Analyze to Protection of land for landless peasants【外文翻译】

合集下载

江苏南京2023届高三学情调查考试英语试题及答案

江苏南京2023届高三学情调查考试英语试题及答案高三年级学情调查考试英语试题（答案在最后）本试卷共12页，满分120分。

考试用时120分钟。

第一部分听力(共两节，满分30分)第一节(共5小题;每小题1.5分，满分7.5分)听下面5段对话。

每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。

听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。

每段对话仅读一遍。

1. How does the woman feel about the man’s idea?A. Worried.B. Satisfied.C. Disappointed.2. What does the man want to be?A. A reporter.B. A lawyer.C. A designer.3. Where are probably the speakers?A. In the hotel.B. In the office.C. At the hairdresser’s.4. How much does the man charge the woman at first?A. $100.B. $1,050.C. $1,150.5. Why does Steven refuse Mandy’s invitation?A. He has to prepare for a game.B. He failed to win a contest.C. He dislikes doing sports.第二节(共15小题;每小题1.5分，满分22.5分)听下面5段对话或独白。

每段对话或独白后有几个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。

听每段对话或独白前，你将有时间阅读各个小题，每小题5秒钟;听完后，各小题将给出5秒钟的作答时间。

每段对话或独白读两遍。

听第6段材料，回答第6、7题。

6. Which movie are the speakers going to see?A. Jaws.B. Saving Private Ryan.C. Jurassic Park.7. How will the speakers go to the cinema?A. By car.B. By subway.C. By bus.听第7段材料，回答第8至10题。

小学下册D卷英语第六单元全练全测

小学下册英语第六单元全练全测英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1.How many days are there in a week?A. FiveB. SixC. SevenD. Eight2.What color are strawberries?A. BlueB. RedC. GreenD. YellowB3.The smallest particle of a compound is a ______.4.During a storm, it’s best to stay ______ (在家).5. A ______ is a geological feature that rises sharply.6.What do you call the main meal of the day?A. BreakfastB. LunchC. DinnerD. Snack7.The teacher, ______ (老师), encourages us to think creatively.8.Astronomers use spectroscopy to analyze the light from _______.9.What is the color of grass?A. BlueB. YellowC. GreenD. Red10.I want to _______ for a trip.11.The weather is _____ (warm/cold) in spring.12.What do you use to measure length?A. ScaleB. RulerC. ClockD. Thermometer13.My grandma loves to garden ____.14.I can ___ (ride) a unicycle.15.I love to _____ stories before bedtime. (hear)16.In autumn, leaves __________ (变色).17.What is 5 x 5?A. 20B. 25C. 30D. 35B 2518.The chemical formula for cadmium sulfide is _____.19.The __________ is a famous natural landmark in the United States. (黄石公园)20.The _____ (野生)flowers bloom in springtime.21.What is the name of the famous tower in Paris?A. Big BenB. Eiffel TowerC. Leaning TowerD. Tower of PisaB22.I love to ________ with my friends.23.Helium was first discovered in the ______ spectrum.24.My mother cooks delicious ____ (food) for dinner.25.The bat sleeps in _______ (洞穴).26.We can grow __________ (蔬菜) like tomatoes and carrots.27.The ______ (香味) of fresh herbs can enhance cooking.28.What is the capital of Finland?A. HelsinkiB. OsloC. TallinnD. RigaA29.What is the capital city of the Seychelles?A. VictoriaB. MaleC. Port LouisD. AntananarivoA30. A __________ contains two or more elements chemically combined.31.The rabbit digs __________ (洞) underground.32.The cat is _____ on the windowsill. (sitting)33.What do you call the language spoken in Brazil?A. SpanishB. PortugueseC. FrenchD. EnglishB34.The kitten is ________ (可爱).35.The __________ (革命) can lead to significant change.36.Which of these is a type of tree?A. RoseB. OakC. DaisyD. TulipB37. (1) is the largest continent in the world. The ____38.River flows northward through _____ (56). The Nile39.The ________ (植物资源管理) is crucial.40.Which of these animals can swim?A. CatB. FishC. DogD. Bird41.Kites fly high due to _______ and lift.42.I feel ______ when I read books.43.I have a toy _______ that glows in the dark and lights up my room.44.My mom is a great __________ (家长) who understands me well.45.His favorite color is ________.46.The ________ can be seen jumping around.47.What do we call a person who studies the weather?A. MeteorologistB. ClimatologistC. GeologistD. Biologist48.The goat climbs up the _______ (山羊爬上_______).49. A precipitate can be formed when two solutions are ______.50.I love spending time with my family. We often go __________ together and enjoy each other’s company. Our family game nights are always fun!51. A chemical reaction can involve the transfer of ______.52.The _____ (car/bike) is red.53.The kitten plays with a ______.54.The _____ (bird/fish) swims in the water.55.The bat uses echolocation to find ______ (食物).56.I love to eat ________.57.What do we call a group of stars?A. GalaxyB. ClusterC. ConstellationD. NebulaC58.The Earth's crust is primarily composed of sedimentary and ______ materials.59.My mom is my caring _______ who loves me very much.60.His favorite game is ________.61.We will go to the ______ (museum) on Saturday.62.What do we use to measure time?A. RulerB. ClockC. ScaleD. CompassB63.The __________ is important for keeping bones strong.64.The capital of Sweden is __________.65.I can color with my toy ________ (玩具名称).66.We use _____ to measure temperature.67.Sarah is my ______. We play together every day.68.My brother wants to be a __________ (宇航员) when he grows up.69.ry _______ (有才华的). She is w70.The __________ (淘金热) brought many people to California in the 1840s.71.What is the capital of Thailand?A. BangkokB. HanoiC. Kuala LumpurD. ManilaA72.The hedgehog has many tiny ______ (刺).73.I like to explore the ________ (森林) near my house.74.The flowers smell ________.75.I can _____ (speak/write) English.76.What is the primary ingredient in a chocolate chip cookie?A. FlourB. SugarC. Chocolate chipsD. Butter77.I like to draw pictures of ________.78.My family goes on a ________ (旅行) every summer.79.The stars twinkle ________ (在夜空中).80.The teacher, ______ (老师), encourages us to ask questions.81.The ______ (植物的利用) must be sustainable.82.The flowers are ________ (五颜六色).83.What is the capital of the USA?A. New YorkB. Washington D.C. C. Los AngelesD. Chicago84.Seismographs are used to measure ______ in the Earth.85.I want to _______ (学会) how to surf.86.I enjoy _____ (collecting) different seeds.87.Which drink is made from tea leaves?A. CoffeeB. JuiceC. TeaD. MilkC88. A __________ is a geological feature that impacts agriculture and land use.89.The pig likes to roll in the _________. (泥土)90.The _______ (猴子) is curious and playful.91.What do we call a baby dog?A. CalfB. KittenC. PuppyD. CubC92.What do we call the time when the sun is highest in the sky?A. DawnB. NoonC. DuskD. MidnightB Noon93.I can _____ (dance/sing) very well.94.The phone is ________ ringing.95.The __________ is a famous area known for its surf spots.96. A rabbit's fur keeps it ______ in different weather.97.The discovery of ________ has had extensive implications for health.98. A _____ (热带) rainforest has many types of plants.99.The _____ (giraffe) is very tall.100. A ________ (蝴蝶) flutters around and is very colorful.。

