1995 Acupuncture as an adjunct to methadone treatment services

合集下载

《学术英语(医学)》课后题答案.docx

Unitl1、Some factors that may lead to the complaint:•Neuron overload•Patients* high expectations・Mistrust and misunderstanding between the patient and the doctor2、Mrs. Osorio^s condition:•A 56-year-old woman・Somewhat overweight•Reasonably well-controlled diabetes and hypertension・Cholesterol on the high side without any medications for it•Not enough exercises she should take•Her bones a little thin on her last DEXA scan3、Good things:•Blood tests done•Glucose a little better•Her blood pressure a little better but not so great Bad things:• Cholesterol not so great•Her weight a little up•Her bones a little thin on her last DEXA scan 44、The situation:•The author was i n a moderate state of panic: juggling so many thoughts about Mrs.Osorio^s conditions and trying to resolve them all before the clock ran down.•Mrs. Osorio made a trivial request, not so important as compared to her conditions.•Mrs- Osorio seemed to care only about her “innocent — and completely justified 一request'5： the form signed by her doctor.•The doctor tried to or at least pretended to pay attention to the patient while completing documentation.5> Similarities:•In computer multitasking, a microprocessor actually performs only one task at a time. Like microprocessors, we human beings carft actually concentrate on two thoughts at the same exact time. Multitasking is just an illusion both in computers and human beings. Differences:•The concept of multitasking originated in computer science.•At best, human beings can juggle only a handful of thoughts in a multitasking manner, but computers can do much better.•The more thoughts human beings juggle, the less human beings are able to attune fully to any given thought, but computers can do much better.6、•7 medical issues to consider•5 separate thoughts, at least, for each issue•7 x 5 = 35 thoughts•10 patients that afternoon•35 x 10 = 350 thoughts•5 residents under the authors supervision•4 patients seen by each resident•10 thoughts, at least, generated from each patient•5 x 4 x 10 = anther 200 thoughts•350 + 200 = 550 thoughts to be handled in total•If the doctor does a good job juggling 98% of the time, that still leaves about 10 thoughts that might get lost in the process.7、Possible solutions:・Computer-generated reminders•Case managers •Ancillary services•The simplest solution: timeUnit21、The author implies:• Peoples inadequate consciousness about the consequence of neglecting the re- emerging infectious diseases•Unjustifiability of peoples complacency about the prevention and control of theinfectious diseases•Unfinished war against infectious diseases2、Victory declarations:-Surgeon General William Stewart1 s hyperbolic statement of closing "the book oninfectious disease,•A string of impressive victories incurred by antibiotics and vaccines•The thought that the war against infectious diseases was almost over Whatfollowed ever since:-Appearance of new diseases such as AIDS and Ebola•Comeback of the old afflictions:» Diphtheria in the former Soviet Union» TB in urban centers like New York City» Rising Group A streptococcal conditions like scarlet fever•The fear of a powerful new flu strain sweeping the world3、Elaborate on the joined battle:•WHO established a new division devoted to worldwide surveillance and control ofemerging disease in October 1995.•CDC la unched a prevention strategy in 1994.-Congress raised fund from $6.7 million in 1995 to $26 million in 1997.4、The borders are meaningless to pathogenic microbes, which can travel from one country to another remote country in a very short time.5、TB:-Prisons and homeless shelters as ideal places for TB spread•Emerging of drug-resistant strain or even multi-drug-resistant strain•A ride on the HIV w A on by attacking the immunocompromisedGroup A strep:•A change in virulence•Mutation in the exterior of the bacteriumFlu:Constant changes in its coat (surface antigens) and resultant changes in its level of virulence6、Examples:•Experiment in England is seeing the waning immunity because of no vaccination.-Due to poor vaccination efforts, the diphtheria situation in the former Soviet Union is serious. f• The vaccination rates are dropping in some American cities, and it will lead to more diphtheria and whooping cough.7、The four areas of focus:•The need for surveillance•Updated science capable of dealing with discoveries in the field-Appropriate prevention and control•Strong public health infrastructure8、The infectious diseases such as TB, flu, diphtheria and scarlet fever will never really go away, and the war against them will never end.Unit31、Teny's life before•She loved practicing Tae Kwon Do•She loved the surge of adrenaline that came with the controlled combat of tournaments.•She competed nationally, even won bronze medal in the trials for the Pan American Games.•She attended medical school, practiced as an internal medicine resident, and became an academic general internist.• She got married and got a son and a daughter.2、The symptoms of MS and autoimmune disease:•Loss of stamina and strength•Problems with balance•Bouts of horrific facial pain•Dips in visual acuity3、Terry did the following before she self-experimented:•She started injections.•She adopted many pharmacotherapies.