Study on Project Progress Curve Model
项目管理中常用英语
项目管理中常用英语（转载学习)工程项目管理常用英语工艺包 process package工艺设计 process design工艺发表 process release工艺预发表 initial process release工作范围;项目任务范围 scope of work ; project scope工作包 work package工作项 work item任务单项 line item分解结构 breakdown structure工作分解结构 work breakdown structure组织分解机构 organizational breakdown structure项目大项工作分解结构 project summary work breakdown structure承包商标准工作分解结构；工程公司标准工作分解结构contractor’s standard work breakdown structure责任分工矩阵 responsibility assignment matrix风险 risk风险分析 risk analysis风险备忘录 risk memorandum公司本部 home office公司本部服务 home office service公用工程 utility计划 plan项目计划 project plan(项目）设计计划（project）engineering plan （项目)采购计划（project)procurement plan (项目）施工计划（project)construction plan （项目)开车计划（project)start-up plan专利 patent专利权 patent right产权技术 proprietary technology专利技术 licensed technology专有技术；技术诀窍 know-how许可证 license专利商；许可方 licensor受许可放;受让方 licensee(技术)转让费;提成费 royalty许可证费 license fee专有技术费 know—how fee专业 discipline工艺 process design ； process engineering 系统 systems engineering设备 equipment engineering布置 plant layout engineering管道设计 piping design管道机械 piping mechanical engineering仪表 instruments engineering电气 electrical engineering建筑 architectural engineering土建 civil engineering开车 start—up试车 commissioning投料试车 start—up ； test run ; initial operations性能考核，生产考核 performance test run ; performance guarantee tests用户验收 client acceptance支付条件；付款条件 terms of payment ; conditions of payment ; terms and conditions of payment预付款 advance payment ； down payment按实物进度付款 progress payment按日工程进度付款 schedule payment保留金；扣留款 retention money最终付款 final payment代码;编码 code ； number组码 group code标准分类记帐码;记帐码 standard classification of accountnumbers[SCAN];account codes ； code of accounts可编码 variable code ; optional variable code通用型活动码 generic activity type(numbers）［GAT]不可预见费 contingency发表 issue ； release汇票 bill of exchange ； draft议付汇票 bill for negotiation业主 owner用户；客户 client设计;工程设计 design ; engineering设计阶段 engineering phase工艺设计阶段 process design phase基础工程设计阶段 basic engineering phase分析设计阶段 analytical engineering phase平面设计阶段 planning engineering phase详细工程设计阶段 detailed engineering phase ； final engineering phase ； production engineering phase会议 meeting开工会议 kick—off meeting报价开工会议 proposal kick—off meeting用户开工会议 client kick-off meeting项目开工会议 project kick-off meeting设计开工会议 project kick-off meeting施工动员会议 construction mobilization meeting审核会 review meeting合同;承包 contract合同生效日期 effective date of the contract合同终止 termination of contract合同失效 frustration of contract总价合同 lump-sum contract[L—S］(固定）单价合同（fixed) unit price contract偿付合同；成本加抽筋合同 (cost） reimbursable contract ; cost-plus （fee) contract ［C—P］成本加固定酬金合同 cost plus fixed fee contract ［CPFF]成本加浮动酬金合同 cost plus fluctuating fee contract ; cost plus sliding scale fee contract目标成本加奖罚合同（target) cost plus fee contract , with bonus or penalty conditions限定最高价偿付合同；限定最高成本加抽筋合同 reimbursable guaranteed maximum price contract ［RGMP］； guarantee maximum cost plus fee contract承包商 contractor分包商 subcontractor合营企业 joint venture ［JV]交货 delivery交货日期 delivery date ； date of delivery交货周期 lead time交货到现场 delivery to job-site交货单 delivery note提货单 delivery order提单 bill of lading交货条件 delivery terms离岸价 free on board [FOB]铁路交货（价）；敞车上交货(价) free on rail [FOR］ ; free on truck [FOT］成本加运费（价) cost and freight [CFR］ or [C＆F］到岸价 cost insurance and freight ; cost insurance freight [CIF]船边交货（价) free alongside ship [FAS]货交承运人（价） free carrier [FCA］工厂交货（价） ex works [EXW］估算；费用估算 estimate ' cost estimate估算方法类别 types of estimate详细估算（发) detailed estimate ; defined estimate设备详细估算（发)；确切估算（发) defined equipment estimate ; definitive estimate设备估算 equipment estimate分析估算 analysis estimate报价估算 proposal estimate控制估算 control estimate初期控制估算 interim control estimate ; initial control estimate [ICE]批准的控制估算 initial approved cost [IAC]核定估算 check estimate首次核定估算 first check estimate ［FCE]二次核定估算 production check estimate ［PCE]人工时估算 man—hour estimate证书；证明书 certificate产地证明书 certificate of origin机械竣工证书 mechanical completion certificate用户验收证书；合同项目验收证书 client acceptance certificate （of plant）材料 material设备 equipment散装材料 bulk materials ； commodities材料分类 material class材料统计 material take-off [MTO]材料表;材料清单 bill of materials [BOM］材料管理 material management材料控制 material control进度；进度表;进度计划 schedule进展;进度；实物进度 progress ； physical progress编制进度计划 scheduling ； time scheduling(项目）初期工作进度计划 starter schedule ; early work schedule 项目主进度计划 project master schedule ; master project schedule 详细进度计划；详细进度表 detailed schedule网络（图）；网络(进度)计划 network (diagram）里程碑网络图 milestone network详细网络图 detailed network关键线路法 critical path method ［CPM]关键工序;关键活动 critical activity工序;活动 activity里程碑 milestone进度控制 schedule control ； progress control进度曲线；S曲线 progress curve ；"S” curve资源负荷曲线 resource loading curve ; Bell curve进度提前 ahead of schedule进度拖延 schedule delay违约 default违约通知 default notice（违约）罚款条款 penalty clause违约罚金 liquidated damages运费 freight [Frt。
考研英语曲线作文模板范文
考研英语曲线作文模板范文标题，An Analysis of the Phenomenon of the Gaokao English Essay Curve Template and a Reflection on Its Implications。
Abstract:The phenomenon of the Gaokao English essay curve template has garnered significant attention due to its widespread usage among Chinese students preparing for the Graduate Entrance Exam (Gaokao). This essay examines the structure, content, and implications of such templates, aiming to provide insights into their efficacy and the broader implications for English language learning and education in China.Introduction:In recent years, the Gaokao English essay curve template has become a prevalent tool for Chinese studentspreparing for the Gaokao, the national college entrance examination. This template, often downloaded from online sources, offers a structured approach to writing English essays, promising higher scores and increased chances of success. However, the use of such templates raisesquestions about the nature of language learning, creativity, and the quality of education. This essay explores the phenomenon of the Gaokao English essay curve template, analyzing its components, effectiveness, and implications.Structure of the Gaokao English Essay Curve Template:The Gaokao English essay curve template typically comprises several key elements: introduction, thesis statement, body paragraphs, supporting evidence, counterarguments, and conclusion. Each section is meticulously outlined, providing students with a step-by-step guide to constructing their essays. For instance, the introduction often begins with a general statement or rhetorical question to engage the reader, followed by aclear thesis statement that outlines the main argument.Body paragraphs are structured around topic sentences,supporting details, and transitions, while the conclusion restates the thesis and summarizes key points.Content of the Gaokao English Essay Curve Template:In terms of content, the Gaokao English essay curve template emphasizes formulaic expressions, idiomatic phrases, and academic vocabulary. Sentences are often structured using a variety of complex grammaticalstructures to demonstrate proficiency in English language skills. Additionally, the use of transition words and cohesive devices helps to maintain coherence and logical flow throughout the essay. However, critics argue that such templates prioritize memorization over genuine understanding and expression, leading to superficialwriting devoid of creativity and critical thinking.Effectiveness of the Gaokao English Essay Curve Template:Proponents of the Gaokao English essay curve template argue that it provides students with a valuable frameworkfor organizing their thoughts and effectively communicating their ideas. By following the prescribed structure and incorporating sophisticated language features, students can achieve higher scores on the Gaokao English exam. Moreover, the template offers a sense of security and confidence to students who may struggle with English writing skills, enabling them to perform better under the pressure of the exam. However, detractors contend that reliance on such templates stunts linguistic and intellectual growth, hindering students' ability to think critically and express themselves authentically.Implications for English Language Learning and Education:The widespread use of the Gaokao English essay curve template reflects broader issues within the Chinese education system, including the emphasis on rote memorization, standardized testing, and academic competition. While the template may serve as a short-term solution for exam preparation, it fails to address the underlying deficiencies in English language learning andteaching. To foster genuine proficiency in English, educators must prioritize communicative competence, creativity, and critical thinking skills. This necessitates a shift away from rigid templates and formulaic approaches toward more holistic and student-centered pedagogies.Conclusion:The phenomenon of the Gaokao English essay curve template underscores the complexities of language learning and education in China. While providing students with a structured approach to essay writing, the template also raises concerns about creativity, critical thinking, and the quality of education. Moving forward, it is essential for educators and policymakers to strike a balance between exam preparation and authentic language learning, fostering a generation of English learners who are not onlyproficient but also capable of independent thought and expression. Only then can the true potential of English language education be realized in China.。
施工现场英语
现场英语常见词汇表．．．．．．．．．Owner/Client/Customer/Company 业主Buyer 买方Seller/vendor 卖方Licensor 专利商Licensee 专利受让方Third party 第三方Patent 专利Property/proprietory technology 专利技术Know-how 专有技术/知识Contractor 承包商Subcontractor分包商Supplier 供货商Sub-supplier 分供商Manufacturer 制造厂家Limited liability 有限责任Joint venture 合资企业Foreign-funded enterprise 外商独资企业Chairman 董事长Board of director 董事会President/ General manager 总经理Legal representative 法人Authorized representative 授权代表Power of attorney 委托书Signature 签字Official seal公章SEI-Sinopec Engineering Incorporated 中国石化工程建设公司SSEC-Sinopec Shanghai Engineering Company 中国石化上海工程公司SNEC-Sinopec Ningbo Engineering Company 中国石化宁波工程公司TCC-Tianchen Chemical Engineering Company 中国天辰化学工程公司HQCEC- Huanqiu Contracting & Engineering Corp.中国寰球化学工程公司LPEC-Luoyang Petrochemical Engineering Company 洛阳石油化工工程公司LDI-Sinopec Lanzhou Design Institute 中国石化兰州设计院Chengda Chemical Engineering Company 中国成达化学工程公司Hualu Engineering Company中国华陆工程公司Aker Kvaerner 克瓦纳（英）Bechtel 柏克德（美）AMEC 阿美科（英）Fluor 福陆（美）Foster Wheeler 福斯特惠勒（美）Technip 德西尼布（法）TR-Técnicas Reunidas联合技术公司（西班牙）JGC 日晖（日）Toyo 东洋（日）ABB Lummus ABB鲁玛斯（美）SINOPEC 中石化CNOOC中海油PETROCHINA 中石油EXXONMOBIL 埃克森美孚（美）SHELL 英荷壳牌BP 英国石油（英）BASF 巴斯夫（德）Chevron 雪佛龙（美）Dow Chemical 陶氏化学（美）Sumitomo 住友（日）Saudi Aramco 沙特阿美（沙特）UOP 环球油品公司（美）Project/Work项目/工程Rabigh Development Project 拉比格炼油项目Location 位置/地点Onshore/domestic 国内、国产Offshore/overseas 国外、进口Plant 装置Facility 设施Unit 装置/单元Permanent/temporary work 永久工程/临时工程Project/Plant/Job/ConstructionSite现场Battery limit 界区/红线Fence 围墙Embankment/bund 围堤Containment 围护Retaining wall 挡土墙Onsite/ISBL-Inside Battery Limit场内Offsite/OSBL-Outside BatteryLimit 场外Contract/agreement 合同/协议Memorandum of Understanding谅解备忘录Letter of Intent意向书Original 原件/正本Copy 复印件/副本Duplicate 一式两份Triplicate一式三份Quadruplicate一式四份Quintuplicate一式五份Sextuplicate一式六份Septuplicate一式七份Octuplicate一式八份Nonuplicate一式九份Decuplicate一式十份Blueprint 蓝图Distribution 分发Holder 持有人Transmittal 文件传送单Controlled copy 受控版本Uncontrolled copy 非受控版本Edition 版本Revision 版次、修订版Terms and conditions 条款General conditions 通用条款Special conditions 特殊条款Sign/Execute/Enter into 签署Come into force/effect生效Effective Date 生效日期Contract term 和同期Expiration 届满、到期Termination 提前终止Obligation 义务Liability（债务）责任Performance 执行、业绩Breach 违约Default 失职Negligence 疏怠职责Remedy 救济、补救Compensation 补偿Performance guarantee 性能保证Waiver 放弃/弃权Severability 可分割性Modification/Change/Variation/Change Order 变更/变更单Amendment 修订Supplement/Addition/Addendum增加/增补Deletion删除Governing law 管辖法律Assignment/transfer 转让Insurance 保险Worker’s compensation 工伤责任险Employer’s liability 雇主责任险All-loss liability 一切损失险Policy保单Insurance certificate 保险证书/凭证QA-Quality Assurance质保QC/Quality Control 质控Procurement and supply 