科技保护野生动物英语作文

科技保护野生动物英语作文1. It's time to protect wildlife with technology. With the advancement of technology, we now have the ability to monitor and track wildlife more effectively. This means we can gather valuable data on their behavior and habitat, which can help us make informed decisions on how to protect them.2. Drones are becoming an essential tool in wildlife conservation. These unmanned aerial vehicles can be used to survey vast areas of land, allowing researchers to locate and monitor endangered species. Drones can also be equipped with thermal cameras, which can detect animals that are hidden from view. This technology has revolutionized the way we study and protect wildlife.3. Artificial intelligence is also playing a crucial role in wildlife protection. By analyzing large amounts of data, AI algorithms can help identify patterns and predict threats to wildlife. For example, AI can analyze satelliteimages to detect illegal deforestation or poaching activities. This information can then be used to take immediate action and prevent further harm to wildlife.4. Another technology that is making a difference in wildlife conservation is GPS tracking. By attaching GPS collars to animals, researchers can track their movementsin real-time. This allows us to understand their migration patterns, identify potential threats, and create protected areas where they can thrive.5. Social media and online platforms have also become powerful tools in raising awareness about wildlife conservation. Through captivating photos and videos, people can now witness the beauty and diversity of wildlife from the comfort of their own homes. This has helped to inspire a sense of responsibility and encourage more people to take action in protecting these precious creatures.6. In conclusion, technology has provided us with innovative ways to protect wildlife. From drones and AI to GPS tracking and social media, these tools haverevolutionized the field of wildlife conservation. By harnessing the power of technology, we can ensure a brighter future for our planet's incredible biodiversity.。

土地资源管理专业英语词汇

LandLand is a delineable [diˈlinieit]area of the earth's terrestrial [tiˈrestriəl]surface, encompassing all attributes of the biosphere immediately above or below this surface including those of the near-surface climate the soil and terrain forms, the surface hydrology (including shallow lakes, rivers, marshes, and swamps[swɔmp]), the near-surface sedimentary /ˌsedɪˈmentəri/(沉淀性的) layers and associated groundwater reserve, the plant and animal populations, the human settlement pattern and physical results of past and present human activity (terracing, water storage or drainage structures, roads, buildings, etc.[etˈsetərə](=et cetera)). (UN, 1994)Land useLand use is the human modification of natural environment or wilderness into built environment such as fields, pastures, and settlements. The major effect of land use on land cover since 1750 has been deforestation of temperate regions. More recent significant effects of land use include urban sprawl, soil erosion, soil degradation, salinization[səlini'zeiʃən], and desertification. Land-use change, together with use of fossil fuels, are the major anthropogenic sources of carbon dioxide, a dominant greenhouse gas. It has also been defined as "the total of arrangements, activities, and inputs that people undertake in a certain land cover type".From Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaLand coverLand cover corresponds to a (bio) physical description of the earth's surface. It is that which overlays or currently covers the ground. This description enables various biophysical categories to be distinguished - basically, areas of vegetation (trees, bushes, fields and lawn), bare soil, hard surfaces (rocks, buildings) and wet areas and bodies of water (watercourses水流(河床), wetlands). There are two primary methods for capturing information on land cover: field survey and thorough analysis of remotely sensed imagery. The nature of land cover is discussed in Comber et al. (2005).A Comber, P Fisher, R Wadsworth. What is land cover? Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, 2005DifferenceLand use corresponds to the socio-economic description (functional dimension) of areas: areas used for residential, industrial or commercial purposes, for farming or forestry, forrecreational or conservation purposes, etc. Links with land cover are possible; it may be possible to infer land use from land cover and conversely. But situations are often complicated and the link is not so evident. Contrary to land cover, land use is difficult to 'observe'. For example, it is often difficult to decide if grasslands are used or not for agricultural purposes. Distinctions between land use and land cover and their definition have impacts on the development of classification systems, data collection and information systems in general. (UNEP)Land cover is distinct from land use despite the two terms often being used interchangeably. Land use is a description of how people utilize the land and socio-economic activity - urban and agricultural land uses are two of the most commonly recognised high-level classes of use. At any one point or place, there may be multiple and alternate land uses, the specification of which may have a political dimension.Land managementLand management can be defined as the process of managing the use and development (in both urban and suburban settings) of land resources in a sustainable way. Land resources are used for a variety of purposes which interact and may compete with one another; therefore, it is desirable to plan and manage all uses in an integrated manner.Land administrationThe concepts of land administration are the reflection of views on land properties. In China, scholars hold ideas that land administration is the process of organization, coordination, supervision and management on land resources, land use, land property rights and land profit with political instruments for sake of whole society.Other studies on land administration, cadastral [kə'dæstrəl] titles and land market, urban land administration, and land sustainable conservation, altogether make these factors-land resources management, land assets supervision and land political governance for sustainability constitute foundation of land administration.DifferenceThere are many factors according to which administration can be distinguished from management. From the nature of work, administration is concerned about the determination of objectives and major policies of an organization; management puts into action the policies and plans laid down by the administration. From the nature of status, administration consists of owners who investcapital in and receive profits from an enterprise; management is a group of managerial personnel who use their specialized knowledge to fulfill the objectives of an enterprise. From Main functions, administration involves in planning and organizing functions; management involves in motivating and controlling functions.Land use planningLand use planning is the term used for a branch of public policy which encompasses [inˈkʌmpəs] various disciplines which seek to order and regulate the use of land in an efficient and ethical /ˈeθɪkəl/way. Despite confusing nomenclature nəuˈmenklətʃə,术语，命名系统, the essential function of land use planning remains the same whatever term is applied. The Canadian Institute of Planners offers a definition that: "Land use planning means the scientific, aesthetic [i:sˈθetik], and orderly disposition of land, resources, facilities and services with a view to securing the physical, economic and social efficiency, health and well-being of urban and rural communities" From Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaThere is bound to be conflict over land use. The demands for arable land, grazing, forestry, wildlife, tourism and urban development are greater than the land resources available. In the developing countries, these demands become more pressing every year. The population dependent on the land for food, fuel and employment will double within the next 25 to 50 years. Even where land is still plentiful, many people may have inadequate access to land or to the benefits from its use. In the face of scarcity, the degradation of farmland, forest or water resources may be clear for all to see but individual land users lack the incentive or resources to stop it.Land-use planning is the systematic assessment of land and water potential, alternatives for land use and economic and social conditions in order to select and adopt the best land-use options. Its purpose is to select and put into practice those land uses that will best meet the needs of the people while safeguarding resources for the future. The driving force in planning is the need for change, the need for improved management or the need for a quite different pattern of land use dictated by changing circumstances.All kinds of rural land use are involved: agriculture, pastoralism田园风味, forestry, wildlife conservation and tourism. Planning also provides guidance in cases of conflict between rural land use and urban or industrial expansion, by indicating which areas of land are most valuable under rural use.F AO, Guidelines for land-use planningVocabularyMinistry of Land and Resources 国土资源部Municipal Bureau of Land and Resources 市国土资源管理局Municipal Bureau of Land Resourcesand Housing Management 市国土资源和房屋管理局Bureau of State Land Supervision 国家土地监察局land utilization (use) 土地利用extensive land use 土地粗放利用intensive land use 土地集约利用sustainable land use 土地可持续利用land management 土地技术管理land administration 土地行政管理land use planning 土地利用规划general plan of land-use 土地利用总体规划land allocation 土地配置land evaluation/appraisal 土地评价land policy 土地政策land economics 土地经济land market 土地市场land expropriation/requisition 土地征收/征用land registration 土地登记land transaction 土地交易land banking 土地储备land supply/demand 土地供应/需求land grant or transfer 土地出让或转让land negotiation /agreement 土地协议land auction 土地拍卖land public bidding 土地公开招标land value 土地价值land rent 地租land revenue 土地收益land use fee 土地使用费land use term 土地使用期land levelling 土地平整land development 土地开发land rehabilitation/reclamation 土地复垦land consolidation/readjustment 土地整理land retirement 土壤退化land subsidence 地面沉降land pollution 土地污染slope treatment for erosion control 坡面治理工程grain to green 退耕还林land information 土地信息land use interpretation 土地利用判读land use survey 土地利用调查land use monitoring 土地利用监测land use map 土地利用图land use mapping 土地利用制图land use classification 土地利用分类land use zoning 土地用途分区land use control 土地用途管制land use pattern 土地利用模式land use type 土地利用类型land use adjustment 土地利用调整land use capability 土地利用潜力land potential productivity 土地生产潜力land suitability 土地适宜性land efficiency 土地效益land structure 土地结构land use intensity 土地利用密度multiple crop index 复种指数prime cropland preservation 基本农田保护区planning approval 规划许可total dynamic balance of cropland 耕地总量动态平衡compensation institution of cropland occupation 占用耕地补偿制度limitation of land use 土地利用限制因素land reform 土地改革land use certificate 土地使用证land tenure 地权land-ownership 土地所有权land-use right 土地使用权state-owned land 国有土地household-based land contract system 土地家庭承包制。

