过渡词的使用

五．过渡词的使用英语和汉语在语言特点上存在很大差异。

汉语是一种“意和”的语言形式，也就是说，汉语主要靠意思的相互衔接来组词，造句，成篇，汉语中的连接词对结构而言并非必须。

而英语是一种“形合”语言，它不是靠语言内在的意思组合在一起，而是通过一定的语言表现形式来完成组词，造句，成篇的过程。

因此，熟悉掌握和使用起衔接作用的过渡词关联词成为英语写作不容忽视的重点技能。

以下列举的是英语中常用的过渡性词语：1.表示列举和顺序的过渡词firstly, secondly, thirdly,… finally, lastly, finally, first of all, in the first place, to begin with, above all, next, then , when, meanwhile, before, moreover, after, until, after that, soon, finally, in the end, at last, eventually, at the same time, later, following this, for one thing, for another.例如：in order to make yourself understand, to begin with, you have to organize your ideas clearly and logically, and you have to think in English. And this helps you cultivate the habit of thinking in English. Secondly, if you want to write about a certain topic or subject, you have to collect facts as supporting details. And this familiarizes you with a lot of information. Thirdly, you have to arrange the words into grammatical and meaningful sentences. This requires you to consult your dictionary to make sure that your sentences are grammatical and idiomatic as well as logical. And this may enable you to express ideas grammatically. Later on, you can focus your attention on ideas rather than grammar. Finally, you can write on any topic you like, and you’ll find a lot of pleasure in doing so.2.表示时间关系的过渡词before, after, presently, then, next, previously, while, when, meanwhile, soon, not long after, shortly before, shortly after, until, from this time on, a few minutes later, since then, whenever, whereupon, at this instant, simultaneously, ago, at length, for merely, as , afterwards, in the past, in the future 等。

例如：I sat down in an armchair and felt very sick. After about five minutes I started shaking. Thepoor white with its staring eyes was too much for me, so I got a tablecloth and covered it.Then I took the whisky bottle and drank several mouthfuls. I had seen men die violently before. I had killed a few myself in the Matabele war; but this was different. After a few more minutes I managed to calm myself down a little. I looked at my watch and saw that it was half-past ten. I searched the flat carefully, but there was nobody there. Then I locked the doors and windows.3.表示空间概念的过渡词。

In front of, behind, opposite, under, below, nearly close to, above, across, beyond, next to, nearby, beside, in the middle, around, adjacent to, over, from, down, at the top of, to the right (left), to the south (north), in the west (east), between, among, amidst, on the other side of 等。

例如：I sat down at the top of a hill and rested. Behind me was a road climbing out of a river valley.In front were two kilometers of flat open country. To the left and the firth were green hills. A kilometers down the road behind me I could see the smoke from a small house, but otherwise there was no sign of human life. There were only the sounds of birds singing and waterflowing.4.表示因果关系的过渡词consequently, as a consequence, the effect, the result, the consequence, the cause of , the reason of , consequently, as a result, therefore, thus, thereupon, so, accordingly, because of this, hence, for this reason, because, as, due to, since, now(that), because of, as a result of, on account of, owing to, through, result in, lead to, cause, for, result from, given these reasons 等。

例如：(1)Due to the above disadvantages, I would oppose any plan to build a large shoppingcenter in the neighborhood.(2)Given these reasons, there is no doubt that the childhood years are very important.(3)As a result, millions of the best people have gone abroad to make contributions to othercountries.(4)So it’s urgent for the government to take measures to protect our human resources so asto enable our country to take off in the 21st century.5.表示比较（comparison）关系的过渡词equally important, likewise, alike, resemble, too, similarly, the same as, similar to,例如：(1)Some people like to do active things. Others prefer to relax by reading a good book orlistening to music. Similarly, some like to spend time by themselves, while others would prefer to spend it with friends.(2)Do more reading and acquire more knowledge from books when learning. Equallyimportant, go and make personal investigation.(3)The food is marvelous, and likewise the music.6.表示对比的（）关系的过渡词however, on the contrary, yet, different from, whereas, on the other hand, unlike, but, while, despite, in contrast, although, nevertheless, in spite of, contrast with, more…than, instead, conversely, not as…as, still , rather.例如：(1)A business should not do anything it can to make a profit. On the contrary, businessleaders must keep their long-term goals in mind and occasionally this will mean tuning down the most profitable course of action.(2)Many doctors go to great lengths to provide such information. Y et even in hospitals withthe most eloquent bill of rights, believers in benevolent deception continue their age-old practices.(3)Face-to-face communication is usually the most effective form. On the other hand, letters,e-mails, and telephone calls are more efficient means of communication.7.表示举例的过渡词for example, for instance, a case in point, as an illustration, to illustrate, like, such as, let’s take…as an/for example 等。