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新编英语词汇学教程第二版 Chapter 1 Introduction

Interesting vocabulary phenomenon
Are they words? • disrespectfulness • prowesternizationalisticity • antidisestablishmentarianism If they are, can you guess the meanings of them?
Why do languages differ so much?
1.1 The Tower of Babel
According to the Bible, the whole earth once had one language and few words, but the ambitious humans attempted to build themselves a tower, later known as Babel, in order to extend its top through to the heaven. When the Lord got to know this, He said angrily, “Come, let us go down, and confuse their language, that they may not understand one another’s speech.” (Genesis, Chapter 11) That is why it is called Babel. The Lord there made a babble of languages of the entire world and from that place the Lord scattered men all over the face of the earth.

大学词汇学第一章

2 weeks 1 week 1 weeks 2 weeks 1 weeks 1 weeks 1 week 1 week 1 week 1 week 1 week 1 week 1 week 1 week
考Hale Waihona Puke 形式1. 平时成绩50%（出勤、作业）。 2. 提交论文50%（3000—8000字）。
Introduction

1476年，Sir William Caxton发明印刷机。早期现代英语（Early Modern English）逐渐形成。文艺复兴（The Renaissance, 14-17世纪）代表人物：达.芬奇，米开朗基罗等英国剧作家莎士比亚（William Shakespeare,15641616）
Danish Icelandic Faroese Norwegian Swedish
Gothic*
German Dutch Flemish Frisian Afrikaans Yiddish
Old English(Anglo-Saxon):(AD400-1100) ---449 First landing of the Germanic warriors in Britain ---1066 Norman Conquest in Britain Middle English:(1100-1500) ---1476 Introduction of the Printing Press by Sir Willian Caxton ---1492 Discovery of the New World Early Modern English:(1500-1800) --- 1755 Dictionary of the English language by Samuel Johnson ---1776 American Revolution Modern English:(1800-present) ----20th C World wars, scientific breakthrough Contemporary English:(present and onwards)

1. Lexicology

But what is language?
- Code system, linguistic rules - communicative abilities

6
English as a Tool
communication
Bridging gaps
Learning/studying How to make the tool usable/workable?
Computer language Business language Scientific language Influential language Cosmopolitan language (Esperanto) Native language First language Mother tongue Second language Foreign language Official language International language Widely-used language Common/popular language Universal/global language

a social action and a carrier of inf. a system of structure. a social phenomenon. a physiological phenomenon. a psychological phenomenon. a physical phenomenon. A system of symbols based on physiology, psychology and physics; a social action and a carrier of information used for human communication in a society. (赵世开) (rft.2/p.)

Chapter 1 English Words and Lexicology--Basic Concepts

“re” meaning “again” in “repossess” and “retake”; “vital” can occur by itself as a word and in “vitality” with the meaning “life or liveliness”; “ize” can change an adjective into a verb, just like in words “nationalize” and “pluralize”; the element “(e)d” refers to the past tense or past participle at the end of most verbs.
1.1.1 The Physical Structure of the Word
By the physical structure of a word, we mean the word’s external structure from a morphological point of view.
Think about it?
A word may have more than one denotation, and we often call the first and most commonly used meaning its basic meaning. Are the other denotations related or unrelated to its basic meaning?
How do you understand this story? What can you learn from the story?
In a sense, all words are magic, and like the treasure in Ali Baba’s cave, a good vocabulary including the usage of words— their forms, pronunciation, histories, meanings, etc. can be an “open sesame” to success in education, professional work, and social life.

