 获得成功；出头have what it takes(infml.) have the qualifications necessary for success 具备取得成功的必要条件spring frombe a product or result of ； originate from 发源于；来自can't wait (for sth.)be excited about and eager (for sth.) 迫不及待，等不及第三单元jointa. shared, held or done by two or more people 共享的；共有的；共同做的joint venturen. 合资企业conflictn. 1. a state of serious disagreement or argument about sth. important 抵触；争论2. war or battle; struggle 战争；战斗；冲突vi. (with) 冲突；抵触*multituden. a large number of 大批；大量*escalatev. make or become greater or more serious (使)逐步升级；(使)逐步加剧emotionala. 1. having or causing strong feelings (令人)情绪激动的2. concerned with emotions and feelings 感情(上)的；情绪(上)的partyn. a person or group of people involved in an argument, agreement, or other activity, esp. a legal matter (条约、诉讼、争论等中的)一方，当事人 exclaim v. speak or say loudly and suddenly, because of surprise or other strong feelings (由于惊讶、痛苦、愤怒、高兴等而)叫嚷，叫喊installationn. 1. 安装；设置2. 装置；设备managementn. 1. the people who control and organize a business or other organization 管理层；管理部门2. 管理；经营equipmentn. the set of things needed for a particular activity 设备；装备 qualified a. having suitable knowledge or qualifications, esp. for a job 胜任的；合格的 qualifyv. （cause to） gain a certain level of knowledge, ability, or performance, or a qualification （使）取得资格 contractn. a formal written agreement, having the force of law, between two or more people or groups 合同，契约v. l. 订（约）；承包2. 收缩，缩小distrustv. lack trust in; mistrust 不信任；怀疑n. lack of trust; mistrust 不信任；怀疑 representvt. 1. act or speak officially for （another person or group of people）代表2. 象征；体现naturallyad. 1. in a manner to be expected, as a natural result 可预期地，自然地2. according to the nature of sb. or sth. 天生地；天然地 nonassertivea. not expressing or tending to express strong opinions or claims 谦虚的；不武断的 behavio（u）rn. manner of acting 行为；举止partnern. a person who shares （in the same activity）合伙人；合作者；伙伴*expertisen. special skill or knowledge in a particular field 专门知识（或技能、意见等），专长 *bachelorn. an unmarried man 未婚男子；单身汉*profitablea. producing or resulting in profit or advantage 有利（可图）的，有赢利的；有益的 thrivevi. develop well and be healthy, strong, or successful 繁荣；茁壮成长properlyad. 1. suitably, correctly, sensibly 适当地；正确地2. really, actually, exactly 真正地tatamin. （日）榻榻米（指日本人铺在房内地板上的稻草垫）matn. 1. a small piece of carpet or other thick material which is put on the floor for protection, decoration, or comfort 地席；席子2. 垫子apparenta. 1. (to) clearly seen or understood 显然的，明明白白的2. seeming; according to appearance 表面上的*surpassvt. exceed; go beyond in amount, quality, or degree 超过；超越 loyally ad. faithfully 忠诚地，忠实地loyala. faithful 忠诚的，忠实的departuren. 1. the act of leaving a place 离开；启程2. turning away from what is planned or what is usually done 背离；违反contextn. 1. the general conditions in which sth. takes place 背景；环境2. what comes before and after a word or sentence which helps to fix the meaning 上下文 horrora. (of a story or film) intended to be very frightening (文学作品、电影等)意在引起恐怖的n. a strong feeling caused by sth. extremely unpleasant 恐惧；震惊 propose vt. 1. suggest; put forward for consideration 建议；提出2. (as, to be) put forward to be voted on 提名，推荐 approver. (of) agree (officially) to 同意，批准 accountantn. 会计师personneln. 1.the department in an organization that deals with employees, keeps their records, and helps with any problems they might have 人事部门2. ［总称］职员justifyvt. give a good reason for 证明⋯正当(或有理)*justificationn. a good or proper reason for doing sth. 正当的理由；辩解的理由 payroll n. a list of workers employed by a company and the amount of wages each person is to be paid 资表；在职人员名单sensiblea. 1. reasonable； having or showing good sense 合情合理的；明白事理的2. (of) knowing ； aware 知道的；意识到的crazya. 1. (infml.) foolish or strange 愚蠢的；古怪的2. (infml.) wildly excited; very keen or interested 着迷的；热衷的accompanyvt. 1. go with, esp. on a journey 陪同；陪伴2. (fml.) appear or exist at the same time or in the same place as 和⋯一起发生(存在) ensurevt. (esp. BrE) make (sth.) certain to happen 保证，担保viewpointn. point of view ； a particular way of considering or judging a situation, person, event, etc. 观点；看法Phrases and Expressionsrun intounexpectedly begin to experience; meet by chance 意外遇到；偶然遇到a multitude of/multitudes ofa very large number of 许多，众多due tobecause of; caused by 由于，因为by namewith the name of 名叫get into the habit ofdevelop a regular way of doing (sth.) 养成⋯的习惯come to an end(of sth. which goes on for a while) finish, stop 结束；终了pick upacquire without effort 获得；学会be faced withbe confronted with 面临着(某种情况)at timessometimes; once in a while 有时；间或keep sb. on the payrollkeep sb. employed 使某人留任somehow or otherin one way or another 以某种方式go along withagree with; accept; support 同意；接受；支持the other way aroundin the opposite way 相反地；倒过来；以相反方式 thanks toowing to, because of 幸亏；由于；因为smooth overmake (problems or difficulties) seem less serious and easier to deal with 缓和；减轻 leave in sb.'s handsgive sb. the responsibility for dealing with sth. 把⋯交某人管理第四单元votevt. 1. choose (sb.) to have (a particular title); elect 推选2. 投票选举(或制定、决定、赞成、支持、通过)vi. (for, against, on) express one's choice officially at a meeting or in an election 投票；选举；表决n. 选举；投票；选票*promisinga. likely to be very good or successful 有前途的；有希望的 promotionn. 1. advancement in rank or position 提升，晋级2. attempt to make a product or an event popular or successful, esp. by advertising 促销；宣传 *breakdownn. 1. physical, mental, or nervous collapse 崩溃；衰竭2. （关系、计划或讨论等的）中断nervous breakdownan unnatural condition of deep worrying, anxiety, weeping or tiredness 精神崩溃 rejectionn. the act of rejecting or being rejected （遭到）拒绝；摒弃 reactionn. response or change caused by the action of another 反应；感应 extremea. 1. greatest possible; of the highest degree 极端的；极度的；最大的2. furthest possible; at the very beginning or end 末端的；尽头的n. 极端；极度（状态）emphasisn. （on, upon） special force or attention given to sth. to show that it is particularly important 强调；重点；重要性 beneficiala. producing favourable effects or useful results 有益的；有帮助的 editor n. 1. a person who checks and corrects texts before they are published 校订者；（文字）编辑2. 编辑；主编editoriala. of or done by an editor 编辑的，编者的editv. 1. prepare for printing, broadcasting, etc., by deciding what shall be included or left out, putting right mistakes, etc. （为出版、广播等而）编辑，编选；剪辑2. be the editor of 主编；充任（报纸等的）编辑editionn. a particular version of a book, magazine, or newspaper that is printed at one time 版本 *pronea. （to） habitually likely to do sth. （usu. undesirable）有⋯倾向的，易于⋯的 applyvt. （to） bring or put into use or operation 应用；实施vi. （to, for） request sth., esp. officially and in writing （尤指以书面形式）申请；请求 complexa. 1. difficult to understand, explain, or deal with; not clear or simple 错综复杂的2. （词或句子）复合的，复杂的n. a system consisting of a large number of closely related parts 综合体；复合体；群落 *precludevt. (fml.) (from) make impossible; prevent 妨碍，阻止；排除；防止practicallyad. 1. (infml.) very nearly; almost 几乎，差不多2. in a practical way 实际上；从实际角度*prestigen. general respect or admiration felt in men's mind for sb. or sth. by reason of having, or being connected with, rank, proved high quality 声望；威望；威信 flopn. (infml.) a failure 失败(者)vi. move or fall heavily or awkwardly 笨重地行动；沉重地落下*destructivea. causing or be capable of causing great damage, harm or injury 破坏(性)的acutea. 1. severe, strong, deep 剧烈的，激烈的；深切的2. (of the mind or the senses) able to notice small differences; working very well; sharp (思想或感官)敏锐的；灵敏的；尖锐的3. 尖的，锐的；成锐角的 loafvi. (infml.) stand or wait in a place without doing anything interesting or useful 游荡，闲逛n. bread, usu. fairly large, in a shape that can be cut into slices (一个)面包 *glamo(u)rousa. having the quality of being more attractive, exciting, or interesting than ordinary people or things 富有魅力的；令人向往的*glamo(u)rn. the exciting and charming quality of sth. unusual or special, with a magical power of attraction 魅力；迷人的力量 peakvi. reach the highest value, level, point, etc. 达到顶峰；达到最大值n. (山)峰；顶峰；尖顶 downhilla. & ad. 1. (becoming) worse or less successful 走下坡路的(地)2. (going) towards the bottom of a hill 向坡下(的)：向下(的) damagen. harm; loss 损害；损失vt. cause damage to 损害；损坏；毁坏 distinguishvt. 1. ( ～oneself) behave or perform noticeably well 使出众2. recognize 辨别；区分 probablea. likely 很可能发生的*obsessvt. （usu. pass.） completely fill the mind of （sb.） so that no attention is given to other matters [ 常被动]使着迷grade-point average, GPA（美）（学生各科成绩的）平均积分点shieldvt. （from） protect or hide from harm or danger 保护；庇护n. 盾，盾牌hastilyad. too quickly 匆忙地；草率地；性急地hasten. quick movement or action 急忙，匆忙devicen. 1. a method of achieving sth. 策略；手段2. an object that has been invented for a particular purpose 装置；设备unequippeda. not equipped with the necessities 未配备所需物品的；无准备的 honor roll （美）光荣榜（指优秀学生名单、当地服兵役公民名单等） consolationn. comfort during a time of sadness or disappointment 安慰；慰问consolation prizea prize given to sb. who has not won the competition 安慰奖alikead. in （almost） the same way; equally 同样地；相似地；以同样程度a. similar in appearance, quality, character, etc. 想像的，同样的*impulsen. 1. a sudden desire to do sth. （一时的）冲动2. 冲力；脉冲；神经冲动inquire, enquirev. ask For information 询问；查问 inquiry, enquiryn. （into, about） an act of inquiring 询问；查问 affordvt. 1. be able to buy 买得起2. be able to do, spend, give, bear, etc., without serious loss or damage 担负得起（损失、费用、后果等）repetitionn. the act of repeating, or sth. repeated 重复；反复ill-chosena. not well chosen 选择不恰当的illad. 1. not well. not enough 不恰当地；拙劣地2. unfavourably; badly, unpleasantly or cruelly 不利地；恶劣地；冷酷无情地3. hardly 几乎不；困难地promptvt. cause or urge; encourage or help sb. to continue 促使；推动；激励a. done without any delay; not late 迅速的；及时的*balletn. 芭蕾舞(剧)*stockn. 1. a supply(of sth.)for use 库存物；储备物2. the thick part of a tree trunk 树桩；树干v. (up) keep supplies of; store 备货；储备 courageouslyad. bravely; in a way showing courage 英勇地，无畏地toe n. 脚趾；足尖 toe shoe 芭蕾舞鞋 therapyn. the treatment of mental or physical illness (心理或生理)疗法，治疗heroismn. the quality of being a hero; great courage 大无畏精神；英勇 horsemanship n. the practice or skill of horse-riding 马术；骑术*hauntvt. (often pass.) be always in the thoughts of (sb.); visit regularly [ 常被动 ]( 思想、回忆等) 萦绕；缠扰；常去terrorn. (sb. or sth. that causes) extreme fear 恐怖；引起恐怖的人(或物) tumble vi. (down) fall suddenly or helplessly; collapse 摔下；跌倒；倒塌，坍塌whitherconj. & ad. (archaic) (to) where 〈古体〉(无论)去哪里 bounda. 1. (for, to) going to or intending to go to 准备到⋯去的2. very likely; certain 一定的；注定的Phrases and Expressions place/lay/put emphasis on/upon give sth. special force or attention to show that it is particularly important 强调；把重点放在，着重于 in the long runafter enough time; in the end 从长远观点来看；终究 a world ofa lot of 大量的，无数的 be brilliant/best at sth.having or showing great skill at sth. 在某一方面极为出色 at the cost of以⋯为代价branch out(into) add to the range of one's interests or activities 扩大(兴趣、活动、业务等的)范围 count on/uponexpect; depend on 指望；料想；依靠turn downrefuse (a request or offer or the person that makes it); reject 拒绝(某人或其请求、忠告等) take stockconsider a situation carefully so as to take a decision 作出判断，进行评估。
21世纪大学英语book II词表
usual
visit
week
whatever
wife
win
within
youngster
yourself
abandon
achieve
action
activity
admire
advice
amateur
appear
apply
assume
athlete
father
few
fountain
graduate
happen
here
human
its
language
method
minus
minute
night
nothing
now
owner
paint
read
reason
research
same
shop
soda
step
factor
feeling
fell
five
four
habit
helping
highly
hire
history
hold
husband
improve
include
independent
insecure
involve
joint
knowledge
lesson
making
talk
traffic
until
venture
wait
walk
washington
21世纪大学英语读写教程第二册 Unit 7 Text A
Start & End
The Cautions Process
The Process Process
Add your text in here
Six Thinking Hats
The Factual Process
The Benefits Process
Dr. Edward de Bono
The Feeling Process
1
A social phenomenon: American education system is in deep trouble
Thinking: A Neglected Art
3
Paras. 1-3
2
Reasons for neglecting thinking Paras. 4-10
Author’s Recommendation
Act of thinking
Intelligence as important as friendliness & Unnatural for mind to die of neglect
Unit Seven Text A Structure
Thinking
Solution to school problems Trouble in American education system
Assignment
Group work
Discussion about “Science is the religion of modern times.” by using Six Thinking Hats;
Writing Write a paragraph by the technique of contrast essay on “The Internet is changing the way we think.” Translation Translate the rest sentences introduced by formal subject It.