国土变更调查工作内容

国土变更调查工作内容Land change survey work is an essential part of urban planning and development. 国土变更调查工作是城市规划和发展的重要组成部分。

It involves collecting data on changes in land use, ownership, and zoning, which are crucial for ensuring efficient land management and sustainable development. 这涉及到收集有关土地使用、所有权和分区变化的数据，对于确保土地管理的高效和促进可持续发展至关重要。

One of the key aspects of land change survey work is to assess the impact of urbanization on rural areas. 国土变更调查工作的一个关键方面是评估城市化对农村地区的影响。

Rapid urbanization often leads to changes in land use patterns, such as the conversion of agricultural land into residential or commercial areas. 快速城市化往往导致土地利用模式的变化，如将农田转换为住宅或商业区域。

This can have significant implications for farmers and communities who rely on agriculture for their livelihoods. 这可能会对农民和依赖农业谋生的社区产生重大影响。

Another important aspect of land change survey work is to analyze the impact of industrial development on the environment. 国土变更调查工作的另一个重要方面是分析工业发展对环境的影响。

节约集约用地论证分析专章工作流程

节约集约用地论证分析专章工作流程In order to effectively analyze and demonstrate the need for land conservation and intensification, it is essential to follow a systematic workflow. This process involves several steps that consider various perspectives and gather relevant data to support the argument. By adhering to this workflow, one can present a comprehensive and compelling case for the importance of land conservation and intensification.The first step in the workflow is conducting thorough research on the current state of land use and its associated challenges. This involves studying existing land use patterns, identifying areas of concern, and understanding the implications of unsustainable practices. By delving into the existing literature and gathering data from reliable sources, one can build a strong foundationfor the subsequent analysis.Once the initial research is complete, the next stepinvolves analyzing the economic benefits of land conservation and intensification. This perspective focuses on the potential financial gains associated with adopting sustainable land use practices. By highlighting thepositive impact on local economies, job creation, and long-term cost savings, this analysis appeals to stakeholders who prioritize economic growth and development.In addition to economic benefits, it is crucial to consider the environmental perspective. This entails examining the ecological consequences of unsustainable land use practices and the potential benefits of conservation and intensification. By emphasizing the importance of preserving biodiversity, mitigating climate change, and protecting natural resources, this analysis appeals to individuals and organizations concerned about environmental sustainability.Another critical aspect to address is the social perspective. This involves assessing the impact of land conservation and intensification on local communities and marginalized groups. By considering issues such asequitable access to land, food security, and the preservation of cultural heritage, this analysis ensuresthat the proposed solutions are socially just and inclusive.Furthermore, it is essential to incorporate a policyand governance perspective into the workflow. This step involves examining existing policies, regulations, and institutional frameworks related to land use. Byidentifying gaps and barriers, this analysis helps in formulating recommendations for policy changes andeffective governance mechanisms that can facilitate land conservation and intensification.Finally, the workflow should culminate in the development of a comprehensive and persuasive argument.This involves synthesizing the findings from the various perspectives and presenting a compelling case for land conservation and intensification. The argument should be supported by robust evidence, clearly articulating the benefits and urgency of adopting sustainable land use practices.In conclusion, the workflow for analyzing and demonstrating the need for land conservation and intensification involves several key steps. These include conducting thorough research, analyzing the economic, environmental, and social perspectives, assessing existing policies and governance mechanisms, and ultimately presenting a compelling argument. By following this systematic approach, one can effectively advocate for sustainable land use practices and contribute to the broader goal of environmental conservation and socio-economic development.。