词汇学考试精简笔记-Charter1-4

词汇学考试精简笔记-Charter1-4Introduction0.1 The Nature and Domain of English LexicologyThe definition of Lexicology: (P1)Lexicology is a branch of linguistics, inquiring into the origins and meanings of words (WNWD), the morphological structures of English words and word equivalents, their semantic structures, relations, historical development, formation and usages. 0.2 The Relation to Other DisciplinesThe definition of Morphology: (P1)Morphology is the branch of grammar which studies the structure or forms of words, primarily through the use of morpheme construct.The definition of Etymology: (P2)Etymology is traditionally used for the study of the origins and history of the form and meaning of words.The definition of Semantics: (P2)Semantics is the study of meanings of different linguistic levels: lexis, syntax, utterance, discourse, etc.The definition of Stylistics: (P2)Stylistics is the study of style.The definition of Lexicography: (P2)Lexicography shares with lexicology the same problems: the form, meaning, origins and usages of words.The difference of Lexicography and Lexicology: (P2)A lexicographer’s task is to record the language as it is used so as to present the genuine picture of words to the reader, providing authoritative reference, whereas the student of lexicology is to acquire the knowledge and information of lexis so as to increase their lexical awareness and capacity of language use.Chapter 1Basic Concepts of Words and Vocabulary1.1 What is a WordIn visual terms, a word can be defined as a meaningful group; according to semanticists, a word is a unit of meaning. (P6) 选择、填空The definition of Word: (P7) 名词解释A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.A word comprises the following points:1. A minimal free form of a language;2. A sound unity;3. A unit of meaning;4. A form that can function alone in a sentence.1.2 Sound and MeaningThe connection of Sound and Meaning两者之间的关系: (P7) 选择、填空The symbolic connection is almost always arbitrary, and there is no logical relationship, the relationship is conventional.Woman, for example, becomes ‘Frau’ in German, ‘Fremme’ in French and ‘Funu’ in Chinese.：体现了sound，meaning的关系1.3 Sound and FormThe reasons caused the difference between Sound and Form: 读⾳和拼写不⼀致的原因(P8-9 具体例⼦看书本) 简答题1. The internal reason for this is that the English alphabet was adopted from the Romans, which does nothave a separate letter to represent each sound in the language so that some letters must do double duty or work together in combination.2. Another reason is that the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years, and insome cases the two have drawn far apart.3. A third reason is that some of the differences were created by the early scribes.4. Finally comes the borrowing, which do not conform to the rules of English pronunciation and spelling.*Printing印刷术was established in the late 1500.Sound and form is imperfect: (P10)The written form of English is, therefore, an imperfect representation of the spoken form.1.5 Classification of Words*Three classifications of words: (P11) 选择、填空Words may fall into the basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary by use frequency, into content words and functional words by notion, and into native words and borrowed words by origin.1.5.1 Basic Word Stock and Nonbasic VocabularyThe difference between BW and NBW: (P11)BW is in use in a high frequency; and NBW is not.The features of Basic Word (P11-12) 简答题●All national character 全民通⽤性●Stability 相对稳定性●Productivity 多产性●Polysemy ⼀词多义●Collocability 搭配性Therefore, ‘all national character’is the most important of all features that may differentiate words of common use from all others.The definition of Productivity: (P12)They can each be used alone, and at the same time can form new words with other roots and affixes.The definition of Polysemy: (P12)Words belonging to the basic word stock often possess more than one meaning because most of them have undergone semantic changes in the course of use and become polysemous.The definition of Collocability: (P12)Many words of the basic word stock enter quite a number of set expressions, idiomatic usages, proverbial sayings and the like.The types of Nonbasic word vocabulary (P13-15) 简答题●Terminology 专业术语●Jargon ⾏话●Slang 俚语●Argot ⿊话●Dialectal words ⽅⾔●Archaisms 古词语●Neologisms 新词语The definition of Terminology: (P13)It consists of technical terms used in particular disciplines and academic areas as in medicine.●例⼦有：mathematics, music, education.The definition of Jargon: (P13)It refers to the specialized vocabularies by which members of particular arts, sciences, trades and professions communicate among themselves such as in business.●例⼦有：bottom line, bargaining chipsThe definition of Slang: (P14)Slang belongs to the sub-standard language亚标准语⾔, a category that seems to stand between the standard general words including informal ones available to everyone and in-group words.Slang is created by changing or extending the meaning of existing words.The definition of Argot ⿊话: (P15)Argot generally refers to the jargon of criminals.The definition of Dialectal words: (P15)Dialectal words are words used only by speakers of the dialect in question.The definition of Archaisms: (P15)Archaisms are words or forms that were once in common use but are now restricted only to specialized or limited use.The definition of Neologisms: (P15)Neologisms are newly-created words or expressions, or words that have taken on new meanings.1.5.2 Content Words and Functional WordsThe difference between Content words and Functional words: (P16) 简答题●Content words denote clear notions and thus are known as notional words.●Functional words do not have notions of their own. Therefore, they are also called empty words. As theirchief function is to express the relation between notions, the relation between words as well as between sentences, they are known as form words.1.5.3 Native Words and Borrowed WordsThe definition of Native Words: (P17)Native words are words brought to Britain in the fifth century by the German tribes (⽇⽿曼部落).The 2 features of Native Words: (P17)1. Neutral in style (French or Latin are literary and in formal style) ⽂体中⽴，即任何场所可⽤2. Frequent in use使⽤频繁The definition of Borrowed Words: (P18)Words taken over from foreign languages are known as borrowed words or loan words or borrowing in simple terms. 三个⿊体字同义Four classes of Borrowed Words: (P19)1. Denizens 同化词Denizens are words borrowed early in the past and now well assimilated into the English language.2. Aliens ⾮同化词Aliens are borrowed words which have retained their original pronunciation and spelling.3. Translation-loans 译借词、外来词Translation-loans are words and expressions formed from the existing material in the English language but modeled on the patterns taken from another language.4. Semantic-loans借义词Words of this category are not borrowed with reference to the form.Chapter 2The Development of the English vocabulary2.1 The Indo-European Language FamilyThe Indo-European Language has approximately 3000languages and group into roughly 300language families on the basis of Basic Word and Grammar. It is made up of most of language of Europe, the Near East, and India.印欧三⼤语系(P23) Germanic family = Scandinavian languages斯堪的纳维亚语的;北北欧⽇⽿曼语系(P24)The Germanic family consists of the four Northern European languages: Norwegian, Icelandic, Danish and Swedish, which are generally known as Scandinavian languages.In western set, Greek is the modern language derived from Hellenic(希腊语的). (P24)2.2.1 Old English (450 – 1150) (P25)The Germanic tribes are the earliest.The introduction of Christianity had a great impact on the English vocabulary. It brought many new ideas and customs and also many religious terms such as abbot, candle, alter, amen, apostle.The common practice was to create new words by combining two native words, e.g. handbook. (P26)Old English is a highly inflected language.Skirt, skill, window, leg, grasp, birth, they, their, them, egg, these words are from Scandinavian origin.2.2.2 Middle English (1150 – 1500) (P26)Norman Conquest started a continual flow of French words into English. 诺曼⼤帝带来了⼤量的法语词。

lecture 1

How many sub-branches does linguistics have? pronunciation→
phonetics,phonology. grammar → syntax meaning → semantics, pragmatics vocabulary → lexicology, mophology
handshake: n. ? v. ? The manager welcomed him with a warm handshake. They handshook their way right up to the gate. 他们握着手一直走到大门口. 他们握着手一直走到大门口
You are the salt of the earth: a person who is regarded as kind-hearted and dependable. Tom cut his teacher dead in the playground: Pretend not to see
1.3.4 meaning: dog: n. ? v. ? If you dog someone, you follow them very closely and never leave them. E.g. He has been dogging me all day long. If problems or injuries dog you, they keep affecting you. The project has been dogged by a number of technical problems.
E.g. the same user may use different varieties ---for different purposes, ---in different situations, ---in conversations with different people, ---or to produce different effects.

新编简明英语语言学教程【笔记】

Chapter one Introduction一、定义1.语言学LinguisticsLinguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.2.普通语言学General LinguisticsThe study of language as a whole is often called General linguistics.3.语言languageLanguage is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.语言是人类用来交际的任意性的有声符号体系。

4.识别特征Design FeaturesIt refers to the defining poperties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication.语言识别特征是指人类语言区别与其他任何动物的交际体系的限定性特征。

Arbitrariness任意性Productivity多产性Duality双重性Displacement移位性Cultural transmission文化传递⑴arbitrarinessThere is no logical connection between meanings and sounds.the arbitrary nature of language is a sign of sophistication and it makes it possible for language to have an unlimited source of expressions⑵ProductivityAnimals are quite limited in the messages they are able to send.⑶DualityLanguage is a system, which consists of two sets of structures ,or two levels.⑷DisplacementLanguage can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker.⑸Cultural transmissionHuman capacity for language has a genetic basis, but we have to be taught and learned the details of any language system. this showed that language is culturally transmitted. not by instinct. animals are born with the capacity to produce the set of calls peculiar to their species.5.语言能力CompetenceCompetence is the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his lan guage. 6.语言运用performancePerformance is the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.语言运用是所掌握的规则在语言交际中的体现。

Chapter One(A) 英语词汇学课程简介

兼任湖北省学位委员会评议组成员、华中师范大学学位委员会第3、4届委员、教育部人文社科基地华中师大语言与语言教育研究中心兼职研究员。学术兼职包括全国专业英语研究会理事、中南地区外语教学法研究会副理事长、湖北省翻译者协会副会长、武汉欧美同学会常务理事等。被邀担任教育部全国本科教学评估专家和教育部出国留学基金语言学评审专家。同时担任上海外语教育出版社教育部"十五"规划项目英语专业教材编写委员会委员，重庆出版社中西部英语专业系列教材编写委员会委员。主讲英语词汇学、文体学、语义学等理论课程。从事语言学和应用语言学方面的研究，并对话语篇章、语用、语言与文化等有浓厚的兴趣。