21世纪大学英语读写教程第二册textA(4-6)
4Vicky —beautiful, talented, very bright, voted "Most Likely to Succeed" in college — got a promising job with a large company after graduation. Then, after two years without promotions, she was fired. She suffered a complete nervous breakdown. "It was panic," she told me later. "Everything had always gone so well for me that I had no experience in coping with rejection. I felt I was a failure." Vicky's reaction is an extreme example of a common phenomenon.Our society places so much emphasis on "making it" that we assume that any failure is bad. What we don't always recognize is that what looks like failure may, in the long run, prove beneficial. When Vicky was able to think coolly about why she was fired, for example, she realized that she was simply not suited for a job dealing with people all the time. In her new position as a copy editor, she works independently, is happy and once again "successful."People are generally prone to what language expert S. I. Hayakawa calls "the two-valued orientation." We talk about seeing both sides of a question as if every question had only two sides. We assume that everyone is either a success or a failure when, in fact, infinite degrees of both are possible. As Hayakawa points out, there's a world of difference between "I have failed three times" and "I am a failure." Indeed, the words failure and success cannot be reasonably applied to a complex, living, changing human being. They can only describe the situation at a particular time and place.Obviously no one can be brilliant at everything. In fact, success in one area often precludes success in another. A famous politician once told me that his career had practically destroyed his marriage. "I have no time for my family," he explained. "I travel a lot. And even when I'm home, I hardly see my wife and kids. I've got power, money, prestige — but as a husband and father, I'm a flop."Certain kinds of success can indeed be destructive. The danger of too early success is particularly acute. I recall from my childhood a girl whose skill on ice skates marked her as "Olympic material." While the rest of us were playing, bicycling, reading and just loafing, this girl skated — every day after school and all weekend. Her picture often appeared in the papers, and the rest of us envied her glamorous life. Years later, however, she spoke bitterly of those early triumphs. "I never prepared myself for anything but the ice," she said. "I peaked at 17 — and it's been downhill ever since."Success that comes too easily is also damaging. The child who wins a prize for a carelessly - written essay, the adult who distinguishes himself at a first job by lucky accident faces probable disappointment when real challenges arise.Success is also bad when it's achieved at the cost of the total qualityof an experience. Successful students sometimes become so obsessed with grades that they never enjoy their school years. They never branch out into tempting new areas, because they don't want to risk their grade - point average.Why are so many people so afraid of failure? Simply because no one tells us how to fail so that failure becomes a growing experience. We forget that failure is part of the human condition and that "every person has the right to fail."Most parents work hard at either preventing failure or shielding their children from the knowledge that they have failed. One way is to lower standards. A mother describes her child's hastily made table as "perfect!" even though it's clumsy and unsteady. Another way is to shift blame. If John fails math, his teacher is unfair or stupid.The trouble with failure - prevention devices is that they leave a child unequipped for life in the real world. The young need to learn that no one can be best at everything, no one can win all the time — and that it's possible to enjoy a game even when you don't win. A child who's not invited to a birthday party, who doesn't make the honor roll or the baseball team feels terrible, of course. But parents should not offer a quick consolation prize or say, "It doesn't matter," because it does. The youngster should be allowed to experience disappointment — and then be helped to master it.Failure is never pleasant. It hurts adults and children alike. But it can make a positive contribution to your life once you learn to use it. Step one is to ask, "Why did I fail?" Resist the natural impulse to blame someone else. Ask yourself what you did wrong, how you can improve. If someone else can help, don't be shy about inquiring.When I was a teenager and failed to get a job I'd counted on, I telephoned the interviewer to ask why. "Because you came ten minutes late," I was told. "We can't afford employees who waste other people's time." The explanation was reassuring (I hadn't been rejected as a person) and helpful, too. I don't think I've been late for anything since.Success, which encourages repetition of old behavior, is not nearly as good a teacher as failure. You can learn from a disastrous party how to give a good one, from an ill-chosen first house what to look for in a second. Even a failure that seems total can prompt fresh thinking, a change of direction.A friend of mine, after 12 years of studying ballet, did not succeed in becoming a dancer. She was turned down by the ballet master, who said, "You will never be a dancer. You haven't the body for it." In such cases, the way to use failure is to take stock courageously, asking, "What have I left? What else can I do?" My friend put away her toe shoes and moved into dance therapy, a field where she's bothcompetent and useful.Though we may envy the assurance that comes with success, most of us are attracted by courage in defeat. There is what might be called the noble failure — the special heroism of aiming high, doing your best and then, when that proves not enough, moving bravely on. As Ralph Waldo Emerson said: "A man's success is made up of failures, because he experiments and ventures every day, and the more falls he gets, moves faster on....I have heard that in horsemanship — a man will never be a good rider until he is thrown; then he will not be haunted any longer by the terror that he shall tumble, and will ride whither he is bound."5While preparing to graduate from high school in 1987, Priscilla Vazquez waited anxiously for her letter from the University of Washington, hoping she would be the first person in her family to attend college. When the acceptance letter arrived, she was overjoyed.There was just one problem: The University of Washington didn't have any grant money to give Priscilla. It offered her only a small loan and expected her family to come up with the rest. "My family was making enough money to get by, but not enough to pay that much for me to go to school," she said.Priscilla called the financial-aid office for advice. They told her that prospective students seeking more financial aid are eligible only if they have lived apart from their parents for a minimum of two years. During that time, their parents cannot have claimed them as a dependent on the family's tax forms. "Hearing this, I was totally stunned," Priscilla recalls. "I realized I was going to have to take some time off, work, become financially independent from my parents, and then reapply to school. Postponing my dream hurt, but it was the only possibility."Within a month, Priscilla had found a job at a restaurant and moved into a cheap apartment in a poor neighborhood of Seattle. She also signed up for a job-training program in the city, to learn to be a secretary. It was a hard lifestyle to adjust to. "I got up at 6 a.m. for a long commute to school, finished class at 2 p.m., started work at three, got off my shift at 11 p.m., and then I came back home and collapsed."Priscilla soon found that her restaurant job just didn't pay enough for her to make ends meet. "So I went to the landlord of my apartment building and asked if there was any cleaning work I could do. Since hefelt sorry for me, he agreed to give me thirty hours a month."The job-training program was designed to last six months. Priscilla finished it in four. "They taught me various office skills and word-processing programs. I also learned to answer the phone in an office setting, and write proper business letters," she said. The program helped Priscilla find employment as a secretary with a small company. "It was my first decent job," she says. "I was nineteen years old, living on my own, and making $15,000 a year."Priscilla reapplied to the University of Washington and was accepted. She qualified for financial aid because she had been independent from her parents for more than two years. As of the fall of 1990, Priscilla was finally a college student — working full-time during the day as a secretary and going to school full-time at night.Balancing work and school was difficult. "I was staying up late studying, and going to work early every morning. I was having a hard time concentrating in class, and a hard time on the job because I was so tired," she says. But she ended up with two A's in her first semester anyway.Priscilla decided to pursue an archaeology major, and in the summer of 1992, she got her first opportunity to really test out her interest in the subject. The archaeological field school of Washington State University was sponsoring a summer research project at a site alongside the Snake River in Washington. Priscilla threw herself into the work, and the project supervisors were impressed. At the end of the summer, one of the professors offered her a job. "He said,‘We just got a contract for a project in North Dakota. We want to hire you if you're willing to take a semester off from school.'" The offer was a diversion from Priscilla's pursuit of her BA. "But by then I no longer doubted that I would ultimately finish school, so I felt comfortable grabbing this opportunity," she says.When the North Dakota project ended, Priscilla moved to California, where she could live rent-free with one of her brothers. "I ended up working three jobs, trying to make as much money as I could," she recalls. "I was tired of working full-time and being a full-time student. My goal was to save enough money to let me go back to school, study full-time and work only part-time." Priscilla's brother ran a house-cleaning service, and he agreed to give her work. And she decided to enroll at a local community college where the tuition was much cheaper.Priscilla took some art classes (she was an amateur photographer) and helped organize a gallery exhibit of students' artwork, including her own. In the spring of 1994, she graduated from Wenatchee Valley College with a two-year Associate of Arts degree. After graduating, Priscilla applied to the University of Washington once more. She wasaccepted and enrolled in the fall of 1994. Not having to work so many hours allowed her to make school her priority. "This was such a luxury, I was almost sorry to graduate!" Priscilla laughs. "But I was awarded my BA in January of 1996."As Priscilla looks back on her years of struggle to make her dream come true, she is cautiously encouraging toward others working their way through school. "To balance work and school, you have to know yourself," she says. "You have to know what you can take and what you can't take. You need a lot of discipline, and you have to stay focused, even when you run into barriers and distractions and delays. But mostly you need determination. If you get put down once, just get back up there and keep fighting."6He has been proclaimed "the finest mind alive", "the greatest genius of the late 20th century", and "Einstein's heir". Known to millions, far and wide, for his book A Brief History of Time, Stephen Hawking is a star scientist in more ways than one. His gift for revealing the mysteries of the universe in a style that non-scientists can enjoy made Hawking an instant celebrity and his book a bestseller in both Britain and America. It has earned a place in the Guinness Book