小学上册第3次英语第5单元测验卷

小学上册英语第5单元测验卷英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1.I can ______ (climb) a tree very well.2.What color is the grass?A. BlueB. YellowC. GreenD. BrownC3.We have ______ (家人) gatherings on holidays.4. A reaction that releases energy is called an ______ reaction.5.It is _____ to swim in the ocean. (fun)6.What do you call a group of fish?A. SchoolB. FlockC. PackD. HerdA7.Mount Everest is the highest ________ (山) in the world.8.Which instrument is known for its strings and bow?A. TrumpetB. GuitarC. ViolinD. Flute9.The _____ (toy) is on the floor.10.How many legs does a centipede have?A. 10B. 20C. 30D. 100D11.The _____ (灌溉) system helps water crops.12. A _____ (小马) can be very gentle with children.13.The process by which plants convert sunlight into energy is called _______.14.Which animal is famous for its trunk?A. RhinoB. GiraffeC. ElephantD. HippopotamusC Elephant15.What is the name of the largest land animal?A. GiraffeB. LionC. ElephantD. HippoC16.What do you call a story that has been passed down through generations?A. FolkloreB. LegendC. MythD. All of the aboveD17.The turtle can hide in its _______ (壳).18.The cat catches _______ in the garden.19.I want to ___ a comic book. (read)20.I can ________ (analyze) data effectively.21. A catalyst is used to increase the ______ of a reaction.22.What is 15 + 6?A. 19B. 20C. 21D. 22C23.What do you call a person who studies literature?A. Literary criticB. AuthorC. ProfessorD. All of the aboveD24._____ (生态保护) is necessary for future generations.25.My favorite stuffed _______ is a bear (我最喜欢的毛绒_______是熊).26.The __________ (历史的理解) requires critical thinking.27.The _______ is an important part of the ecosystem.28.The Earth's surface is shaped by both climatic and ______ factors.29. A lion is a _____ animal. (wild/domestic/friendly)30. A __________ is a mixture of two or more solids.31.I have a ________ that I can cuddle with.32.The chemical formula for hydrochloric acid is ______.33.What is the opposite of 'day'?A. MorningB. NightC. EveningD. AfternoonB34.What is the capital of France?A. ParisB. LyonC. NiceD. Marseille35.My friend is very __________ (勤奋的).36.The __________ is known for its lush landscapes.37.We should ________ (保护) the environment.38._____ (terrestrial) plants thrive on land.39.Which one is a type of weather?A. RainB. ChairC. RoadD. Tree40.What is the opposite of happy?A. SadB. ExcitedC. AngryD. JoyfulA41.What do we call the system of government in which power is held by the people?A. MonarchyB. DictatorshipC. DemocracyD. OligarchyC Democracy42.The chemical formula for sodium carbonate is ______.43.The capital of Thailand is __________.44.The _______ (狗) is loyal to its owner.45.In a chemical reaction, substances are converted into new ____.46.The ____ has a cheerful song and is often heard in the morning.47.I love to watch _____ (小动物) play in the park.48. A fault line is a location where tectonic plates ______.49.The ______ teaches us about geography.50.How many days are in a week?A. FiveB. SixC. SevenD. Eight51.How many months are there in a year?A. 10B. 12C. 14D. 9B52.How many legs do spiders have?A. 6B. 8C. 10D. 12B53.My favorite number is _____ (seven/four).54.The chemical formula for calcium sulfate is _______.55._____ (生态平衡) relies on a variety of plants and animals.56.I can use my ________ (玩具名称) to practice my skills.57.My ________ (玩具名称) is a constant source of joy.58.What do you call a person who studies the brain?A. NeurologistB. PsychologistC. PsychiatristD. BiologistA59.What is the name of the famous festival held in Rio de Janeiro?A. OktoberfestB. Mardi GrasC. CarnivalD. DiwaliC60.The clock is ______ (ticking) loudly on the wall.61.She is a _____ (设计师) who makes fashion accessories.62.My favorite sport is _______ (滑雪).63.What do you call a person who studies the weather?A. MeteorologistB. GeologistC. BiologistD. Chemist64.What is the opposite of empty?A. FullB. LightC. HeavyD. ClearA65.I love to drink ______ (牛奶) with my breakfast. It is very ______ (营养).66.The ability to convert energy from one form to another is known as _____.67.What is the capital city of Madagascar?A. AntananarivoB. ToamasinaC. AntsirananaD. Mahajanga68.The bear is ________ (可爱的).69.I have a special ________ that shines in the dark.70.The _____ (天空) is blue.71.My mom is a __________ (心理治疗师).72.My sister is my best _______ because we have so much fun together.73.The chemical formula for vinegar is ______ acid.74.In my free time, I love to __________ with my family.75.How many wheels does a bicycle have?A. 2B. 3C. 4D. 576.The _______ can provide beauty to any landscape.77.My uncle is a __________ (人力资源专家).78.The _____ (手册) is useful.79. A ferret can slip through very ________________ (小的) spaces.80.I enjoy playing with my ________ (玩具枪) during pretend play.81.What is 3 + 6?A. 8B. 9C. 10D. 11A82.What do you need to ride a bike?A. HelmetB. BootsC. GlovesD. Belt83.The __________ (多元文化) enrich our understanding of society.84.What do you call a young owl?A. OwletB. ChickC. FawnD. KitA85.She sings a ___ (song).86.The duckling follows its _______ (母亲) everywhere.87.The weather is _______ (warm) today.88.The lemur is a unique _________ (动物).89.My friend is my best _______ who listens to my thoughts and dreams.90. A compound that can donate hydroxide ions is called a ______.91.What do we call the study of the classification of living organisms?A. TaxonomyB. EcologyC. BiologyD. Genetics92.I _____ (play/learn) the guitar.93.The ______ grows in forests.94.The __________ is the imaginary line that circles the Earth halfway between the poles.95.I love trying new activities, like __________, to step out of my comfort zone.96.What is the name of the famous bakery in "The Great British Bake Off"?A. The Cake ShopB. The Bread BasketC. The TentD. The Pastry PlaceC97.What is the opposite of 'up'?A. DownB. LeftC. RightD. ForwardA98. A chemical reaction that occurs in living organisms is called ______.99.My sister is _____ her homework now. (finishing)100.What do we call the place where you borrow books?A. SchoolB. LibraryC. MuseumD. Park。