近年来，汪榕培教授在中国古典文学英译和中西文化比较等方面取得了突破性的进展，先后完成了《英译老子》、《英译易经》、《英译陶诗》、《英译诗经》、《英译庄子》、《英译邯郸记》《英译汉魏六朝诗三百首》、《英译牡丹亭》、《英译孔雀东南飞· 木兰诗》、等译著，并撰写了一系列相关的论文，出版了专著《比较与翻译》和《陶渊明诗歌英译比较研究》，得到国内外学者的高度重视。他目前正在继续进行典籍英译研究工作，兼任苏州大学、大连理工大学博士生导师。
What we shall learn in ish lexicology is more than to learn to remember new words，but it will make you powerful in learning new words. 有人误认为词汇学就是“学词汇”。
4.所有作业，独立完成，不能抄袭，否则扣分。
Chapter One
The Basic Concepts of Words and Vocabulary

《英语词汇学》知识点归纳

English Lexicology(英语词汇学)Lexicology: is a branch of linguistics, inquiring into the origins and meanings of words.Chapter 1--Basic concepts of words and vocabularyWord: A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function. (1)a minimal free form of a language (2)a sound unity (3)a unit of meaning (4)a form that can function alone in a sentenceSound and meaning: almost arbitrary, “no logical relationship between the sound which stands for a thing or an idea and the actual thing and idea itself”Sound and form:不统一的四个原因（1）the English alphabet was adopted from the Romans, which does not have a separate letter to represent each other（2）the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years（3）some of the difference were creates by the early scribes（4）the borrowings is an important channel of enriching the English vocabulary词汇Vocabulary: all the words in a language make up its vocabulary词语分类Classification of English Words：1.By use frequency: basic word stock & non basic vocabulary基本词汇的特征:1)All-National character（全民通用性most important）2)Stability3)Productivity（多产性） 4)Polysemy（多义性）5)Collocability（可搭配性）没有上述特征的词:(1)Terminology(术语) (2)Jargon（行话）(3)slang（俚语）(4)Argot（暗语）（5）Dialectal words (6)Archaisms（古语） (7) Neologisms（新词语）:Neologisms2.By notion: content words实词 & functional words虚词3.By origin: native words & borrowed wordsNative words（本族语词）: Two other features:(1)neutral in style (2)frequent in useBorrowed words/Loan words: words taken over from foreign languages.(80% of modern EV)1) denizens(同化词，融入英语): (shirt from skyrta(ON))2) aliens（非同化词/外来词，可以看出源头）: kowtow3) translation loans(译借词):按其他语言方式组成英语long time no see / tofu4) semantic loans（借义词）：they are not borrowed withreference to the form,but their meanings are borrowed pioneer本指开拓者，先引申为先锋。

English lexicology 教案

Norwegian Icelandic Danish Swedish English German Celtic Hellenic
Armenian
Irish Breton Scottish
Greek
Basic Concepts
language

A social action, a carrier of information A system of structure A social phenomenon
Expansion New words

2-2-1 Words of native origin
1.
2. 3.
The polysemic character of native words in English The collocability of native words in English Word-forming ability of native words in Modern English
1. 2.
3.
4. 5.
The Scandinavian element The French element The Latin element The Greek element Other foreign element
French loan-words in the Middle English period
The English people are of a mixed blood. The three dialects of---the Angles, Saxons and Jutes---grew into a single language, the English language. Anglo-Saxon Sino-American relationship

词汇学复习

Chapter 1 A general survey of English vocabularyLexicology: the study of words/ to study the science of words.a word is the smallest significant unit of a speech.词是语言的最小的有意义结构单位。

the smallest significant unit of a speech is morpheme(词素/语素/形位)Word defined: a fundamental（基本的）unit of speech and a minimum free form; with a unity of sound and meaning (both lexical and grammatical meaning) capable of performing a given syntactic function.Sound the naturalists 自然派Meaning the conventionalists 习惯派Three periods of EV1.Old English/Anglo-Saxon Period(449-1100AD)2.Middle English Period (1150-1500)3.Modern English Period (1500-present)Some characteristics of Old English1、The vocabulary is of Germanic characteristic, an exclusively Germanic vocabulary (few borrowings from non-Germanic languages), distinguished by compounding.（复合词）2、An ability to develop new words out of the existing Germanic word-stock instead of borrowing foreign words.3、Old English was an inflected language. It had a complete system of declension with five cases and conjugations.Middle English periodSome features of this period:1)Much borrowed French words;2)The inflectional system of OE decayed rapidly during the ME period and hadvanished almost entirely by the end of this period.3)The appearance of natural gender.Some characteristics of Modern English1、It was divided into two parts: early modern English(1500-1700) and latemodern English(1700--present)2、Expansion3、New words*Newest Development of EV（the rapid growth of present-day English vocabulary and its causes）1、Marked progress of science and technology;cybernetics, bionics, chain reaction, radioactivity, neutron bomb, medium-range ballistic missile, cosmonaut中程导弹, countdown倒数, space shuttle, launching pad, maglev train…2、Socio-Economic, political and cultural changes;Credit card; fringe benefit 额外福利pension 退休金Teach-in 宣讲游说roller-hockey 曲棍球surf-riding 冲浪3. The influence of other cultures and languagesombudsman: 调查官员舞弊情况的官员apartheid: 种族隔离制sputnik: 人造地球卫星autostrada: 高速公路(Italian）autopista: 高速公路（Spanish）Classification of EV1.By origin2.By level of usage:3.By notion4.By time1、By origin:native and loan words 本族语和外来语Fundamental features of basic word stock:1.National character;2.Stability3.Word-forming ability;4.Ability to form collocations.2. By level of usage 使用的程度来分类Common words (standard word) 普通词汇literary words Archaic words 古体语书面语Obsolete wordsPoetical words: traditionally used in poetry. E.g. the deep (the sea), steed (horse), thou, thee (you, sing.), ye (you, plur.), thy (your), thine (yours), yon (over there), aught (anything), naught (nothing).Colloquial words 口语词汇are described as everyday words which have been around for a long time and are often used in informal speeches.Slang words 俚语are ever-changing set of colloquial words generally considered distinct from and socially lower than the standard to describe language that is new and fresh, including argot/cant (secret vocabulary of underworld groups). Technical words 术语include formal specialized language (terminologies) and informal specialized language (jargon) to a trade, job, or group.3. By notionFunction words功能词：determiners, conjunctions, prepositions, auxiliaries（助词），and so forthContent words 实意词: diagnosis 诊断prescription 处方injection 注射space walk ; space opera 太空剧apartheid 种族隔离Chapter 2 Morphological structure of English wordsMorpheme(语素，词素): the morpheme is the smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language, not divisible or analyzable into smaller forms.one morpheme：nationtwo morphemes: nationalthree: morphemes: nation +al +izeAllomorphemes :语素变体，形位变体：Some morphemes are realized by more than one morph according to their position. Such alternative morphs are allomorphemes. E.g. the morpheme of plurality (-s) has a number if allomorphemes in different sound context, e.g. in cats/s/, in bags/z/, in matches/iz/.有些词素根据其在词中的特殊位置而产生的变体叫词素变体。