of Records for spending 184 weeks in The Sunday Times "top-ten" lists, and has sold more than five million copies worldwide —virtually unheard-of success for a science book.How did all this happen? How has a man who is almost completely paralysed and unable to speak except through a computer overcome these incredible obstacles and achieved far more than most people ever dream of?Stephen William Hawking was a healthy baby, born to intellectual, eccentric parents. His father Frank, a doctor specialising in tropical diseases, and his mother Isobel, a doctor's daughter, lived in a big old house full of books. Carpets and furniture stayed in use until they fell apart; the wallpaper hung peeling from old age. The family car was a London taxi, bought for ￡50.Hawking has always been fascinated by his birth date: January 8,1942. It was the 300th anniversary of the death of Galileo, the Italian mathematician and astronomer who revolutionised astronomy by maintaining that the Sun is the centre of the Solar System — not the Earth, as ancient astronomers believed."Galileo", says Hawking, "was the first scientist to start using his eyes, both figuratively and literally. In a sense, he was responsible for the age of science we now enjoy."Hawking attended St. Albans School, a private school noted for its high academic standards. He was part of a small elite group, the brightest of the bright students. They hung around together, listened to classical music and read only such "smart" authors as Aldous Huxley and Hawking's hero, Bertrand Russell, at once an intellectual giant and liberal activist.Hawking spent very little time on maths homework, yet got full marks.A friend recalls: "While I would be struggling away with a complicated problem, he just knew the answer. He didn't have to think about it." This instinctive insight also impressed his teachers. One of Hawking's science teachers, for example, recalls the time he posed the question: "Does a cup of hot tea reach a drinkable temperature more quickly if you put the milk in first, or add the milk after pouring?" While the rest of the class struggled over how to even begin approaching the problem, Hawking almost instantly announced the correct answer: "Add the milk after pouring, of course." (The hotter the tea initially, the faster it will cool.) Another teacher relates how Hawking and his friends built a simple computer—and this was in 1958, a time when only large research centres had any computers at all.Hawking the schoolboy was a typical grind, underweight and awkward and peering through eyeglasses. His grey uniform always looked a mess and he spoke rather unclearly, having inherited a slight lisp from his father. This had nothing to do with early signs of illness; he was just that sort of kid—a figure of classroom fun, respected by his friends, avoided by most.Hawking went on to study at Oxford, winning a scholarship to read Natural Science, a course which combines mathematics, physics and astronomy, at University College. He found much of the work easy and averaged only one hour's work a day. Once, when his tutor set some physics problems from a textbook, Hawking didn't even bother to do them. Asked why, he spent 20 minutes pointing out errors in the book. His main enthusiasm was the Boat Club. Many times he returned to shore with bits of the boat knocked off, having tried to guide his crew through an impossibly narrow gap. His rowing trainer suspects, "Half the time, he was sitting in the stern with his head in the stars, working out mathematical formulae."Oxford has always had its share of eccentric students, so Hawking fit right in. But then, when he was 21, he was told that he had ALS—a progressive and incurable nerve disease. The doctors predicted that he had only a few years to live."Before my condition was diagnosed, I was very bored with life," Hawking says today, speaking from his wheelchair through a computerized voice synthesizer. The doctors' grim prognosis made him determined to get the most from a life he had previously taken forgranted."But I didn't die," Hawking notes dryly. Instead, as his physical condition worsened, Hawking's reputation in scientific circles grew, as if to demonstrate the theory of mind over matter. Hawking himself acknowledges his disease as being a crucial factor in focusing his attention on what turned out to be his real strength: theoretical research. Hawking specializes in theoretical cosmology, a branch of science that seeks ultimate answers to big questions; Why has the universe happened, and what are the laws that govern it? His main work has been on black holes and the origin and expansion of the universe. He currently holds the Cambridge University professorship once held by Sir Isaac Newton.The smartest man in the world is not immune to the depression that can accompany severe disabilities. But Hawking says: "I soon realized that the rest of the world won't want to know you if you're bitter or angry. You have to be positive if you're to get much sympathy or help." He goes on: "Nowadays, muscle power is obsolete. What we need is mind power—and disabled people are as good at that as anyone else."。
21世纪 大学英语读写教程第二册Unit4
Unit 4 Text A Turning failure into successI. Teaching Objectives1. Understand the audio materials of this unit.2. Grasp the key words , phrases and structure.3. Master the skills of writing and reading in this unit.A) An Effective Way of ArgumentationB) Reading between the linesII. Teaching Content1. Lead-in Activities2. Text Organization3. Skill Learning in Writing and Reading4. Language Points (key words, phrases and difficult sentences)5. Grammar Focus (“as if” )6. Guided Practice ( exercises, oral practice and group work )III. Teaching Process1. Warm-up Questions/ActivityIntroduction remarks:What is success? Some people seem to sail easily through life, overcoming every obstacle they encounter with ease. Then there are those manage to avoid most difficulties, by limiting their experience to what’s familiar and easy, and never trying anything new. Are these people successful? Should we all envy them, admire them, imitate them? The texts in this unit take a different approach to success. Text A looks into the psychology of success, and comes to the conclusion that one of the most essential ingredients in success is---failure!Questions:What kinds of people are successful? List some successful people. Did they all sail through life easily?Is success necessarily good? What kinds of success can be harmful ?Can you recall any failure that upset you? What effect did that failure have on you?What have you learned from failure ? Is failure necessarily bad?How can we turn failure into success?(people who have a lot of money, have an important orpowerful job, have a happy family life; famous actors, singers; famous politicians, scientists…)---No, certain kinds of success are damaging or destructive.What are they according to the text? 1. Success that comes too early 2. Success that comes too easily 3. Success that is achieved at the cost of the total quality of an xperience. Never pleasant, a natural feeling of disappointment , A nervous breakdown, Feeling depressedWhat can we learn from failure? We can learn to face defeat with courage.A failure can prompt fresh thinking, a change of direction, We can learn to use it to make a positive contribution to our life.Is failure necessarily bad? No, what you have learned from failure will lead you to success. In the long run, it may prove beneficial.How can we turn failure into success ?2. Text OrganizationThe text can be divided into 5 parts:Part One.(para1) Beginning --- introduce an extreme example of a common henomenon of failurePart Two.(para2-7) Development ---it is wrong to assume that any failure is bad and any success is good.Part Three.(para8-10). Further development --- the reason why so many people are so afraid of failurePart Four.(para11-14). Solution --- how to learn to use failure so that it makes a posotive contribution to our live.Part Five.(para15) Summary and a final touch --- Nobel failure is a special heroism3.Skill learning in writing and readingA). Effective Way of ArgumentationFirst to present a viewpoint Then argue against it by presenting another point of view with supporting ideas ( Examples :para 2 and 3 )B) Reading between the linesReading between the lines means drawing inferences about the author’s ideas from what is written and from what is not written.Although it’s tricky — rather like detective work! —you may discover the author’s real meaning by using context clues, common sense and our knowledge of the world — by connecting ideas and drawing conclusions — by forming and testing ideas about what the author was trying to say.As you read the text the first time, use context clues, common sense and your knowledge of the world to speculate about the possible answers to the questions between the paragraphs, and note your ideas in pencil (in Chinese or English) in the margins. Keep checking and modifying your ideas as you read further.4. Language Points1). voted "Most Likely to Succeed" in college ---chosen in college for the title of "Most Likelyto Succeed" by students who votedvote ----(esp. passive) declare sb./sth. to be good, bad, etc. by general consentExamples:The show was voted a great success.The children all voted the trip the best they had ever had.2). It was panic. ----The fact (that I was fired) caused uncontrollable fear (in me).panic ----n. a feeling or state of sudden uncontrollable and quickly spreading fearExamples:He got into a panic about examinations.The thought of flying alone filled me with panic.There is a strong likelihood of panic if a fire starts in the building.3).... I had no experience in coping with rejection. ----. I had never experienced a denial and didn't know what to do with it.rejection ----n. the act of refusing to grant or the state of being denied of (a request, demand, etc.) Examples:I've applied for ten jobs, but all I've got is rejections.He did not ask her to marry him out of fear of rejection.cope with ----(See Note 9 deal with)4). a failure ----a person, an attempt or a thing that failsExamples:He is a failure as a teacher.I'm a bit of a failure at painting.The meeting/project was a complete failure.5). Vicky's reaction is an extreme example of a common phenomenon. ----Such feelings people have (when rejected) are very common, but in Vicky's case they are especially serious and unusual.6). place emphasis on "making it" ----give special importance to "being successful"7). what we don't always recognize ----what we sometimes fail to seeIn the statement, the scope of negation extends from the negative word "not" itself only to the adverbial "always" rather than to the verb "recognize", i.e. only the adverbial is within the stretch of language over which the negative meaning operates.Examples:He is not always at home in the evening (= He's often at home in the evening, but not always). Things do not always go right (= Things normally go right, but not always).8). in the long run ----eventually; in the endExamples:It pays to buy goods of high quality in the long run.Studying may be difficult just now, but you will benefit in the long run.Physical exercises will be for your health in the long run.9). a job dealing with people ----a job that involves handling human relationsdeal with sth. ----handle or attend to sth. (usu. sth. that needs attention or concern)Examples:Haven't you dealt with that letter yet?The Finance Officer deals with all the finances of the university.Cf. cope with sth. ----deal with sth. successfully (usu. sth. difficult or unpleasant that one must accept or endure)Examples:We must try to cope with our own failure.Poor families have to cope with a lot of problems.10). a copy editor ----an editor of written material11). People are generally prone to what language expert S. I. Hayakawa calls "the two-valued orientation". ----People generally tend to look at things as having only two values, or two sides: anything that is not good must be bad, that is not true be false ----this two-valued logic is called "the two-valued orientation" by Hayakawa.orientation ----n. a usu. general and lasting direction of thought, interest or viewbe prone to ----be likely to ( sth. or do or suffer from sth., esp. sth. bad or harmful)Examples:He is prone to lose temper when others disagree with him.Kids are all prone to eat junk food.My sister is prone to flu.12). ..., infinite degrees of both are possible. ----... there can be many, many different levels ofboth success and failure.13). a world of difference ----a great deal of differencea world of ----a large amount of; lots ofExamples:There's a world of difference in the performance of the two cars.That experience gave him a world of good.There is truly a world of difference between the old Chinese society and the new.14). Indeed, the words failure and success cannot be reasonably applied to a complex, living, changing human being. ----It is certainly unfair just to call someone a failure or a success, for a human being is a complex, living thing that keeps changing.apply to ----use (a particular word or name) to describe (sth. or sb.)Examples:I'd never apply the word "readable" to any of his books.The term "mat" can be applied to any small rug.15). In fact, success in one area often precludes success in another. ----In fact, someone who is successful in one area is often prevented from achieving success in another area.preclude ----vt. make sth. impossibleExamples:These conditions preclude us from joining in this event.Age alone will not preclude him from standing as a candidate.This contract does not preclude my being employed by others at the same time I am working for you.16). even when I'm home ----even when I don't travel; even when I'm in my own country home ----ad. at, in or to one's home .or country17). marked her as "Olympic material" ----distinguished her as a potential Olympic athlete mark as ----be a distinguishing feature of... asExamples:These qualities mark the film as exceptionally good.Hard work has marked Asian Americans as a model minority.material ----n. someone who is good enough for a particular job or position18).1 never prepared myself for anything but the ice,... ----I set my mind to a career on the ice and nothing else,...prepare oneself for sth. ----make oneself mentally or physically ready to expect sth.19). distinguish oneself ----deserve to be noticed by doing sth. very wellExamples:He distinguished himself in the debate.She distinguished herself in British theatre at a very early age.McEnroe first distinguished himself by winning a junior tournament at Wimbledon.20). it's achieved at the cost of the total quality of an experience ----it (success) is achieved at the price of losing the complete worth of something one is doingat the cost of---- involving the loss ofExamples:He saved the children from the fire at the cost of his own life.The poor fox escaped from the trap at the cost of a leg.21). become obsessed with grades ----become too much concerned about one's performances on tests and exams22). They never branch out into tempting new areas, because they don't want to risk their grade-point average. ----They always stick to what they are learning and never try anything new and interesting because they don't want to do anything that may result in a lower GPA.branch out ----extend or expand one's activities or interests into another direction; begin doing other things alsoExamples:The bookstore has decided to branch out into selling records and tapes.She's leaving the company to branch out on her own.First Jim collected stamps; then he branched out and collected coins, too.23). no one tells us how to fail so that failure becomes a growing experience ----no one tells us beforehand how to cope with failure so that we can learn something from ita growing experience ----a learning experience24). Faihire is part of the human condition ----failure is one of the things that human existence depends on25). shielding their children from the knowledge that they have failed ----protecting their children from knowing that they have failed26).make the honor roll or the baseball team----earn a place in the honor roll or become a member of the baseball team27). because it does = because it matters28). Resist the natural impulse to blame someone else. ----Do not be tempted by the instinctive desire to blame your failure on other people.29). a job I'd counted on ----a job which I had expected to get30).1 hadn't been rejected as a person ----I had not been denied of the job because of anything in my personality31). Success... is not nearly as good a teacher as failure. ----Success ... teaches you to perform better far less than failure does.not nearly ----far from; much less thanExamples:There is not nearly enough (= There is much too little) for all these people!They don't have nearly so many foods to choose from as we do.32). Even a failure that seems total can prompt fresh thinking, a change of direction.----Even what appears to be a complete failure can inspire new ideas or a change in your course of action. prompt ----vt. inspire or cause (a feeling or reaction)Examples:Her remarks were prompted by her worries about the future.The letter prompted thoughts of his distant home.What prompted you to do such a silly thing?a change of direction ----a change in one's mind about sth. or in the way of doing sth.33). turn down ----refuse to accept (sb. or sth. usu. an offer, request or invitation); reject Examples:She turned him down; she wouldn't marry him.Pauline has turned down offers from several different law firms.Why was I turned down for the job---- Is it because I'm a woman----34). Y ou haven't the body for it. ----You are not physically fit for it.35). the way to use failure is to take stock courageously ----the way to benefit from failure is to think carefully and form an opinion about it without hesitationtake stock (of) ----1) examine or evaluate what one possesses, what one needs, etc.Examples:It's time to take stock of your life and decide where you want to go.At the age of 25,1 began to take stock of my career so far.2) count exactly the items of merchandise or supplies in stockExamples:The grocery store took stock every week on Monday morning.The stores are closed so they can take stock of their inventory.36). My friend ... moved into dance therapy. ----My friend ... changed her career and took up dance therapy.move ----vi. change from one job, interest, etc. to another37). Though we may envy the assurance that comes with success, most of us are attracted by courage in defeat. ----Though we may admire the confidence that people gains from their success, most of us are impressed by the courage that people show when they fail.5. Grammar focus:a)“as if” used to introduce something unreal or unlikely to happenWhen “ as if” is used to introduce a clause of unreal or unlikely condition, the subjunctive mood is normally required;6. Guided Practice (exercises, oral practice and group work)1) SummaryA. Ask several students to retell the text by using their own words.B. Talk about the main idea or theme of the text.2). ExercisesA. Comprehension of the text(During the period of preview or discussions in class).B. vocabulary IV--VII(homework)C. Translation( on exercise-book)7. After-class AssignmentsWe’ve just learned an effective way of argumentation: first to present a viewpoint and then to argue against it by presenting another point of view with supporting ideas. Try the same thing as you write your own paragraphText B Failure---- No! Just Temporary Setbacks Language Points1. visit with sb. ----(AmE) talk socially with sb. on a short visit2. a tract house----a house in an area for real-estate development; one of many similarly designed houses built on a tract of land3. Then the bottom fell out. ----Then a financial collapse occurred.Examples:The bottom fell out of his world (= Life lost its meaning for him ) when his wife died.The bottom has fallen out of the market (= Trade has fallen to a very low level).4. I was determined that my children would not lose their home as I often had as a child. ----I made up my mind to earn money to make the monthly payment for the house so that my children would not suffer as I had often suffered when I was a child from not having our own house.5. Recession. ----It was a recession period.6. advertising space ----(part of) a page in a publication (as a newspaper) set aside for advertising7.every advertising prospect I had worked on ----every possible buyer of advertising space whom I had tried to persuadeprospect ----n. a possible or likely customer or clientwork on sb. ----attempt to influence sb.Examples:Can you work on the manager?He might accept our suggestions if someone works on him properly.8. My heart sank. ----I suddenly lost hope and began to feel sad.9. approach (sb.) ----vt. speak or write to (sb.), esp. for the first time in order to ask him to do sth. or find out his opinionExamples:We've just approached the bank for a loan.I'm going to approach my uncle to see if he will give me a job.10.1 smiled my best smile ----I tried my best to give a most pleasant smilesmile a ... smile ----give a (specified type of) smileExamples:She smiled a broad smile.I smiled a bitter smile.11.1 made it as far as the beautiful old soda fountain... ----I had only the strength to walk to the beautiful old soda fountain ...12. lose one's home ----no longer have one's own househome ----n. a house, an apartment, etc. in which one livesExamples:Homes for Sale!The family has three homes ----an apartment in town, a country house and a beach house.13. She took my marked issue of the newspaper... and carefully read... all the way through. ----She took the copy of the newspaper on which I had made marks ... and carefully read ... from beginning to end.issue ----n. one of a regular series of newspapers, magazines, etc.14.... Ruben was a darling man who bought from everyone. ----.. Ruben was a well-liked person and he bought advertising from everyone.。
《21世纪大学英语读写教程》第二册课后答案及翻译
第一单元StructureVII.1. Amazed at the great changes that are taking place in shanghai, many foreign visitors leave China with a completely new view of our country.2. Unpleasantly startled by the appearance of a mouse, we promptly decided to clean our apartment.3. Tired of their own cooking, they’ve decided to go to a restaurant for a change.4. Frightened by the horror film, the little girl was alert to every sound in the house that night.5. Deeply disappointed with the actress’s performance, tom soon switched to another channel.6. Embarrassed about still being in bed at 10 a.m., when my friends came I pretended to be sick with a terrible headache. VIII.1. So I did2. So did my brother3. So she was4. So they do; so do his classmates5. So am IClozeIXlonely; overcame; refuge; finally; however; where; delighted; contemplated; entry; campaign; distract; plunged into; Within a month; rescue; when; overwhelming第二单元StructureVII.1. After the earthquake the government spent millions of dollars to help the victims rebuild their houses.2. ill you reconsider your decision? No one wants you to leave.3. Some of Lu Xun’s writings were lost for decades, but they were rediscovered in the mid-80s.4. I see no need to restate the policy on late homework.5. The library’s been rearranged, and I can’t find any of the books I need.6. I hope this dictionary will be reprinted soon—I’d like to buy one.7. Stevie Wonder’s earliest albums have been unavailable for several years, but they’re being re-released next month.8. I didn’t care much for the book the first time, but I enjoyed it when I reread it.9. John Harding is best known for reinterpreting Shakespeare’s plays.10. You’ve misunderstood me—let me rephrase what I said.VIII.A. gardener calculator receiver container commander remainder hike inspector steamer processorsupervise builder contributor consumer paint teenagerB. 