土地整治工程专业英语

土地整治工程专业英语IntroductionLand reclamation, also known as land improvement or land rehabilitation, refers to the process of restoring and enhancing degraded land to a more productive state. This practice plays a vital role in sustainable development, as it helps to improve soil fertility, prevent erosion, and promote land utilization. In this document, we will explore the key concepts and terminology associated with land reclamation engineering.1. Land DegradationBefore delving into the details of land reclamation, itis crucial to understand the concept of land degradation. Land degradation refers to the deterioration of land quality, usually caused by natural processes or human activities. This degradation can result in reduced soil fertility, decreased biodiversity, and the loss of valuable ecosystem services. Land reclamation aims to reverse or mitigate land degradation and restore the land's productivity.2. Objectives of Land ReclamationThe primary objectives of land reclamation engineering are to improve soil quality, prevent soil erosion, and enhance land productivity. This is achieved through various techniques, such as soil amelioration, erosion control measures, and the introduction of appropriate vegetation. By restoring the land's fertility and stability, land reclamation helps create favorable conditions foragricultural activities, urban development, and ecological restoration.3. Techniques and MethodsLand reclamation engineering involves the implementation of various techniques and methods to restore and improve degraded land. These include:- Soil Amelioration: Soil amelioration aims to enhance soil fertility by adding organic matter, nutrients, and amendments to improve the soil's physical, chemical, and biological properties. This can be achieved through techniques such as soil aeration, nutrient supplementation, and pH adjustment.- Erosion Control: Erosion control measures are crucial in preventing soil erosion, which can lead to the loss of topsoil and reduced land productivity. Techniques such as contour plowing, terracing, and the implementation of erosion control structures help to minimize soil erosion and promote soil conservation.- Vegetation Restoration: The introduction of appropriate vegetation plays a crucial role in land reclamation. Selecting and planting suitable plant species can stabilize the soil, enhance water retention, and improve overall ecosystem resilience. Native plant species are often preferred to restore the original ecosystem and promote biodiversity.4. Case StudiesTo illustrate the application of land reclamation engineering, let's explore a few case studies:- Mining Sites: Land reclamation is often performed on mining sites after the extraction of mineral resources. By rehabilitating these areas and restoring the land's productivity, the negative environmental impacts of mining activities can be mitigated.- Urban Areas: In densely populated urban areas, land reclamation can help address land scarcity issues. By reclaiming and improving degraded land, urban spaces can be expanded, providing opportunities for development and infrastructure.- Coastal Areas: Coastal land reclamation is commonly employed to create new land for ports, airports, andresidential areas. By reclaiming land from the sea, coastal communities can expand and utilize land resources effectively. ConclusionLand reclamation engineering is a vital discipline that aims to restore and enhance degraded land for sustainable development. Through techniques such as soil amelioration, erosion control, and vegetation restoration, land reclamation helps improve soil quality, prevent erosion, and enhance land productivity. By understanding the concepts and practices associated with land reclamation, professionals in this field can contribute to the sustainable management of land resources.。

关于保护庄稼驱邪的英文谚语

关于保护庄稼驱邪的英文谚语1、保护自然界，关爱家园。

Protect nature and care for home.2、花草树木都是宝，没它我就不行了。

Flowers,plants and trees are treasures.I can't do without it.3、多一份绿色，多一份健康。

More green,more healthy.4、判天地之美、析万物之理。

Judge the beauty of heaven and earth and analyze the principle of all things.5、生命如此短暂，请不要将我伤害。

Life is so short,please don't hurt me.6、小草青青，脚下留情。

The grass is green,be merciful under your feet.7、砍伐树木，害人害己。

Cutting down trees does harm to others and oneself.8、痰吐在地，辱写在心。

Phlegm on the ground,dishonor written in the heart.9、给我一片绿，还你一片荫。

Give me a piece of green,give you a shade.10、每天节约一滴水，难时拥有太平洋。

Save a drop of water every day,and have the Pacific Ocean when it's hard.11、追求绿色时尚、走向绿色文明。

The pursuit of green fashion and green civilization.12、爱护身边的绿化，重建美好家园。

Take good care of the greening around and rebuild a beautiful home.13、环境与人类共存，资源开发与环境保护协调。

土地保护英文作文

土地保护英文作文英文：Land protection is an important issue that we must pay attention to. As a member of society, I believe that it is our responsibility to protect the land we live on forfuture generations. There are several reasons why land protection is important.Firstly, the land is a finite resource. Once it is destroyed or damaged, it cannot be replaced. We need to protect our land from pollution, deforestation, and other forms of damage to ensure that it remains healthy and productive for future generations.Secondly, land protection is essential for biodiversity. The land is home to many different species of plants and animals, and if we destroy their habitats, they will become extinct. This will have a negative impact on the entire ecosystem, and ultimately on human society as well.Thirdly, land protection is important for our own well-being. We rely on the land for food, water, and other resources, and if we do not protect it, we will not be able to sustain ourselves. Additionally, spending time in nature has been shown to have numerous health benefits, including reducing stress and improving mental health.In order to protect our land, we need to take action. This can include things like reducing our carbon footprint, supporting sustainable agriculture, and advocating for policies that protect the environment. We can also participate in local conservation efforts, such as volunteering at a nature reserve or participating in a community clean-up.中文：土地保护是一个我们必须关注的重要问题。