Chapter_1词汇学 2

2.With grammar
Words become significant speech-forms only when they are governed by grammar.
e.g. In the word worker the er-ending is a grammatical form, and so are the ous-ending in previous and the y in rocky. Thus even isolated words bear a definite relation to the grammatical system because they belong to some parts of speech. The tie between lexicology and grammar are particularly strong in the sphere of word-formation. More examples: advantage—adj. advantageous detection—adj. detectable continuity—adj. continuous
1-3-3: The Connection of Lexicology with Other Branches of Linguistics
1.With phonetics: The study of the sound system and sound changes of language is closely related to grammar and lexicology. The expression of the meaning of words is made possible by means of sounds; it depends on the phonemic made-up of words, on the order of the sounds, and on the sound-stress.

英语词汇学-第一章

Description
Modern English vocabulary
The Future Development of English Vocabulary
Summary: The future development of English vocabulary is likely to be influenced by globalization, technology, and cultural exchange.
Communication: A sound knowledge of Lexicology aids in effective communication, whether in writing, speaking, or translation.
Educational: Teachers and students of English can benefit from a better understanding of the vocabulary they are working with.
Words are grouped according to their meanings or semantic fields.
Words are grouped according to their internal structure and the formation processes that led to them.
Definition and characteristics
输入标题
02
01
04
03
Definition and characteristics
Characteristics
Practical: The knowledge gained from Lexicology is applied in areas like translation, education, and lexicography.