1.superviser 2. inspector 3. remainder 4. processor 5. gardener6. calculator7. commander8. container9. hiking 10. teenagersStructureIX1. It was for the benefit of the old people in the neighborhood that we organized this volunteer group.2. It is only when we look back that we realize how far we have come.3. It is his secretary who does all the work.4. It is through the act of giving that we experience our fullest strength and power.5. It was gold that led them to undertake the long and risky journey to California.6. As I recall, it was you who suggested this idea in the first place.7. It wasn’t until last week that they finished their report on the project.8. It’s her beautiful eyes that I can’t forget.X.1. The elephant weighs about 3,600 kg, whereas the blue whale weighs up to 130, 000 kg.2.The word ‘youngster’ has a cheerful connotation, whereas ‘offspring’ sounds rather clinical.3. Confucianism emphasizes family ties, whereas Protestantism teaches individual responsibility.4.The earliest mammals appeared on the earth hundred millions years ago, whereas the first evidence of humans dates from only about one million year ago.5. The aim of the natural science is to predict and control natural process, whereas the aim of the social science is to understand human behavior.6. He must be about sixty, whereas his wife looks about thirty.ClozeXIII1. immigrant2. than3. obligation4. motivated5. widespread6. however7. although8. discrimination9. but/although 10. One day11. guilty 12. horrified 13. repay 14. owe第三单元ClozeVIII.1. among2. conflicts3. made4. understanding5. since6. conscious of7. so8. run into9. with 10. crazy 11. that is12. since 13. That’s is 14. escalating 15. parties第四单元元StructureVII.1. a) their laughter and conversation sound as if they’re enjoying each others’ company.b) Their laughter and conversation sound as if they were in the same room with us.2. a) the secretary has been working in her office late every night this week, as if her boss is under serious deadline.b) The secretary has been staying in her office late every night this week, as if she had no home to go to.3. a) you’re so pale! You look as if you’re getting sick.b) You’re so pale! You look as if you had seen a ghost.4. a) he acts as if he has a very high opinion of himself.b) He acts as if he were the heir to the throne.ClozeVIII.1 prone2 in the long run3 preclude4 obsessed5 though6 distinguishing7 positive 8 beneficial 9 Even if 10 therapy第五单元StructureIX.1. If only you could say longer in Britain- your English might improve.2. children may enter the club only if they are accompanied by adults.3. if only you told me you had a spare ticket for the show.4. you can go to the sky-diving exhibition only if you promise you won’t try if yourself.5. the students at this university are allowed to take up part-time employment only if it doesn’t interfere with their studies.6. If only she hadn’t told my mother, everything would have been all right.X.1. having traveled a lot, he knows a great deal about other culture.2. having finished all her housework, she decided to see what was on TV.3. having spent nearly all our money, we couldn’t afford to stay in a hotel.4. having forgotten his telephone number, she didn’t know how to get in touch with him.5. having cleaned the windows, he started to mop the floor.6. having taken the medicine you gave me, I feel much better.XI.1. Seeing so many people around her living in poverty2. Bringing up the subject at the meeting3. Looking back on the past4. Staying up late studying before an examination5. Working full-time and being a full-time student6. Living at home rent-freeClozeXIV.1. knowing2. out3. inquired4. stunned5. priority6. stunning7. available 8. As 9. up 10. make 11. on 12. get 13. ultimately 14. first 15. assume第六单元StructureVIII.1. Originally located in London, the museum was moved to Hertfordshire in 1946.2. Asked what his plan was for the coming year, the manager promised to further develop the domestic market.3. Composed in 1878, this symphony is based on a classical Chinese love story.4. Designed for visitors to touch or play with, many modern museum exhibits are at once entertaining and educational.5. Aided by technology, science helps mankind to gain increasing control over the environment.IX.1. A star scientist in more ways than one, Steven Hawking has achieved far more than most people ever dream of.2. An Italian mathematician and astronomer, Galileo was the first scientist to start using his eyes, both literally and figuratively.3. A figure of classroom fun, hawking spoke with a slight lisp inherited from father.4. A group of some forty students, the Poetry Society holds regular meetings where the members recite their poems.5. A fascinating combination of ancient and modern China, Beijing attracts huge numbers of tourists from around the world every year.ClozeXII.1. Accompanying2. Behind3. device4. pose5. awkward6. remaining7. out8. into9. by 10. ___ 11. govern 12. in 13. ___ 14. as if 15. ultimate 16. At last翻译Unit1l 老伴60多岁中风去世时，那位72岁的退休教授不胜悲痛。
21世纪大学英语读写教程第二册Unit4
21世纪大学英语读写教程第二册Unit4Unit4 Turning Failure into success1.vote(sb.) to have (a particular title); elect2. 投票选举(或制定、决定、赞成、支持、通过)vi. (for, against, on) express one's choice officially at a meeting or in an electionn. 选举；投票；选票Examples:She was voted Best Director at the Shanghai Film Festival.A woman was shouting “Vote for Kennedy! Vote Kennedy!”We called a meeting in order to take a vote on the issue.2.Promotionadvancement in rank or position2) attempt to make a product or an event popular or successful, esp. by advertisingExamples:The promotion of Anne to vice president was expected.The promotion of the new product cost thousands of dollars.3.Nervous breakdownan unnatural condition of deep worrying, anxiety, weeping or tirednessTo have a nervous breakdown is to become mentally ill, usually as a result of working too hard or of difficult emotional problems, and be temporarily unable to deal with ordinary things such as working or looking after your family.Examples:He was forced to give up his job after suffering a nervous breakdown.After her divorce, Laura had a nervous breakdown and was off work for three months.4.Panicn. a feeling or state of sudden uncontrollable and quickly spreading fearExamples:He got into a panic about examinations.The thought of flying alone filled me with panic.There is a strong likelihood of panic if a fire starts in the building.5.Rejectionn. the act of rejecting or being rejectedExamples:John was angered by his classmates' rejection of his proposal.I've had so many rejections that I've stopped offering to help her.6.Reactionn. response or change caused by the action of anotherExamples:My reaction to Bob's insult was to leave the room.Reactions to the proposal so far have been favorable.A chemical reaction is two or more substances reacting with and changing each other.Example:The explosion was caused by a chemical reaction.7.place emphasis onGive sth. special force or attention to show that it is particularly importantExamples:In Japanese society, a lot of emphasis is laid on academicsuccess.This dictionary places a special emphasis on grammar.8.In the long run--after enough time; in the endExamples:It pays to buy goods of high quality in the long run.Computers can, in the long run, be made more secure than any bank.9.Beneficiala. producing favorable effects or useful resultsExamples:Sunshine and rain are beneficial to the crops in the field.This new drug is beneficial for sufferers from AIDS.10.Deal with1). a job dealing with people -- a job that involves handling human relations2). deal with sth. -- handle or attend to sth. (usu. sth. that needs attention or concern)Examples:Haven't you dealt with that letter yet?The Finance Officer deals with all the finances of the university.11.Be prone to1. (to) habitually likely to do sth. (usu. undesirable )Examples:He is prone to lose temper when others disagree with him.Angela is rather prone to exaggeration.2. To be prone to also means to be likely to become ill or to get a particular illness.Examples:You're more prone to illnesses when you're tired.My sister is prone to flu.12.Orientationn. a usu. general and lasting direction of thought, interest or view-- People generally tend to look at things as having only two values, or two sides: anything that is not good must be bad, that is not true be false-- this two-valued logic is called “the two-valued orientation” by Hayakawa.17. a world of = a lot ofThere's a world of difference between the old Chinese society and the new one.That experience gave him a world of good.18. complexa. 1. difficult to understand, explain, or deal with; not clear or simple2. (词或句子)复合的, 复杂的n. a system consisting of a large number of closely related parts 综合体；复合体；群落Examples:The student thought the algebraic formula was complex.a complex problem/ issue/ mattera complex sentence/ wordan office complex（综合办公楼）a shopping complex（综合商场）19.precludevt. (fml.) (from) make impossible; preventPreclude is often used of a situation or condition or some anticipatory measures that prevent the possibility of a thing's occurring or of a person's doing something.Examples:He makes everything so clear that all misunderstanding is precluded.The fact that your application was not successful this time does not preclude the possibility of you applying again next time.20. practically. (infml.) very nearly; almost2 .in a practical wayExamples:There is a television in practically every American home.It's practically impossible to get home in less than an hour.Theoretically, it's a good idea to live without a car, but practically speaking, it would be difficult to manage without one.21. prestigen. general respect or admiration felt in men's mind for sb. or sth. by reason of having, or being connected with, rank, proved high qualityExamples:a man of high prestigeMany people are attracted by the prestige of working for a top company.22. marked he r as “Olympic material”-- distinguished her as a potential Olympic athletemark as: be a distinguishing feature of ... asExamples:These qualities mark the film as exceptionally good.Hard work has marked Asian Americans as a model minority.material -- n. someone who is good enough for a particular job or position23. peak1. vi. reach the highest value, level, point, etc.2. n. (山)峰；顶峰；尖顶Examples:The mountain peaks at 15,000 feet.The tennis player peaked when she was 21.As the sound reached its peak, a window broke.24. downhilla.& . (becoming) worse or less successful2. (going) towards the bottom of a hillExamples:Investors were panicked（恐慌）by the downhill slide of the stock market.Everything went downhill for the team when the star athlete retired.The ball rolled downhill and landed in a puddle25. damagen. harm; lossvt. cause damage toExamples:The fire did a lot of damage to the factory.The accident caused the child a lot of emotional and physical damage.Someone damaged my book by spilling milk on it.The political scandal damaged a lot of reputations.26. distinguishvt. 1. ( ~ oneself) behave or perform noticeably well2. recognizeExamples:He distinguished himself in the debate.McEnroe first distinguished himself by winning a juniortournament at Wimbledon.To distinguish A from B or to distinguish between A and B is to notice or understand the difference between two things.Examples:She's color-blind and can't distinguish between red and green easily.I sometimes have difficulty distinguishing Spanish from Portuguese.27. at the cost ofExamples:He saved the children from the fire at the cost of his own life.The driver managed not to hit the child, but only at the cost of injuring himself.28. be obsessed withvt. (usu. pass.) completely fill the mind of (sb.) so that no attention is given to other mattersIf you are obsessed with something or something obsesses you, you have an unreasonably strong interest in it and can't stop thinking about it or doing it.Examples:Why are people so obsessed with money?Bill is obsessed with keeping his house clean.The idea of finding her real mother seemed to obsess her.29. branch out(into) add to the range of one‘s interests or activitiesExamples:First Jim collected stamps; then he branched out and collected coins, too.Many businesses are unwilling to branch out into new and unfamiliar areas.The bookstore has decided to branch out into selling records and tapes.30. shieldvt. (from) protect or hide from harm or danger 保护；庇护n. 