国际贸易教程(第三版)第八章 资本主义国家的对外贸易措施
O国际贸易教程(第三版)课后习题答案
国际贸易教程（第三版）导论1、国际贸易的特点是什么？（1）困难大。
由于各国语言、风俗习惯、宗教信仰、法律和贸易法规不同，世界市场上贸易障碍多，交易技术困难多，交易接洽不方便，贸易对手资信调查和市场调查不易，所以国际贸易的困难大于国内贸易。
（2）复杂。
国际贸易在内容、程序等方面均比国内贸易复杂得多多，货币与度量衡制度、商业习惯、海关制度，以及国际汇兑、货物运输与保险等也均比国内贸易复杂。
（3）风险多。
经营国际贸易可能发生的风险多，包括信用风险、商业风险、汇兑风险、运输风险、价格风险及政治风险等。
2、国际贸易中常用的基本概念有哪些?(一)出口与进口：出口与进口是对外贸易的两个组成部分。
对运进商品和劳务的国家（地区）来说是进口；对运出商品和劳务的国家（地区）来说是出口。
(二)贸易差额：一个国家（地区）在一定时期（如一年）内，出口额与进口额的相差数，叫做贸易差额。
(三)贸易额与贸易量：贸易额又叫贸易值，是一个用货币表示的反映贸易规模的指标，各国一般用本国货币表示。
贸易量是用进出口商品的计量单位（如数量、重量等）表示的反应贸易规模的指标。
(四)贸易条件：贸易条件一般指出口商品价格与进口商品价格之间的比率。
(五)贸易的地理方向：从一国对外贸易的角度来说，地理方向是指一国对外贸易额的地区分布和国别分布的状况，即指该国的出口商品流向和进口商品来自哪些国家（地区）。
(六)贸易的商品结构：是指一国在一定时期（如一年）内，各类进出口商品在进出口贸易总额中所占的比重。
理论篇第一章国际分工（上）1、影响国际分工产生与发展的因素有哪些？各占什么地位？（1）生产力因素：生产力的变化对国际分工的形成与发展起着决定性作用，它推动着国际分工的发展，也决定着国际分工的形式、广度和深度。
在生产力因素中，科学技术的进步发挥着重要作用。
（2）生产关系因素：主要指参与国际分工国家的社会生产关系，以及参与国际分工国家之间的经济联系，或生产的国际关系。
国际贸易实务 第三版
管按时装运，不管何时到达
一、FOB
• 全称：Free on Board • 中译名：“装运港船上交货”“离岸价”“船上交货”
• 采用此术语时后面一定要加注装运港名称，如FOB FUZHOU
（一）定义
卖方在合同规定的装运港和期限内把合同规定的货物装 到买方指定的船上，并负担货物装上船为止的一切费用和风 险。 到目的港的运输和投保由买方自行安排，承担运费和保 费。风险划分是在货物在装船时越过船舷，风险即由卖方转 移至买方。 装船后及时通知买方，是因为FOB贸易术语是由买方自己 投保的，如果卖方装船后没有及时通知买方，致使买方没有 投保，一旦发生风险或事故，由卖方承担责任事故
2、买方义务
（1）签订从指定地点承运货物的合同，支付有关的 运费，并将承运人名称及有关情况及时通知卖方。 （2）根据买卖合同的规定受领货物并支付货款。 （3）承担受领货物之后所发生的一切费用和风险。 （4）自负风险和费用，取得进口许可证或其他官方 证件，并且办理货物进口所需的海关手续
（三）注意问题
1、不同运输方式下交货条件不同。适用航空、铁路。 2、风险转移问题：
3、责任和费用划分问题
（四）FCA与FOB的异同点
二、CPT
• CARRIAGE PAID TO（…named place of destination）
• 运费付至（……指定目的地） • CPT=FCA+F(国外运费)
（一）定义：卖方要自负费用订立货物运往目的地指定地点的运输契约，并负责按合同规
2、关于FOB的装船费用
• 按照《INCOTERMS2000》的解释卖方义务的第六
条规定：“卖方必须支付与货物有关的一切费用，
直至货物在指定装运港以越过船舷时为止。”
《国际贸易实务双语教程》（第三版）课后习题答案
《国际贸易实务双语教程》（第三版）课后习题答案Unit 1 A brief introduction to international tradeKeyI. Answer my questions1. International trade is business whose activities involve the crossing of national borders. It includes not only international trade and foreign manufacturing but also encompasses the growing services industry in areas such as transportation, tourism, banking, advertising, construction, retailing, wholesaling, and mass communications. It includes all business transactions that involve two or more countries. Such business relationship may be private or governmental.2. Sales expansion, resource acquisition and diversification of sales and supplies.3. To gain profit.4. To seej out foreign markets and procurement.5. There are four major forms which are the following:Merchandise exports and Imports, Service Exports and Imports, Investment and Multinational Enterprise.6. It is the account which is a summary statement of the flow of all international economic and financial transactions between one nation (eg.the United States ) and the rest of the world over some period of time, usually one year.7. Merchandise Exporting and Importing.8. Yes.There are great differences between them.1) direct investment takes place when control follows the investment. It usually means high commitment of capital, personnel, and technology abroad. It aims at gaining of foreign resources and foreign markets. Direct investment may often get higher foreign sales than exporting. And sometimes it involves two or more parties.2) While portfolio investments are not under control. And they are used primarily for financial purposes. Treasures of companies, for example, routinely more funds from one country to another to get a higher yield on short term investments.9. MNE is the abbreviation of the multinational enterprise. Its synonyms are NNC (the multinational corporation) and TNC (transnational corporation).10. Examples are travel, transport, fee, royalties, dividends and interest.11. The choice of forms is influenced by the objective being pursued and the environments in which the company must operate.12. It is limited by the number of people interested in a firm?s products and services and by customers? capacity to make purchase.13. This is because at an early stage of international involvement these operations usually take the least commitment and least risk of a firm?s resources.14. Royalties means the payment for use of assets from abroad, such as for trademarks patens, copyrights, or other expertise under contract known as licencing agreements.Royalties are also paid franchising.15. It is a way of doing business in which one party (the franchiser) the use of a trademark that is an essential asset for the franchisers? business.II Match each one on the left with its correct meaning on the right1. J2.A3.E4.B5.C6.D7.I8.G9.F 10.HIII Translate the following terms and phrases into Chinese1 购买⼒11经济复苏；恢复2潜在销售量12 经济衰退3加价，涨价13间接投资4国内市场14有形货物5制成品15有形进出⼝6边际利润16收⼊及⽀出；岁⼊及岁出7市场占有率17超额能⼒8贸易歧视18贸易中间⼈（商）；经纪⼈9时机选择19全部包建的⼯程承包⽅式10经销周期20许可证协定IV Case Study1 [Answer]：Batteries called "white elephant" exported from China were very popular in Southeast Asia,because "white elephant" was a lucky thing in Southeast Asia, but no one was interested in it in the market of Europe and the United States. The boss of the company was very strange that the quality of the battery or the price of reasons,so he asked his staff to investigate.Finally he found that is the brand "white elephant" to be blame.The brand's name translated into English was "white elephant" which meant something were no use but cumbersome in Western countries.It was really a bad translation from culture information perspective.The meaning derived from a legend.According to the legend,there was a king who hated a minister,so he gave a white elephant to the minister for punishment.The minister has to take care of the white elephant,he couldn't give it to others or kill it because it's the king gave it to him. However,the appetite of the white elephant was so great,and the minister became poorer.So it showed people in western countries would not buy the battery for the consumers have no willing to buy something useless but cumbersome.V. OpenVI.Translate the following into English1. Trade is often the …engine? of growth. How ever oversimplified this metaphor may be, it does serve to underline the importance of foreign trade in the process of growth. A healthy expansion of exports may not always be sufficient condition forrapid and sustained growth, but a strong positive association between the two is clearly undeniable. Trade expansion contributes to economic growth in many ways. Among them are the benefits of specialization; the favorable effects of international competition on domestic economic efficiency; the increased capacity to pay for the imports required in development and more generally the stimulus to investment.2. International trade is the exchange of goods and services produced in one country for goods and services produced in another country. In addition to visible trade, which involves the import and export of goods and merchandise, there is also invisible trade, which involves the exchange of services between nations. Nations such as Greece and Norway have large maritime fleets and provide transportation service. This is a kind of invisible trade. Invisible trade can be as important to some nations as the export of raw materials or commodities is to others. In both cases, the nations earn the money to buy necessities.3. There exist different ways of conducting international business. Exclusive sale means the seller gives the overseas client the exclusive right of selling a particular product in a designated area within a specified period of time. In this kind ofbusiness transaction, the product is bought by the exclusive seller and therefore he should sell the product by himself, assuming sole responsibilities for his profitand loss. Exclusive sale is different from agency where only commission is involved. And difference exists between general contract and exclusive sales because the exclusive seller enjoys exclusive right in a particular area.4. There is no country in the world that can produce all the products it needs. Thus countries join in international division of labor for effective production and reproduction. Sometimes a country can buy goods and services from abroad on a barter basis. Barter means doing business by exchanging goods of one sort for goods of another sort without using money. Barter trade itself is not enough to meat a country?s import n eeds. But as a form of international trade, it is still attractive in developing countries where foreign exchange is in short supply and inflow of foreign funds is far from sufficient to meet their obligations in external trade.Unit 2 General Procedures of Export and Import TransactionI. Answer the following questions(Omited)II. Filling the blanks with the suitable words in the text:1.meeting/satisfying;2.agent, foreign/overseas;/doc/a74fbca93069a45177232f60ddccda38376be1c2.html mission;4.own;5.setting;6.patent;7.profits;8.outlets; 9.joint, venture; 10.subsidiaryIII. J udge the following statement, mark True (T) or False(F)1F 2. T 3. F 4. F 5.F 6.F 7.T 8.F 9.F 10. TIV. Explain the meaning of the words or phrases below as requested1. Offer: An offer is a proposal made by sellers to buyers in order to enter into the contract.2. Withdrawal: It means an offer by the offerer has been withdrawnbefore it is reached to the offeree in order to prevent its entry into force.3. Enquiry: An enquiry is a request for business information, such as price lists, catalogue, samples, and details of the goods or trade terms. It can be made either by the importer or the exporter.4. Acceptance: Acceptance is a statement made by other conduct of the offerees indicating unconditional consent to an offer.5. Shipping agent: Shipping agent(船代）is a ship owner's representative whose job is to find the ships to carry.V. Compose a letter of enquiry with the following particulars:KeysMessrs. Arthur Grey & Son,19 Cheapside,London, E.C.2Dear Sirs,We have obtained your name and address from China Council for Promotion of International Trade and learned that you are one of the leading exporters of Ice Box in your district.We are now interested in 100 sets of the said article and should be pleased if you would let us know whether you can supply us with the quantity and quality we desire. Please quote us your best price on CIF Guangzhou basis. When offering, please state clearly terms of payment, time of delivery, packingconditions together with illustrated catalogue for our consideration.We are looking forward to your early reply.Yours faithfully,VI. Please make your offer according to the following particulars:KeyDear Sirs,Thank you for your letter of 5th May. We are glad to learn of the inquiries you have had from your customers for our raincoats. Our "D.D." range is particularly suitable for warm climates, and during the past years we have supplied this range to dealers in several tropical countries, from many of whom we have already had repeated orders. This range is popular not only because it is light in weight, but also because the material used has been specially treated to prevent excessive condensation on the inside surface.For the quantities you mention we are pleased to quote as follows:"D.D." Raincoats100 men's medium @ US$14.50 US$ 1,450100 men's small 14.0 1,400100 women's medium 13.2 1,320100 women's small 12.7 1,270US$ 5,440Payment: by irrevocable L/C at sightShipment: Shipment will be effected within three or four weeks after receiving the L/C.This offer is subject to our final confirmation. We feel you may be interested in our other products and enclose some pamphlets for your reference.We are awaiting your early orders.Yours sincerely, VII. Write a counter-offer according to the following particulars:Keys:Dear Sirs,We thank you for your quotation May 10 for 1,000 sets of Hair IceBox. We find your price as well as delivery date satisfactory, however, we would give our suggestions of an alternation of your payment terms.Our past purchase of other household electrical appliances from you has been paid as a rule by confirmed, irrevocable letter of credit at sight. On the basis, it has indeed cost us a great deal. From the moment to open credit till the time our buyers pay us, the tie-up of our funds lasts about four months. Under the present circumstances, this question is particular taxing owing to the tight money condition and unprecedentedly high bank interests.In view of our long business relations and our amicable cooperation prospects, we suggest that you accept either “cash against documents on arrival of goods” or “drawing on us at 60 day?s sight”.Your first priority to the consideration of the above request and an early favorable reply will be highly appreciated.Yours sincerely,VIII. Translate the followings into English1). Economic activity began with the cavemen, who was economically self-sufficient. He did his own hunting, found his own shelter, and provided for his own needs. As primitive populations grew and developed, the principle of division of labor evolved. One person was more able to perform some activity than another, and therefore each person concentrated on what he did best. While one hunted, another fished. The hunter then traded his surplus to the fisherman, and each benefited from the variety of diet.In today?s complex economic world, neither individuals nor nations are self-sufficient nations are self-sufficient. Nations have utilized different economic resources; people have developed different skills. This is the foundation of international trade and economic activities.Foreign trade, the exchange of goods between nations, takes place for many reasons. The first, as mentioned above, is that no nation has all of the commodities than it needs. Raw materials are scattered around the world. Large deposits of copper are mined in Peru and Zaire, diamonds are mined in South Africa, and petroleum is recovered in Middle East. Countries that do not have these resources within their own boundaries must buy from countries that export them.Foreign trade also occurs because a country often does not have enough of a particular item to meet its needs. Although the United States is a major producer of sugar, it consumes more than it can produce internally and thus must import sugar.Third, one nation can sell some items at a lower cost than other countries. Japan has been able to export large quantities of radios and television sets because it can produce them more efficiently than other countries. It is cheaper for the United States to buy these from Japan than to produce them domestically.Finally, foreign trade takes place because of innovation or style. Even though the United States produces more automobiles than any other country, it still imports large quantities of autos from Germany, Japan and Sweden, primarily because there isa market for them in the United States.2). The different kinds of trade nations engaged in are varied and complex, a mixture of visible and invisible trade. Most nations are more dependent on exports than on any other activity. The earnings from exports pay for the imports that they need and want. A nation?s balance of payment is a record of these complex transactions. By reflecting all of these transactions in monetary terms , a nation is able to combine the income it receives, for example, from exports, tourists expenditures, and immigrant remittances. This combined incomes is then spent on such items as manufactured goods from other countries, travel for its citizens to other countries, and the hiring of construction engineers.IX. Case Study[Answer]:A 公司与B公司的第⼀封信函可视为发盘，在该发盘中A公司对包装做出了要求。
国际贸易实务双语教程(第三版)unit 08
The following factors that should be considered when pricing:
1 Consider the quality of the goods
2 Consider the quantity of the goods
3 Consider the distance of the transportation
A very important way to achieve a large share of the market for a new product is to set a relatively low price initially to stimulate demand and attract more buyers. If the market appears to be highly price sensitive, setting a low price will bring additional buyers into the market. It is helpful to unlock markets that may not have even been anticipated.
(10) Terminal cost（终点费用）
(11) Cost of documents（单证费用）
(12) Other charges（其他费用） (13) Ocean freight（海上运输费用） (14) Freight forward’s fee（发运代理费） (15) Export credit insurance（出口信贷保险） (16) Marine insurance（海运保险） (17) Financial charges（财务费用）
国际贸易理论第8章8贸易保护主义
2、保护对象的条件A.幼稚工业B.有强大竞争对手的幼稚工业C.有自立能力的幼稚工业3、保护期限：30年4、保护手段 保护手段的选择:关税为主
四、对幼稚产业保护理论的质疑
1．幼稚产业选择问题2．被保护产业无效率问题3．国际资本市场融资
面对上述风险，政府要有效实施对幼稚产业的保护，还须注意以下几点：保护期限的确定；加强保护过程中的监管 ；鼓励国内竞争 。
本节导入案例解析
日本通过实施保护幼稚工业的政策，提升了本国的汽车制造业的国际竞争力，这在某种程度上充分说明了幼稚产业保护理论的合理性。一个国家的对外贸易不能以个体商人单独地仅根据价值理论判断的方式来决策，即个人考虑更多的是经济利益，而国家考虑的不应该仅是单纯的经济利益和效率，还要考虑到一个国家的安全和独立、产业体系的建立及长远的产业的竞争力。所以，国家的政治的和经济的、眼前的和长远的利益是幼稚产业论的目标取向，这种整体利益需要借助国家在对外贸易中实施相应的贸易保护和干预来实现。
一、新贸易保护主义产生的原因
1. 国际竞争加剧2. 跨国公司内部贸易的发展改变了国际贸易差额的分布3. 国际贸易中双边主义与区域主义兴起4. 保护环境成为新贸易保护主义的重要理由之一 5. 中国、印度等发展中大国对国际贸易格局产生了一定冲击
二、新贸易保护主义的主要表现
1．以环境保护为名筑起“绿色壁垒”2．凭借技术优势构建技术壁垒 （1）严格的产品准入条件 （2）技术认证 3．对外贸易管理和反倾销4．制定实施战略性贸易政策
一、重商主义简介
重商主义（mercantilism）也称作“商业本位”，是15—17世纪欧洲资本原始积累时期代表商业资本利益的经济思想和政策体系；是西方国际贸易理论史上最早的贸易保护理论学说；主张国家干预经济生活，禁止金银输出，增加金银输入。
第八章国际贸易政策-关税
①price increase
Price of imports after tax
Price in international market
普遍优惠制（Generalized System of Preference, GSP）
➢ 普遍优惠制简称普惠制，它是发达国家对来自于 发展中国家和地区的某些产品，特别是工业制成 品和半制成品给予的一种普遍关税减免优惠制度
➢ 三原则：普遍的，非歧视的和非互惠的 ➢ 目的：增加发展中国家或地区的外汇收入；促进
税额不能随之变动，使税收相对减少，保护作用 削弱；物价回落时，税负又相对增高，不仅影响 财政收入，而且影响关税的调控作用。 ④难以普遍采用。
关税的征税方法
从价税（advalorem duty）是以货物价格作为征收标准的关 税。
➢ 从价税税额 ＝进口货物总值×从价税率
➢ 征收从价税的一个重要问题是确定进口商品的完税价格。 所谓完税价格，是指经海关审定的作为计征关税依据的货 物价格，货物按此价格照章征税。
按照差别待遇和特定的实施情况分类
特惠税（Preferential Duties） ➢ 特惠税是指从某个国家或地区进口的全部商
品或部分商品，给予特别优惠的低关税或免 税待遇 ➢ 举例：洛美协定（最优惠的一种关税）
优惠产品的范围广 优惠幅度大
普遍优惠制（Generalized System of Preference, GSP）
按照差别待遇和特定的实施情况分类
进口附加税（Import Surtaxes）
➢ 些国家对进口商品，除了按公布的税率征收正常 进口税外，还往往根据某种目的再加征进口税
➢ 反倾销税 反补贴税 差价税（Variable Levy）
《对外贸易措施》ppt课件
反补贴是指当外国政府给予本国出口企业补贴，对进口国产业造成损害时，采取的抵制措施。反补贴通常包括取消进 口补贴、征收反补贴税等。
保障措施
保障措施是指在特定情况下，当进口商品数量激增或价格急剧下跌，对国内产业造成严重损害时，采取 的临时性保护措施。保障措施通常包括临时性关税、数量限制等。
03
前景展望
随着全球经济逐渐复苏和国际贸易合作加强，预计我国对外贸易将继续保持稳定增长。
新兴市场和发展中经济体将成为我国对外贸易的重要伙伴，为我国外贸企业提供更多的机遇 。
对外贸易发展的前景展望与政策建议
• 数字技术和电子商务的快速发展也将为我国对外贸易带来 新的增长点。
对外贸易发展的前景展望与政策建议
对外贸易政策的制定与实施
01
02
03
政策制定
政府根据国家发展战略、 产业发展和国际形势等因 素制定对外贸易政策。
政策实施
通过调整关税、非关税壁 垒、出口补贴等手段实施 对外贸易政策。
政策评估与调整
定期评估对外贸易政策实 施效果，根据需要进行调 整和优化。
对外贸易政策的挑战与对策
贸易摩擦
与他国发生贸易摩擦，如关税战、反倾销等。
对外贸易发展面临的挑战与问题分析
01
问题分析
02
03
04
我国外贸企业存在一些结构性 问题，如产能过剩、劳动力成 本上升等，影响了出口竞争力
。
一些外贸企业缺乏自主创新和 品牌建设，导致产品附加值较
低。
一些地方政府存在过度干预和 监管不到位等问题，影响了外 贸企业的正常经营和发展。
对外贸易发展的前景展望与政策建议
政策建议
政府应继续优化贸易结构，推动外贸转型升级， 提高出口质量和附加值。
国际贸易措施ppt课件
汇报人： 日期:
目录
• 国际贸易措施概述 • 关税措施 • 非关税壁垒 • 贸易救济措施 • 区域经济一体化与贸易便利化 • 国际贸易协定与规则
01
国际贸易措施概述
定义与分类
定义
国际贸易措施是指各国政府为了 调节和干预国际贸易活动而采取 的一系列政策措施。
分类
包括关税措施、非关税措施、出 口鼓励措施和贸易救济措施等。
贸易创造与转移效应
关税导致贸易流向发生变化，产生贸易创造 与转移效应。
关税政策调整及趋势
关税减让
通过多边或双边谈判降低关税水平， 促进贸易自由化。
关税升级
随着产品加工程度提高，关税逐渐上 升，保护国内产业链。
非关税壁垒
采用技术性贸易壁垒、绿色壁垒等替 代关税措施，实现贸易保护。
关税政策与产业发展
根据产业发展需要调整关税政策，实 现产业政策目标。
随着数字经济的快速发展，数字贸易成为国际贸 易的新领域，相关规则制定和争议解决机制亟待 完善。
THANKS
感谢观看
05
区域经济一体化与贸易便利化
区域经济一体化组织及规则
01
欧盟（EU）
包括成员国间关税取消、 共同市场、货币统一等规 则。
02
北美自由贸易区 （NAFTA）
实现成员国间货物和服务 自由贸易，促进ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ资流动 。
03
东南亚国家联盟 （ASEAN）
通过降低关税、消除非关 税壁垒等措施加强区域经 济合作。
复合关税
同时考虑进口商品的数量和价 值，鼓励优质优价进口。
临时关税
针对特定商品在特定时间内征 收，应对紧急情况或贸易摩擦
。
国际贸易措施培训课件
世界贸易组织负责监督和裁决各成员 间的贸易争端，同时通过谈判推动全 球贸易自由化。
世界贸易组织的规则体系
规则体系
世界贸易组织的规则体系包括货物贸易协定、服务贸易协定、知识产权协定等 ，这些协定规定了成员之间的权利和义务。
规则特点
世界贸易组织的规则具有普遍性、强制性和透明度，同时要求成员遵守和执行 相关规则。
中世纪贸易
中世纪的汉口、广州等城 市成为国际贸易的中心。
现代贸易
现代的国际贸易以世界贸 易组织为核心，涉及全球 范围内的商品和服务交换 。
02
国际贸易政策措施
关税措施
定义与类型
关税是一种保护国内产业的贸易 政策措施，主要包括进口税和出
口税。
历史演变
关税起源中世纪，是贸易政策工具 之一，随着时代发展，关税逐渐制 度化，成为国家财政收入重要来源 。
巴西限制进口阿根廷农产品案
区域经济一体化案例分析
案例一
欧盟共同农业政策案
案例三
亚太经合组织贸易自由化进程案
案例二
北美自由贸易区案
案例四
南方共同市场案
世界贸易组织争端解决案例分析
案例一
美国诉加拿大牛奶补贴案
案例二
欧盟诉巴西航空补贴案
案例三
中国诉美国知识产权保护案
案例四
日本诉韩国半导体贸易限制案
THANKS。
争端解决机构。
05
中国的对外贸易政策与实践
中国对外贸易政策的基本原则与目标
要点一
总结词
要点二
详细描述
中国对外贸易政策的基本原则是独立自主、平等互利、促 进竞争和保护环境。目标是促进经济增长、提高经济效率 、推动产业升级和扩大就业。
国际贸易措施课件
分类
出口鼓励政策包括出口补 贴、出口信贷、出口保险 和出口奖励等。
影响
出口鼓励政策可以增加出 口商的利润，但可能导致 国际贸易摩擦。
国际贸易协定
定义
国际贸易协定是一种多边或双边协定，旨在促进 国际贸易和投资合作。
分类
国际贸易协定包括自由贸易协定、关税同盟和区 域贸易集团等。
影响
国际贸易协定可以促进贸易自由化和经济一体化 ，但可能需要协商和妥协。
国际贸易争端的解决
01
协商解决
国际贸易争端通常首先通过协商解决，协商是解决争端的首选方式，因
为它具有灵活性、效率和经济性。
02
仲裁解决
如果协商无法解决争端，可以采取仲裁方式解决。仲裁是一种法律程序
，由一组仲裁员对争端进行裁决，具有权威性和终局性。
03
诉讼解决
如果仲裁也无法解决争端，可以通过诉讼方式解决。诉讼是在司法体系
内进行的程序，由法院对争端进行裁决，具有法律约束力。
04
CATALOGUE
国际贸易措施的经济影响
对国内经济的影响
1 2 3
促进经济增长
通过增加出口和减少进口，国际贸易措施有助于 增加国内生产总值（GDP）和国民收入，促进经 济增长。
创造就业机会
国际贸易措施的实施可以促进国内产业的发展， 从而增加就业机会，特别是对于那些与出口行业 相关的产业。
国际贸易的重要性
促进全球市场发展
国际贸易有助于扩大全球市场规 模，增加消费者选择，提高生产
效率，促进技术创新和传播。
经济增长
国际贸易对经济增长具有重要影响 ，通过出口和进口的增加，可以促 进就业机会和财富的创造。
资源优化配置
国际贸易有助于实现全球资源的最 优配置，使各国能够专注于其具有 比较优势的领域，提高全球总体福 利。
国际贸易措施ppt课件(全)
通过本课程的学习，学生应掌握国际贸易的基本概念、原则和政策，了解国际贸易的规则和惯例，熟悉国际贸易 的流程和操作技巧，提高在国际贸易中的沟通、谈判和决策能力。
国际贸易措施概述
• 国际贸易措施的定义：国际贸易措施是指一国或多国政府为了促进或限制国际 贸易活动而采取的一系列政策、法规和措施。这些措施旨在保护国内产业、促 进出口、限制进口或调整国际贸易结构等。
国际贸易措施的实施可能对发展中国家的经济政策产生影响。例如，发达国家对发展中国 家的贸易限制可能导致发展中国家采取报复性措施，从而引发贸易战或贸易争端。
04
国际贸易措施实施与监管
实施原则与程序
透明度原则
国际贸易措施的实施应遵循透 明度原则，确保措施的公正、
公平和透明。
合法性原则
措施的实施应符合相关法律法 规和国际条约的规定，不得违 反国际法和国内法。
06
总结与展望
总结本次课程重点内容
国际贸易措施概述
介绍了国际贸易措施的定义、分类和 作用，为后续内容打下基础。
国际贸易措施的历史演变
梳理了国际贸易措施的发展历程，分 析了不同阶段的特点和影响因素。
国际贸易措施的种类与特点
详细阐述了关税、非关税壁垒、区域 贸易协定等主要国际贸易措施的种类 、特点及作用。
合理性原则
措施的实施应具有合理性，不 得对国际贸易造成不必要的障 碍和扭曲。
灵活性原则
在实施过程中，应考虑到不同 国家和地区的实际情况，采取 灵活的措施，以促进国际贸易
的发展。
监管机构与职责
监管机构
各国政府通常设立专门的监管机 构，负责监督和管理国际贸易措 施的实施。
职责
监管机构的主要职责包括制定和 执行相关法律法规、监督贸易政 策的实施、处理贸易纠纷等。
国际贸易教程-第八章 资本主义国家的对外贸易措施
第二节 关税制度
一、关税和关税种类 关税：进出口商品经过一国关境时，由海
关代表国家向进出口商征收的一种赋税。 （一）关税的特征
1.关税具有强制性、无偿性和预定性 2.关税的税收主体和客体是进出口商人和 进出口货物 3.关税是一种间接税
（二）关税的作用 1.增加国家的财政收入 2.调节国民经济，保护国内工业的发展 3.维护国家主权和利益
二、TBS、SPS有关案例分析
欧盟松木包装箱检疫案 WT/DS20的瓶装水案
三、经济层面分析：
TBT、SPS措施会产生关税效应 TBT、SPS对贸易的成本障碍作用 TBT、SPS对于贸易的禁止性影响 TBT、SPS的其他影响
四、TBT、SPS能成为贸易壁垒的手段
广泛性 隐蔽性 易变性 多样性 表面的非歧视性与实际的歧视性 难以协调性 耗时性
D MR
Q
MC MR
Q
使企业利润最大化的倾销
四、反倾销措施
征收反倾销税 出口商的承诺 近年来反倾销的地位逐渐下降
重要概念
关税 海关 关境 财政关税和保护关税 进口税、出口税、普惠制 从量税与从价税 海关税则 非关税壁垒 进口配额制、进口许可证制 外汇管制 出口信贷与外汇倾销 自由港与保税区
五、外汇倾销 垄断组织利用本国货币对外贬值的机会，向外倾销商
品和争夺市场的一种特殊手段。
六、促进出口的组织措施 成立专门组织来研究和制定出口战略，扩大出口 建立商业情报网 组织贸易中心和贸易展览会 组织贸易代表团 对出口商给予各种精神奖励
七、出口管制方面的措施
在特定条件下，发达国家为了达到一定 的政治、军事和经济目的，往往对某些重 要商品实行出口管制，限制或禁止这些商 品出口。 单方面出口管制 多方面出口管制
国际贸易措施.共40页文档
1、纪律是管理关系的形式。——阿法 纳西耶 夫 2、改革如果不讲纪律，就难以成功。
3、道德行为训练，不是通过语言影响 ，而是 让儿童 练习良 好道德 行为， 克服懒 惰、轻 率、不 守纪律 、颓废 等不 美纽斯
5、教导儿童服从真理、服从集体，养 成儿童 自觉的 纪律性 ，这是 儿童道 德教育 最重要 的部分 。—— 陈鹤琴
21、要知道对好事的称颂过于夸大，也会招来人们的反感轻蔑和嫉妒。——培根 22、业精于勤，荒于嬉；行成于思，毁于随。——韩愈
23、一切节省，归根到底都归结为时间的节省。——马克思 24、意志命运往往背道而驰，决心到最后会全部推倒。——莎士比亚
25、学习是劳动，是充满思想的劳动。——乌申斯基
谢谢！