lexicology期末复习

PrefaceTwo respects of linguistics: words and word equivalents.The scope of lexicology: development, structure, formation, meaning and usage of words and words equivalents. Chapter One: a general survey of English vocabularyThe definition of word:(1) A word is a minimum free form. (Bloomfield)a. Classical statement;b. It holds good and can be applied to most cases;c. There are exceptions; not all words can occur in isolation;d. Does not touch upon meaning.(2) A word is defined by the association of a given sense with a given group of sounds capable of a givengrammatical use. (Antoine Meillet)a. A combination of meaning and sound with special emphasis on grammatical use;b. Useful but doesn‘t include the concept of word as the minimal free form.(3) A word may be defined as a fundamental unit of speech and a minimum free form; with a unity of soundand meaning (both lexical and grammatical meaning), capable of performing a given syntactic function.(4) Words are also either spoken or written.1.The Development of English Vocabulary (historical development and rapid growth) Vocabulary is the building material of a language----Stalin: Marxism and Problems of LinguisticsA. English vocabulary as viewed in the historical perspectiveOld English (OE) Or Anglo-Saxon(AS) (449-1100) a. The language of Angles, Saxons, and the Jutes replaced Celtic;b. contains fifty or sixty thousand words;c. chiefly Anglo-Saxon with a small mixture of Old Norse;d. borrow from Latin(especially after the introduction of Christianity into Britain in 597, Bible).Middle English(ME) (1100-1500) a. The strong influence of French because of the Norman Conquest in 1066b. Ruling class is French-speaking Normans; the masses continue to speak English;c. To the end of 15th century, English become once more the language of the whole country;d. Latin words continue to come in, but in small numbers.Modern English (1500--present) a.1500-1700, Renaissance, stress on study of classics, words borrowing from Latin;b. borrowing Greek words indirectly through the medium of Latin;c. introduces some Greek words directly into English vocabulary.English borrows wordsfrom a. 3 Romance languages: French, Spanish and Italianb. European languages: Portuguese, German, Dutch, Russianc. Non-European languages: Australian, Arabic, Indian, Hebrew, Chinese, Japanese, Africand. Vast debts: 80% of the entries are borrowed (The Encyclopedia Americana)English vocabulary is rich and heterogeneous and has the most copious vocabulary, more than a million words.B. The rapid growth of present-day English vocabulary (especially after World WarⅡ)The reason of the frequent appearance of neologisms (new words or new meaning for established words)(1)Marked progress of science and technology: the nuclear bomb, the exploration of space, computer science(2)Socio-economic, political and cultural changes: new social habits and new living condition, changes in domestic habits, drug addiction, student unrest, internal political struggle, women‘s liberation, struggle of the Black people, changes in education, new entertainment, sports.(3)The influence of other cultures and languages: an important factor in vocabulary development2. Classification of English Words According to Different Criteria(origin, level of usage, and notion)A. By Origin: native words and loan wordsLoan 20%used a. have been perfectly naturalized in usage;b. have conformed to native English in accent and spelling, sometimes even in adoption of an English affix, no longer aliens;c. words borrowed without any change in sound and spelling are known as foreign words.Native 80%used a. most are monosyllabic;b. auxiliary and modal verbs, and a greater part of numerals, pronouns, prepositions and conjunctions;c. top 9 most frequently used: and, be, have, it, of, the, to, will, you.The fundamental features of the basic word stocka. national character: they are known to all the membersb. stability: remain unchanged; a certain number of OE words have dropped out of basic word stockc. word-forming abilityd. ability to form collocations: combine to form habitual expressions and phrasesB. By level of usage1. Common a. connected with the ordinary things or activities necessary to everyday lifeb. stylistically neutral, both formal and informal2. Literary a. chiefly used in writing, especially in books written in a more elevated style, in official documents, or in formal speeches;b. most are of French, Latin and Greek origin;c. the use of literary words in ordinary conversation is pretentious or jocularArchaic words“arch.(aic)”a. no longer in common use, but retain for special purposeb. not obsolete words--dead words, obs.(olete) or dated., completely out of use Poetical words―poet.(ical)”a. traditionally used only in poetryBoth archaic and poetical---―arch. or poet.‖ a. most in pronominal forms3. Colloquial a. “colloq.(uial)” or infmlb. mainly in spoken English, among friends, colleagues and family4. Slang a. language, words or phrases of a vigorous, colorful, facetious, or taboo nature, invented forspecific occasions, or uses, or derived from the unconventional use of the standard vocabularyb. derogatory implication, unmeaning languagec. the reason of slang expressions is to secure freshness and noveltyd. lively, expressive, popular, and new expressions keep cropping up.e. can become ―respectable ‖ and achieve a lasting place5. Technical Or Special a. used in various special fieldsb. function—to denote things or processes and to increase precision in nomenclaturec. the use of technical terms save timed. sharply increased in the last 50 yearse. most remain essentially foreign to outsiders, even to educated native speakersf. the barrier between technical words and popular words is breaking downC. By notion: function words and content wordsPart of speech / word class LexicalmeaningGrammaticalmeaningamount stability useFunction determiners, conjunctions,prepositions, auxiliaries, and so forth.Not much Orno√Few,154 √highcontent Nouns, main verbs, adjectives andadverbs√×Many ×LowChapter 2 Morphological Structure of English words 词素结构1.Morphemes 词素A. Some basic information about morphemes1)Definition: the morpheme is the smallest meaningful linguistic unit, not divisible or analyzable into smaller meaningful forms.2)Duality: A morpheme is also a two-facet language unit with both sound and meaning.3)A morpheme is different from a phoneme(抽象,音位,[ ]). A phoneme only conveys sound distinction. (phone,具体,音素, / /)4)a morpheme is not identical with a syllable(音节).B. Allomorphs词素变体An allomorph is any of the variant forms of a morpheme as conditioned by position or adjoining sounds.2.Classification of MorphemesA. Free morphemes and bound morphemes 自由词素和粘着词素A free morpheme can be uttered aloneA bound morpheme cannot stand by itselfB. Roots and Affixes词根和词缀1)Roots: A root is the basic unchangeable part of a word and it conveys the main lexical meaning of word. Roots are either free or bound. Knowledge of roots can help one to analyze and understand many words almost on sight.a)Free roots: In English, many roots are free morphemes. A word consisting of one free root is a simple word.b)Bound roots: Derived from foreign sources, especially from Greek and Latin.2)Affixes:Affix is a ―collective term for the type of formative that can be used only when added to another morpheme‖.a)Inflectional affixes (or inflectional morphemes)曲折词缀:①An inflectional affix serves to express such meanings as plurality tense and the comparative orsuperlative degree. It doesn‘t form a new word with new lexical meaning.②It also doesn‘t change the word-class.③(-s;-en; genitive case ‗s; -s, -es; -d, -ed, -ing, -es; -er, -est)④The number of inflectional affixes is small and fixed; no new ones have been added since 1500.⑤Only have grammatical meaning⑥Can only be affixed to words of the same word-classb)Derivational affixes (or derivational morphemes): 派生词缀①Are those that derive a new word when added to another morpheme②Have specific lexical meanings③Have more than one meaning④Have affective meaning⑤Can be attached to words of different word-classes⑥New ones are coined from time to time.c)Both prefixes and suffixes may be grouped according to:①Their linguistic origin: native affixes & foreign affixes②Their productivity: productive or living & dead or unproductiveMorphemeFree Free rootBoundBound rootaffixInflectional affixesDerivational affixesPrefixesSuffixes3.A new criterion to classify English words: According to the number and type of morpheme they containChapter 3 Word-Formation(1)(The three major processes of word-formation)1.General remarksA. Percentage of new words coined by the different word-formation processes after World WarⅡ1)The three major processes of word-formationa)Compounding or composition—27%b)Derivation or affixation—17.5%c)Conversion—10.5%2)The eight minor processes of word-formationB. some basic concepts of word-formation1)Word-formation rules: the scope and methods whereby speakers of a language may create new words2)Root, stem, base: part of a word that remains when all affixes have been removed.A stem is the part of the word-form which remains when all inflectional affixes have been removed.A base is any form to which affixes of any kind can be added.pounding复合A. Definition1)Orthographic criteriona)Solidb)Hyphenatedc)Open2)Phonological criterionCompound accent: (‗___ ___ or ‗___ , ___)3)Semantic criteriona)The meaning of a compound is derived from the combined lexical meanings of its componentsb)The meaning of a compound is not always the sum of the meanings of it parts.c)A compound conveys a single idea, and functions as a separate lexical unit.B. Classification of Compounds1)Noun compounds: the commonest type; according to the syntactic relation of the compounding elements(String compound: a compound whose first element is itself a compound.)2)Adjective compounds: according to the syntactic relation of the compounding elements3)Verb compounds: by back-formation; by conversion.3.Derivation派生1)Definition: a process of forming new words by the addition of a word element, such as a prefix, suffix orcombining form or all, to an already existing word.2)Prefixation: adding a prefix or combining form; change the lexical meaning; do not change the word-classa)Classification of prefixation: by meaning①―negative‖-(un-, non-, in-, dis-, a-)②―reversative or privative‖-(un-,de-, dis-)③―pejorative‖-(mis-, mal-, pseudo-)④―prefixes of degree or size‖(arch-, super-, out-, sub-, over-, under-, hyper-, ultra-, mini-)⑤Prefixes of attitude(co-, counter-, anti-, pro-)⑥―locative‖ (super-, sub-, inter-, trans-)⑦Prefixes of time and order(fore-, pre-, post-, ex-, re-)⑧―number‖ prefixes(uni-/mono-, bi-/di-, tri-, multi-/poly-)b)Some productive prefixes P.45- P.493)Suffixation: the formation of a new word by adding a suffix or a combining form to the base, and usuallychanging the word-class of the basea)Classification of suffixes: according to the word-class of the word they formMain groups of suffixes:①Noun (-forming) suffixes: n-n; adj.-n; v.-v;②Verb (-forming) suffixes:③Adjective (-forming) suffixes: v.-adj.④Adverb (-forming) suffixesb)Some productive suffixes P.50- P.54c)Differentiating suffixes: convey subtle nuances of meaning4.Conversion转换A．