盾，盾牌Examples:The heavy coat shielded me from the cold.The knight's sword struck the soldier's shield.31. devicen. 1. a method of achieving sth.2. an object that has been invented for a particular purposeExamples:That rather cool manner of hers is just a device to avoid having to talk to people.Dave bought a special device to peel potatoes.32. impulsen. 1 .a sudden desire to do sth. (一时的)冲动2.冲力；脉冲；神经冲动Examples:Susan had a sudden impulse to smoke a cigarette.An electrical impulse shocked Mary when she touched the electric fence.If you do something on impulse, you do it because you feel an impulse.Examples:I didn't need a mobile phone. I just bought it on impulse.Some people just can't help acting on impulse.32. enquirev. ask for informationInquire is American, while enquire is British. One enquires ofsomebody about some information. If you enquire after someone, you ask for information about them, especially about their health. If you enquire into something, you try to discover the facts about it.Examples:Shall I enquire about the price of tickets?“So what happens now?” She enquired of nobody in particular.Robert enquired after his father.When the authority enquired into his background, they found that he had a criminal record.He enquired the time from a passer-by.33. count on1. expect; depend onExamples:We are counting on you to wake us up in time.I really need a break, so I'm counting on getting away for a few days next week.2. If you can count on someone, you can always rely on them to help or support you.Examples:If you ever need any help, you know you can always count on me.You can always count on Michael in a crisis.34. affordVt . able to buy2. be able to do, spend, give, bear, etc., without serious loss or damageExamples:I think we can afford a new washing machine.He can hardly afford another failure in any of his exams. (= It will cause him problems if he fails.)“Oh, no. I can't afford to lose my passport.”(= I will be in trouble if I lose it.)35. not nearly-- far from; much less thanExamples:There is not nearly enough (= There is much too little) for all these people!They don't have nearly so many foods to choose from as we do.36. prompt1. vt. cause or urge; encourage or help sb. to continue2. a. done without any delay; not late 迅速的；及时的Examples:Michael's criticism of Lisa prompted me to defend her.The sight of the ships prompted thoughts of his distant home.He wrote a prompt answer to my letter.37. turn downrefuse (a request or offer or the person that makes it); reject Examples:She turned him down; she wouldn't marry him.Pauline has turned down offers from several law firms.38. take stock of-- consider a situation carefully so as to take a decisionTo take stock of something is to think carefully about the situation you are in, and about the way it has developed so far, in order to decide what to do next.Examples:It's time to take stock of your life and decide where you want to go.At the age of 25, I began to take stock of my career so far.39. therapy1. n. the treatment of mental or physical illnessExamples:Mike spent two years in therapy because of depression.Joining a club can be a therapy for loneliness.2. Physical therapy （理疗）is the treatment of disease, injury and deformity by using massage（按摩），heat, exercises and other physical remedies.Example:The injured athlete's doctor recommended physical therapy.40. terrorn. (sb. or sth. that causes) extreme fearExamples:The movie inspired terror in its viewers.The tyrant is regarded as a terror to the people.41. tumblevi. (down) fall suddenly or helplessly; collapseExamples:I tripped on my shoelace and tumbled on to the ground.At any moment the whole building could tumble down.42. be bound to1. (for, to) going to or intending to go to 准备到…去的2. very likely; certain 一定的；注定的If a person, ship, plane etc. is bound for a place, especially a place that is far away, they are going there.Examples:So where are you bound to morrow?The captain told me that the ship was bound for New York.If something is bound to happen, it is certain to happen.Examples:The kids are bound to be hungry when they get home --- they always are.The weather is bound to get better tomorrow.。
21世纪 大学英语读写教程第二册Unit 1
Unit 1 Text A Winston Churchill –His other lifeI. Teaching Objectives1.Understand the audio materials of this unit.2.Grasp the key words, Phrases and structure.3.Master the skills of writing and reading in this unit: major event and then briefly outline what led up to it or how it happenedII. Teaching Content1.Lead-in activities2. Text Organization3. Skill learning in writing and reading4. Language points ( key words, phrases and difficult sentences)5. Grammar Focus (1.Past participial phrase used as adverbial 2.The adverb so used for emphasis and agreement)6. Guided Practice (exercises, oral practice and group work)III .Teaching Process1.Warm-up Questions / Activities:Activities:1). Ask Ss what they know about Winston Churchill and the two World wars--- they may say anything that pops into their minds;2). Put what they‟ve mentioned on the blackboard;3). Then provide the following text-related information (all or part) and ask them to take brief notes; and4). Check their comprehension with the following questions related to the information provided. Introduction remarks:What is it that makes someone great? Why do certain people go down in history as outstanding characters, admired by millions? Are heroes and heroines truly different from other people —more intelligent, more courageous, stronger and better? Or is their fame just a matter of chance? The article takes a closer and more personal look at Winston Churchill, the greatest figure from modern history: As you read the text, you‟l l consider the acts he was famous for; his strength of will, warm spirit and love of life; as well as the difficulties his personalities and his human nature —the “other side” of what made him special.Questions1).Who was Winston Churchill? What positions did he hold in the British government? (Winston Churchill was a British Conservative statement, orator, and writer noted for his leadership during World War Ⅱ.He held various positions in the government, including First Lord of the Admiralty and Prime Minster.)2).During World War Ⅰwhich countries were the main Allies, and which, the main Central Powers?(The main Allies were France, Russia, Britain, Italy and the US, while the main Central Powers, Germany, Austria-Hungary and Turkey.)3).What was the direct cause for the Allies‟---Britain and France‟s ---declaration of war againstGermany that started World Ⅱ?(The direct cause was the German invasion of Poland on Sept 1, 1939)4).What happened to Winston Churchill as a result of the loss of the Dardanelles campaign in 1916?( He was removed from the Admiralty.)2.Text OrganizationThis passage can be divided into 5 parts:Part One: (Para1-3) Churchill began his love affair with painting amid disastrous circumstances. Part Two: (Para4-8) The process of Churchill‟s learning painting, which showed his gift for painting.Part Three: (Para9-10) The deaths of his mother and 3－year-old daughter gave him another great grief. It was painting that rescued him.Part Four: (Para11-12) Churchill achieved great success in painting.Part Five: (Para13) Conclusion: Painting brought joy, peace, and hope to Churchill.3. Skill learning in writing and reading1). major event and then briefly outline what led up to it or how it happened;2).personification4. Language Points1) love affair— romance between two people who love each other but who are not married to each other; great enthusiasm or liking (for sth.)e.g. The girl’s love affair with the 60-year-old man worries her parents..2) circumstances n. (pl.)—conditions of a situation which has an effect on what is done or on the way sth. is donee.g. In some circumstances it may be necessary for the manager to come here in person.3) overwhelm vt.—make (sb.) feel completely helpless, astonished, or embarrassed.e.g. At the age of forty, he was overwhelmed with work, illness and family problems.4）. come/go to the/one’s re scue— help sb. when they are in danger or difficultye.g. We were about to close down the business, but the bank came to our rescue.5）. chance upon/on— meet or discover unexpectedlye.g.She chanced upon some old love letters her husband kept in the back of the drawer.6）. try one’s hand (at/doing sth.)—try a new activity to test one‟s ability; make an inexperienced attempte.g.After she lost her job, she thought she’d try her hand at writing a novel.7）. plunge into1)push (sth.) suddenly and deeply into (sth.else)2)get involved in (sth.) suddenly, without thinking carefully or preparing for ite.g.•Heather plunged her hands deep into her pockets.•She plunged bravely into the debate.8）. before sb. know it— (informal) very quickly and suddenlye.g. At this time of the year, you could catch cold before you know it.9）. fall upon— attack suddenly and violentlye.g. Terrorists were falling upon men and women in the street.10）. overcome vt.— overpower or overwhelm in body or mindReceiving the prize in honour of her dead father, she was overcome with emotion.11）. take refuge in—find protection, help or relief in a place, person, action, etc.e.g.During the frequent air-raids people took refuge in their cellars.odd a.—(used after a number) with some extra; or soe.g.•twenty odd years ago •six hundred odd children•thirty-odd years12）. keep sb. companye.g.Don’t worry. I’ll keep you company until your husband comes back.5. Grammar Focus1)Past participial phrase used as adverbialExplain that a past participial phrase, usually that of transitive verb, can function as an adverbial modifying the main verb of the sentence to indicate cause, time, condition, concession, etc. For example:Overwhelmed by the disaster, he retired with his family to a country retreat in Surrey.Greatly interested, Ben‟s father began to ask him to play this computer game.2) The adverb so used for emphasis and agreementProcedures:A)Tell Ss that so can be used after a clause or statement, and before a subject and auxiliary verb,to express strong emphasis or agreement with that clause or statement. For example:I said I would come, and so I will.“ You’ve forgotten your hat”--- “Ah, yes, so I have”B)Compare this use with the use of so to me an …likely‟ or …also‟ in saying that something that hasjust been said about one person or thing is also true of another, usu. Followed by “auxiliary verb. + Subject” in the inverted word order. For example:His shoes are brightly polished; so is his suitcase.John buys his drinks at the local supermarket, so do lots of people.C) Do Structure Ex.Ⅷ attached to the text.6. Guided Practice (exercises, oral practice and group work)1) SummaryA. Ask several students to retell the text by using their own words.B. Talk about the main idea or theme of the text.2). ExercisesA. Comprehension of the text(During the period of preview or discussions in class).B. vocabulary (homework)C. Translation( on exercise-book)7. After-class AssignmentsPractice writing a paragraph that starts with a main event and goes on to describe what led up to it.Text B Little Sister of the PoorLanguage Points1.street people---people living in slums who, esp. during the summer, spend much of their timesitting on building steps, standing on the sidewalk talking, or visiting neighbors and local stores; the local people of a crowded neighborhood.2.By blood and origin I am Albanian---I come from an Albanian family.3.minister to ---give help to or care for (people, esp. ill people)e.g She had spend her life ministering to the needs of her husband.4.And to that end, she gathtered a small group of nuns around her.---and for that goal, shecalled together a small group of nuns to work with her.5.signature service--- typical or characteristic service.6.give way to ---make concession to; yield toe.g The chairman spoke so forcefully that the rest of the committee gave to his opinion.7.skip the usual lavish dinner--- do not hold the extravagant dinner that is usually given.8.Mother Tersa lit a path to saintliness and invited others to follow it.--- Mother Teresaopened the way to holy business ( of taking care of the poor and the disabled) and set an example that made other people to follow.invite--- tempt; attract.e.g If you don‟t maintain the car regularly, you are just inviting trouble.His proposal invited great interest.。