•She began her own study of literature:» She read articles on websites such as PubMed.» She searched for articles testing new MS drugs in animal models.» She turned to articles concerning neurodegeneration of all types ——dementia, Parkinson's disease, Huntington^ disease, and Lou Gehrig's disease.» She relearned basic sciences such as cellular physiology, biochemistry, andneurophysiology.4、A pproaches Terry mainly used:•Self-experimentation with various nutrients to slow neurodegeneration based on literature reports on animal models-Self-experimentation with neuromuscular electrical stimulation which is not an approved treatment for MS•Online search to identify the sources of micronutrients and having a new diet •Reduction of food allergies and toxic load5、C ases mentioned in the text:-Increased mercury stores in the brains of people with dental fillings•High levels of the herbicide atrazine in private wells in Iowa•The strong association between pesticide exposure and neurodegeneration•The association of single nucleotide polymorphisms involving metabolism of sulfur and/or B vitamins•Inefficient clearing of toxins6、W ith 70% to 90% of the risk for diabetes, heart disease, cancer, and autoimmunity being due to environmental factors other than the genes, we can take many healthproblems and the health care crisis under our control, for example, optimizing our nutrition and reducing our toxic load.Unit41、Two concepts:•Complementary medicine refers to the use of conventional therapies together withalternative treatments such as using acupuncture in addition to usual care to help lessen pain. Complementary and alternative medicine is shortened as CAM.-Alternative medicine refers to healing treatments that are not part of conventional therapies 一like acupuncture, massage therapy, or herbal medicine. They are called so because people used to consider practices like these outside the mainstream.2•TCM does not require advanced, complicated, and in most cases, expensive facilities.•TCM employs need les, cups, coins, to mention but a few.•Most procedures and operations of TCM are noninvasive.•The substances used as medicine are raw herbs or abstracts from them, and they are indeed all natural, from nature.•TCM has been practiced as long as the Chin ese history, so the efficiency i s proven and ensured.-Ongoing research around the world on acupuncture, herbs, massage and Tai Chi have shed light on some of the theories and practices of TCM3^ It may be used as an adjunct treatment, an alternative, or part of a comprehensivemanagement program for a number of conditions: post-operative and chemotherapyinduced nausea and vomiting, post-operative dental pain, addiction, stroke rehabilitation, headache, menstrual cramps, tennis elbow, fibromyalgia, myofascial pain, osteoarthritis, low back pain, carpal tunnel syndrome, and asthma.4、 A well-justified NO:•More intense research to uncover additional areas for the use of acupuncture•Higher adoption of acupuncture as a common therapeutic m odality not only in treatment but also in prevention of disease and promotion of wellness-Exploration and perfection of innovative methods of acupuncture point stimulation with technological advancement•Improved understanding of neuroscience and other aspects of human physiology and function by basic research on acupuncture•Greater interest by stakeholders•An increasing number of physician acupuncturists5、-Appropriate uses of herbs depend on proper guidance:» Proper TCM diagnosis of the zheng of the patient» Correct selection of the corresponding therapeutic strategies and principles that guide the choice of herbs and herbal formulas•Digression from either of the above guidence will lead to misuses of herbs, and will result in complications in patient6、•Randomized controlled trialsAdvantages:» Elimination of the potential bias in the allocation of participants to the interventiongroup or control group» Tendency to produce comparable groups» Guaranteed validity of statistical tests of significanceLimitations:» Difficulty in generalizing the results obtained from the selected sampling to the population as a whole» A poor choice for research where temporal factors are an issue» Extremely heavy resources, requiring very large sample groups•Quasi-experimentsAdvantages:» Control group comparisons possible» Reduced threats to external validity as natural environments do not suffer the sameproblems of artificiality as compared to a well-controlled laboratory setting.» Generalizations of the findings to be made about population since quasi・ experiments are natural experimentsLimitations :» Potential for non-equivalent groups as quasi-experimental designs do not use random sampling in constructing experimental and control groups.» Potential for low internal validity as a result of not using random sampling methods to construct the experimental and control groups•Cohort studiesAdvantages:» Clear indication of the temporal sequence between exposure and outcome» Particular use for evaluating the effects of rare or unusual exposure» Ability to examine multiple outcomes of a single risk factorLimitations:» Larger, longer, and more expensive» Prone to certain types of bias» Not practical for rare outcomes•Case-control studiesAdvantages:» The only feasible method in the case of rare diseases and those with long periodsbetween exposure and outcome» Time and cost effective with relatively fewer subjects as compared to other observational methodsLimitations :» Unable to provide the same level of evidence as randomized controlled trials as it is observational in nature» Difficult to establish the timeline of exposure to disease outcome•“N=l" trialsAdvantages» Easy to manage» InexpensiveLimitations :» Findings difficult to be generalized to the whole population» Weakest evidence due to the number of the subject7、•Synthesis of evidence is completely dependent on:» The completeness of the literature search (unavailable for foreign studies)» The accuracy of evaluation-There are situations in which no answer can be found for the questions of interest in RCTs and database analyses.•There's the requirement of using less stringent information rather than “hard data^8、-Assessment of the intrinsic value of traditional medicine in society-Research and education•Political, economic, and social factorsUnit51、• Dis-ease refers to the imbalance arising from :» Continuous stress» Pain» Hardships•Disease is a health crisis ascribable to various dis-eases.-Prompting elimination of dis-eases can alleviate some diseases.2、•Wellness is a state involving every aspect of our being: body, mind and spirit.•Manifestations of a healthy person:» Energy and vitality» A certain zip in gait» A warm feeling of peace of heart seen through behavior3、•Constant messages, positive and negative, are sent to our mind about the health of our body.