Introductory remarks1)A word of a certain word-class is shifted into a word of another word-class without the addition of an affix.2)Change in the word-class, semantic change, phonological change.3)―F unctional shift‖ or ―derivation by zero suffix‖4)Conversion is a result of the almost entire loss of inflection5)The percentage of converted words is 10.5%6)Productive; because the inflectional endings is lost7)A word may undergo multiple conversionB. Types of conversion P.58—P.641)Noun—verb conversion2)Verb—noun conversion3)Adjective—verb conversion4)Adjective—noun conversion5)otherChapter 4 Word-formation (2)(The minor processes of word –formation)1.Acronymy: Initialisms and Acronyms 首字母缩略法A.I nitialisms1)Initialism is a type of shortening, using the first letters of words to form a proper name, a technical term, or aphrase;2)initialism is pronounced letter by letter;3)Three types;①The letters represent full words. Main type;②The letters represent elements in a compound or just part of a word;③ A letter represents the complete form of the first or the first two word, while the second word or thethird word is in full form;B.A cronyms1)Acronyms are words formed from the initial letters of the name of an organization or a scientific term.2)Pronounced as words rather than as sequences of letters3)P.73C.R apid growth of acronyms and initialisms1)As old as language itself2)Have become extremely popular since World WarⅡ3)Accelerated by the tremendous advances made in modern science and technology and by the increase inthe number of military, governmental, and voluntary organizations.4)The usual style or practice is to give the full when it is first mentioned and to follow it with the recognizedabbreviation in parenthesis.5)Many are colloquial and informal and should be avoided in formal writing.1)The process of clipping involves the deletion of one or more syllables from a word, which is available in its full form.2)A large number of clipped forms are regarded as informal and are used in less formal situations.3)The speech of students is filled with clippings.4)Typical characteristic of English: the tendency to shorten the English words.A.B ack clippings: the deletion occur at the end of the wordB.F ront clippings: the deletion occur at the beginning of the wordC.F ront and back clippings(not a common type of clipping): the deletion occur at both ends of a wordD.P hrase clippings: involves the shortening of a phrase3.Blending 拼缀法1)A new word is formed by combining the meanings and sounds of two soundsof two words, one of which is not in its full form or both of which are not in their full forms;2)a good many blends are journalistic coinages;3)frequently used by newspaper and magazines;4)most are short-lived novelties.A.T he first part of the first word + the last part of the second wordB.T he first part of the first word + the first part of the second wordC.W hole form of the first word + last part of the second wordD.F irst part of the first word + whole form of the second world4.Back-formation逆构词法1)Back-formation refers to a type of word-formation by which a shorter word is coined by the deletion of asupposed affix from a longer form already2)Many back-formations are created by analogy3)Some back-formations come from words ending in –s.4)The majority of back-formed words are verbs5)Of the many newly created back-formed verbs most are from nouns either ending in–tion or –er6)Less common are words formed by dropping prefixes7)On informal occasions5.Words from Proper Names: the coinage of common words from proper names.1)Words from the names of scientists2)Words from the names of politicians and statesmen3)Words from the names of places4)Words from trademarks5)Words from literature6.Reduplication 复制法1)A compound word is created by the repetition (1) of one word like go-go; (2) of two almost identical wordswith a change in the vowel‘s such as ping-pong; (3) of two almost identical words with a change in the initial consonants, as teenyweeny.2)Reduplicatives are characterized by being rhymed or alliterated3)The common uses are (1)to imitate sounds; (2)to suggest alternating movements; (3)to express one‘scontempt of the character, appearance and behaviour of a person; (4)to disparage by suggesting that something is in disorder, or of small value, or of inferior quality; (5) to show one‘s approval7.Neoclassical Formation 新古典构词法1)The process by which new words are formed from elements derived from Latin and Greek.2)In the nineteenth century, linguistic snobbery3)To add dignity and seriousness to a new word.8.MiscellaneousChapter 5 Word meaning and semantic features1.Conventionality and MotivationA.C onventionality1)Arbitrary: there is no intrinsic relation between the sound-symbol and its sense.2)Conventional: there is no way to explain why this or that sound-symbol has this or that meaning beyond thefact that the people of a given community have agreed to use one to designate the other.B.M otivation1)Motivation refers to the connection between word-symbol and its sense2)Motivation can arise in three major ways:①Phonetic motivationEchoic words or onomatopoeic words: pronunciation suggests the meaning②Morphological motivationA direct connection between the morphemic structure of the word and its meaning;Compound words may be morphologically motivated.③Semantic motivationThe figurative meaning provides motivation.2.Main types of word meaning: grammatical and lexicalA.G rammatical meaning: word-class and inflectional paradigm1)Word-class ( part of speech)2)Inflectional paradigm:①The set of grammatical forms of a word is called its paradigm②The lexical meaning of a word is the same throughout the paradigm③The grammatical meaning varies from one word-form to another.④Grammatical meaning is the same in identical sets of individual forms of different words.B.L exical meaning1)Denotative meaning:conceptual meaning; central factor; to designate or describe something; make communication possible2)Connotative meaning: association which a word or a phrase suggests in one‘s mindSupplementary value added to the purely denotative meaning;Pertaining to individuals and to a group.3)Social meaning: which a piece of language conveys about the social circumstances of its useIn terms of the social relationship, the occasion, subject matter and the mode of discourseFive different levels of formality: (1) oratorical or frozen (2) deliberate or formal (3) consultative (4) casual (5) intimate4)Affective meaning: concerned with the expression of feelings and attitudes of the speaker or writerPurr words: express the speaker‘s approvalSnarl words: show disapproval or contemptponential Analysis and semantic featuresA.C omponential analysis on the basis of semantic contrastThe analysis of word meanings is often seen as a process of breaking down the sense of a word into its minimal components, which are known as semantic features or sense components.B.A dvantages and disadvantages of componential analysis1)Some advantagesa)Enable us to have an exact knowledge of the conceptual meaning of wordsb)Help us to choose the right word or collocation2)Some disadvantagesa)We cannot find a set of features that capture what is common in meaning across lexical itemb)The analysis of word meaning into its sense components is not enoughChapter 6 Polysemy and Homonymy1.Polysemy多义现象A.D efinition1)To refer to a lexical item which has a range of different meanings.2)Polysemy is the rule; monosemy is the exception3)Polysemic words are signs of an advanced culture4)Polysemy is the feature of a language‘s economy and efficiency5)Some polysemic words have different affective and stylistic meanings.B.T wo approaches to polysemy: diachronic and synchronic历时研究法和共时研究法1)Diachronic: study the growth or change in the semantic structure of a word, or how the semantic structureof a word has developed from a primary meaning to the present polysemic state.2)Synchronic: study the comparative value of individual meaning and the international between the centralmeaning and secondary meanings.3)In some cases, the primary meaning (diachronically) and the central meaning (synchronically) coincide.4)In some cases, the meaning appeared after the original meaning can become the central meaning.C.T wo processes leading to polysemy1)RadiationSemantically, radiation is the process in which the primary or central meanings stands at the center while secondary meanings radiate from it in every direction like ray.2)ConcatenationConcatenation is a semantic process in which the meaning of a word moves gradually away from its first sense by successive shifts, until there is no connection between the sense that is finally developed and the primary meaning.2.HomonymyA.T ypes of homonyms1)Perfect homonyms: words are identical in sound and spelling but different in meaning2)Homophones: words are identical in sound but different in spelling and meaning3)Homographs: words are identical in spelling but different in sound and meaningB.S ources of homonyms1)Phonetic convergence语音趋同The most common cause of homonymyUnder the influence of phonetic changes, two or more words which once were different in sound forms take on the same pronunciation the spoken language.2)Semantic divergence语义分化Two or more meanings of the same word drift apart to such an extent that there will be no obvious connection between them.3)Foreign influence4)shortening3.The stylistic value of polysemy and homonymy1)The possibility of ambiguity leads to playing on words and leads to humour2)Polysemic words and homonymous words can also produce other aspects such as irony or heighteneddramatic powerChapter 7 Sense relations between words1.Synonymy 同义关系A.D efinition of synonyms―having the same essential meaning‖ and ―having essentially ide ntical definition‖B.K inds of synonyms1)Complete synonymsa)In scientific termsb)Two forces against complete synonymy:①Vagueness of word meaning②Connotative, stylistic and affective meanings that cluster around word2)Relative synonymsa)In degree of a given quality or in shade of meaning;b)Ineffective meaning, ad stylistic meaningc)In collocation and distributionC.S ynonymous patternsD.T he choice and appropriate use of synonyms1)Synonyms are extremely valuable stylistically in helping to avoid monotonous repetition and in achievingprecision.2)Other aspects:a)Synonyms of different word-classb)word synonymous with phrasesc)different sentence patterns expressing roughly the same idea2.Antonymy 反义关系A.T ypes of antonyms1)Antonyms classified on the basis of the semantic contrast:Contraries, complementaries, conversives2)Antonyms classified on the basis of morphological structureRoot antonyms and derivational antonymsB.S ome relevant points about antonyms1)Marked and unmarked members2)Some words without antonyms3)Different antonyms under different circumstances4)Lexical antonyms VS syntactic negation5)Word order of antonymous pairsC.U se of antonyms3.Hyponymy 上下义关系Hyponymy is the relationship which obtains between specific and general lexical items.A superordinate term or upper term & subordinate term or lower term4.Semantic field 语义场by Jost Triera)Semantic field theory took the view that the vocabulary of a given language is not simply a listing ofindependent items, but is organized into areas, or fields, within which words interrelate and define each other in various waysb)Word frequency in the same semantic field varies.c)The words of a semantic field are not synonymousd)Meaning resides not only in a word itself, but spreads over neighbouring words.e)Words in the same semantic field are likely to have a number of collocations in common.Chapter 8 Meaning and context1.Two types of contextsA.Linguistic context1)Lexical context2)Grammatical context3)Verbal contextB.Extra-linguistic context / context of situation1)The actual speech situation in which a word occurs2)The entire cultural background against which a word has to be set2.The vital role of context in determination of word meaningA.E liminating ambiguitiesAmbiguity refers to a word, phrase, sentence or group of sentences with more than one possible interpretation or meaning.B.C onveying emotional overtonesC.I ndicating referents and the range of the meaning of a word3.Suggested ways for the correct comprehension of word meaningA.T he use of an up-to-date and adequate monolingual dictionaryB.A good knowledge of the culture of the English-speaking peopleC.D evelopment of the ability to determine the meaning of a word from its contextChapter 9 Changes in word meaning1.Causes of changes in word meaningA.H istorical causeThe object which a word denotes has changed.B.S ocial causeA constant verbal traffic between common words and various technical wordsC.F oreign influenceD.L inguistic cause: ellipsis and analogyE.Psychological cause: euphemism; grandiloquence; cynicismF.Cause by figurative use of wordsMetaphorMetonymy2.Four tendencies in semantic changeA.R estriction of meaning (specialization)A word of wide meaning acquires a narrower, specialized sense which is applicable to only one of the objectsit had previously denoted.B.E xtension of meaning (generalization)The widening of a word‘s sense until it covers much more than what it originally conveyed.C.D egeneration of meaning (pejoration)1)One form: The falling of word meaning into disrepute, for one reason or another2)The second form: take the form of the gradual extension to so many senses that any particular meaningwhich a word may have had is completely lost.D.E levation of meaning (amelioration)A word meaning takes on a turn for the better in the course of time.。