英文作文扩写

英文作文扩写The Importance of Environmental ConservationIntroductionEnvironmental conservation is a topic of increasing importance in today's world, as the impact of human activities on the planet becomes more evident. It encompasses a wide range of issues, including the preservation of natural resources, the protection of endangered species, and the reduction of pollution. The need for environmental conservation has become particularly urgent in recent years, as climate change and other environmental threats have become more pronounced. In this essay, we will explore the historical background and development of environmental conservation, analyze different perspectives on the topic, provide case studies and examples to illustrate key points, offer acritical evaluation of the benefits and drawbacks of environmental conservation, and conclude with future implications and recommendations.Historical Background and DevelopmentThe concept of environmental conservation has its roots in the conservation movement of the 19th and early 20th centuries, which sought to preserve natural landscapes and wildlife. One of the earliest and most influential conservationists was John Muir, who advocated for the preservation of wilderness areas in the United States. His efforts led to the establishment of the National Park system, which set aside vast tracts of land for the enjoyment of future generations. In the decades that followed, the conservation movement expanded to encompass a wider range of environmental issues, including air and water pollution, deforestation, and the loss of biodiversity. Today, environmental conservation is a global concern, with organizations and governments around the world working to address these pressing issues.Different Perspectives on Environmental ConservationThere are a variety of perspectives on environmental conservation, reflecting different values and priorities. Some people view environmental conservation as a moral imperative, arguing that we have a duty to protect the natural world for its own sake and for future generations. Others see it as a matter of self-interest, recognizing that a healthy environment is essential for human well-being. Still others are skeptical of environmental conservation efforts, viewing them as unnecessary or even harmful to economic development. These differing perspectives can lead to conflicts and debates over how best to approach environmental conservation.Case Studies and ExamplesOne of the most pressing environmental conservation issues today is climate change, which is caused by the release of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. This has led to rising global temperatures, more frequent and severe weather events, and other negative impacts. In response, countries around the world have committed to reducing their greenhouse gas emissions through initiatives such as the Paris Agreement. Another important issue is the loss of biodiversity, as species around the world are threatened with extinction due to habitat destruction, pollution, and other factors. Efforts to protect endangered species and their habitats are ongoing, but many challenges remain.Critical Evaluation of Environmental ConservationEnvironmental conservation has many benefits, including the preservation of natural beauty, the protection of essential resources such as clean air and water, and the promotion of human health and well-being. However, it also has drawbacks, such as the potential for conflicts between conservation goals and other societal needs, and the difficulty of achieving meaningful change in the face of powerful economic interests. Additionally, some conservation efforts may have unintended negative consequences, such as the displacement of indigenous communities or the restriction of access to natural resources.Future Implications and RecommendationsLooking ahead, it is clear that environmental conservation will continue to be a critical issue for the foreseeable future. In order to address the challenges we face, it will be important to take a comprehensive and collaborative approach, involving governments, businesses, and individuals. This will require innovative solutions and a willingness to make difficult choices. Ultimately, the goal of environmental conservation should be to create a sustainable and equitable future for all people and the planet.In conclusion, environmental conservation is a complex and multifaceted issue that requires careful consideration and action. By understanding its historical background and development, analyzing different perspectives, and critically evaluating its benefits and drawbacks, we can work towards a more sustainable and healthy future. While the challenges are significant, there are also many opportunities for positive change. It is up to all of us to take responsibilityfor the environment and to work towards a better world for ourselves and future generations.。

小学上册第七次英语基本全练全测(有答案)

小学上册英语基本全练全测(有答案)英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1.What is the capital of Lithuania?A. VilniusB. KaunasC. KlaipėdaD. Šiauliai答案: A2.I love going to the _______ (图书馆) after school.3.I watched a _______ (小鸟) build its nest.4.What is the term for the change of state from liquid to gas?A. FreezingB. MeltingC. CondensationD. Evaporation答案: D5.The _______ (小去) is often seen near rivers and lakes.6.The chemical formula for carbon dioxide is __________.7.The ______ is the point where an object pivots.8.What do you call the study of the ocean?A. OceanographyB. Marine BiologyC. HydrographyD. Aquatic Science答案: A9.The city of Riyadh is the capital of _______.10.The chemical symbol for carbon is __________.11. A _____ (野生植物) grows naturally without human care.12.My favorite character from a series is _______ (名字). 他/她的故事很 _______ (形容词).13.We engage in ________ (activities) regularly.14.What is the main ingredient in bread?A. SugarB. FlourC. SaltD. Water答案: B15.The library has many ________.16.My brother likes to play _____ (basketball/tennis).17. A ____ is a playful creature that loves to chase butterflies.18.Liquids have a definite __________ but no fixed shape.19.What is the capital of Japan?A. TokyoB. BeijingC. SeoulD. Bangkok答案:A20.Many plants have ______ (防御机制) against herbivores.21. A _______ can measure the energy output of a solar panel.22.The cat prowls around quietly like a _____ hunter.23.I like to visit various ______ (历史地标) during vacations. It’s a great way to learn about history.24.The _____ (chili) pepper adds spice to dishes.25.What is the name of the famous wizard in J.K. Rowling's books?A. GandalfB. DumbledoreC. MerlinD. Harry Potter答案: D26.What is the freezing point of water?A. 0 degrees CelsiusB. 100 degrees CelsiusC. 50 degrees CelsiusD. 25 degrees Celsius答案:A27.I have a doll that wears a pretty _____.28.The main gas in the atmosphere is _______.29.What is the name of the famous ship that sank in 1912?A. Queen MaryB. TitanicC. LusitaniaD. Britannic答案:B30.My family enjoys cooking together ____.31.My friend is __________ (善于合作).32.The garden is full of ___ (flowers).33.I carry a water bottle on hot ______ (日子).34.What do we call the large, flat area of land that is higher than the surrounding land?A. ValleyB. MountainC. PlateauD. Hill答案:C35.What do we call the time it takes for the Earth to go around the sun?A. YearB. MonthC. WeekD. Day答案: A36.My brother loves __________ (学习) about the universe.37. A tarantula's bite is generally not harmful to ________________ (人).38.My aunt loves to __________. (收集邮票)39.The _____ (book/magazine) is interesting.40.My friend can ________ well.41.The ______ teaches us how to draw.42.I built a race track for my toy ____. (玩具名称)43.Mom calls me her little _______ when I help her cook.44.What do we call a young pig?A. CalfB. PigletC. KitD. Chick答案:B.Piglet45.The __________ is the area where fresh water meets salt water.46.I love to listen to ______ (音乐) while doing homework.47.Certain plants are known for their unique ______, making them sought after in gardening. (某些植物因其独特的特征而受到园艺爱好者的追捧。

高中英语北师大版必修第二册Unit5HumansandNatureTopicTalk课后练习、课时练

一、根据首字母填写单词(单词拼写)1. There is an e______ number of boys and girls in my class. (根据首字母单词拼写)2. He suggested that school children avoid o___ of their eyes and do more outdoor activities. （根据首字母单词拼写）3. When experiments are to be made, one cannot rely too much upon the human senses to make accurate o______ . (根据首字母单词拼写)二、根据汉语意思填写单词(单词拼写)4. There was a feeling of restlessness deep in her _____(心灵). (根据汉语提示单词拼写)5. ___(野生动植物)has been greatly threatened in the modern age. （根据汉语提示单词拼写）6. In the 1960s, while studying the ___(火山的) history of Yellowstone National Park, he became puzzled about something that he couldn’t find the park’s volcano. （根据汉语提示单词拼写）三、完成句子7. 他们使国家濒临灾难。

They had brought the country to ________disaster.8. 肺实际上是由成千上万个小管子构成的。

The lungs are ________________________ constructed of thousands of tiny tubes.四、根据所给汉语提示填空9. It is time that we paid attention to ________(环保). (根据汉语提示完成句子)10. He couldn’t understand why his parents ________(让他学英语) when he was young. （根据汉语提示完成句子）11. He was expected to live longer by ________(减少风险) a heart attack. (根据汉语提示完成句子)五、汉译英（整句）(翻译)12. 每年，大批的农民到达深圳找工作。

高考英语语法填空名校好题100篇：专题02 健康环保主题(二)进阶篇(解析版)

专题02-健康环保主题（二）---进阶篇距离高考还有一段时间，不少有经验的老师都会提醒考生，愈是临近高考，能否咬紧牙关、学会自我调节，态度是否主动积极，安排是否科学合理，能不能保持良好的心态、以饱满的情绪迎接挑战，其效果往往大不一样。

以下是本人从事10多年教学经验总结出的以下学习资料，希望可以帮助大家提高答题的正确率，希望对你有所帮助，有志者事竟成！养成良好的答题习惯，是决定高考英语成败的决定性因素之一。

做题前，要认真阅读题目要求、题干和选项，并对答案内容作出合理预测;答题时，切忌跟着感觉走，最好按照题目序号来做，不会的或存在疑问的，要做好标记，要善于发现，找到题目的题眼所在，规范答题，书写工整;答题完毕时，要认真检查，查漏补缺，纠正错误。

总之，在最后的复习阶段，学生们不要加大练习量。

在这个时候，学生要尽快找到适合自己的答题方式，最重要的是以平常心去面对考试。

英语最后的复习要树立信心，考试的时候遇到难题要想“别人也难”，遇到容易的则要想“细心审题”。

越到最后，考生越要回归基础，单词最好再梳理一遍，这样有利于提高阅读理解的效率。

另附高考复习方法和考前30天冲刺复习方法。

Passage 1阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

With about half of the vast country covered in wilderness, China is the world’s third most species-rich country. Therefore, China’s ___1___(achieve) in biodiversity conservation and wilderness protection are important to the future of global biodiversity conservation.The vital biodiversity, ___2___(combine) with a large population, has led the government to reconsider its protected area system and transform some wilderness areas such as the rainforest in Hainan ___3___formal national parks. The new national park system will make it more practical ___4___(preserve) habitats and species. The aim is to preserve biodiversity and ensure a___5___(harmony) relation between humans and nature.The national parks cross China’s vast ecosystems, from the Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park in the south ___6___the Hainan gibbon—a critically endangered species live, theGiant Panda National Park, the Northeast Tiger and Leopard National Park, the Wuyi Mountain National Park to the Sanjiangyuan National Park on the Qinghai-Tibet Platau—___7___source of the Yellow River, the Yangtze River and the Lancang River. The diversity of species and habitats under protection ___8___(reflect) in these parks’ names.The national parks are open to all. Visitors can make reservations online in advance___9___book on the spot. They should acquire a little local knowledge to get ___10___ (they) ready for the amazing trip and maximize their enjoyment.【答案】1．achievements2．combined3．into4．to preserve5．harmonious6．where7．the8．is reflected9．or10．themselves【导语】本文是一篇说明文。

地类认定的工作流程

地类认定的工作流程英文回答。

Preparation:Gather necessary documents and information (e.g., property deeds, tax records, aerial photographs).Study relevant laws and regulations governing land classification.Familiarize yourself with the specific criteria and standards used for land classification in your jurisdiction.Field Inspection:Conduct a thorough inspection of the property to assess its physical characteristics, such as topography, soil type, vegetation, and water features.Observe any existing structures or improvements on the land.Take detailed notes and photographs of the property.Data Analysis and Interpretation:Analyze the data gathered during the field inspection and compare it to the established criteria and standards.Identify the most appropriate land classification for the property.Consider any potential conflicts or discrepancies in the data.Consultation and Verification:Consult with experts or other relevant authoritiesto obtain additional information or verify your findings.Review historical records or other sources to corroborate the land classification.Determination and Documentation:Make a final determination regarding the land classification of the property.Prepare a detailed report that documents the rationale for the classification, including all supporting evidence.Notification and Appeal:Notify the landowner and relevant stakeholders of the land classification.Provide an opportunity for appeals or disputes. Compliance and Enforcement:Monitor compliance with the land classificationand enforce any necessary regulations.Investigate any violations or complaints relatedto land classification.中文回答。

土地整治英语

土地整治英语The Importance of Land Consolidation: A Comprehensive ApproachLand consolidation is a crucial aspect of agricultural development and environmental preservation. It involves the rearrangement of fragmented land parcels into more efficiently managed units, often with the aim of improving productivity, accessibility, and resource utilization. In this comprehensive essay, we will explore the multifaceted benefits of land consolidation and its role in shaping a sustainable future.One of the primary advantages of land consolidation is the enhancement of agricultural productivity. Fragmented land parcels can often lead to inefficient use of resources, such as water, fertilizers, and machinery. By consolidating these parcels into larger, more cohesive units, farmers can optimize their operations, streamline their workflows, and achieve higher yields per unit of land. This increased efficiency not only benefits individual farmers but also contributes to the overall food security of the region or country.Moreover, land consolidation can facilitate the implementation of modern agricultural practices and technologies. With larger, morecontiguous plots, farmers can more easily adopt precision farming techniques, such as GPS-guided equipment and variable-rate application of inputs. These advancements can lead to a more sustainable and environmentally-friendly approach to agriculture, reducing the environmental impact of farming activities.Another significant advantage of land consolidation is the improvement of infrastructure and accessibility. Fragmented land parcels can often make it challenging to develop and maintain essential infrastructure, such as irrigation systems, roads, and drainage networks. By consolidating land, it becomes easier to plan and construct these infrastructure projects, ensuring that all farmers have equitable access to the necessary resources and improving the overall efficiency of agricultural operations.Land consolidation also plays a crucial role in environmental conservation and ecosystem restoration. By reorganizing land parcels, it is possible to create larger, contiguous areas of natural habitats, such as forests, wetlands, and grasslands. These consolidated natural areas can provide vital ecosystem services, including carbon sequestration, water filtration, and biodiversity preservation. Additionally, land consolidation can facilitate the implementation of sustainable land management practices, such as crop rotation, cover cropping, and agroforestry, further enhancing the environmental benefits.Furthermore, land consolidation can have significant socioeconomic impacts. By improving agricultural productivity and infrastructure, it can contribute to the economic development of rural communities, increasing incomes and reducing poverty. Additionally, the consolidation of land can lead to more efficient land use, potentially freeing up land for other purposes, such as urban development or renewable energy projects.However, it is important to note that the implementation of land consolidation is not without its challenges. It can involve complex legal and administrative processes, as well as the need to address the concerns and rights of individual landowners. Effective stakeholder engagement, transparent decision-making, and the consideration of local cultural and social contexts are crucial for the successful implementation of land consolidation initiatives.In conclusion, land consolidation is a multifaceted and comprehensive approach to agricultural development and environmental conservation. By improving productivity, facilitating the adoption of sustainable practices, enhancing infrastructure and accessibility, and contributing to socioeconomic development, land consolidation has the potential to transform rural landscapes and create a more sustainable future. As we navigate the challenges ofglobal food security, climate change, and environmental degradation, the importance of land consolidation cannot be overstated.。

土地利用管理处申请书模板

[你的姓名][你的地址][你的联系方式][日期][土地利用管理处负责人姓名][土地利用管理处][地址]尊敬的[负责人姓名]：我 writing this letter to express my strong interest in the position of [申请的职位] at the [土地利用管理处名称]. As a [你的专业背景或工作经验], I believe that my skills and experiences make me a perfect fit for this role.I have always been passionate about land use planning and management,and I am deeply committed to contributing to the sustainable development of our community. My academic background in [你的专业] and my practical experience in [相关工作经验] have provided me with a solid foundation in the principles of land use management and the ability to analyze and solve complex land-related issues.Throughout my career, I have consistently demonstrated my ability towork effectively in a team environment, communicate effectively with stakeholders, and manage projects efficiently. I am confident that these skills would allow me to make a valuable contribution to the [土地利用管理处名称].In addition to my professional qualifications, I am also a strong advocate for sustainable land use practices and environmental protection.I believe that it is our responsibility to ensure that land resourcesare used in a way that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.I would welcome the opportunity to discuss how my skills and experiences align with the goals and values of the [土地利用管理处名称]. Thank you for considering my application. I look forward to hearing from you soon.Sincerely,[你的签名][你的姓名]。

生态保护红线监管基础调查的流程

生态保护红线监管基础调查的流程Ecological protection red line monitoring basic survey is an important part of ecological protection work. It is crucial to understand the flow of the survey process and the key points of attention, as well as the impact of the survey on ecological protection.生态保护红线监管基础调查是生态保护工作的重要组成部分。

了解调查流程和关注重点以及调查对生态保护的影响至关重要。

The first step in the ecological protection red line monitoring basic survey is to determine the scope of the survey area. This involves identifying the specific geographical area that will be the focus of the survey, taking into account factors such as ecological sensitivity and the presence of endangered species.生态保护红线监管基础调查的第一步是确定调查范围。

这涉及识别调查的具体地理区域，考虑到生态敏感性和濒临物种的存在等因素。

Once the survey area has been identified, the next step is to conduct a thorough field survey. This involves collecting data on the ecological environment, including vegetation, water quality, and wildlife populations, as well as identifying any potential threats to the area's ecological integrity.一旦确定了调查范围，下一步是进行彻底的现场调查。

托福阅读tpo69R-3原文+译文+题目+答案+背景知识

TPO69 阅读-3 Ancient Southwestern Cultures原文 (1)译文 (3)题目 (4)答案 (8)背景知识 (9)原文Ancient Southwestern Cultures①Around 2,500 years ago, Amerindian peoples began to live in settled communities in what is now the southwestern United States, growing maize—a crop unique to the New World—together with squash and, later, beans. These cultures developed advanced technologies that allowed them to manipulate their environment and thrive in its arid conditions, though ultimately environmental factors may also have led to their disappearance.②One of these cultures, the Hohokam, practiced irrigation-based agriculture. Knowledge of Hohokam irrigation systems is based on archaeological remains found in southern Arizona as well as on extrapolation from technologies currently in use. Because the land was desert with less than 10 inches of rainfall a year, agriculture required catchment dams, irrigation canals, and water conservation. Between A.D. 300 and 900, the Hohokam manipulated the arid environment by building large canals, some as wide as 30 feet across, 7 feet deep, and 8 miles long, that could fertilize as many as 8,000 acres at a time with water from the Salt and Gila river systems. The Hohokam could grow crops and store them throughout the year, producing a continual supply of food. An environmental consequence of irrigated agriculture, however, is that water from the rivers leaches out salts, drawing them up from the subsoil and leaving salinated (salty) topsoils. Just as the Mesopotamian settlements of the Near East were abandoned owing to salinization of the land, the Hohokam may have been forced to abandon their villages. Alternatively, they may have remained, evolving and adapting to changed conditions. By the time the Spanish arrived in the region in the sixteenth century, they met Amerindians called Akimel O’odham, who were still practicing a form of irrigation, but not on the enormous scale developed by the Hohokam. Other explanations for the disappearance of Hohokam culture include flooding, drought,earthquakes, and deforestation.③A second group of southwestern peoples, the Anasazi, also developed advanced technologies for manipulating their environment. They constructed large multistoried communal houses in villages, or pueblos, along the edges of a river in the bottom of New Mexico’s Chaco Canyon where they planted crops. The communities consisted of many small villages with larger central cities containing four-story apartments and ramrod-straight roads that linked Chaco Canyon with other communities in the Southwest.④One Anasazi pueblo, Mesa Verde, illustrates the sophistication with which these peoples transformed their environment. Mesa Verde is situated 7,000 to 8,000 feet above sea level on a vast forested plateau into which erosion has cut numerous steep-walled canyons. Mesa Verde culture and agriculture developed gradually over time. The people of the earliest culture, from around A.D 500 to 750, were basket weavers who lived underground in pit houses. Around A.D 750 to 1100, they added ceremonial chambers called kivas and began building houses above ground out of bricks. Between A.D 1100 and 1300, they reached the peak of their complex culture, building ladders ascending to the cliff areas as well as pathways descending to agricultural fields in the valleys. The vast agricultural network covered some 80 square miles of development, supporting numerous pueblos located about 1,800 to 2,000 feet above the river.⑤Not only did the Anasazi build roads and pueblos, they also put their understanding of astronomy to practical use. In particular, the Anasazi attained the ability to predict the advent of growing and harvesting seasons based on arrival of solstices (longest and shortest days) around June 21 and December 21 and equinoxes (days with equal periods of light and darkness) around March 21 and September 23. They did so by building an observatory on Fajada Butte in Chaco Canyon, a stone-slab structure assembled so that on solstices and equinoxes, a sliver of sunlight entered between two stones and fell on a petroglyph (an image carved onto a rock) in a characteristic way. With this knowledge they gained a measure of control over the hazards of an arid environment.⑥The Anasazi disappeared from their homeland at the height of their cultural development around the end of the thirteenth century. Deforestation, socialdisruption，and the onset of an 11-year drought around A.D. 1280 (as evidenced by the narrowness of tree-ring growth) may have been factors leading to the abandonment of the pueblos.译文古代西南文化①大约2500年前，美洲印第安人开始生活在定居社区中（现在的美国西南部地区），种植着玉米（新世界特有的一种作物）、南瓜以及后来的豆类。