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amidprep.in the middle of, among 在… 之中* disastrousa. extremely bad; terrible 灾难性的，糟透的lordn. （in Britain） title of some officials of very high rank （英）大臣；大人，阁下admiraltyn. （the A 〜）（i n Brita in） gover nment departme nt in Charge of the navy （英）海军咅B campaignn. 1. a series of planned military actions 战役2. a planned series of activities, esp. in politics and business 运动bloodya. 1. very violent, with a lot of wounding and killing 血腥的2. covered with blood 血污的missionn. 1. （usu. military） duty or purpose for which people are sent somewhere ［常指军事］任务2. 天职，使命privatelyad. 1. not publicly 非公开地2. personally; secretly 在涉及私（个）人方面；秘密地privatea. 1. personal; secret 私（个）人的；秘密的2. not public 非公开的disastern. （a）sudden great misfortune 灾难，天灾；祸患* griefn. a feeling of extreme sadness 悲哀* grievev. SUffer from grief or great Sadness （为…而）悲伤；伤心retreatn. 1. a place into which one can go for peace and safety 隐居处2. 撤退；避难vi. move back or leave a center of fighting or other activity 撤退；退避muse, Musen. 1. （in Greek mythology） one of the nine goddesses of poetry, music, etc. 缪斯（希腊神话中司文艺的九位女神之一）2. a force or person that inspires sb. to write, paint, etc. 创作灵感rescuen. help which gets sb. out of a dangerous or unpleasant situation 救助；救援vt. 救助；救援sister-in-lawn. sister of one's husband or wife 姑子；姨子；嫂子；弟媳sketchv. make a quick, rough drawing （of sth.）素描，速写n. 素描，速写watercolo(u)rn. 水彩(颜料)；水彩画magicn. 魔法，法术a. 有魔力的* distractvt. (from) take (one's mind, sb.) off sth. 转移(注意力) ; 使转移注意力* canvasn. 1. a piece of strong heavy cloth used for an oil painting 帆布画布2. a completed oil painting 油画* contemplatevt. look at in a serious or quiet way, often for some time (默默地)注视，凝视blanka. 1. without writing, print or other marks 空白的2. expressionless；without understanding 无表情的；茫然的unaccustomeda. not used (to sth.); not usual (对某物)不习惯的；不寻常的accustomeda. regular; usual 惯常的，通常的hesitantlyad. not doing sth. quickly or immediately for one's uncertainty or worry about it 犹豫不决地infinitea. extremely great in degree or amount; without limits or end 无限的；极大的precautionn. 1. carefulness 防备，预防2. an action taken to avoid sth. dangerous or unpleasant 预防措施beann. 豆；蚕豆motorcarn. a car 汽车alarmvt. excite with sudden fear or anxiety 使惊恐；使忧虑n. 1. a sudden feeling of fear or anxiety 惊恐；忧虑2. a warning of danger 警报plungevi. (into, in) 1. rush suddenly and deeply into sth. 投身于2. suddenly fall in a particular direction 纵身投入；一头扎入fiercea. 1. angry, violent and cruel 暴怒的；凶猛的；残酷的2. (of heat, strong feelings) very great 强烈的* slashn. a long sweeping cut or blow 砍；挥击砍，vt. cut with long sweeping forceful strokes ；move or force with this kind of cutting movement 砍击；猛挥absolutelyad. completely ；without conditions 完全地；绝对地* terrifyvt. fill with terror or fear 恐吓，使惊吓a. very unhappy or unfortunate 不幸的；可怜的victimn. sb. or sth. hurt or killed as a result of other people's actions, or of illness, bad luck, etc. 牺牲者，受害者；牺牲品* furyn. 1. a wildly excited state (of feeling or activity) 狂热；激烈2. (a state of) very great anger 狂怒artistica. 1. of. concerning art or artists 艺术的；艺术家的2. made with inventive skill or imagination 富有艺术性的companionn. mate; one who associates with or accompanies another 同伴；伴侣beloveda. much loved; darling 深爱的；亲爱的overcomevt. 1. (often pass.) (by, with) (of feelings) take control and influence one's behavior ［常被动］(感情等)压倒，使受不了2. win a victory over; defeat 克服；战胜* refugen. (a place that provides) protection or shelter from harm, danger or unhappiness 避难(所)；庇护(所)alasint. a cry expressing grief, sorrow or fear 唉(表示悲伤、忧愁、恐惧等)* revivev. 1. regain strength, consciousness, life, etc. ；bring (sb. or sth.) back to strength, consciousness, life, etc. (使)复苏；(使)重振活力2. become active, popular, or successful again 恢复生机；复兴；重新流行glown. a feeling of warmth or pleasure 热烈vi. emit a soft light 发光amateura. & n. (a person who is) not professional 业余(水平)的(运动员、艺术家等) entryn. 1. a person or thing taking part in a competition, race, etc. 参赛一员2. entrance; the act of entering or the right to enter 进入；进入权* anonymousa. (of a person) with name unknown ；(of a letter, painting, etc.) written or created by an unidentified person 名字不详的；匿名的disqualifyVt make Or declare unfit, un suitable, Or Un able to do sth. 取消…的资格；使不适合；使不能rely vi. (on, upon) 1. have trust or confidence (in) 信任；信赖2. depend with full trust or confidence 依赖* historiann. a person who studies history and/or writes about it 历史学家a. (of land) unproductive (土地等)贫瘠的，荒芜的awakenvt. 1. (to) cause to become conscious of 使意识到2. cause to wake up 唤醒* menacen. a threat or danger 威胁abundanta. plentiful; more than enough 丰富的；充足的abundancen. a great quantity; plenty 丰富；充裕；大量odda. 1. (infml.) (after numbers) a little more than the stated number ［常用以构成复合词］…以上的；… 出头的2. strange or unusual 奇特的；古怪的3. 奇数的，单数的existencen. the state of existing 存在；实有* pastimen. hobby；sth. done to pass time in a pleasant way 消遣，娱乐Phrases and Expressionspay the priceexperience sth. unpleasant because one has done sth. wrong, made a mistake, etc. 付出代价come to sb.'s rescuehelp sb. when he/she is in danger or difficulty 解救某人，救助某人chance uponmeet by chance; find by chance 偶然碰见；偶然发现try one's handattempt (to do sth.), esp. for the first time 尝试plunge intobegin to do sth. suddenly; enter without hesitation 突然或仓促地开始某事；突然冲入before one knows itbefore one has time to consider the course of events 转眼之间，瞬息之间fall uponattack fiercely 猛攻，猛扑take refugeseek protection from danger or unhappiness 避难rely ontrust, or confidently depend on 依赖，依靠fall from officelose a position of authority to which sb. was elected or appointed 离位，下台awaken to cause to become conscious of 使意识到produce successful results 结果实；有成果date fromhave existed since 始自keep sb. companystay with sb. so that he/she is not alone 陪伴某人第二单元excelv. (at) be the beat or better others (at sth.) 胜过他人savingsn. money saved, esp. in a bank 积蓄；存款heartbreakinga. which causes great sorrow 令人悲痛的，令人心碎的costlya. expensive, costing a lot of money 代价高昂的；昂贵的sacrificen. loss or giving up of sth. of value, esp. for what is believed to be a good purpose 牺牲vt. 牺牲risk n. (of) a danger；sth. that might have undesirable results 危险；风险Vt place in a dangerous SitUatiOn 使遭受危险；冒…的风险copevi. (with) deal successfully (with a difficult situation) (妥善地)应付或处理successionn. a series or the act of following one after the other (前后相接的)一系列，一连串；连续successivea. following each other closely 接连的，连续的，相继的*fostera. 收养孩子的；寄养的vt. 收养；照料scholarshipn. 1. 奖学金2. 学识；学术成就owevt. (to) 1. have sth. (usually sth. good) because of 把… 归功于2. have to pay, for sth. already done or given 欠owinga. (to) still to be paid 未付的，欠着的motivatevt. (often pass.) 1. provide (sb.) with a (strong) need, purpose or reason for doing sth. [ 常被动] 激发…的积极性2. 使有动机*surgevi. move, esp. forward, in or like powerful waves (如浪潮般) 汹涌；奔腾n. (感情等的)洋溢或奔放constitutevt. 1. form or make up 形成；构成2. formally establish or appoint 组建；选派constitutionn. 1. the act of establishing, making, or setting up ；constituting 制定；设立；组成2. (often cap.) [ 常大写] 宪法；法规；章程*constitutionala. allowed or limited by a political constitution 宪法规定的；合乎宪法的grindn. (AmE, often derog.) a student who is always working (美) [常贬义]用功的学生，书呆子vt. 磨；磨碎*stereotypen. a fixed pattern which is believed to represent a type of person or event 固定形式，老套misplace vt. 1. lose (sth.),usu. for only a limited time (暂时)丢弃2. put in an unsuitable or wrong place 把… 放错地方refugeen. sb. who has been forced to leave their country for political reason or during a war 难民；流亡者*resentvt. feel anger and dislike about sth. 对…表示愤恨labelvt. 1. describe as belonging to a particular kind or class 把… 称为；把…列为2. 加标签于；用标签标明n. 标签minorityn. 1. a small part of a population which is different from others in race, religion, etc. 少数民族；少数派2. the small number or part ；less than half 少数minora. 较少的，较小的*discriminationn. 1. the practice of unfairly treating sb. or sth. 区别对待；歧视2. the ability to recognize the difference between two things 识别力；辨别力reverse discrimination the making of distinctions in favour of groups considered disadvantaged or underprivileged 逆向歧视，反其道而行之的歧视*discriminatev. 1. (against, in favor of) unfairly treat one person or group worse or better than others 有差别地对待2. see or make a difference between things or people 区别，辨别，区分contrastn. (to, with) a strong difference between two people, objects or situations 对比；对照v. examine (two things) in order to find or show differences 对比；对照excludeVt keep out from a place Or an activity 阻止…进入；把…排斥在夕卜exclusionn. the act of excluding or fact of being excluded 拒绝；排斥exclusivea. (of) not taking into account ；without ；excluding 不算；不包括；把… 排斥在外exclusively ad. only；and nothing/no one else 排斥其他地；专有地；单独地immigrantn. a person who has come to live in a country from abroad 移民；侨民prejudicen. unfair and usually unfavorable feeling or opinion about a group —e.g.a nationality or race 歧视；偏见；成见seriesn. 1. (of) a set or group of things of the same kind or related in some way, coming one after another or in order 系列；连接2. 丛书；广播(或电视)系列节目fascinatinga. having great attraction or charm 吸引人的；迷人的*fascinatevt. (with) charm powerfully ；be very interesting to 强烈地吸引；迷住disturbinga. causing worry or fright 令人不安的；令人烦恼的disturbvt. 1. break the peace or order of 扰乱；打扰2. cause to become anxious or upset 使心神不安；使烦恼*disturbancen. 1. an act of disturbing or the state of being disturbed 打扰；扰乱2. sth. that disturbs 造成干扰的事物kindergartenn. a school or class for young children, usu. between the ages of four and six 幼儿园*counterpart n. a person or thing that has the same purpose or does the same job as another in a different system 对应的人(或物)；对手(方)batteryn. 1. (of) a set or number of things of the same kind occurring in rapid succession 一组；一系列2. 电池(组)*convergevi. (of two or more things) come together towards the same point (在一点上)会合；集中the bottom linethe basic point 基本要点imbuev. (with)(usu. pass.) to fill with (sth., often a strong feeling or opinion) ［常被动］灌输(某种强烈的情感或意见)*offspringn. a child or children from particular parents 子女；后代criticala. 1. providing a careful judgment of the good and bad qualities of sth. 判断(或评价)审慎的2. 批判的3. 关键的criticize (-cise)v. 1. make judgments about the good or bad points of 评论2. judge with disapproval ；point out the faults of 批评；指责criticismn. unfavorable judgment or expression of disapproval 批评；指责curriculumn. the program of study offered in a school, college, etc. 课程，大纲factorn. any of the facts, conditions, influences, etc. that act with others to bring about a result 因素，要素outstandinga. 1. better than others, very good 杰出的；优秀的2. easily seen, important 显要的；重要的*heritagen. a tradition, custom, or quality which is passed down over many years within a family, social group, or nation and which is thought of as belonging to all its members 继承物，遗产；传统philosophy n. 哲学sagen. sb., esp. an old man or historical person, known for his wisdom and long experience 圣贤；哲人primarya. 1. chief, main 主要的2. earliest in time or order of development 最初的ingredientn. 1. one of the essential parts of a situation 因素；要素2. 成分centrala. 1. chief, main, of greatest importance 主要的，最重要的2. being (at, in, or near) the center (位居)中心的*orientationn. a direction or position 取向；方位；定位*repayvt. reward ；pay back 偿还；回报obligationn. sth. that one must do out of a duty or promise 义务；责任guiltn. 1. the feelings produced by knowledge or belief that one has done wrong 内疚2. the fact of having broken a moral rule or official law 罪(行) bondn. 1. sth. that unites two or more people, or groups, such as a shared feeling or interest 联结；联系2. 公债，债券3. 合约crawlvi. & n. 爬(行)horrifyvt. shock greatly ；fill with horror 吓；使感惊骇unhealthya. 1. likely to cause illness or poor health 有碍健康的2. not very strong or well, often ill 体弱多病的，不结实的，不健康的*naivea. 1. too willing to believe or trust 轻信的2. without experience (as of social rules or behaviour), esp. because one is young 幼稚的；天真的*transplantvt. move sth. from one place and plant, settle or establish elsewhere 移植；移居recommendation n. 1. suggestion, piece of advice 建议2. 推荐信vacationn. (esp. AmE) holiday 假期；休假vastlyad. 1. very greatly 非常大地2. 广阔地vasta. 1. very large and wide 广阔的；广大的2. great in amount 大量的positivea. 1. (of people) sure, having no doubt about sth. 无疑问的；确定的2. certain, beyond any doubt 肯定的3. (of a statement) direct 正面的spann. 1. the length of time over which a stated thing continues or works well 持续时间2. 跨度；跨距attention spana length of time over which one can concentrate 注意力的持续时间Phrases and Expressionsmake it (to) (a place)succeed in getting (to) (a place) 成功抵达某地owe tohave (sth. good) because Of 把…归功于…imbue with(use. pass.) fill (sb), with (sth.), esp. a strong feeling or opinion [ 常被动] 向…灌输…by contrastvery differently (from sth. previously mentioned) ；on the other hand 对比之下get aheadbe successful in one's career 获得成功；出头have what it takes(infml.) have the qualifications necessary for success 具备取得成功的必要条件spring frombe a product or result of；originate from 发源于；来自can't wait (for sth.)be excited about and eager (for sth.) 迫不及待，等不及第三单元jointa. shared, held or done by two or more people 共享的；共有的；共同做的joint venturen. 合资企业conflictn. 1. a state of serious disagreement or argument about sth. important 抵触；争论2. war or battle; struggle 战争；战斗；冲突vi. (with) 冲突；抵触*multituden. a large number of 大批；大量*escalatev. make or become greater or more serious (使)逐步升级；(使)逐步加剧emotionala. 1. having or causing strong feelings (令人)情绪激动的2. concerned with emotions and feelings 感情(上)的；情绪(上)的partyn. a person or group of people involved in an argument, agreement, or other activity, esp. a legal matter (条约、诉讼、争论等中的)一方，当事人exclaimv. speak or say loudly and suddenly, because of surprise or other strong feelings (由于惊讶、痛苦、愤怒、高兴等而)叫嚷，叫喊installationn. 1. 安装；设置2. 装置；设备managementn. 1. the people who control and organize a business or other organization 管理层；管理部门2. 管理；经营equipmentn. the set of things needed for a particular activity 设备；装备qualifieda. having suitable knowledge or qualifications, esp. for a job 胜任的；合格的qualifyv. （cause to） gain a certain level of knowledge, ability, or performance, or a qualification （使）取得资格contractn. a formal written agreement, having the force of law, between two or more people or groups 合同，契约v. l. 订（约）；承包2. 收缩，缩小distrustv. lack trust in; mistrust 不信任；怀疑n. lack of trust; mistrust 不信任；怀疑representvt. 1. act or speak officially for （another person or group of people）代表2. 象征；体现naturallyad. 1. in a manner to be expected, as a natural result 可预期地，自然地2. according to the nature of sb. or sth. 天生地；天然地nonassertivea. not expressing or tending to express strong opinions or claims 谦虚的；不武断的behavio（u）r n. manner of acting 行为；举止partnern. a person who shares （in the same activity）合伙人；合作者；伙伴*expertisen. special skill or knowledge in a particular field 专门知识（或技能、意见等），专长*bachelorn. an unmarried man 未婚男子；单身汉*profitablea. producing or resulting in profit or advantage 有利（可图）的，有赢利的；有益的thrivevi. develop well and be healthy, strong, or successful 繁荣；茁壮成长properlyad. 1. suitably, correctly, sensibly 适当地；正确地2. really, actually, exactly 真正地tatamin. （日）榻榻米（指日本人铺在房内地板上的稻草垫）matn. 1. a small piece of carpet or other thick material which is put on the floor for protection, decoration, or comfort 地席；席子2. 垫子apparenta. 1. (to) clearly seen or understood 显然的，明明白白的2. seeming; according to appearance 表面上的*surpassvt. exceed; go beyond in amount, quality, or degree 超过；超越loyallyad. faithfully 忠诚地，忠实地loyala. faithful 忠诚的，忠实的departuren. 1. the act of leaving a place 离开；启程2. turning away from what is planned or what is usually done 背离；违反contextn. 1. the general conditions in which sth. takes place 背景；环境2. what comes before and after a word or sentence which helps to fix the meaning 上下文horrora. (of a story or film) intended to be very frightening (文学作品、电影等)意在引起恐怖的n. a strong feeling caused by sth. extremely unpleasant 恐惧；震惊proposevt. 1. suggest; put forward for consideration 建议；提出2. (as, to be) put forward to be voted on 提名，推荐approver. (of) agree (officially) to 同意，批准accountantn. 会计师personneln. 1.the department in an organization that deals with employees, keeps their records, and helps with any problems they might have 人事部门2. ［总称］职员justifyVt give a good reason for 证明…正当(或有理)*justificationn. a good or proper reason for doing sth. 正当的理由；辩解的理由payrolln. a list of workers employed by a company and the amount of wages each person is to be paid 资表；在职人员名单sensiblea. 1. reasonable；having or showing good sense 合情合理的；明白事理的2. (of) knowing ；aware 知道的；意识到的crazya. 1. (infml.) foolish or strange 愚蠢的；古怪的2. (infml.) wildly excited; very keen or interested 着迷的；热衷的accompanyvt. 1. go with, esp. on a journey 陪同；陪伴2. (fml.) appear Or exist at the Same time Or in the Same place as 禾和…一起发生(存在) ensure vt. (esp. BrE) make (sth.) certain tO happen 保证，担保viewpOintn. pOint Of view ；a particular way Of cOnsidering Or judging a situatiOn, persOn, event, etc. 观点；看法Phrases and ExpressiOnsrun intOunexpectedly begin tO experience; meet by chance 意外遇到；偶然遇到a multitude Of/multitudes Ofa very large number Of 许多，众多due tObecause Of; caused by 由于，因为by namewith the name Of 名叫get intO the habit Ofdevelop a regular Way of doing (sth.) 养成… 的习惯cOme tO an end(of sth. Which goes on for a While) finish, stop 结束；终了pick upacquire Without effort 获得；学会be faced Withbe confronted With 面临着(某种情况)at timessometimes; once in a While 有时；间或keep sb. on the payrollkeep sb. employed 使某人留任somehoW or otherin one Way or another 以某种方式go along Withagree With; accept; support 同意；接受；支持the other Way aroundin the opposite Way 相反地；倒过来；以相反方式thanks tooWing to, because of 幸亏；由于；因为smooth overmake (problems or difficulties) seem less serious and easier to deal With 缓和；减轻leave in sb.'s handsgive sb. the responsibility for dealing With sth. 把… 交某人管理第四单元votevt. 1. choose (sb.) to have (a particular title); elect 推选2. 投票选举(或制定、决定、赞成、支持、通过)vi. (for, against, on) express one's choice officially at a meeting or in an election 投票；选举；表决n. 选举；投票；选票*promisinga. likely to be very good or successful 有前途的；有希望的promotionn. 1. advancement in rank or position 提升，晋级2. attempt to make a product or an event popular or successful, esp. by advertising 促销；宣传*breakdownn. 1. physical, mental, or nervous collapse 崩溃；衰竭2. （关系、计划或讨论等的）中断nervous breakdownan unnatural condition of deep worrying, anxiety, weeping or tiredness 精神崩溃rejectionn. the act of rejecting or being rejected （遭到）拒绝；摒弃reactionn. response or change caused by the action of another 反应；感应extremea. 1. greatest possible; of the highest degree 极端的；极度的；最大的2. furthest possible; at the very beginning or end 末端的；尽头的n. 极端；极度（状态）emphasisn. （on, upon） special force or attention given to sth. to show that it is particularly important 强调；重点；重要性beneficiala. producing favourable effects or useful results 有益的；有帮助的editorn. 1. a person who checks and corrects texts before they are published 校订者；（文字）编辑2. 编辑；主编editoriala. of or done by an editor 编辑的，编者的editv. 1. prepare for printing, broadcasting, etc., by deciding what shall be included or left out, putting right mistakes, etc. （为出版、广播等而）编辑，编选；剪辑2. be the editor of 主编；充任（报纸等的）编辑editionn. a particular version of a book, magazine, or newspaper that is printed at one time 版本*pronea. （to） habitually likely to do sth. （usu. Undesirable）有…倾向的，易于…的applyvt. （to） bring or put into use or operation 应用；实施vi. （to, for） request sth., esp. officially and in writing （尤指以书面形式）申请；请求complexa. 1. difficult to understand, explain, or deal with; not clear or simple 错综复杂的2. （词或句子）复合的，复杂的n. a system consisting of a large number of closely related parts 综合体；复合体；群落*precludevt. (fml.) (from) make impossible; prevent 妨碍，阻止；排除；防止practicallyad. 1. (infml.) very nearly; almost 几乎，差不多2. in a practical way 实际上；从实际角度*prestigen. general respect or admiration felt in men's mind for sb. or sth. by reason of having, or being connected with, rank, proved high quality 声望；威望；威信flopn. (infml.) a failure 失败(者)vi. move or fall heavily or awkwardly 笨重地行动；沉重地落下*destructivea. causing or be capable of causing great damage, harm or injury 破坏(性)的acutea. 1. severe, strong, deep 剧烈的，激烈的；深切的2. (of the mind or the senses) able to notice small differences; working very well; sharp (思想或感官)敏锐的；灵敏的；尖锐的3. 尖的，锐的；成锐角的loafvi. (infml.) stand or wait in a place without doing anything interesting or useful 游荡，闲逛n. bread, usu. fairly large, in a shape that can be cut into slices (一个)面包*glamo(u)rousa. having the quality of being more attractive, exciting, or interesting than ordinary people or things 富有魅力的；令人向往的*glamo(u)rn. the exciting and charming quality of sth. unusual or special, with a magical power of attraction 魅力；迷人的力量peakvi. reach the highest value, level, point, etc. 达到顶峰；达到最大值n. (山)峰；顶峰；尖顶downhilla. & ad. 1. (becoming) worse or less successful 走下坡路的(地)2. (going) towards the bottom of a hill 向坡下(的)：向下(的) damagen. harm; loss 损害；损失vt. cause damage to 损害；损坏；毁坏distinguishVt 1.(〜On eself) behave Or Perform no ticeably Well 使出众2. recognize 辨别；区分Probablea. likely 很可能发生的*obsessvt. （usu. pass.） completely fill the mind of （sb.） so that no attention is given to other matters [ 常被动]使着迷grade-point average, GPA（美）（学生各科成绩的）平均积分点shieldvt. （from） protect or hide from harm or danger 保护；庇护n. 盾，盾牌hastilyad. too quickly 匆忙地；草率地；性急地hasten. quick movement or action 急忙，匆忙devicen. 1. a method of achieving sth. 策略；手段2. an object that has been invented for a particular purpose 装置；设备unequippeda. not equipped with the necessities 未配备所需物品的；无准备的honor roll（美）光荣榜（指优秀学生名单、当地服兵役公民名单等）consolationn. comfort during a time of sadness or disappointment 安慰；慰问consolation prizea prize given to sb. who has not won the competition 安慰奖alikead. in （almost） the same way; equally 同样地；相似地；以同样程度a. similar in appearance, quality, character, etc. 想像的，同样的*impulsen. 1. a sudden desire to do sth. （一时的）冲动2. 冲力；脉冲；神经冲动inquire, enquirev. ask For information 询问；查问inquiry, enquiryn. （into, about） an act of inquiring 询问；查问affordvt. 1. be able to buy 买得起2. be able to do, spend, give, bear, etc., without serious loss or damage 担负得起（损失、费用、后果等）repetitionn. the act of repeating, or sth. repeated 重复；反复ill-chosena. not well chosen 选择不恰当的illad. 1. not well. not enough 不恰当地；拙劣地2. unfavourably; badly, unpleasantly or cruelly 不利地；恶劣地；冷酷无情地3. hardly 几乎不；困难地promptvt. cause or urge; encourage or help sb. to continue 促使；推动；激励a. done without any delay; not late 迅速的；及时的*balletn. 芭蕾舞(剧)*stockn. 1. a supply(of sth.)for use 库存物；储备物2. the thick part of a tree trunk 树桩；树干v. (up) keep supplies of; store 备货；储备courageouslyad. bravely; in a way showing courage 英勇地，无畏地toen. 脚趾；足尖toe shoe芭蕾舞鞋therapyn. the treatment of mental or physical illness (心理或生理)疗法，治疗heroismn. the quality of being a hero; great courage 大无畏精神；英勇horsemanshipn. the practice or skill of horse-riding 马术；骑术*hauntvt. (often pass.) be always in the thoughts of (sb.); visit regularly [ 常被动]( 思想、回忆等) 萦绕；缠扰；常去terrorn. (sb. or sth. that causes) extreme fear 恐怖；引起恐怖的人(或物) tumblevi. (down) fall suddenly or helplessly; collapse 摔下；跌倒；倒塌，坍塌whitherconj. & ad. (archaic) (to) where 〈古体〉(无论)去哪里bounda. 1. (for, to) going to Or intending to go to 准备至U …去的2. very likely; certain 一定的；注定的Phrases and Expressionsplace/lay/put emphasis on/upongive sth. special force or attention to show that it is particularly important 强调；把重点放在，着重于in the long runafter enough time; in the end 从长远观点来看；终究a world ofa lot of 大量的，无数的be brilliant/best at sth.having or showing great skill at sth. 在某一方面极为出色at the cost of以…为代价branch out(into) add to the range of one's interests or activities 扩大(兴趣、活动、业务等的)范围count on/upon expect; depend on 指望；料想；依靠turn downrefuse (a request or offer or the person that makes it); reject 拒绝(某人或其请求、忠告等) take stock consider a situation carefully so as to take a decision 作出判断，进行评估。