2010_Chapter_1

vowels undergone changes OLD English Modern English stan ? fot ? fyr ? represented the sound of th by p and Ǿ wip ? Ǿa ? the basic elements remained mann(man), wif(wife), cild(child), hus(house), benc(bench), mete(meet, food)
nuclear bomb:
chain reaction, radioactivity, fall-out, clean bomb, overkill, megadeath, neuron bomb, medium-range ballistic missiles
exploration of space:
Three Historical Periods
Old English (450-1150)
-The pronunciation of old English somewhat differs from that of modern English. -It is a highly inflected language (synthetic not analytic). -The Norman Conquest caused the changes in the English language. -English has changed from a highly inflected language to an analytic language in terms of grammar. -A lot of words were borrowed from French (beef, pork, bacon, air, beauty, music, brown, paintincularly dominant in the fields of

词汇学PPT chapter 1

• The written form of English is, therefore, an imperfect representation of the phonemic elements of the spoken language (Quirk 1978).
1.4 Sound and Form
1.5 Classification of Words
1. the basic word stock & nonbasic vocabulary 2. content words & functional words 3. native words & borrowed words … 1=2=3=English vocabulary 1. use frequency 2. by notion 3. by origin
1.5.3 native words & borrowed words
native words • Words of Anglo-Saxon origin are small in number, but they form the mainstream of the basic word stock and stand at the core of the language. • They also have the features of the basic word stock.
1.3 Sound and Meaning
• There is ‘no logical relationship between the sound which stands for a thing or an idea and the actual thing and idea itself. • It is only a symbolic connection. • In different languages the same concept can be represented by different sounds.