采购供应Schedule and progress control 工期与进度控制Reporting 报告Acceptance 验收Spare part 备件Rework 返工Repair 修补/修复/修理Replacement 更换Substitute 替换/代用Warranty Period 保质期Claim 索赔HSE-Health, Safety andEnvironmental 健康、安全与环境HSSE- Health, Safety, Security &Environmental 健康、安全与环境Taxes 税款Liquidated damages 违约赔偿Invoicing 发票Payment 付款Intellectual property right 知识产权Confidentiality 保密Disclosure 披露Prior oral/written consent 事先口头/书面同意Publication 公开/宣传Suspension 停工Take-over/hand-over 交工Force Majeure 不可抗力Lien 留置（权）Withhold/retention 扣缴款Dispute resolution 争议解决Arbitration 仲裁Notice 通知Courier 快递DHL/FedExpress/ UPS/TNT 敦豪（德）/联邦快递（美）/环球快递（美）/荷兰邮政快递（荷兰）/EMS中国邮政特快专递Subcontract 分包/分包合同Specification 标准、规范Code/norm 规范Standard/criterion 标准Reference 参考文件Definition （术语）定义Manuf acturer’s Instruction/ Recommendations 制造厂家说明/建议Operation & Maintenance Manual 操作维修手册ISO-国际标准化组织GB-中国国标ANSI-American National Standard Institute 美国国家标准BS-英国国家标准AFNOR-法国标准JIS-日本工业标准DIN-德国工业标准ASME-美国机械工程师学会ASTM-美国材料试验学会API-美国石油学会EPC-Engineering, Procurement and Construction工程设计、采购与施工EP-Engineering and Procurement 工程设计与采购PMC-Project Management Contractor 项目管理承包商CM-Construction Management 施工管理CS-Construction Supervision监理C-Construction 施工Turnkey 交钥匙Contract price 合同价款Settlement/Accounting结算Lump sum price 总包价Fixed price 固定价Reimbursable price 补偿价Unit rate 单价ITB-Invitation to Bid 招标文件RFP-Request for Proposal 招标文件RFQ-Request for Quotation 询价文件Appendix/Annex/Attachment/Exhibit/Schedule 附录/附件/附表BOQ-Bill of Quantity 工程量表MTO-Material Takeoff 料表Tender/Bidder 招标人/投标人Inquiry 询价Proposal 标书Technical proposal 技术标Commercial proposal 商务标Total 合计Subtotal 小计Grand total 总计Deviation/Exception 偏差/例外Closing date 截标日期Evaluation 评标Contract award 合同授予Successful bidder 中标人Negotiation 谈判Site visit 现场参观/勘查Visitor 来访人员Pass/badge/ID Card通行证/胸牌/身份证FEED-Front End EngineeringDesign 前端工程设计FEL-Front End Loading 扩初设计Basic design 基本设计Detail design 详细设计PDP-Process Design Package 工艺设计包BDP-Basic Design Package 基础设计包General layout/arrangement/Plotplan总平面布置Title block标题栏Scale比例尺/刻度/地磅Legend 图例Plan 平面图Elevation 立视图/标高Section 剖面图View 视图Detail 详图Typical 标准图Sketch 草图、简图Shop drawing 车间制造详图P&ID-Piping & InstrumentDiagram 管道仪表流程图Isometric drawing （管道）单线图Hook-up 接线图Flow sheet/diagram/chart 流程图Issued for ITB 用于招标Issued for Review/Approval 用于审核/批准Issued for Comments 用于征求意见Approved for construction 批准用于施工Temporary facilities/utilities 临时设施/公用设施Deliverable交付文件/交付项Organization 组织机构Organization chart 组织机构图Responsibility matrix 责任矩阵Key personnel 关键人员Resume/CV 简历Proposed position 拟推荐职位Name 姓名Sex 性别Nationality国籍/民族Date of birth 出生日期Place of birth 出生地Address地址Education 教育/学历Work experience 工作经历FCC-No.4 construction companySINOPEC/Fluid CatalyticCracking 中国石化集团第四建设公司/流化催化裂化Project management team 项目部IPMT-Integrated ProjectManagement Team 一体化项目管理部Functional department 职能部门Project Manager/Director 项目经理/主任Deputy Project Manager 项目副经理Chief Engineer总工程师AdministrativeDepartment/division 行政部Construction Department/Division施工部Project ControlDepartment/Division 项目控制部Supply & ProcurementDepartment/Division 采购供应部Quality Department 质量部HSE Department 安全部Financial Department 财务部HR-Human resources 人力资源Job team 施工队Foreman 工长/班长Technical title 技术职称Senior engineer 高工Engineer 工程师Assistant engineer 助工Trainee 实习生Employee/Staff member 员工Technical supervisor 施工员Direct manpower 直接人工Indirect manpower 间接人工Manhour人工时Craftsman 技工Craft/trade 工种Skilled worker 熟练工人Helper 力工Carpenter 木工Rebar fitter 钢筋工Pipe fitter 管工Bricklayer 瓦工Concrete worker 混凝土工Surveyor 测量员Scaffolder 架子工Welder 焊工Mechanical operator 机械操作人员Iron worker 铆工Rigger 起重工Locksmith/riveter/mechanic 钳工NDT worker 探伤工Painter 油漆工Insulator 保温工Material handler 材料搬运工Electrician 电工Instrument worker仪表工Overhead 一般管理费用Profit 利润Income tax 所得税Work Execution Plan 施工组织设计/项目执行计划Statement of Methodology 施工方案Procedure 规程、程序Plan 计划、方案Submittal 递交（文件）Review 审核Approval 批准Preparation/development 编制Index / Table of Contents 目录Commencement 开工Kick-off meeting 开工会Groundbreaking ceremony 动工仪式Survey 勘查Bench marks 基准点Mobilization 进场Demobilization 出场Construction equipment 施工设备Manpower Histogram人工直方图Construction schedule 施工进度计划Barchart schedule 横道图Network schedule 网络图Critical path 关键路径、统筹法Milestone dates 里程碑/关键控制点日期Activities 作业活动Early start 开工日期Early finish 完工日期Duration 工期Target/objective 目标Primavera Project Planer---P3 Monthly/weekly report 月报/日报Statistics 统计数据Float 浮点、时间差Master/Level 1,2,3,4 schedule 总体/一、二、三、四级进度计划Look-ahead schedule 滚动计划Progress 进度S curve 进度曲线Planned/Actual/Forecast 计划/实际/预计Cut-off date 截止日期Weighting point 加权点Status 状态Update 更新WBS-Work Breakdown System工程分解系统CBS-Cost Breakdown System 费用分解系统Progress measurement 进度测量Coordination 协调/调度Liaison/Contact 联系人Recovery 赶工Acceleration 加快进度Shift work 倒班Daytime shift 白班Nighttime shift夜班Shift leader 值班长Off duty歇班DST-Daylight saving time 夏时制Mechanical completion 机械完工Interim completion 中间完工Substantial completion 大致完工Final acceptance certificate 最终验收证书Punchlist/outstanding/Punch-off/closing尾项/收尾System handover 系统交工Beneficial occupancy 提前占用Handover documentation 交工资料Dossier/archives 档案As-built drawing with marks-up 竣工图Prefabrication 预制Installation/erection 安装Mechanical completion 机械完工System handover 系统交工Final acceptance 最终验收Checklist 检查清单Release 放行Precommissioning 预试车Commissioning 投料试车Commissioning guarantee 保镖Start-up 开车RFSU—Ready for Startup作好开车装备Put into operation 投运Discipline/specialty 专业Civil 土建Structural Steel 钢结构Piping 管道Long haul piping长输管道Mechanical 机械Rotating equipment 动设备Static equipment 静设备Electrical 电气Instrumentation 仪表Lifting 吊装Heavy lifting 大型吊装Painting 油漆Lining 衬里Insulation 保温Utility 公用设施Tie-in 接点Fluid 流体介质/物料Plant air 装置/工厂风Instrument air 仪表风Compressed air 压缩空气ASU-Air Separation Unit空分装置Inert gas惰性气体Argon 氩气Oxygen 氧气Hydrogen氢气Nitrogen 氮气Natural gas 天然气LNG 液化天然气Petroleum gas 石油气LPG 液化石油气LIN 液氮LOX液氧LAR液氩PSA 变压吸附装置Cooling water冷却水make-up water补充水Potable/drinkable water饮用水fresh water 新鲜水Demineralized/soften water 脱盐/软化水Fire water消防水Steam 蒸气Fuel 燃料Power 电、动力Power supply 供电Grid 电网Overhead cable 架空电缆Generator 发电机IGCC-integrated gasificationcombined cycle/ cogeneration ofsteam and power 汽电联产Blowdown排污Lube oil润滑油Vent 排气Drain 排水/液Petrochemical 石油化工A/V distillation unit 常压/减压蒸馏装置Hydrotreater 加氢精制装置Hydrocracker 加氢裂化装置Cracker 裂解装置LOP乙烯裂解装置/低烯烃装置Delay Coker 延迟焦化装置Desulphurization unit 脱硫装置Sulphur recovery unit 硫磺回收装置Sour water stripping unit 酸水汽提装置PX/Aromatics plant芳烃装置Ethylene 乙烯装置EO/EG环氧乙烷/乙二醇PE/PP/PS聚乙烯/聚丙烯/聚苯乙烯Polyester聚酯Crude oil 原油Naphtha 石脑油Gasoline 汽油Diesel 柴油Kerosene 煤油Jet kerosene 航空煤油Residue 渣油Slop 污油Terminal 接收站Jetty 码头Tank farm罐区Storage tank 储罐Loading arm 鹤臂Berth 泊位Mooring 停泊处Dolphin 系船桩PPE-Personal Protective Equipment劳保用品/设备Hard hat 安全帽Safety glasses/goggles 安全眼镜/护目镜Safety boots 安全鞋Hearing protection 听力保护Safety belt/harness 安全带/安全肩带Potential hazard 隐患Hazard identification 危害识别Risk assessment 风险评估Mitigation 降低Elimination 消除HAZOP 危害与可操作性分析Tripping hazard 绊倒危害Falling hazard 坠落危害Safetyinduction/education/training 入场教育/培训Toolbox meeting 工前安全会Briefing 交底Lost-time accident 损失工时事故Reportable accident可上报事故Nearmiss 未遂事件Accident investigation 事故原因调查Major accident 重大事故Death/injury/casualty/fatality 死亡/伤害/伤亡/死亡Act of God 天灾Disciplinary action 处罚Emergency response 应急响应Evacuation 疏散Muster point 集合点Permit to work 作业许可证Confined space entry 受限空间进入Work at heights 高空作业Scaffolding 架设Lifeline 救生绳/索Free-issued material 甲供材料Material requisition请购单Purchase specification 采购说明书Place an order定购Transportation/transfer/shipment 运输Handling倒运/搬运Transfer tank farm 中转油库Tank truck 槽车Railway car铁路货车/车皮Vessel/carrier 运输船Loading装车/装船Unloading 卸车/卸船Packing list 装箱单Bill of Lading 提单Delivery 到货Receiving inspection 到货验收Unpacking inspection开箱检查Commodity inspection 商检Ex-factory inspection 出厂检查Appearance inspection 外观检查PMT-Positive MaterialIdentification材料合金鉴定Mechanical properties 机械性能Chemical composition 化学组分Content 含量/内容Tolerance /Allowable deviation 公差/允许偏差Geometric dimensions 几何尺寸Nonconformity 不一致品/处Reject 拒收、不合格品Acceptable 合格Unacceptable 不合格Hold 待定Use as it 回用Shortage 短缺Overage 溢出Damage/loss 损害/损失Inventory 存货Warehouse-in 入库Warehouse-out 出库Heat No.炉号Lot No. 批次Warehouse keeper 保管员Storage 存储Desiccants干燥剂Preservatives 防腐剂Corrosion inhibitor 缓蚀剂Maintenance 维护Laydown 堆放场Prefabrication yard/shop预制场/厂Withdrawal领料Issue 发放Return 退库Identification marks 标识Cutting切割Transfer 移植Traceability 可追踪性Surplus 剩余材料Bulk material大宗材料Ignition source点火源Inflammable material可燃材料Combustible material易燃材料Hazardous chemical 有害化学品Flash point 闪点Open flames 明火Flame/spark arrester 阻火塞Civil works 土建工程Site preparation 现场处理Leveling 平整Earthwork土方工程Excavation 开挖Trench/pit/sump 沟/井Spoil废土Backfill 回填Compaction 夯实Slope 边坡Slope protection 护坡Shoring 支护Dewatering 排水Water Supply and Drainagesystem供排水系统underground services 地下公用设施Concrete 混凝土Coarse/fine aggregate 粗/细骨料Portland cement 普通硅酸盐水泥Sand 沙子Flash ash 粉煤灰Admixture 混合物Mix ratio 配合比Ready mix 商品混凝土Batch plant 搅拌站Agitator 搅拌机Vibrator 振捣机Reinforced concrete 钢筋混凝土Rebar 钢筋Construction joint 施工缝Expansion joint 膨胀缝/节Water stop 止水带Vapor barrier/ Damp proof course防潮层Pouring/Casting 浇注Curing 养护Finishing抹面Setting 硬化Slump 塌落度Compressive strength 抗压强度Crushing strength 耐压强度Tensile strength 拉伸强度Formwork 模板Stripping脱膜Embedded items 预埋件Wire mesh 钢丝网Foundation/Footing 基础Anchor bolt 地脚螺栓High strength bolt 高强螺栓Nut 螺母Stud 双头螺柱Tighten 紧固Torque wrench 转矩扳手Pile 桩Pile cap 桩帽/承台Prestressed pile 预应力桩Bored pile 钻孔桩Precast pile 预制桩Cast-in-situ pile 现场浇注桩Pile driver 打桩机Pile tip桩头Carrying/bearing capability 承载能力Settlement 沉降Reinforcing cage 钢筋笼Base plate 底板Gravel fill 砾石垫层Floor slab 底板Saddle 鞍座Grout 灌浆Mortar 砂浆Non-shrink motar不收缩砂浆Shim 垫铁Wedge 斜垫铁Flat strap 扁平钢Tack weld 点焊Waterproof layer 防水层Road 道路Pavement 铺面Vertical arrangement 竖向Bed course 基层Subgrade 路基Curb 路缘石Hard/clay shoulder 硬/软路肩Side ditch 边沟Catch basin 雨水口Side slope 边坡Greening 绿化Sidewalk 人行道Motor vehicle lane 机动车道Non-motor vehicle lane 非机动车道Speed limit 限速Crushed stone 碎石Gravel 砾石Parking lot 停车场Building 建筑Control room 中控室MCC-Motor Control Center马达控制中心Substation 变电站Standby diesel generator 备用柴油发电机Transformer 变压器Compressor house压缩机房Pump station 泵站FAR-Field Auxiliary Room现场辅助间Warehouse 库房Administrative building 行政楼Laboratory 实验室Fire station 消防站Guard room 门卫室Roof 顶Wall 墙、壁板Floor 地板Apron 散水Plaster 抹灰Mastic 玛蹄脂、胶泥Door 门Window窗Parapet wall 女儿墙Skylight 天窗Downspout 雨水管Floor drain地漏Emission 排放Environmental pollution 环境污染Foreign matters 异物Contaminated water 污染水Industrial wastewater 工业废水Sanitary sewage 生活污水HVAC 暖通空调Waste water treatment plant污水处理站Oily sewer 含油污水Clean sewer 清洁污水Rainwater/Stormwater sewer 雨水排污Septic tank化粪池Fire hydrant 消防栓Fire water monitor 消防水炮Fire alarm 火警Warning sign 警示标牌Barricade/barrier 隔离Danger, Keep out 危险，请勿入内No smoking 禁止吸烟Mind your step 注意脚下No admittance /No entry禁止入内Authorized personnel only/staffonly 无关人员，不得入内Keep off the grass/lawn 请勿践踏草坪Fire extinguisher 灭火器Structural steel 钢结构Carbon steel 碳钢Stainless steel 不锈钢Killed steel 镇静钢Alloy steel 合金钢H-beam H型钢Shape/profile 型钢Angle 角钢Channel 槽钢I-beam 工字钢Hot-rolled 热轧Cold formed冷成形Beam 梁Column柱Purlin檩Truss 桁架Gusset plate 角接板Member元件Stiffener 筋板Bracket托架Girt圈梁Girder 梁Vent stack 烟囱Stack shaft 烟囱筒体Flue duct 烟道Air duct 风道Lightning arrester避雷针Platform 平台Stair梯子/斜梯Ladder直/爬梯Grating格子板Checked plate花纹板Handrail扶栏Toeboard踢脚板Deformation 变形Deflection 挠度Stability稳定性Buckling 弯曲Levelness水平度Straightness 平直性Out-of-roundness 椭圆度Coaxiality 同轴度Cleanliness清洁度Piping 管道Pipeline 管线Underground piping 地下管线Aboveground piping 地上管线Piperack 管廊、管架Pipe sleeper/track管墩Main/Header 主管/总管Manifold 集合管Branch 支管Riser 上升管Downcomer 下降管Upstream上游Downstream 下游Spool 管段Bundle 管束Hose 软管Bend 弯管Coil盘管Cap 管帽Plug 丝堵Tracer 伴热管Safety Shower 安全淋浴Eyewash Station 洗眼点Elbow 弯头Tee 三通Cross 四通Return 回弯头Reducer 大小头Nipple 短节Union 活接头Coupling 管接头Gasket 垫片Spiral wound gasket 缠绕式垫片Washer 垫圈Flange 法兰Blind 盲板Roughness 粗糙度Thread 螺纹NPT 美国国家锥形管螺纹Bolt 螺栓Nut 螺母Stud 双头螺栓Valve 阀门Check valve止回阀Globe valve 截止阀Gate valve 闸阀Ball valve 球阀Foot valve 底阀/根部阀Plug valve 柱塞阀Butterfly valve 蝶阀Control valve 调节/控制阀Safety valve 安全阀Pressure Relief Valve 卸压阀Trap 疏水器Strainer 粗滤器Silencer 消音器Sight Glass 视镜Rupture Disc 爆破片Packing 填料Butt-Welded 对接焊Socket-Welded 承插焊Flanged 法兰连接Threaded 螺纹连接Expansion Joint 膨胀节Support 支架Hanger 吊架Spring hanger弹簧吊架Shoe 管托Hydrotesting 水压试验Pneumatic testing 气压试验Leak test 试漏Blowing off/purging 吹扫NDE/NDT-Nondestructive Examination/T est 无损探伤RT-Radiographic Test 射线探伤PT-Dye Penetrant Test 着色渗透探伤UT-Ultrasonic Test 超声波探伤MT-Magnetic Powder T est 磁粉探伤Visual Examination外观检查Defect 缺陷Welding 焊接WPS- Welding Procedure Specification 焊接工艺说明书PQR- Procedure Qualification Record焊接工艺评定记录WPQ-Welder’s Performance Qualification 焊工技能评定Weld map 焊缝布置图Welder’s stamp 焊工钢印Interval 间距/间隔Base metal 母材Weld metal 焊缝金属Welding material/consumable 焊材Welding rod/electrode 焊条Flux焊剂Welding Wire 焊丝Drying oven （焊条）烘干箱Holding oven （焊条）恒温箱Quiver （焊条）保温筒Cylinder 气瓶Torch 焊炬Weldability 可焊性End preparation 开坡口Groove 坡口Heat-affected zone 热影响区Root pass打底焊Cover pass 盖面焊Fillet joint填角接头Butt joint 对接接头Socket joint承插接头Lap joint搭接接头Longitudinal seam 纵缝Circumferential seam 环缝transverse seam 横缝Flat 平焊Horizontal 横焊Vertical 立焊Overhead 仰焊Surfacing 堆焊Stringer bead直线焊道Weave bead摆动焊道Preheat 预热PWHT-Post Weld Heat Treatment焊后热处理Temper 回火Anneal 退火Normalize 正火Interpass temperature 程/层间温度Root opening 根部间隙Welding parameter 焊接参数Weldment / Workpiece 焊件Traveling speed 送丝/移动速度Weld reinforcement 焊缝余高Deformation变形Crack 裂纹Undercut 咬边Slag inclusion夹渣Overlap 焊瘤Lack of fusion/penetration未熔透/未焊透Porosity 气孔Mismatch错位Fish eye白点/鱼眼Backgouging 清根Grinder砂轮机GMAW-Gas Metal Arc Welding 气体保护电弧焊GTAW-Gas Tungsten Arc Welding钨极惰性气体保护焊SAW-Submerged Arc Welding 埋弧焊TIG-Tungsten Inert Gas Welding氩弧焊SMAW-Shielded Metal ArcWelding 手工电弧焊Uphill 向上Downhill 向下Striking 引弧Sampling取样Test piece/coupon/specimen 试件/试样Random/spot test 抽检Hold point 停止点Witness point 见证点Review point 审核点Check/inspection/examination 检查Supervision/monitoring 监督/监控Equipment 设备Rotating equipment 动设备Static equipment 静设备Horizontal/Vertical Vessel 卧式/立式容器Tag No. /Item No. 位号Nameplate铭牌Code stamp 规范钢印Self-tapping screw 自攻螺丝Place of origin 原产地Alignment找正、对中Turbine 汽轮机Refrigerator 制冷机Expander 膨胀机Cooling Tower 冷却/循环水塔Filter 过滤器Heat Exchanger 换热器KO drum 气液分离器Boiler 锅炉Waste heat boiler余热锅炉Column/T ower 塔Tray 塔盘Internal 内件Reactor 反应器Regenerator 再生器Reboiler 重沸器Absorber 吸收塔Stripper 汽提塔Scrubber 洗涤塔Evaporator 蒸发器Cooler 冷却器Condenser 冷凝器Storage Tank 储罐Silo/Bin 料仓Mixer 混合器Cyclone 旋风分离器Separator 分离器Dryer干燥器Demister 除雾器Furnace 炉子Heater 加热炉Flare 火炬Pump 机泵Compressor 压缩机Air compressor 空压机Centrifugal 离心式Reciprocating 往复式Blower 鼓风机Fan风机Induced draft fan 引风机Conveyor 输送机Elevator 提升机Coupling 联轴节Shaft alignment 轴对中Oil flushing 油洗Manhole 人孔/检查井Package unit/equipment 快装/撬块设备Skid 撬块Long-lead equipment 长周期设备Machine train 机组E/I-Electrical/Instrument 电仪DC-Direct Current直流AC-Alternating Current 交流Induction Motor 感应电动机Oil immersed transformer 油浸式变压器Rectifier 整流器Battery 电池UPS-Uninterrupted Power Supply 不间断电源Switchgear开关柜Circuit breaker 断路器Fuse熔断器Pushbutton 按钮Relay 继电器Explosion-proof防爆Power plant 电厂Gland格兰Electrostatic precipitator静电除尘器Cabling/Wiring 布线/接线Cable laying 电缆敷设Cable tray 电缆槽架/桥架Armored cable 铠装电缆Sheath保护套Optic fiber cable光缆Coaxial cable 同轴电缆Lighting照明Lighting fixture灯具illumination levels 照度Flood light 泛光灯Energizing 送电Lighting tower and pole 照明塔架、灯杆Terminal 端子Conduit 导线管Distribution box 配电箱Socket outlet/plug 插座/插头Junction box 接线箱Grounding/earthing 接地Dielectric tests 绝缘试验SCADA-Supervision Control and Data Acquiring监测控制与数据采集Telecommunication 电信Cable TV有线电视Local/field instrument 现场仪表Cabinet 柜Panel mounted instrument 盘装仪表Safety barrier 安全栅Annunciator报警器Smoke detector 感烟探测器Isolator 隔离器DCS-Distributed Control System 分散控制系统Siemens 西门子公司Honeywell 霍尼维尔公司Yokogawa 横河公司FCS-Fieldbus Control System现场总线控制系统Busbar 母线排PMR-Plant Resource Management System工厂资源管理系统PLC-Programmable Logic Controller 可编程控制器Local/Field instrument 就地仪表Console 操作台Local control station 就地操作站ESD-Emergency Shut-down 紧急停车Transmitter变送器Level gage液位计Pressure gage压力计Bimetallic thermometer双金属温度计Thermocouple热电偶Thermowell热电偶套管Flow meter流量计Restrict orifice 限流孔板Analyzer 分析仪Control valve 调节阀Solenoid valve 电磁阀Positioner 定位器Limit switch限位开关Calibration 校验/调试Loop test 回路试验Test run 试运Solo test run 单机试运Anticorrosion 防腐Cathodic protection 阴极保护Painting 油漆Enamel磁漆Epoxy resin 环氧树脂Zinc rich 富锌Red lead primer红丹底漆Polyurethane 聚氨酯Surface preparation 表面处理/除锈Sandblasting/shot blasting 喷砂/喷丸Pickling 酸洗Grinding 打磨Wire brush钢丝刷Primer 底漆Intermediate coat/tie coat 中间漆Finish/top coat 面漆Touchup 补漆Holiday test 油漆试漏Brushing 刷涂Spraying 喷涂Application 涂装Color coding色标DFT-Dry Film Thickness 干膜厚度Magnetic thickness gage 磁性测厚仪Fireproofing 防火Hot insulation 保温Cold insulation 保冷Jacket 外保护层Cladding 覆层Glass fabric/fiber glass 玻璃布Pipe shell管壳Perlite 珍珠岩Mineral wool岩棉In-situ foaming 现场发泡Spacer 支撑环Band 箍带Lap sealer 搭接密封Clip保温卡Staggered joint 错开接缝Heat loss 热损失Ingress of water 水侵入Capillary action 毛细作用Thermal conductivity 导热性Expansion/contraction 膨胀/收缩Cryogenic 低温Cellular glass 泡沫玻璃Acoustic insulation 隔音Removal 拆除/驱逐出场Disposal of处理Personal protection人员防护Access walkway通道Working area工作区Construction equipment施工机具Hand tool手动工具Power tool电动工具Precision 精度Break down 损坏Failure故障Trouble shooting 排除故障Hacksaw钢锯File锉刀Scraper刮刀Chisel凿子Socket wrench套筒扳手Hook spanner钩扳手Adjustable wrench活动扳手Pipe wrench管钳Ratchet wrench棘轮扳手Open end wrench开口扳手Screw driver螺丝刀Hand vice手钳Pliers扁嘴钳Pocket knife小刀Square rule角尺Slide gauge游标卡尺Inside and outside micrometer内径和外径千分尺Steel tape钢卷尺Feeler塞尺Dial gauge千分表Depth micrometer深度千分尺Wire gage线规Radius gage半径规Thread pitch gage螺距规Tachometer转速表Universal meter 万用表Spirit level水平仪Transit theodolite 经纬仪Drill钻机Hydraulic press 液压机Pipe bender 弯管机Shear 剪板机Rolling machine 滚圆机Bulldozer 推土机Loader 装载机Roller 压路机Excavator 挖掘机Pile driver 打桩机Rammer 夯实机Tipcart 翻斗车Forklift 叉车Concrete truck mixer 混凝土搅拌运输车Steel bar cutter 钢筋切割机Steel bar straightening machine 钢筋调直机Steel bar bender 钢筋弯曲机Crane 吊车Hoist / Chain block 倒链Winch 卷扬机Sling 吊索Jack 千斤顶Load 荷载/重物Operating radius 操作半径Site access 现场道路Crane sitting 吊车站位Out-of-level 不平度Wind force 风力Counterweight 配重Luffing 变幅Setting up 安装Dismantling 拆卸Component 部件Jib 吊臂Boom 吊杆Gin pole 抱杆/把杆Mast 桅杆Hook 吊钩Driving mechanism 行车机构Outrigger 外伸支腿/挂架Turntable转台Chassis 底盘Guy wire 拖拉绳Tag line 牵引绳Topping lift 背绳Load line 起重绳Fall line 走绳/跑绳Tailing crane 遛尾吊车Safe load indicator 安全荷载指示器Limit switch 限位开关Safety device 安全装置Abnormal noise 异常噪声Crane operator 吊车司机Signaler, banksman, flagman 指挥人员Whistle 哨子High visibility vest 反光背心Telecommunication system 通讯系统Walkie-talkie/radio 步话机/对讲机Weather conditions 天气状况Weatherproof measures 防风雨措施Suspended load/weight 悬空重物Lightning protection 避雷Multiple crane lifting 多台吊车吊庄作业Crawler crane 履带吊Truck/mobile crane 汽车吊Overhead traveling crane 天车Trolley beam 天车梁Head room净空Clearance/Distance/Interval间距Unit 单位Night operations 晚间作业Housekeeping 文明施工Rags 抹布Trash 垃圾Oil spill 溢油Scrap /Debris 废料Code of conduct 行为准则Business ethics 商业道德Conformity/Compliance 一致性Incentive and penalty 奖惩Corrective action 纠偏措施Preventive action 预防措施Precaution 注意事项Follow-up跟进Audit 审查/审计Fire prevention and fighting 防火、消防Security 保安2.0.1自动化仪表automation instrumentation对被测变量和被控变量进行测量和控制的仪表装置和仪表系统的总称。
项目负责人个人英文求职信范文
项目负责人个人英文求职信范文Dear Hiring Manager,I am writing to express my interest in the Project Manager position at your company. With my strong background in project management and proven track record of successfully leading cross-functional teams, I am confident that I can contribute to your organization's success.I have over ten years of experience in project management, with a focus on delivering high-quality results on time and within budget. In my current role as a Project Manager at XYZ Company, I have successfully led multiple projects, ranging from small initiatives to large-scale enterprise implementations. I have a strong understanding of project management methodologies and best practices, and I am adept at using project management tools to plan, track, and report on project progress.One of my most notable achievements was leading the implementation of a new customer relationship management system for our sales department. I was responsible for managing a team of ten individuals and coordinating with multiple stakeholders to ensure a successful rollout. Through effective communication, meticulous planning, and strong leadership skills, I was able to deliver the project on time and within budget. As a result, our sales team saw a significant increase in productivity and revenue.In addition to my technical skills, I also possess strong interpersonal and communication skills. I have a proven ability tobuild and maintain relationships with both internal and external stakeholders. I am comfortable collaborating with individuals at all levels of an organization and am able to effectively communicate complex information in a clear and concise manner.Furthermore, I am highly organized and detail-oriented, ensuring that all project deliverables are met and that risks and issues are effectively managed. I am skilled at identifying potential roadblocks or obstacles and proactively finding solutions to mitigate them. I thrive in fast-paced and challenging environments and am able to adapt quickly to changing priorities.I am confident that my skills and experience make me a strong candidate for the Project Manager position at your company. I am eager to contribute to your organization's success and am excited about the opportunity to lead and manage projects that have a meaningful impact. Thank you for considering my application. I look forward to the opportunity to discuss how I can contribute to your team in more detail.Sincerely,[Your Name]Thank you for considering my application for the Project Manager position at your company. In addition to my extensive experience and skills, there are several other qualities that set me apart and make me a strong candidate for this role. First and foremost, I am highly skilled at managing project timelines and resources. I have a proven ability to develop detailed project plans, allocate resources effectively, and monitor progress to ensure that projects are completed on time and within budget. Iam adept at identifying and resolving potential bottlenecks or issues that may impact project delivery, and I consistently strive to find innovative solutions to improve efficiency and streamline processes.Furthermore, I am experienced in leading cross-functional teams and fostering a collaborative work environment. I have a deep understanding of team dynamics and know how to effectively motivate and inspire individuals to achieve their best. I am skilled at facilitating effective communication and ensuring that team members are aligned and working towards a common goal. I believe in empowering my team members and fostering an environment where everyone feels valued and supported.In addition to my technical skills, I also possess strong leadership and decision-making abilities. I am adept at making informed and timely decisions, even in high-pressure situations. I have a strategic mindset and am able to think critically and analytically to identify risks and develop contingency plans. I am not afraid to take ownership of my decisions and am willing to take calculated risks to drive success.Moreover, I am a strong communicator, both verbally and in writing. I am comfortable presenting to stakeholders at all levels of the organization and am able to tailor my communication style to suit different audiences. I am skilled at distilling complex information into clear and concise messages and am able to effectively convey the value and impact of the work being done by my team.Lastly, I am committed to ongoing professional development and staying up-to-date with the latest industry trends and best practices in project management. I actively seek out opportunities to expand my knowledge and skillset and am a continuous learner. I believe in the importance of staying ahead of the curve and adapting to changes in the business landscape.In conclusion, I am confident that my skills, experience, and personal qualities make me a strong candidate for the Project Manager position at your company. I am eager to contribute to your organization's success and leverage my expertise to drive impactful projects. Thank you once again for considering my application. I look forward to the opportunity to discuss how I can contribute to your team in more detail.Sincerely,[Your Name]。
Geometric Modeling
Geometric ModelingGeometric modeling is a crucial aspect of computer graphics and design,playing a significant role in various industries such as architecture, engineering, and animation. It involves creating digital representations of objects and environments using mathematical and computational techniques. This process allows for the visualization, analysis, and manipulation of complex geometric shapes, ultimately contributing to the development of innovative products and designs. However, like any technological field, geometric modeling presents its own set of challenges and limitations that need to be addressed. One of the primary challenges in geometric modeling is the accurate representation of real-world objects and environments. Achieving precise and realistic depictions requires a deep understanding of mathematical concepts such as curves, surfaces, and solids. Additionally, the integration of texture, lighting, and shading furthercomplicates the process, as these elements contribute to the overall visual appeal and authenticity of the model. As a result, geometric modelers often face the daunting task of balancing mathematical precision with aesthetic quality, striving to create visually appealing representations that accurately reflect the physical world. Moreover, the scalability of geometric modeling presents anothersignificant challenge. As the complexity and size of models increase, so does the computational demand required for their creation and manipulation. This can leadto performance issues, particularly in real-time applications such as video games and virtual simulations. To address this challenge, geometric modelers must constantly innovate and optimize their techniques to ensure that large-scale models can be efficiently handled and rendered without compromising quality. In addition to technical challenges, geometric modeling also raises ethical considerations, particularly in the context of virtual reality and simulation. The ability to create highly realistic and immersive environments has the potential to blur the lines between the virtual and physical worlds, raising questions aboutthe ethical use of such technology. For instance, the creation of lifelike simulations for training or entertainment purposes may have unintended psychological effects on users, blurring their perception of reality. As such, itis crucial for geometric modelers to consider the ethical implications of theirwork and strive to use their skills responsibly. Despite these challenges, the field of geometric modeling continues to evolve, driven by advancements in technology and the increasing demand for realistic digital representations. Innovations such as 3D scanning and printing have revolutionized the way geometric models are created, allowing for the direct conversion of physical objects into digital form. Additionally, the integration of artificial intelligence and machine learning has the potential to streamline the modeling process, automating repetitive tasks and enabling more efficient creation of complex geometries. Ultimately, the future of geometric modeling holds great promise, as it continues to push the boundaries of what is possible in the digital realm. By addressing the challenges and ethical considerations inherent to the field, geometric modelers can harness the full potential of their craft, contributing to the creation of captivating virtual worlds, groundbreaking designs, and innovative technological solutions. As technology continues to advance, the role of geometric modeling will only become more prominent, shaping the way we interact with and perceive the world around us.。
项目管理研究生英语作文
项目管理研究生英语作文As a graduate student in project management, I have gained valuable knowledge and skills that have prepared me for the challenges and responsibilities of overseeing projects. Throughout my studies, I have developed a deep understanding of project planning, execution, and monitoring, and I am confident in my ability to make a positive impact on any project I am involved in.One of the key aspects of project management is effective communication. As a project manager, I understand the importance of clear and timely communication with all stakeholders involved in the project. By maintaining open lines of communication, I ensure that everyone understands their roles and responsibilities, and that any issues or concerns are promptly addressed. This helps to prevent misunderstandings and ensures that the project stays on track.Another important skill that I have developed as a project management student is the ability to effectively manage project risks. In any project, there are always potential risks and uncertainties that can impact its success. Through careful analysis and planning, I am able to identify these risks and develop strategies to mitigate them. This includes developing contingency plans and regularly monitoring the project to identify and address any emerging risks.In addition to communication and risk management, I have also learned the importance of effective leadership in project management. A project manager must be able to motivate and inspire their team members, ensuring that everyone is workingtowards a common goal. I understand that effective leadership involves not only providing guidance and support, but also actively listening to team members and valuing their contributions. By creating a positive and inclusive team environment, I believe that I can maximize the potential of the project team and drive success. In conclusion, my studies in project management have equipped me with the necessary skills and knowledge to excel in managing projects. Through effective communication, risk management, and leadership, I am confident in my ability to successfully oversee projects and deliver positive results. I am excited to apply my skills and make a meaningful impact in the field of project management.。
F5知识点：学习曲线效应(The learning curve effect)
F5知识点：学习曲线效应（The learning curve effect）F5知识点：学习曲线效应（The learning curve effect）学习曲线效应指的是越是经常地执行一项任务，每次所需的时间就越少。
学习曲线将学习效果数量化绘制于坐标纸上，横轴代表练习次数（或产量），纵轴代表学习的效果（单位产品所耗时间），这样绘制出的一条曲线，就是学习曲线。
学习曲线有广义和狭义之分。
狭义的学习曲线又称为人员学习曲线，它是指直接作业人员个人的学习曲线。
广义的学习曲线也称为生产进步函数，是指工业某一行业或某一产品在其产品寿命周期的学习曲线，是融合技术进步、管理水平提高等许多人努力的学习曲线。
学习效果受许多因素的影响，主要有：．操作者的动作熟练程度。
这是影响学习曲线的最基本因素．管理技术的改善，正确的培训、指导，充分的生产准备与周到的服务，工资奖励及惩罚等管理政策的运用．产品设计的改善．生产设备与工具的质量．各种材料的连续供应和质量．信息反馈的及时性．专业化分工程度THE IMPORTANCE OF THE LEARNING CURVE EFFECTLearning curve models enable users to predict how long it will ta ke to complete a future task. Management accountants must therefore be sure to take into account any learning rate when they are carrying out planning, control and decision-making. If they fail to do this, serious consequences will result. As regards its importance in decision-making, let us look at the example of a company that is introducing a new product onto the market. The company wants to make its price as attractive as possible to customers but still wants to make a profit, so it prices it based on the full absorption cost plus a small 5% mark-up for profit. The first unit of that product may take one hour to make. If the labour cost is $15 per hour, then the price of the product will be based on the inclusion of that cost of $15 per hour. Other costs may total $45. The product is therefore released onto the market at a price of $63. Subsequently, it becomes apparent that the learning effect has been ignored and the correct labour time per unit should is actually 0.5 hours. Without crunching through the numbers again, it is obvious that theproduct will have been launched onto the market at a price which is far too high. This may mean that initial sales are much lower than they otherwise would have been and the product launch may fail. Worse still, the company may have decided not to launch it in the first place as it believed it could not offer a competitive price.Let us now consider its importance in planning and control. If standard costing is to be used, it is important that standard costs provide an accurate basis for the calculation of variances. If standard costs have been calculated without taking into account the learning effect, then all the labour usage variances will be favourable because the standard labour hours that they are based on will be too high. This will make their use for control purposes pointless.Finally, it is worth noting that the use of learning curve is not restricted to the assembly industries it is traditionally asso cia ted with. It is also used in other less traditional sectors such as professional practice, financial services, publishing and travel. In fact, research has shown that just under half of users are in the service sector.。
The_Project_Excellence_Model
The Project Excellence Model 1:linking success criteriaand critical success factorsE.Westerveld *Berenschot Osborne,Europalaan 40,3526KS Utrecht,The NetherlandsReceived 5March 2002;received in revised form 20September 2002;accepted 11December 2002AbstractAlthough there has been significant research on both project success criteria and critical success factors for projects,there has not been a concept defined that can link the two.This while the need to relate critical success factors to project success criteria is identified in both theory and practice.The Project Excellence Model,described in this paper,is adapted from the EFQM-model and is a concept developed to fill this need.The Project Excellence Model is developed using research findings from both studies on success criteria and critical success factors for projects.The model consists of six result areas covering project success criteria and six organisational areas covering critical success factors.The Project Excellence Model uses five different project types to describe the project organisation,giving guidance to the application of the model.The paper includes findings of a case study showing how the model was used to improve the performance of a project.#2003Elsevier Ltd and IPMA.All rights reserved.Keywords:Project success;Project excellence;Project success criteria;Project types;Critical success factorsThere is a growing need for a management model that helps project managers deal with large and complex projects.Currently most tools developed in the field of project management seem insufficient to fulfil this role [1].In addition several authors state that a possible way to develop an overall framework for the management of projects is to link the research on project success criteria to the research on critical success factors [2,3].Combining these findings from both practice and theory led to the development of the Project Excellence Model.The Project Excellence Model,which is based on the EFQM-model,is designed to link project success criteria and critical success factors into one coherent model.This article describes the way the Project Excellence Model was developed and how it can be applied to projects.The basic thoughts behind the Project Excel-lence Model are introduced and the literature on project success criteria and critical success factors is reviewed.This is followed by a paragraph on the five project types of the Project Excellence Model.The article concludeswith some practical guidelines for the use of the model and a case study.1.Projects and the EFQM-modelProject organisations differ fundamentally from tra-ditional,functionally organised,permanent organisa-tions [4].Projects are unique and novel and have a clear finishing date.The control of permanent organisations is often directed more at continuity and long term growth.Projects are more specifically aimed at produ-cing a certain project goal (effectiveness)while a per-manent organisation like Toyota primarily tries to achieve efficiency in its routine processes.These differ-ences make it difficult to use tools developed for per-manent organisations,like the EFQM-model,in project situations.The EFQM business excellence model was developed in 1989by 14multinationals grouped in the European Foundation of Quality Management to improve the quality of management in Western Europe.The EFQM model is used to measure and improve the overall quality of an organisation.One of the essential characteristics of the EFQM-model is that the model distinguishes0263-7863/03/$30.00#2003Elsevier Ltd and IPMA.All rights reserved.doi:10.1016/S0263-7863(02)00112-6International Journal of Project Management 21(2003)411–418/locate/ijproman*Tel.:+31-3029-16916.E-mail address:ebw@ (E.Westerveld).1.RESULT AREAS:Results the organisation hasachieved(WH AT);andANISATION AREAS:Management of theorganisation(HOW).2.Project Excellence Model;introduction of the gen-eral conceptThe approach the EFQM model uses differs from most approaches found in thefield of project manage-ment.In general most of the literature in thisfield focuses on organisational aspects(HOW).For example, the PM Body Of Knowledge[5]describes nine essential knowledge areas and management processes.The link between these knowledge areas and management pro-cesses with project results is unclear.On the other hand, it becomes clear that because of the unique character-istics of projects the EFQM-model cannot readily be transferred to project situations.Research on constructing a management model for projects started with the assumption that for projects the same distinction between results and organisation can be made.These two topics can be found in the lit-erature on project management as well.In this respect the project success criteria can be seen as result areas and the success factors as organisational areas.The Project Excellence Model is based on the assumption that in order to manage a project successfully the pro-ject organisation has to focus on:RESULT AREAS Project success criteria ORGANISATIONAL AREAS Critical success factors 3.Result areas—project success criteriaEarly work into the success criteria assumed that the main criteria for success were the so-called golden tri-angle of time,budget and required quality.However, the issue of project success turned out to be far more subtle than this.There are more,possibly competing, criteria that can be identified[6].Not only is there a basket of potentially competing criteria,the judgement is made by a wide range of potential stakeholders,over different time horizons.Van Aken[7]even defines pro-ject success as:‘‘The satisfaction of all stakeholders’’. Perceiving project success simply as the compliance with time,cost and quality constraints can be qualified as a more‘narrow’view in this respect.Research on project success further shows that it is impossible to generate a universal checklist of project success criteria suitable for all projects.Success criteria will differ from project to project depending on a num-ber of issues,for example,size,uniqueness and com-plexity[8].In order to develop a model for projects that links success criteria and success factors a moreflexible approach seems appropriate.This moreflexible approach lies in using clusters of possible success cri-teria.Assuming that while criteria defining project suc-cess can be different for each project,a universal clustering of criteria can be formulated to cover the whole issue of project success[9].To cluster the success criteria the research on project success was studied.One of the guidelines in defining the six result areas was that all result areas together had to cover the whole issue of project success in the broadest sense.The other guide-line being that each result area had to represent a clear and distinctive set of goals or interest.The results of the study on project success is summarised in Table1. Together these groups of success criteria form the result areas of the Project Excellence Model.The following clusters were identified,Table2.4.Critical success factors for projects—organisational areasResearch into project success factors on projects was aimed at identifying those levers that project managers can pull to increase the likelihood of achieving a suc-cessful outcome for their project.Initial research on the critical success factors of a project focussed primarily on the control aspects of ter studies concluded that the initial research on critical success factors was too narrowly directed towards developing standard tools and techniques for project management.A new approach emerged,consisting of large studies on the critical success factors for projects.These studies showed that there are other factors to be taken into account in managing a project successfully than sche-duling alone[10–12].In the1990s comments started to appear on the methods used in the research on critical success factors.A response came from Belassi et al.[13]who stated that sound research on critical success factors has to: distinguish between success factors and success criteria;anddistinguish success factors within the control of the project manager and factors outside thecontrol of the project manager.They constructed a framework for critical success factors for projects which takes external factors influ-encing project success into account[13].Also the fra-mework does not provide a single list of success factors but defines groups of success factors.412 E.Westerveld/International Journal of Project Management21(2003)411–418Table2Result areas of the Project Excellence ModelNo.Result area Explanation1Project results The original golden triangle of project goals.Budget Almost all projects will have specific scheduling,Schedule budget and quality constraints.Quality2Appreciation by the client The client initiates the project to fulfil a specific need.What aspects and factors does the client value in judgingthe success of the project3Appreciation by project personnel The workers of the project will be concerned with reachingtheir personal goals as well as a good working atmosphere4Appreciation by users Users are concerned with their overall influence in the projectand the functionality of the end product5Appreciation by contracting partners Contracting partners try to make a profit at the project.Theyare also concerned with getting new orders and learning possibilities 6Appreciation by stakeholders Those parties that are not directly involved in the project but have alarge influence.For example environmental groups,citizens andgovernment agencies.These parties manage their specific interest. Table3Summary of the research on critical success factors for projectsResult areas‘Project Excellence Model’Morris and Hough(1987)[11]Munns and Bjeirmi(1996)[13]Belassi and Tukel(1996)[14]Pinto and Slevin(1988)[12]Leadership and Team Human factors Human Parties Use of managerial skills Personnel recruitmentTrouble shooting Policy and Strategy Project definition Control and monitoringStakeholder management Politics and social factors Relations with clientPolitics Client consultation Communication Power and PoliticsResources Finance Use of technologyPreliminary estimatesContracting Legal agreements Legal agreementsContractingProject management Scheduling,design Project AdministrationEfficiencyScheduling and scheduling Technical tasksMonitoring and feedback Success criteria Profit Client acceptanceExternal factors Schedule urgencySchedule duration Objectives Factors related to projectmanagerTop management supportCharacteristics of projectProject team members managerFactors related tot the project Environment eventsFactors related to theorganisationUrgencyAvailability of resourcesExternal environment414 E.Westerveld/International Journal of Project Management21(2003)411–418In defining the organisational areas of the Project Excellence Model the literature on critical success fac-tors for projects was studied,(Table3).This led to the definition of six organisational areas(Table4).The original work into success factors suffered from the weakness that it did not really deal with the question of how success is judged;what are the criteria which will be used to determine if the project is successful.In the Project Excellence Model this question is solved by linking the concepts of success criteria and critical suc-cess factors into one coherent model(Fig.1).5.Project typesThe Project Excellence Model consists of12areas that play a key role in managing a project.In order to be successful the choices made on the organisational areasTable4Organisational areas of the Project Excellence ModelNo.Result area Explanation7Leadership and Team Represents the way the project managerruns the project and how tasks and responsibilitiesare divided.Leadership style of and co-operation inthe projectteam greatly influence the working habitswithin the project organisation.8Policy and Strategy What are the project goals and how are they accomplished.Combining the interest of stakeholders into an end-product.9Stakeholder management How does the project interact with various stakeholders.The co-operation of the project organisation with externalparties determines the place of the project in its environment.10Resources Resources have to be utilised in an effective and efficientmanner in order to achieve maximum benefit to the stakeholdersinvolved.11Contracting Each project organisation establishes contractual relationships.The choices of contracts and partners evolves around the tasksat hand and the competencies of contracting parties.12Project management How does operational control of the project take place?The traditional Scheduling aspects of sound project control play a key role in this process.BudgetOrganisationQualityInformationRisksFig.1.The Project Excellence Model.E.Westerveld/International Journal of Project Management21(2003)411–418415T a b l e 5T h e fiv e p r o j e c t t y p e s o f t h e P r o j e c t E x c e l l e n c e M o d el416 E.Westerveld /International Journal of Project Management 21(2003)411–418have to match with the project goals(set on the result areas)and the external factors of the project.External factors of the project that have to be taken into account can be factors related to the[13]:Project manager and team members(i.e.skills, background).Project(i.e.size,uniqueness,urgency).Parent organisation(i.e.management support, structure).External environment(i.e.political,technological). Project goals and external factors can vary widely for projects.The building of a house is completely different than organising the winter Olympics so organisations set up to manage these projects will differ greatly as well.In order to visualise the necessary choices of the project organisation,five project types were developed (Table5).A more elaborate description of thefive projects can be found in Westerveld et al.[14]It is important to note thefive project types do not represent a‘good’to‘excellent’scale.The choice of the most adequate project type for a specific project is based on the desired project goals set on the result areas and the external factors influencing the project as mentioned earlier.In this regard excellence is achieved in choosing the right project type.6.How to apply the Project Excellence Model—case studyThe Project Excellence Model can be applied in var-ious project stages and situations.The model can be used for setting up managing and evaluating a project. At the project start up(PSU)the project organisation and its stakeholders decide on the project goals.These goals can be categorised using the six result areas of the Project Excellence Model.Then the basic choices in the project organisation have to be made using thefive project types on each of the six organisational areas. After the project start-up,the Project Excellence Model can be used to monitor the results and the project organisation.Based on this analysis the functioning of the project organisation can be improved if needed. Eventually the model can be used to analyse and trans-fer learning experiences to future projects.The management team of a middle sized organisation asked themselves whether the project organisation for implementing a new ERP-system(‘Enterprise Resource Planning’)was performing adequately.To answer this question an analysis with the Project Excellence Model was carried out in co-operation with management, users,project personnel,the project manager and con-tracting partner.The analysis showed that the functioning of the pro-ject organisation could be improved on the areas Policy and Strategy and Stakeholder management.Overall the project organisation could be described as being mainly type2(‘Tool orientation’).On the area Policy and Strategy,the project could be characterised as inflexible with respect to adapting the project goals.The analysis further showed that this approach carried the risk the opportunities the new ERP system offered,were not fully utilised.Also it was concluded that the project goals did not sufficiently match the overall strategy of the company(‘Appreciation Client).Using the project types of the Project Excellence Model it was agreed that a type3(‘System orientation’)or type4(‘Strategy orientation’)approach could be fruitful on the area Policy and Strategy.This meant moreflexibility in reviewing and adapting set project goals.It also meant a broader range of parties would participate in goal review sessions.On the area Stakeholder management the conclusion was that future users of the ERP system did not have a large say within the project.This caused users to get frustrated(‘Appreciation users’)and also delayed the progress of the project(‘Project Results).Again this approach can be characterised as type2(‘Tool orienta-tion’).The project manager decided to give key users a new role within the project organisation.Key users specifically were asked to look for efficiency improve-ments that the new ERP system would make possible. Again this is an approach morefitting to a type3or type4project type.The analysis showed that by linking the result areas of the project to the organisational areas and thefive project types could provide good insights for improving the functioning of the project organisation.References[1]Barnes NML,Wearne SH.The future for major project man-agement.International Journal of Project Management1993;11(3):135–42.[2]Turner JR.Editorial:Project management future developmentsfor the short and medium term.International Journal of Project Management1994;12(1):3–4.[3]Morris PWG.Researching the unanswered questions of projectmanagement.In:Project management research at the turn of the Millennium:Proceedings of PMI Conference2000.PMI,PE;2000.p.87–101.[4]Turner JR.The handbook of project based management.2nd ed.Maidenblad:McGraw H ill;1997.[5]PMI Standards Committee.A guide to the PMBOK.PA,USA:Project Management Institute I;1996.[6]Atkinson R.Project management:cost,time and quality,two bestguesses and a phenomenon,it’s time to accept other success criteria.International Journal of Project Management1999;17(6):337–42. [7]van Aken T.De weg naar project succes:Eerder via werkstijl daninstrumenten,De Tijdstroom;1996.[8]Wateridge J.How can IS/IT projects be measured for success.International Journal of Project Management1998;16(1):59–63.E.Westerveld/International Journal of Project Management21(2003)411–418417[9]Lim CS,Mohamed MZ.Criteria of project success.InternationalJournal of Project Management1999;17(4):243–8.[10]Morris PWG,Hough GH.The anatomy of major projects.Lon-don:John Wiley and Sons;1987.[11]Pinto JK,Slevin DP.Critical success factors across the projectlife cycle.Project Management Journal,19(3);1988.[12]Munns AK,Bjeirmi BF.The role of project management inachieving project success.International Journal of Project Man-agement1996;14(2):81–7.[13]Belassi W,Tukel OI.A new framework for determining criticalsucces/failure factors in Projects.International Journal of Project Management1996;14(3):141–51.[14]Westerveld E,Gaya Walters D.Het verbeteren van uw pro-jectorganisatie;het Project Excellence Model in de praktijk.Deventer:Kluwer;2001.[15]Kerzner H.Project management:a systems approach to schedul-ing,scheduling and controlling.New York,NY:van Nostrand Rheinhold;1992.418 E.Westerveld/International Journal of Project Management21(2003)411–418。
时间研究与学习曲线
时间研究与学习曲线Establish noble character. On the morning of October 2, 2022工作研究讲义时间研究与学习曲线Time Study and Study Curve of Work Design目录3. 时间研究时间研究概述时间研究的方法及基本程序标准工时设定工作抽样工作抽样概述工作抽样的原理工作抽样的方法和步骤预定动作时间标准预定动作时间标准概述模特排时法 MODMOD法的特点模特排时法的动作分类模特法的动作分析动作的改进生产线平衡分析4. 学习曲线学习曲线概述对数线性学习曲线学习速率测定方法学习曲线的应用3. 时间研究时间研究概述1．时间研究的意义基础IE的全过程是：利用程序分析、作业分析和动作分析获得最佳程序和方法,然后再利用时间研究将所有作业制定出标准时间;由此可知,时间研究是基础工业工程的两大技术之一,也称为“作业测定”或“工作衡量”;生产现场,日常消耗的总时间大致可以分为：基本需要作业时间与由于工作进度不妥而造成的多余时间,以及完全浪费的无效时间三种;·基本需要作业时间当产品设计、制造工序及作业方法都不再更改时所使用的生产时间,也可以说是不能降低到这以下的理想时间,唯有这项作业内容才视为真正是“有效工作”;·多余时间由于设计及制造方法不当多耗费的作业时间,其内容本质上是“无效工作”;·无效时间由于工厂管理上的各种缺陷所引起的中断时间,作业人员与机械设备在此期间没有工作成效而浪费掉的时间,其内容可以说是“浪费工作”;在制造的总过程中,这些多余因素与无效因素,所谓非生产因素与真正需要的基本作业内容相比,其值相当大;因此,依靠时间研究在对工作潜在的非生产因素内容定向的分析的同时,还必须进行定量的评价,以便使我们能够极力排除或减少它;时间研究的首要目的在于明确非生产因素,以便有助于方法研究;在把可能避免的非生产因素全部排除之后,按照正确的、通行的某种测定来确定使用可行的最佳作业方法时的标准作业时间;这样一来,一次确定了的标准时间可作为推进生产的管理计划,且作为控制和评价的基本尺度而得以应用;此外,在日常的现场管理中,利用标准时间的效果与在质量管理中使用管理图一样;当作业中混有非生产因素时,如果加工条件改变,它就会反应到实际工作时间上;因此,根据与标准时间相比的结果,假如出现了较大差异,就会立即出现问题;在工业企业中,人工成本是一项重要的生产成本,经营者决不能忽视此项成本;人工成本的高低反映了企业经营管理水平的高低;因此,如何充分利用工时,提高生产效率,降低人工成本是每个企业需要解决的重要课题;奖励制度、编制计划、组织生产、经济核算、计算成本、平衡核算生产能力;考核工人劳动成果和劳动力计划、调配等,都离不开标准时间;因此实行科学管理、除进行程序分析、作业分析和动作分析外,还必须进行时间研究;2 时间研究的定义国际劳工组织的工作研究专家为时间研究下的定义是：“时间研究是运用一些技术来确定合格工人,在标准状态下,对一种特定的工作,以正常速度操作所需时间的一种方法;”“合格工人” 指具备必要的身体素质、智力水平和教育程度,并具备必要的技能和知识,使他们所从事的工作在安全、质量和数量方面都能达到令人满意水平的工人;“标准状态” 指标准工作方法、标准工作环境、标准设备、标准程序、标准动作、标准工具、机器的标准转速等;这些都是有方法研究确定的;故必须首先进行方法研究,规定并达到标准状态,然后进行时间研究;“正常速度” 指平均动作速度,这个速度,每天没有过度的肉体和精神疲劳,容易持续下去但须努力才能达到;一般具体的测定方法是：把一付扑克牌放到边长为一英尺见方的四个角,用30s将牌分完时,手的动作速度;3 时间研究的用途通过调查研究发现无效时间的原因固然重要,但在实际应用中,特别是从长远来看,制定合理的时间标准更为主要;没有标准就没有好的管理;标准方法、标准时间乃是进行管理的基础;1运行一个作业系统;通过时间研究为某项作业确定标准时间,作为编制作业计划及控制生产进程的依据,用于平衡作业组成员之间的工作量,估算价格,制定劳动定额,控制成本,评价绩效;2改善一个作业系统;通过观测各个单元作业或全部作业所需的时间或时间变动,找到改善工作的途径;3评价作业系统;当完成某项作业有两种以上的方法时,可通过时间研究,比较各种方法的效率,在相同条件下从中选取工时最短的理想方法;研究如何调动工人的工作积极性,培养工人的效率意识;要正确贯彻按劳分配和各种奖励制度就要求有一个客观的标准;无论何种衡量劳动量的标准,皆来源于标准时间,它正是时间研究的成果;4用于挖掘时间利用方面的潜力;挖掘时间潜力的主要途径就是尽量减少或消除由各种原因造成的时间浪费;在企业内造成时间浪费的因素和环节很多,仅生产领域就有以下几方面可供考虑：1产品设计上的原因由于设计不合理增加了制造上的困难由于设计的标准化水平低,增大了制造工作量由于技术条件规定的不合适,使生产困难2作业方法上的原因由于加工程序不合理造成时间的过多消耗由于所用机器设备不合适,而浪费了时间由于现场布置不合理,是物流路线过长,发生不合理的搬运由于操作方法、操作动作不合理而浪费了时间3管理方面的原因由于准备工作没做好造成时间浪费由于计划不周,前后脱节,发生等待由于材料供给不及时,停工等料由于设备维护保养不善,工作发生故障而停产由于作业现场环境条件不佳,影响作业效率由于忽视安全发生事故,造成停产由于不按标准操作发生失误出现废品、不良品或返修品由于纪律松弛,迟到、早退、缺勤、怠工而造成的浪费等等总之,任何一个企业都存在着类似的甚至是更大的时间浪费;这种浪费有时达到了惊人的程度;节约时间是一切管理活动的归宿;时间就是金钱,效率就是企业的生命;时间研究技术就是一项杜绝浪费时间提高时间利用效率的科学方法;时间研究的方法及基本程序1 方法1直接法：对作业直接测定的方法,具体有：①秒表测时法②工作抽样法2合成法：利用已有资料进行推断的方法,具体有：①预定时间标准法PTS②标准资料法2 时间研究各方法的应用1时间研究的阶次制定标准时间的时候,应首先决定研究工作的阶次,工作阶次通常非常下列四种：第一阶次：动作人的基本动作测定的最小工作阶次;例如：伸手,握取等;第二阶次：单元由几个连续动作集合而成;例如：双手抓取材料,旋转零件等;第三阶次：作业通常由两到三个操作集合而成;若将其分解为两个以上的操作,则不能分配给两个以上的人以分但的方式进行作业;例如,双手抓取材料在夹具上定位包括放置,拆卸加工完成品从伸手到放置为止;第四阶次：制程指为进行某种活动所必须的作业的串连;例如：钻孔、装配、焊接等;工作阶次的划分应以研究方便为原则;低阶次的工作可以合成为高阶次的工作,高阶次的工作亦能分解程低阶次的工作;工作阶次的划分,使我们能利用各种技术来衡量不同阶次的标准时间,并在人力资源与工作阶次之间形成一种密切的关系;2时间研究的应用一般来说：秒表测时法应用于第二阶次的工作；工作抽样法通常用于第三、四阶次的工作；预定时间标准法常用于第一阶次的工作；标准资料法可用于第二、三、四阶次的工作;通用电气公司推荐的观测次数表3 时间研究的基本程序1选择——选择需要研究的工作2记录——记录全部工作环境、作业方法和工作要素的有关资料3考查——考查全部记录材料和细目,以保证使用最有效的方法和动作,将非生产的和不适当的工作要素与生产要素区别开来4测定——选用适当的时间研究方法,测定各项作业的时间5实施——拟订相应的文件,包括该作业的要素、操作方法和标准时间,并正式公布执行;6修订——当作业环境和条件发生较大的变更而原订标准事件不再反映当前生产过程时,重新进行时间研究,修改作业的要素、操作方法和标准时间在公布标准时间时,必须采用以上所列的全部步骤;当时间研究只用来调查无效时间或比较不同工作方法的效果时,只采用前四项步骤;4 直接法时间研究的基本程序1 工作准备时间研究需预先确定下列问题；①确定操作方法;在测定之前,要先确定最佳的作业方法,才能按照正确的、通行的某种测定来确定使用可行的最佳作业方法时的标准作业时间;这样一来,一次确定了的标准时间可作为推进生产的管理计划,且作为控制和评价的基本尺度而得以应用;例如,在一块铸件上镗Φ40的孔A方法：在车床上先钻孔,然后以内圆车刀镗孔而达到规定的尺寸；B方法；在铸造时预留一孔,由旋臂钻床直接钻成所需尺寸;此两种加工方法所消耗的时间是不一样的,并且若选用的机床转速、定刀量不同,所花时间亦不同;因此,时间研究人员在测时工作之前必须先经过方法研究,使该项操作的所有操作单元都确定了标准方法,机床的转速、走刀量等因素都应确定标准,并绘制出该操作的操作人程序图;②确定材料规格在机械加工中,不同的材料一般应选用不同刀具,不同的加工尺才有不同的加工次数;因此,在时间研究之前,必须先就材料规格的标准化进行讨论,并予以确定;③确定所使用的工艺装置因为机床的性能、精度、功率、附件状况、工具、夹具等对加工时间均有明显的影响;例如,在其他一切条件不变的情况下,使用合金钢车刀比高速钢车刀所需要的机动时间可能减少一半以上;④确定被观测者的素质时间研究人员要慎重挑选被观测的对象;一般应挑选“平均工人”作为观测对象;所谓平均工人是指该工作人员在智力、体力、技术熟练程度均为同类工人的平均程度;⑤记录工作的环境因素如温度、湿度、照明、噪声程度等;2划分操作单元为了便于分析研究,常将操作划分为细小的单元;前面巳介绍过,所有的操作可分为18种动素;如用秒表来观测,则每一动素所占时间过于短促,无法观测与记录;为了秒表测时方便起见,常将操作划分为适当的单元;通常是将若干动素集合成一个单元;单元的划分应遵循下列原则：①在不影响精确观测记录前提下,每一操作单元的时间越短越佳;但每单元的时间必须在0．04分钟秒以上太短无法记录;②将人操作时间和机器工作时间分开;机动时间一般不必加以评比,只需记录人操作的时间;③单元与单元之间的界限要分清,使每个单元得以准确地测定;每一单元的起终点要易于辨别,最好在单元的终点有明显的声音;如无声音,则以明显易辨的动作作为划分点;所有划分单元的标准,在一个企业内应是一致的;④应明确划分不变单元与可变单元;不变单元是指在各种情况下,其操作时间基本相等;可变单元的操作时间,系指因加工时对象的尺寸、大小、重量等的不同而不同;如焊接操作,手拿焊枪应视为不变单元,而焊接焊缝所需时间则随焊缝的长短而变化,因此焊接单元应视为可变单元;⑤规则单元与间歇性单元要划分清楚;规则单元是加工每个工作件都有规则地出现的单元;间歇单元是在加工过程中偶尔出现的单元;由于间歇单元可能偶尔出现在规则单元之内,也可能偶尔不在规则单元之内,故在观察记录时,如不将其划分清楚将会引起混乱;⑥材料搬运时间应与其它单元分开;因为材料搬运时间受工地布置的影响大,故应单独研究;3 测时记录时间研究的准备工作与划分单元完成后,即可开始进行测时;时间研究人员选择的观测位置,必须既能清楚地观测操作者的动作,又不妨碍或干扰其工作,还能方便地观测秒表和在表格上记录;观测设备：秒表、表格、笔、计算器观测表格：标准表格格式参考教学软件观测方法：回归记录法适于较长单元观测,直接记录在OT栏；连续记录法适于较短单元观测,直接记录在W栏案例：在铣床上铣沟槽的观测记录①开始时,将秒表归零;第一单元开始,立即按下秒表,使秒表指针由零开始走动,至第一单元终止时,记下表面读数于OT栏,所示数字14代表0．14分;此时,第二单元开始秒表不归零,直到第二单元终止,再记下表面读数于第二单元动作之R栏内,所示30代表从第一单元开始,至第二单元终止;经过时间为分钟;以下皆同,至第一周期止;②一个观测周期完毕,紧接着第二观测周期开始,不必使秒表归零,继续观测并记录;以下各周期同;③第三个周期时,操作者口渴,去喝茶,故在OT栏记有外来单元Foreign Elements;在第四周期的第二项操作动作时,工长询问,工作中止,故在OT栏记有Outlier Elements; 4剔除异常值记录之后即着手计算和综合;首先应计算各单元的平均值,但在计算平均值之前,必须检查分析并剔除观测数值内的异常值;美国机械工程协会对异常值定义为：某一单元的秒表读数,由于一些外来因素的影响,而使其超出正常范围的数值即为异常值;剔除异常值的方法有多种,此处介绍最常用的方法——三倍标准差法;三倍标准差法计算方法平均值X=x1+x2+x3+…+xn/n标准偏差σ=x1-X2+x2-X2+…+xn-X2/n1/2在平均值附近3σ的范围内为正常值,否则为异常值,应以剔除;剔除异常值案例分析：例某一操作单元,观测20次,其中漏记一次,其余19次观测的T值数据如下：20、 20、 2l、 20、 22、 20、 19、 24、 20、 22、 19、 21、 20、28、21、 20、 20、 22、M、20;请找出异常值;X=x1+x2+x3+…+xn/n=21σ=x1-X2+x2-X2+…+xn-X2/n1/2≈2则上限为21+3×2=27下限为21-3×2=15结论：19次观测的T值数据中的数值28大于27,为异常值;5决定观测次数在测时时,确定观测次数是关键;次数过多,则造成浪费；次数太少,则不足以求其平均数与标准差,代表该单元的时间;下面介绍用误差界限法来求观测次数;所谓误差界限法,是对某一操作单元先试行观测若干次数,再依容许的误差界限,求出其观测的次数;一般采用95％信赖水平和5％的精确度即有95％的母群体平均值的误差在5％的范围内;每一单元需要观测的次数计算公式为：决定观测次数案例对一操作单元试行观测10次,其结果如下：7、5、6、8、7、6、7、6、6、7;先确定有无异常值此外,如其平均值欲得到5％的精确度,95％的信赖水平,试问需做多少次测试数值计算结果如下：经验法确定观测次数通用电器公司推荐的观测次数参照表例如：某作业年产量750件,周程时间估计15分钟左右,确定需要多少次观测思考：如果误差界限法与经验估计法的结果不同,该采取哪种结果直接法时间研究的思考问题观测工具被观测者的选择对观测者的要求观测条件与时间观测方法的选择观测过程中可能遇到的问题区分可变单元、不变单元和外来单元观测次数如何确定标准工时设定1 标准时间的起源和定义标准时间的概念来源于泰勒的“公平的一天工作量”a fair day’s work的理论;标准时间的定义是：“在适宜的操作条件下,用最合适的方法,以普通熟练工人的正常速度完成标准作业所需的劳动时间”;对概念的理解：“适宜的操作条件”、“最合适的操作方法”：是指通过方法研究后,所确定的操作条件与操作方法“普通熟练工人”、“正常速度”：意味着标准时间是适合大多数作业者的时间“标准作业”：是标准时间的依据,是时间研究的结果;“正常速度”体验把一付扑克牌放到边长为一英尺见方的四个角,用30s将牌分完时,手的动作速度;体验1min和的差别;15cm十字形状体验一小时3英里速度：步行30feet标准时间的特性可理解为：1. 客观性对应于某一标准化了的作业操作通过方法研究,标准时间是不以人们的意志而转移的客观存在的一个量值;2. 可测性只要将作业标准化了,就可以用科学的方法对操作进行测定如秒表测时、工作抽样、PTS技术等,以确定标准时间的量值;3. 适用性因为标准时间是普通工人以正常速度能完成某项作业的劳动标准时间,不强调过分先进或十分敏捷的动作完成某项操作,所以它应该是易于被大多数人所接受的;标准工时设定1 标准时间的起源和定义标准时间的概念来源于泰勒的“公平的一天工作量”a fair day’s work的理论;标准时间的定义是：“在适宜的操作条件下,用最合适的方法,以普通熟练工人的正常速度完成标准作业所需的劳动时间”;对概念的理解：·“适宜的操作条件”、“最合适的操作方法”：是指通过方法研究后,所确定的操作条件与操作方法·“普通熟练工人”、“正常速度”：意味着标准时间是适合大多数作业者的时间·“标准作业”：是标准时间的依据,是时间研究的结果;标准时间的特性可理解为：·客观性对应于某一标准化了的作业操作通过方法研究,标准时间是不以人们的意志而转移的客观存在的一个量值;·可测性只要将作业标准化了,就可以用科学的方法对操作进行测定如秒表测时、工作抽样、PTS技术等,以确定标准时间的量值;·适用性因为标准时间是普通工人以正常速度能完成某项作业的劳动标准时间,不强调过分先进或十分敏捷的动作完成某项操作,所以它应该是易于被大多数人所接受的;2 标准时间的意义和用途标准时间是时间研究的基准;凡欲对某一领域、某一过程的时间序列进行科学的分析研究,都不可避免地要确立相应的标准时间,非此则无法进行比较、分析、定量的考察;标准时间就企业经营管理范围来说,它可应用于：·计划工作编制生产作业计划、估算成本、确定销售价格、工序平衡计算设备需要量、和职工定员、确定工作者一天的工作量·日常管理对生产和工作状况的监督指导、预算控制、成本管理、研究和改进工作方法、提高设备利用率以及对工人进行操作训练·进行评价对职业方法进行研究比较、改进或选择；生产设备和工艺准备的设计与选择；对工作者进行评比·测定劳动生产率,研究和指定工作标准及其他标准3 制定标准时间的方法1经验判断法估工由定额员或估工小组根据产品的设计图纸、工艺规程或产品实物,考虑到使用的设备、工装、原材料以及其它生产技术、组织条件,凭生产实践经验估算出工时消耗而制定定额的方法;此法简便易行,但误差较大;2历史记录法统计分析法历史记录法以记工单、打工卡记录为凭证,根据过去生产的同类型产品或零件、工序的实耗工时或产品的原始记录和统计资料,来推断同等内容的时间标准;其不足之处在于标准时间中包括其他工作时间、私事延迟等;因此,统计资料数据往往比实际操作时间多,且变化很大,虽然此法比经验判断法更具科学性,但仍不能作为计算成本等的可靠依据;3时间研究它是在方法研究基础上,对生产时间、辅助时间等加以分析研究,以求减少和避免出现在制造业中的无效时间及制定标准时间而进行的测定工作;即直接或间接观测工作者的操作,记录工时,并加上评比和宽放,或利用实现分析好的时间标准加以合成,而得标准时间;4 标准时间的构成标准时间＝正常时间＋宽放时间标准时间＝正常时间×1＋宽放率正常时间＝观测时间×评比系数评比因素研究评比是一种判断或评价的技术,其目的在于把实际操作时间调整到“平均工人”的“正常速度”的基础上来;但平均工人和正常速度都是理想中的概念,除了时间研究人员的主观判断外,并没有十分准确的客观标准,故必须用评比的方法进行调整;评比的方法以平准化法应用最广;平准化法首先由美国西屋电气公司所提倡,故亦称为西屋法;此法是将熟练、努力、工作环境和一致性四者作为衡量工作的主要评比因素;每个评比因素再分超佳或理想、优、良、平均、可、欠佳等六个高低程度的等级;1熟练系数熟练是对某一特定工作方法掌握程度的反映;熟练程度分为六个等级,对这项评比因素的主要评价标准如下：①超佳熟练程度换高,动作犹如机器作业,迅速而衔接圆滑;②优十分有效地使用机器设备,对工作高度适应,工作顺序相当正确,不需检查、核对;③良非常熟练,几乎不需指导,动作迅速而稳定;④平均对工作熟悉,工作成果良好,对工作有信心,速度稍缓慢;⑤可对机器设备的用途相当熟悉,对工作末具有充分的信心,不适宜长时间的工作,偶尔发生失误;⑧欠佳对工作未能熟习,动作笨手笨脚,不具有工作的适应性,工作犹豫、无信心,常失败;2 努力系数努力是指操作者工作时对提高效率在主观意志上的表现;亦分成六个等级;努力的评价：①超佳很卖力地工作,甚至忽视健康;②优动作熟练而快,工作方法有系统,对改进工作很热心;③良工作有节奏,有兴趣且负责,乐意接受建议,工作场地布置井然有序,工具使用适当;④平均自己拟订工作计划,工作上有良好的安排,按良好的工作方法进行工作,虽然接受建议但不实施,显得有些保守;3工作环境工作环境因素虽不直接影响操作,但对操作者产生影响;例如,在20℃和在35℃工作环境里工作,肯定是不一样的;工作环境系数亦分为六个等级;4一致性一致性是指操作者在同种操作的周期上时值的差异程度;如同一工作单元的观测时间经常相同,其一致性当然最为理想,但往往由于受不良的材料、刃具的磨损、操作者的熟练程度和努力程度以及其他外来单元的影响,而常呈现离散分布状态;一致性亦分为六个等级;工作环境与一致性的评价其评价的基准依各厂而异;在时间研究中如发现有恶劣的工作环境,应即刻中止测时,并加以改善;若将观测时间的异常值剔除,则可不对一致性进行评比;例如评定的结果是：熟练为 C2＝+0．03努力为 C1＝+0．05工作环境 D＝0一致性 E＝- 0．02合计为 0．06。
项目学习的成果作文
项目学习的成果作文英文回答：Project learning has been an incredibly rewarding experience for me. Through this process, I have gained a deeper understanding of the subject matter and have developed important skills that will benefit me in the future.One of the most significant achievements of project learning is the improvement of my research and critical thinking skills. For example, in a recent project on environmental sustainability, I had to gather and analyze a large amount of data to support my arguments. This required me to think critically about the sources of information and to evaluate their credibility. As a result, I not only learned a great deal about the topic, but I also honed my ability to discern reliable information from biased or inaccurate sources.Additionally, project learning has helped me to become more independent and self-motivated. In traditional classroom settings, students are often guided through the learning process by their teachers. However, in project-based learning, I had to take the initiative to set goals, manage my time effectively, and seek out resources on my own. This experience has taught me the importance of self-discipline and has empowered me to take ownership of my education.Furthermore, project learning has allowed me to develop my communication and collaboration skills. In one project, I had to work in a group to create a presentation on a historical event. This required us to communicate effectively, delegate tasks, and resolve conflicts. Through this experience, I learned the value of teamwork and effective communication, which are essential skills in both academic and professional settings.Overall, project learning has been a transformative experience for me. It has not only expanded my knowledge and skills, but it has also instilled in me a sense ofconfidence and independence that will serve me well in the future.中文回答：项目学习对我来说是一次非常有意义的经历。
我的父亲工作英语作文
我的父亲工作英语作文Title: My Father's Work。
My father's occupation is that of a software engineer. He has been working in this field for over two decades now, and his journey has been nothing short of inspiring. Inthis essay, I will delve into the intricacies of his profession, shedding light on the challenges he faces and the passion that drives him forward.First and foremost, my father's job involves designing, developing, and maintaining software applications. His expertise lies in coding languages such as Java, Python, and C++, which he utilizes to create innovative solutions for various clients. From crafting intricate algorithms to troubleshooting bugs, his role demands a meticulous attention to detail and a strong analytical mindset.One of the most fascinating aspects of my father's work is the ever-evolving nature of the technology industry.With advancements occurring at a rapid pace, he constantly finds himself learning new languages, frameworks, and tools to stay ahead of the curve. This commitment to lifelong learning is not only essential for his professional growth but also serves as a testament to his dedication to mastering his craft.In addition to technical skills, effective communication plays a crucial role in my father's line of work. As part of a multidisciplinary team, he collaborates with fellow engineers, project managers, and clients to ensure that software projects are executed seamlessly. Whether it's brainstorming ideas during meetings orproviding updates on project progress, clear and concise communication is key to fostering collaboration and achieving desired outcomes.Despite the rewarding aspects of his profession, my father also faces certain challenges in his day-to-day work. Tight deadlines, demanding clients, and unexpectedtechnical issues are just a few of the obstacles he encounters regularly. However, it is his resilience andproblem-solving abilities that enable him to overcome these challenges and deliver results effectively.Beyond the technical aspects, what truly sets my father apart is his passion for innovation and creativity. He approaches each project with a sense of curiosity and a desire to push the boundaries of what is possible. Whether it's developing a new feature or optimizing existing code, he thrives on the opportunity to make a meaningful impact through his work.Moreover, my father's profession extends beyond the confines of his office cubicle. He is actively involved in the tech community, attending conferences, participating in hackathons, and mentoring aspiring engineers. Through these engagements, he not only shares his knowledge and expertise but also gains fresh insights and perspectives from fellow professionals.In conclusion, my father's career as a software engineer is a testament to his passion, perseverance, and ingenuity. From tackling complex coding challenges tofostering collaboration within his team, he embodies the qualities of a true innovator in the ever-evolving landscape of technology. As I reflect on his journey, I am inspired by his dedication to his craft and motivated to pursue my own passions with the same fervor and determination.。
人体写生 英语
人体写生英语The Human Body: An Artistic ExplorationThe human body is a marvel of nature, a canvas upon which the intricacies of life are woven with precision and beauty. As an artist, I have long been captivated by the endless possibilities for expression and exploration that the human form presents. From the delicate curves of the face to the powerful musculature of the limbs, the human body is a testament to the elegance and complexity of the natural world.In my pursuit of artistic expression, I have found that the act of drawing the human body, or "life drawing," as it is often called, is a deeply rewarding and transformative experience. It requires a level of observation and attention to detail that pushes the artist to see beyond the surface of the subject and to delve into the underlying structures and forms that give the body its unique character.As I begin a new life drawing session, I am filled with a sense of anticipation and excitement. The model, often a fellow artist or a professional who has dedicated themselves to the craft, takes their place in the center of the room, their body bathed in the warm glowof the studio lights. I take a deep breath, my pencil poised and ready to capture the essence of this living, breathing canvas before me.The initial moments are filled with a palpable tension as I study the model, my eyes darting across the contours of their form, taking in every subtle curve and angle. I begin with broad, sweeping strokes, laying down the basic framework of the body, ensuring that the proportions and overall structure are accurately represented. As I progress, the strokes become more refined, and I start to focus on the finer details – the play of light and shadow on the skin, the delicate lines of the musculature, the intricate patterns of the veins and tendons.One of the most captivating aspects of life drawing is the way in which the model's pose can evoke a range of emotions and narratives. A simple shift in the tilt of the head or the positioning of the limbs can transform the entire character of the piece, imbuing it with a sense of vulnerability, strength, or even a touch of whimsy.As I work, I find myself becoming lost in the rhythmic flow of my pencil across the paper, the world around me fading away as I become fully immersed in the act of creation. It is in these moments that I feel a deep connection to the model, as if I am channeling their very essence through the strokes of my pencil.But the true magic of life drawing lies not only in the final product but in the process itself. The act of observing the human body, of studying its form and function, is a profoundly humbling and enlightening experience. It forces me to confront my own perceptions and biases, to see the body not as an object but as a living, breathing entity with its own unique story to tell.Through the practice of life drawing, I have gained a deeper appreciation for the diversity and complexity of the human form. I have seen bodies of all shapes and sizes, each one a unique and beautiful expression of the human experience. And in doing so, I have been able to challenge the narrow and often limiting societal standards of beauty, embracing the inherent worth and dignity of every individual.As I continue to explore the human body through my art, I am constantly amazed by the endless possibilities for expression and exploration. Whether I am capturing the graceful lines of a dancer or the rugged strength of a construction worker, I am filled with a sense of awe and wonder at the sheer complexity and beauty of the human form.In many ways, life drawing has become a meditative practice for me, a way to connect with the world around me and to tap into the deeper truths that lie within. It is a journey of self-discovery, a meansof exploring the human condition and our place within the natural world.And as I look back on the countless hours I have spent hunched over my drawing board, pencil in hand, I am filled with a profound sense of gratitude. For in the act of capturing the human body on paper, I have not only honed my artistic skills but have also gained a deeper understanding of myself and the world around me. It is a practice that has enriched my life in ways that I could never have imagined, and one that I will continue to pursue with unwavering passion and dedication.。
有计划的学习的英语
有计划的学习的英语As students, it’s important to have a plan when it comes to studying. A study plan helps you stay organized and focused, and it can also help you manage your time effectively. In this article, we will discuss the benefits of having a study plan and provide some tips for creating one.Benefits of a Study Plan1. Keeps you organized: A study plan helps you keep track of your assignments, exams, and other important deadlines. By creating a schedule for your study sessions, you can make sure you have enough time to prepare for all of your upcoming tasks.2. Helps you stay focused: Having a study plan can help you stay focused on your goals. When you have a clear plan in place, it’s easier to avoid distractions and stay on track with your studying.3. Improves time management: A study plan can help you manage your time more effectively. By setting aside specific times for studying, you can make sure you have enough time to cover all of the material you need to learn.4. Reduces stress: When you have a plan in place, you can feel more confident and less stressed about your workload. A study plan can help you break down large tasks into smaller, more manageable chunks, which can reduce feelings of overwhelm.Tips for Creating a Study Plan1. Set specific g oals: Before you create your study plan, it’s important to have a clear understanding of what you want to achieve. What do you need to study for? What are your specific goals for each study session? By setting specific, achievable goals, you can create a plan that will help you stay on track.2. Know your priorities: It’s important to prioritize your studying based on your upcoming deadlines and exams. Make a list of all of your assignments, exams, and other tasks, and then organize them based on their importance and urgency. This will help you determine how to allocate your time and resources.3. Allocate time for each subject: Once you know your priorities, you can allocate time for each subject in your study plan. Be realistic about how much time you need to spend on each subject, and make sure to schedule regular study sessions for each one.4. Create a schedule: Once you have a sense of your priorities and time allocation, you can create a study schedule. Look at your calendar and find blocks of time when you can dedicate to studying. Try to be consistent with your schedule, and make sure to set aside time for breaks and relaxation as well.5. Be flexible: While it’s important to have a plan in place, it’s also important to be flexible. Life has a way of throwing curveballs, and it’s okay to adjust your study plan as needed. If something comes up that requires your attention, don’t be afraid to make changes to your schedule.6. Review and revise: It’s important to review and revise your study plan regularl y. As you progress through your studies, you may find that some tasks take longer than expected, or that your priorities shift. By reviewing and revising your study plan regularly, you can make sure it remains relevant and effective.Sample Study PlanHere’s an example of a study plan that a student might create for a typical week:Monday- 9:00am-10:30am: Study for English exam- 11:00am-1:00pm: Work on history paper- 2:00pm-3:30pm: Review math conceptsTuesday- 10:00am-12:00pm: Study for biology exam- 1:00pm-2:30pm: Work on English project- 3:00pm-4:30pm: Review history notesWednesday- 9:00am-11:00am: Study for math exam- 12:00pm-1:30pm: Work on history paper- 2:30pm-4:00pm: Review biology conceptsThursday- 10:00am-12:00pm: Study for English exam- 1:00pm-2:30pm: Work on biology project- 3:00pm-4:30pm: Review math notesFriday- 9:00am-11:00am: Study for history exam- 12:00pm-1:30pm: Work on math project- 2:30pm-4:00pm: Review English conceptsSaturday- 10:00am-12:00pm: Review all subjects- 1:00pm-3:00pm: Work on any outstanding assignmentsSunday- Rest and relaxationIn this sample study plan, the student has set aside specific times for studying each subject. They have also allocated time for working on assignments and projects, as well as for reviewing notes and concepts. The student has also included a block of time for rest and relaxation, which is an important component of any study plan.ConclusionCreating a study plan can help you stay organized, focused, and stress-free. By setting specific goals, knowing your priorities, allocating time for each subject, creating a schedule, and being flexible, you can create a study plan that will help you make the most of your time and resources. Remember to review and revise your study plan regularly to ensure it remains relevant and effective. Good luck with your studies!。
最优曲线物理实验英文作文
最优曲线物理实验英文作文回答例子1:Title: Optimal Curve Physics ExperimentIntroduction:In the realm of physics, the study of curves holds great significance. Understanding the behavior and properties of curves enables scientists to make accurate predictions and calculations in various fields, such as mechanics, optics, and electromagnetism. This article aims to explore the concept of optimal curves in physics experiments and their practical applications.1. Definition and Importance of Optimal Curves:Optimal curves, also known as ideal curves or best-fit curves, refer to mathematical representations that provide the most accurate approximation of experimental data. These curves are derived by analyzing the relationship between variables and minimizing the overall error. Optimal curves play a crucial role in physics experiments as they allow researchers to extract meaningful information, establish mathematicalmodels, and make predictions based on empirical data.2. Types of Optimal Curves in Physics Experiments:a) Linear Regression: Linear regression is one of the most commonly used methods to determine the best-fit line for experimental data. It involves fitting a straight line to the data points and minimizing the sum of squared residuals. Linear regression is particularly useful for establishing relationships between variables that exhibit a linear correlation.b) Nonlinear Regression: In cases where the relationship between variables is nonlinear, nonlinear regression techniques are employed. These methods involve fitting a curve to the data points by minimizing the error between the observed values and the model's predicted values. Nonlinear regression allows for the analysis of complex relationships and provides more accurate approximations compared to linear regression.c) Polynomial Regression: Polynomial regression is a type of nonlinear regression that fits a polynomial curve to the data points. By adjusting the degree of the polynomial, researcherscan account for different levels of complexity in the relationship between variables. Polynomial regression is advantageous when dealing with data that exhibits curvilinear patterns.3. Practical Applications of Optimal Curves in Physics Experiments:a) Motion Analysis: Optimal curves are extensively used in analyzing the motion of objects. By fitting a curve to position-time data, researchers can determine the object's velocity, acceleration, and other kinematic properties. This information is vital in studying the laws of motion and predicting the behavior of moving objects.b) Optics and Wave Phenomena: Optimal curves are employed in the study of light and wave phenomena. For instance, in optics experiments, the best-fit curve for the relationship between angle of incidence and angle of refraction is determined using nonlinear regression. This curve, known as the Snell's law curve, allows scientists to accurately predict the behavior of light as it passes through different mediums.c) Electrical Circuit Analysis: Optimal curves are utilized in analyzing electrical circuits. By fitting curves to voltage-current data, researchers can determine the resistance, capacitance, and inductance of various circuit components. This information is crucial for designing and optimizing electrical systems.Conclusion:Optimal curves play a fundamental role in physics experiments, providing researchers with accurate mathematical models and predictions. Whether it is analyzing motion, studying wave phenomena, or analyzing electrical circuits, optimal curves allow scientists to extract meaningful information from experimental data. By understanding the concept of optimal curves and their applications, researchers can advance their understanding of the physical world and develop innovative technologies.回答例子2:Optimal Curve Physics ExperimentIntroduction:Curve fitting is a fundamental concept in physics, mathematics, and engineering. It is used to represent a set of data points with a smooth curve that can be used to predict future data points. The curve can be linear or non-linear, and it can be used to model a wide range of phenomena. In this experiment, we will explore the best method for curve fitting and compare the results with the actual data.Materials and Methods:The materials used for this experiment include a computer with software capable of curve fitting, a set of data points, and a graphing calculator. The data points will be collected from a physics experiment, and the goal is to find the best curve that fits the data. The methods used for curve fitting include linear regression, polynomial regression, and exponential regression.Results:The results of the experiment show that the best method for curve fitting depends on the type of data being analyzed. For linear data, linear regression is the best method. For data that follows a polynomial pattern, polynomial regression is the best method. For data that follows an exponential pattern,exponential regression is the best method.Discussion:The results of this experiment are consistent with previous research on curve fitting. Linear regression is the most widely used method for curve fitting, and it is often used to model data that follows a linear pattern. Polynomial regression is used when the data follows a polynomial pattern, and exponential regression is used when the data follows an exponential pattern.Conclusion:In conclusion, the best method for curve fitting depends on the type of data being analyzed. Linear regression is the best method for linear data, polynomial regression is the best method for polynomial data, and exponential regression is the best method for exponential data. By using the appropriate method for curve fitting, we can accurately model data and make predictions about future data points.。
Study Project-Unit 1
Study Project
Group No.: ___________________
Group Members:
Topic
Unit One Personality
General introduction
概述
Learn to describe personality
Diminish Dwell inadequacy detrimental timid approach accent circulate
Difficult sentences
难句
It is obvious that such uncomfortable feelings mustaffectpeopleadversely.
It is clear that, while self-awareness is a healthy quality, overdoing it isdetrimental,or harmful.
Dwelling onthe impossibleleads toa sense ofinadequacy, and even feelings of envy, or jealousy.
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Pessimistic prophecies are self-fulfilling.
Do you see the glass as half-full rather than half-empty? Do you keep your eye upon the doughnut, not upon the hole? [N]Suddenly these clichés are scientific questions, as researchers scrutinize the power of positive thinking.
施工项目进度曲线模式及其应用研究
施工项目进度曲线模式及其应用研究邓东磊;胡颖【摘要】由于工程项目类型及复杂程度的差异,其进度曲线呈现不同的特点.如何结合具体工程项目进度曲线合理安排费用和资源显得尤为重要.本文从S型曲线的数学表达式入手,结合工程项目特点,得出四种工程项目进度曲线模式:进度曲线在拐点处前凹后凸的为"S型";进度曲线在拐点处前凸后凹的为"反S型";进度曲线在拐点处前后都向上凹的为"J型";进度曲线在拐点处前后两半段都是向上凸的为"反J型".并对进度曲线模式的判定方法进行了探讨.在此基础上分析了进度曲线模式的应用意义:减少工程项目管理风险;总体把握工程项目实施情况以及对工程项目融资的参考作用.然后对工程项目进度管理进行了综合分析,提出了相应的措施.最后结合实例进行了应用分析,得出应用工程项目进度曲线模式可以更好的进行工程项目管理.%Because of the discrepancy of project type and complex level,the project progress curve presents different characteristics.How to combine specific project progress curve to arrange cost and resource reasonably is particularly important.From the mathematics expression of the S curve, and combines project characteristic, this paper reaches 4 kinds of project progress curve patterns: S model, reverse S model, J model and reverse J model.Then,the paper discussed the method of judging progress curve pattern.On this foundation,the paper analyzes the application meaning of project progress curve model: reduce project management risk, overall assurance project enforcement condition, and provide reference for project financing. And then a comprehensive analysis of the project progress management is carried out, and the corresponding measures areput forward.Finally,the application of the project progress curve is analyzed combined example.It is found that the application of project progress curve model is helpful for project management.【期刊名称】《价值工程》【年(卷),期】2017(036)032【总页数】3页(P125-127)【关键词】工程项目;进度曲线;模式【作者】邓东磊;胡颖【作者单位】青海西矿杭萧钢构有限公司,西宁810000;绿建之窗武汉科技有限公司,武汉430000【正文语种】中文【中图分类】U415.2工程项目进度曲线是一个以横坐标表示时间、纵坐标表示累计预算费用或完成工程量的曲线图表，是一条中间陡两头平缓的形如“S”的曲线。
项目改善英语作文模板
项目改善英语作文模板英文回答：Project Improvement English Essay Template。
Introduction。
Begin with a hook to capture the reader's attention.State the purpose of the essay: to present a plan for improving a specific project.Provide brief background information on the project. Problem Statement。
Identify the specific problems or areas that need improvement.Provide evidence to support the problem statement.Quantify the impact of the problems (if possible).Objectives。
List the specific objectives that the improvement plan aims to achieve.Ensure that the objectives are SMART (specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound).Improvement Plan。
Describe the specific steps that will be taken to address the problems and meet the objectives.Include timelines, resources, and responsibilities.Explain the rationale behind each step.Evaluation。
Innovative High School English Classroom Teaching
Disconnect from student interests
A one size fits all approach to teaching can fail to engage students who are not interested in the material or who learn differently
textbooks, which can limit the scope and depth of content
covered
02
Lake of real world applications
Tho a disconnect
Flexible and versatile teaching methods
Blended learning
Combine traditional face to face instruction with online resources and tools to personalize learning and
Limited opportunities for practice
Without sufficient opportunities to practice speaking, listening, reading, and writing in English, students may struggle to retain and apply what they have learned
Preparation for future success: By following a love of learning and equipping students with the skills they need to succeed in an increasingly globalized world, innovative teaching models can help prepare students for the future of work and life