•Physical symptoms are suppressed by people who go through life on automatic pilot. •Being well eq uals to being disease- or illness-free in the minds of them.•They confused wellness with an absence of symptoms.4、-People's minds are infected by spin:» Half-truth» Fearful fictions» Blatant deceit: some as a form of self-deceit•Spin is a result of unconscious living.•The kind of falseness is pandemic.5•Our body intelligence is suppressed or dormant from a lack of use.-There are tremendous amount of stress on a daily basis.・Our bodies are easily ignored for years because of a lack of recreation time.•Limiting, self-defeating and even self-destructive behaviors undermine our wellbeing and keep them from achieving our full potential.6・We grow more reluctant to take risks.•We lose the ability to feel and acknowledge our deepest feelings and the c ourage to speak our truth.•We continue to deny and repress our feelings to protect ourselves.-Fear, denial and disconnection from our bodies and feelings become anunconscious, self-protective habit, a kind of default response to life.7•A multi-faceted process:» Looking for roots of and resolutions for the issues in different dimensions» Building our wellness toolbox slowly» Picturing our whole state of being•Attention to the little stuff:» Examining our lives honestly and setting clear intentions to change» Striving to maintain a balance of our mind, body and spirit» Taking small steps in the way to perceive and resolve conflict8•Try to awaken and evolve in order to live more consciously.•Get in touch with our genuine fe elings and emotions.・Come to terms with the toxic emotionsUnit61、In the past, most people died at home. But now, more and more people are cared inhospitals and nursing homes at their end of life, which of course brings a new set of questions to consider.2、•Sixty-four years old with a history of congestive heart failure•Deciding to do everything medically possible to extend his life•Availability of around-the-clock medical services and a full range of treatment choices, tests, and other medical care・Relaxed visiting hours, and personal items from home3、Availability of around-the-clock medical resources, including doctors, nurses, andfacility.4、•Taking on a job which is big physically, emotionally, and financially•Hiring a home nurse for additional help-Arranging for services (such as visiting nurses) and special equipment (like a hospital bed or bedside commode)5、•Health insurance-Planning by a professional, such as a hospital discharge plaimer or a social worker •Help from local governmental agencies•Doctor's supervision at home6、•Traditionally, it is only about symptom care.-Recently, it is a comprehensive approach to improving the quality of life for people who are living with potentially fatal diseases.7、•Stopp ing treatment specifically aimed at curing an illness equals discontinuing alltreatment.•Choosing a hospice is a permanent decision.Unit71、• A dying patient•Decision whether to withdraw life-support machines and medication and start comfort measures•The family's refusal to make any decision or withdraw any treatments2>•The doctor as exclusive decision-maker•The patient as participant with little say in the final choice3、-Respect for the patient, especially the patient s autonomy•Patient-centered care•The patient as decision-maker based on the information provided by the doctor4、•Patients are forced to make decisions they never want to.-Patients, at least a large majority of them, prefer their doctors to make final decisions.•Shifting responsibility of decision-making to patients will bring about more stress to patients and their families, especially when the best option for the patient is uncertain.5、Doctors are very much cautious about committing some kind of ethical transgression.6、•Shouldering responsibility together with the patient may be better than having the patient make decisions on their own.•Balancing between paternalism and respect for patients autonomy constitutes a large part of medical practice.Unit81、•Research:An activity to test hypothesis, to permit conclusions to be drawn, and thereby todevelopor contribute to generalizable knowledge・Practice:Interventions solely to enhance the well-being of an individual patient or client and that have a reasonable expectation of success•Blurred distinction:» Cooccurrence of research and practice like in research designed to evaluate a therapy » Notable departures from standard practice being called "experimental" with the terms "experimental^ and "research^ carelessly defined2、-Autonomy :Individuals treated as autonomous agents .•Protection:Persons with diminished autonomy entitled to protection•A case in point:Prisoners involved in research3•"Do no hamT as the primary principle・Maximization of possible benefits and minimization of possible harms .・Balance between benefits and potential risks involved in every step of seeding the benefits4、•“Do no harm" as a fundamental principle of medical ethics•Extension of it to t he realm of research by Claude Bernard-Benefits and risks as a set "duct" in both medical practice and research5、•Unreasonable denial of entitled benefit and unduly imposed burden - Enrolment ofpatients in new drug trial: Who should be enrolled and who should not?•Equal treatment of equals:Determining factors of equality: age, sex, severity of the condition, financial status, social status6、•Definition:The opportunity to choose what shall or shall not happen to them •Application:» A process rather than signing a written form» Adequate information as the premise» A well-informed decision as the expected result7、•Requirements for consent as entailed by the principle of respect for persons•Risk/benefit assessment as entailed by the principle of beneficence•More requirements of fairness as entailed by the principle of justice:» At the individual level: fairness » At the social level: distinction between classes。