《英语词汇学》

Lectures on English LexicologyMain Sections for the Lectures:Chapter 1: Basic Concepts of Words and Vocabulary1.1What Is a Word?A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.1.2 Sound and MeaningA word is a symbol that stands for something else in the world. This symbolic connection is almost always arbitrary, and there is no logical relationship between the sound which stands for a thing or an idea and the actual thing and idea itself. The relationship between sound and meaning is conventional because people of the same speech community have agreed to refer to a certain thing with a cluster of sounds. In different languages the same concept can be represented by different sounds.1.3 Sound and FormIt is generally agreed that the written form of a natural language is the written record of the oral form. The English alphabet was adopted from the Romans.In spite of the differences, at least eighty percent of the English words fit consistent spelling patterns.1.4 V ocabularyAll the words in a language make up its vocabulary.The general estimate of the present-day English vocabulary is over one million words.1.5 Classification of Words1.5.1 Basic Word Stock and Non-basic V ocabularyBasic words have the following characteristics:1.All national character: they denote the most common things and phenomena ofthe world around us, which are indispensable to all the people who speak the language.2.Stability: as these words denote the commonest things necessary to life, they arelikely to remain unchanged.3.Productivity:as they are mostly root words or monosyllabic words, they caneach be used alone, and at the same time can form new words with other roots and affixes4.Polysemy:words of this kind often possess more than one meaning becausemost of them have undergone semantic changes in the course of use and become polysemous.5.Collocability: most of these words enter quite a number of set expressions,idiomatic usages, and proverbial sayings.“All national character” is the most important of all features that may differentiate words of common use from all others.Non-basic words include the following:1.Terminology（术语）: technical terms used in particular disciplines andacademic areas.2.Jargon（行话）: the specialized vocabularies by which members of particular arts,sciences, trades and professions communicate among themselves.3.Slang（俚语）4.Argot（黑话）5.Dialectal words（方言词语）6.Archaisms（古语）7.Neologisms（新词）1.5.2 Content Words and Functional WordsContent words denote clear notions and thus are known as notional words（实义词）. They include nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs and numerals, which denote objects, phenomena, action, quality, state, degree, quantity, etc.Functional words do not have notions of their own. They are also called empty words. The chief function of these words is to express the relation between notions, the relation between words as well as between sentences. They are known as form words. Prepositions, conjunctions, auxiliaries and articles belong to this category.Content words are numerous and the number is ever growing whereas the functional words which make up a small number of vocabulary，remain stable. However, functional words do far more work of expression in English on average than content words.1.5.3 Native Words and Borrowed WordsNative words: words brought to Britain in the 5th century by the Germanic tribes: the Angles, the Saxons, and Jutes, thus known as Anglo-Saxon words. Words of Anglo-Saxon origin are small in number, amounting to roughly 50,000 to 60,000, but they form the mainstream of the basic word stock and stand at the core of the language.Native words have two other features:1.Neutral in style: since native words denote the commonest things in humansociety, they are used by all people, in all places, on all occasions, and at all times.Stylistically, native words are neither formal nor informal whereas the words borrowed from French or Latin are literary and learned, thus appropriate in formal style.2.Frequent in use: Native words are most frequently used in everyday speech andwriting. The percentage of native words in use runs usually as high as 70 to 90 percent.Borrowed word: words taken over from foreign languages are known as borrowed words or loan words or borrowings in simple terms. It is estimated that English borrowings constitute 80 percent of the modern English vocabulary.The loan words can be classified into four classes:1.Denizens（同化词）are words borrowed early in the past and now are wellassimilated into the English language. eg: pork----porc(F) cup---cuppa(L) 2.Aliens（非同化词）are borrowed words which have retained their originalpronunciation and spelling. eg: bazzar (per) intermesso( IT)3.Translation loans（译借词）4.Semantic loans（语义借词）Questions and Tasks on P20: 1—6Chapter 2: The Development of the English Vocabulary The English language is not the language of the early inhabitants of the British Isles.A Historical Overview of the English vocabularyThe first peoples known to inhabit the land were Celts. Their languages were dialects of still another branch of the Indo-European language family—Celtic（克尔特语）.The second major language known in England was the Latin of the Roman Legions. In 55-54 B.C., the Romans invaded the British Isles and were to occupy the land until about 410.When the Roman empire began to crumble, the Germanic tribes came in. they are Angles, Saxons, and Jutes.2.2.1 Old English (450—1150)The Germanic tribes took permanent control of the land, which was to be called England (the land of Angles). Their language, historically known as Anglo-Saxon, dominated and almost totally blotted out the Celtic. People generally refer to Anglo-Saxon as Old English. Old English has a vocabulary of about 50,000 to 60,000 words. It was a highly inflected language just like modern German.2.2.2 Middle English (1150--1500)Old English began to undergo a great change when the Normans invaded England from France in 1066. the Norman Conquest started a continual flow of French words into English. Between 1250 and 1500 about 9,000 words of French origin poured into English. 75 percent of them are still in use today.2.2.3 Modern English (1500—up to now)Modern English began with the establishment of printing in England. In the early period of Modern English, Europe saw a new upsurge of learning ancient Greek and Roman classics. This is known in history as the Renaissance.In the mid-seventeenth century, England experienced the Bourgeois Revolution followed by the Industrial Revolution and rose to be a great economic power.Although borrowing remained an important channel of vocabulary expansion, yet more words are created by means of word-formation.Growth of Present-day English V ocabularyGenerally, there are three main sources of new words: the rapid development of modern science and technology; social, economic and political changes; the influence of other cultures and languages.Modes of V ocabulary DevelopmentModern English vocabulary develops through three channels: creation, semantic change, borrowing.1.Creation refers to the formation of new words by using the existing materials,namely roots, affixes and other elements. In modern times, creation is the most important way of vocabulary expansion.2.Semantic change means an old form which takes on a new meaning to meet thenew need.3.Borrowing has played a vital role in the development of vocabulary, particularlyin earlier times.Questions and Tasks on P33: 3, 4, 10Chapter 3: Word Formation IThough borrowing has been playing an active role in the expansion of vocabulary, vocabulary is largely enriched on an internal basis.boys boy+schecking check+ingchairman chair+manMorphemes（词素）the smallest meaningful unit of language Morpheme is the smallest unit of language in terms of relationship between expression and content, a unit that cannot be divided into further smaller units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether it is lexical or grammatical, e.g. boys---boy+-s indicates pluralitychecking---check+-ingdisappointment词是由一个或一个以上的词素构成的。

英语词汇学 Chapter1

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English is a crazy language, full of wonders and attractions, thus making it an interesting subject as well as a useful one.
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What is language?

Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. It is a specific social action and a carrier of information.
Aims of the course:

Offer an insight into the origin and development of the English vocabulary. Discuss the problems of word-structure and word-formation Study the use of English words , their meanings and changes in meaning, their sense relations. Give a systematic description of the English vocabulary.
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If a vegetarian eats vegetables, what does a humanitarian eat? Why do people recite at a play, and play at a recital? Ship by truck or car and send cargo by ship?(动词与动词的功能差异；为什么演话剧时人们要朗诵，而在独奏会上却要演奏：----（polysemy)一词多义

Chapter-2-Connection-with-other-branches-笔记见教材上-朱的

A ˊFrench ,teacher teaches French.
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如果我们赋予French一个次重音， teacher一个主重音，这时He is a French teacher中的French表示法国国籍：
A ,French ˊteacher is French.
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The vocabulary of a language assumes tremendous importance when it comes under the control of grammar, which is concerned with the modification in form of words and the combination of words into sentences.
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In medicine: General wound skull sweat
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Specialist laceration cranium perspiration
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感谢您的阅读收藏，谢谢！
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General
Specialist
theft burning crime
larceny arson felony
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In the fields of science:
General
Specialist
hole speed force
cavity velocity intensity
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But in the pattern,“be able to do sth.”, it can not be collocated with “very”. It can,however, collocate with the words “really, quite, perfectly, well, totally”, for example: