粘着词根

Bound root. As illustrated by the example antecedent, a bound root is that part of the word that carries the fundamental meaning just like a free root.Unlike a free root, it is a bound form and has to combine with other morphemes to make words. Take-dict- for example. It is a Latin root which conveys the meaning of ‘say or speak’, but it is not a word in its own right. Yet with affixes, it can form quite a number of words. For example, with the prefixes contra - ( against) and pre - ( before) we obtain the verbs contradict meaning ‘speak against’ and predict meaning ‘tell beforehand’; with the suffix -ion, we form contradiction and prediction; with the suffix -or, we have contradictor and predictor. Apart from these, dictum, dictate, dictation, dictator, diction, dictionary are all derived from the root -dict-.In English, bound roots are either Latin or Greek. Although they are limited in number, their productive power is amazing. They give birth to thousands and thousands of derived words in modern English.Latin roots:according to their alphabetical order.1)acu- (acr-)----- sharp.Acute----- working very well, sharp.Dogs have an acute sense of smell.2) ag- (act-)----- to do, to drive.agent—a person who does something.3) am-----to love.Amateur---- a person who does something for the love of it rather than for money.4) a nim------------life or mind.animal a living creature.5) annu- (ennu-) —year.annual—of one year.6) aud- (audit)------ to hear.audience—the people listening to or watching a performance, speech,television, show, etc.7) bene- (benign-) well, good.benefit ----------good effect.8) cad- (cid-cas-) —to fall, to happen by chance.Accident------something that happens by chance.9) cap- (capt-) —--to take.capture-------- something that has been taken, caught or won by force.10) c ed- (cede-)---- to go.antecedent ------a thing, event, etc. coming or being beforeanother.11)cent------------ one hundred.century ------a period of 100 years.12) c ern- (cret-)------ to separate.secret—something separated or apart from others, something kept hidden or known only to a few.13) c lam- (claim-) to cry out.declaim—to say something loud and clear, with pauses and usually hand movements to Increase the effect of the words.14) d ud- (clus) —to shut, to close.conclude to come to an end.15) cord—heart.Cordial----- warm and hearty.16)corpor-. (corp-)------- body.Corpuscle----- any of the red or white cells in the blood.17) c re- (cresc-) —to grow.Increase------- to become larger in amount or number.18) c red-------to believe.Discredit------ to stop people believing.19) c umb- (cub--) to lie down.Cubicle-------- a very small enclosed room division of a larger room, as for dressing or undressing at a swimming pool.20) c ur- (curs-, cours-) ---to run or to go.current -------a continuously moving mass of liquid or gas, especiallyone flowing through slower-moving liquid or gas.21)de- (div-)------- a god.divine—of, related to, or being God or a god.22)dict----- to say or to speak.dictate--------to say (words) for someone else to write down.23)doc- (doct-)------- to teach.doctor—It originally meant ‘a teacher’ , now it means ‘a personholding one of the highest degrees given by a university (such as a PhD,)24)duc- (duct-) —to lead.i ntroduce----- to make known for the first time to each other orsomeone else, especially by telling two people each other’s names. 25)fac- (fic- fact-)----------- to do or to make.Manufacture---- to make or produce by machinery, especially in large quantities.26) fer------- to carry, to bring.c onfer —to give (a gift, title, honor, favor ,etc. ).27) firm-—firm, strong.Confirm---- to support, make certain, give proof of.28) flect- (flex-) -------to bend.Flexible------ that can bend or be bent easily.29)flu- (flux-)-------- a flow or to flow.Fluent------ speaking, writing, playing a musical instrument in an easily smooth manner.30)fus- (fund-)--------- to pour, to melt.confuse—to mix up, to make less clear.31)gam-------- marriage.bigamy ----the state of being married to two people at the same time.32) g en- (genit-)------ to produce, to give birth to.genesis—-the beginning or origin.33)ger- (gest-)------- to carry.digest—---to change or to be changed into a form that the body can uses34)grad- (gress-)------ a step or to step or go.Gradual---- happening slowly and by degrees; not sudden.35)grat----------- pleasing.Congratulate------ to speak to a person with praise and admiration for a happy event or something successfully.36) gray-—heavy.gravity ------attractive force by which bodies tend to go to the center of earth, etc.37)her- (hes-)------- to stick.adhere.--------to stick firmly (to another or each other. )38) j ac- (ject-) —to throw.project -----to cause (heat, sound, light, or shadow) to be directedinto space or onto a surface.39)junct- (join (t) -)----------- t o join.conjunction ------the act or result of joining together, association. 40)lect- (leg-, lig-)------- to choose.collect----- (to cause) to gather together.41)loqu- (lacut-)-------- t o speak.Colloquial------ suitable for, related to ordinary informal, or familiar conversation.42) mit- (miss-) —to send, to let go.Admit----- to permit (a person or thing) to enter.Missile--- a) an object or a weapon thrown by hand or shot from a gun or other instruments. b) an explosive weapon which can fly under its own power.43) m on- (monit-) —to warn, to advise.Monitor---- a pupil chosen to help the teacher in various ways.44) n asc- (nat-) —to be born.Nation------ the place of one’s birth ,a large group of peo ple living inone area and usually having an independent government.45) p el- (pell-) —to drive.compel -------to make (a person or thing) do something by or as if by force.46) p end- (pens-) —to hang.depend ----to rely on.47) p et- (petit-) —to seek, to strive.Competition----- a test of strength, skill, ability, etc.48) plex- (plic-, plicit—) —to twist, to connect. complex consisting ofmany closely related or connected parts.49) p ound- (pond- pose, posit-) ——to put.compound -----consisting of two or more separate parts, substances , etc.compose --------to make or form (something) by putting parts together.50) port-—to carry.Export---- to send (goods) out of a country for a sale.51) quir- (quisit-) —to seek or ask.inquire—to ask.52) r upt------to break or to burst.interrupt ----to break the flow of (something continuous).53)scrib- (script-)------- to write.describe——- to give a picture (of someone or something) in words.54)sed- (sid-)------- to sit or to settle.preside -----to be in charge of, to lead.55) s pect- (spec-, spic-) —to look, to look at.inspect ------to examine (the details of something).56) t act- (tang-, ting-)----- to touch.Contact--- to get in touch with (someone).57)ten- (tin-, tam-)--------to hold.Continent---main unbroken masses of land on the earth.58) t ract------ to drag or to pull.contract -----a formal agreement, having the force of law.59)ven- (vent-)------ to move toward, to come.event ----a happening, usually an important one.60)vert- (vers-)------- to turn.reverse— to turn something, over, so as to show the back.61) v id- (vis-) ——--to see.Vision---- the ability to see.62)voc- (vok-)-------- voice or to call.Provoke----- to make (a person or animal) angry or bad tempered.63) volv (volut-) —to roll.Revolve----- to spin round (on a central point).Greek roots:1) anthrop-(anthropo-)--------- man or human.Anthropology----- the science of man or the scientific study of thenature of man, including the development of his body, mind andsociety.2) archeo- (archi-)------- ancient.archeology—the study of the buried remains of ancient times, suchas houses, pots, tools and weapons.3) aut- (auto-) ----self.Automatic----- able to work or move by itself withoutneeding the operation of men. -Questions and Tasks1. Write the terms in the blanks according to the definitions:a. a minimal meaningful unit of a language ( )b. one of the variants that realize a morpheme ( )c. a morpheme that occurs with at least one other morpheme ( )d. a morpheme that can stand alone ( )e. a morpheme attached to a stem or root ( )f.an affix that indicates grammatical relationships ( )g. an affix that forms new words with a stem or root ( )h.what remains of a word after the removal of all affixes ( )i. a form to which affixes of any kind can be added ( )2.Write out the common bound roots of the words in each of the followinggroups and state their meanings.1) acoustic, acoustical, acoumeter, acoustician, acoustics, acouphone: _acou- (to hear)_______2) amateur, amatory, amiable, amicable, amorous, enamoured,unamiable: _ am-, amor- (love)________3) ample, ampleness, amply, amplidyne, amplification, amplifier,amplify, amplitude, radioamplifier: ampi- (enough)4) annals , annual , perennial , centennial, annuity, biennial: ann- (year)5) archangel, archbishop, arch-criminal ,archdeacon,archdiocese, archenemy, archfiend: __5) arch- (chief, leader)_______6) biology, biogenesis, biogenic, biogeography, biography, bionics,bioscope, biotic, biomass: ___ bio- (life)______________7) audible, audibility, inaudible, audience, audiology,audiovisual ,audiometer, audiophile, audition, auditor, auditorium: _ aud- (to hear)_______8) autoalarm, autobiographer, autoboat , autobus, autochrome, autoclave,autocrat, autograph, autoinfection, automate, automatic, automation, automobile, autonomy, autotrunk, autotype: _ auto- (self)_______ 9) Bible, bibliofilm, bibliography, bibliology, bibliolater,bibliomania, bibliophile, bibliophilism, billiotheca, bibliotic, bibliotist: ___ biblio- (book)______10) breve, breviary, brevirostrate, brevity, brief, abbrevi-ate, abridges _bre- (brief)。