关于针灸的英语作文

关于针灸的英语作文Acupuncture: A Time-Honored Healing Art。

Acupuncture, originating from ancient China, has garnered increasing attention and recognition worldwide for its therapeutic benefits. Its effectiveness in treating various ailments has intrigued medical professionals and individuals alike. In this essay, we delve into the intricacies of acupuncture, exploring its history, principles, techniques, and modern applications.Acupuncture traces its roots back to over 2,000 years ago in China. According to traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), the body's vital energy, known as "qi," flows through meridians or pathways. Illness and discomfort arise when this flow is disrupted or blocked. Acupuncture aims to restore the balance of qi by inserting thin needles into specific points along these meridians, thus facilitating healing and alleviating symptoms.The principles of acupuncture revolve around the concept of yin and yang, opposing forces that must be in harmony for optimal health. Each acupuncture point corresponds to a particular organ or system in the body and is believed to regulate the flow of qi associated with that area. By stimulating these points, acupuncturists aim to rebalance the body's energy and promote natural healing processes.Techniques employed in acupuncture vary, with practitioners using different needle insertion depths, angles, and manipulations to achieve desired outcomes. The sensation experienced during acupuncture can range from a slight tingling to a mild ache or heaviness, often described as "qi sensation." This sensation is considered indicative of the proper flow of energy and is integral to the treatment process.In modern times, acupuncture has gained recognition as a complementary therapy for a wide range of conditions, including chronic pain, musculoskeletal disorders,digestive issues, and mental health concerns. Research hasshown that acupuncture can stimulate the release of endorphins, the body's natural pain-relieving chemicals, and modulate neurotransmitter levels, contributing to its analgesic and mood-regulating effects.Moreover, acupuncture is increasingly integrated into conventional medical settings, with many hospitals and clinics offering acupuncture services alongside mainstream treatments. This integration reflects growing acceptance of acupuncture within the broader healthcare community and underscores its potential as a valuable adjunct to conventional therapies.Despite its widespread use and positive anecdotal evidence, acupuncture continues to face skepticism and scrutiny from some quarters of the medical establishment. Critics often cite a lack of robust scientific evidence supporting its efficacy, pointing to the challenges of conducting placebo-controlled trials and the subjective nature of treatment outcomes. However, proponents arguethat the holistic approach of acupuncture, which considers the interconnectedness of mind, body, and spirit, may notalways be captured by conventional research methods.In conclusion, acupuncture remains a fascinating and evolving field within the realm of alternative medicine.Its rich history, rooted in ancient Chinese tradition, coexists with modern scientific inquiry and clinical practice. While further research is needed to elucidate the mechanisms underlying its therapeutic effects, acupuncture continues to offer promise as a safe and effective treatment option for various health conditions. As we continue to explore the depths of this time-honored healing art, may we gain a deeper understanding of its potential to promote wellness and vitality for generations to come.。

爱伦坡百度——精选推荐

简介（百度）侦探小说(detective story)鼻祖、科幻小说(science fiction)先驱之一、恐怖小说(horror fiction)大师、短篇哥特小说巅峰、象征主义(s ymbolism)先驱之一，唯美主义(aes theticism)者。

受到过爱伦·坡影响的主要人物有：柯南·道尔、波德莱尔、斯特芳·马拉美、儒勒·凡尔纳、罗伯特·路易斯·斯蒂文森、希区柯克、蒂姆·伯顿、江户川乱步等。

爱伦·坡最著名的文艺理论是―效果论‖。

坡力图在自己的作品中先确立某种效果，再为追求这种效果而思考创作。

他在《怪异故事集》序中称―自己的作品绝大部分都是深思熟虑的苦心经营‖。

爱伦·坡、安布鲁斯·布尔斯（1842～1914？）和H.P.洛夫克拉夫特（1890～1937）并称为美国三大恐怖小说家。

埃德加·爱伦·坡（英语：Edgar Allan Poe；1809年1月19日－1849年10月7日），美国作家、诗人、编者与文学评论家，被尊崇是美国浪漫主义运动要角之一，以悬疑、惊悚小说最负盛名。

爱伦·坡是美国的短篇小说家先锋之一，并被公认是推理小说的创造者，甚至被视为科幻小说的共同催生者之一[1]。

他是第一位众所周知、仅以创作一职糊口的美国作家，并因此长陷于经济困难与不顺遂之中[2]。

Edgar Allan Poe (born Edgar Poe, January 19, 1809 – October 7, 1849) was an American author, poet, editor and literary critic, considered part of the American Romantic Movement. Best known for his tales of mystery and the macabre, Poe was one of the earliest American practitioners of the short story and is considered the inventor of the detective fiction genre. He is further credited with contributing to the emerging genre of science fiction.[1] He was the first well-known American writer to try to earn a living through writing alone, resulting in a financially difficult life and career.[2]Literary influenceDuring his lifetime, Poe was mostly recognized as a literary critic. Fellow critic James Russell Lowell called him "the most discriminating, philosophical, and fearless critic upon imaginative works who has written in America", though he questioned if he occasionally used prussic acid instead of ink.[100] Poe was also known as a writer of fiction and became one of the first American authors of the 19th century to become more popular in Europe than in the United States.[101] Poe is particularly respected in France, in part due to early translations by Charles Baudelaire. Baudelaire's translations became definitive renditions of Poe's work throughout Europe.[102]Poe's early detective fiction tales featuring C. Auguste Dupin laid the groundwork for future detectives in literature. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle said, "Each [of Poe's detective stories] is a root from which a whole literature has developed.... Where was the detective story until Poe breathed the breath of life into it?"[103] The Mystery Writers of America have named their awards for excellence in the genre the "Edgars".[104] Poe's work also influenced science fiction, notably Jules Verne, who wrote a sequel to Poe's novel The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket called An Antarctic Mystery, also known as The Sphinx of the Ice Fields.[105] Science fiction author H. G. Wells noted, "Pym tells what a very intelligent mind could imagine about the south polar region a century ago."[106]Like many famous artists, Poe's works have spawned innumerable imitators.[107] One interesting trend among imitators of Poe, however, has been claims by clairvoyants or psychics to be "channeling" poems from Poe's spirit. One of the most notable of these was Lizzie Doten, who in 1863 published Poems from the Inner Life, in which she claimed to have "received" new compositions by Poe's spirit. The compositions were re-workings of famous Poe poems such as "The Bells", but which reflected a new, positive outlook.[108]Even so, Poe has received not only praise, but criticism as well. This is partly because of the negative perception of his personal character and its influence upon his reputation.[101]William Butler Yeats was occasionally critical of Poe and once called him "vulgar".[109]Transcendentalist Ralph Waldo Emerson reacted to "The Raven" by saying, "I see nothing in it"[110] and derisively referred to Poe as "the jingle man".[111]Aldous Huxley wrote that Poe's writing "falls into vulgarity" by being "too poetical"—the equivalent of wearing a diamond ring on every finger.[112]It is believed that only 12 copies of Poe's first book, Tamerlane and Other Poems, have survived. In December 2009, one copy sold at Christie's, New York for $662,500, a record price paid for a work of American literature.[113]中国人较系统地译介爱伦·坡比法国人晚了80余年，但却几乎应验了坡160年前引用过的一段文字。

学术英语医学课后问题答案图文稿

学术英语医学课后问题答案集团文件发布号：（9816-UATWW-MWUB-WUNN-INNUL-DQQTY-Unit11、Some factors that may lead to the complaint:·Neuron overload·Patients* high expectations·Mistrust and misunderstanding between the patient and the doctor 2、Mrs. Osorio’s condition:·A 56-year-old woman·Somewhat overweight·Reasonably well-controlled diabetes and hypertension·Cholesterol on the high side without any medications for it·Not enough exercises she should take·Her bones a little thin on her last DEXA scan3、 Good things:·Blood tests done·Glucose a little better·Her blood pressure a little better but not so great Bad things:·Cholesterol not so great·Her weight a little up·Her bones a little thin on her last DEXA scan44、The situation:·The author was in a moderate state of panic: juggling so many thoughts about Mrs. Osorio’s conditions and trying to resolve them all before the clock ran down.·Mrs. Osorio made a trivial request, not so important as compared to her conditions.·Mrs. Osorio seemed to care only about her “innocent —and completely justified —request”： the form signed by her doctor.·The doctor tried to or at least pretended to pay attention to the patient while completing documentation.5、Similarities:·In computer multitasking, a microprocessor actually performs only one task at a time. Like microprocessors, we human beings carft actually concentrate on two thoughts at the same exact time.Multitasking is just an illusion both in computers and human beings.Differences:·The concept of multitasking originated in computer science.·At best, human beings can juggle only a handful of thoughts in amultitasking manner, but computers can do much better.·The more thoughts human beings juggle, the less human beings are able to attune fully to any given thought, but computers can do much better.6、·7 medical issues to consider·5 separate thoughts, at least, for each issue·7 x 5 = 35 thoughts·10 patients that afternoon·35 x 10 = 350 thoughts·5 residents under the authors supervision·4 patients seen by each resident·10 thoughts, at least, generated from each patient·5 x 4 x 10 = anther 200 thoughts·350 + 200 = 550 thoughts to be handled in total·If the doctor does a good job juggling 98% of the time, thatstill leaves about 10 thoughts that might get lost in the process.7、Possible solutions:·Computer-generated reminders·Case managers·Ancillary services·The simplest solution: timeUnit21、The author implies:Peoples inadequate consciousness about the consequence of neglecting the re- emerging infectious diseases·Unjustifiability of peoples complacency about the prevention and control of the infectious diseases·Unfinished war against infectious diseases2、Victory declarations:·Surgeon General William Stewart's hyperbolic statement of closing “the book on infectious disease”.·A string of impressive victories incurred by antibiotics and vaccines·The thought that the war against infectious diseases was almost over What followed ever since:·Appearance of new diseases such as AIDS and Ebola·Comeback of the old afflictions:Diphtheria in the former Soviet UnionTB in urban centers like New York CityRising Group A streptococcal conditions like scarlet fever·The fear of a powerful new flu strain sweeping the world3、Elaborate on the joined battle:·WHO established a new division devoted to worldwide surveillance and control of emerging disease in October 1995.·CDC launched a prevention strategy in 1994.·Congress raised fund from $6.7 million in 1995 to $26 million in 1997.4、The borders are meaningless to pathogenic microbes, which cantravel from one country to another remote country in a very short time.5、TB:·Prisons and homeless shelters as ideal places for TB spread ·Emerging of drug-resistant strain or even multi-drug-resistant strain· A ride on the HIV w^on by attacking the immunocompromisedGroup A strep:·A change in virulence·Mutation in the exterior of the bacteriumFlu:Constant changes in its coat (surface antigens) and resultant changes in its level of virulence6、Examples:·Experiment in England is seeing the waning immunity because of no vaccination.·D u e to poor vaccination efforts, the diphtheria situation in the former Soviet Union is serious. 'The vaccination rates are dropping in some American cities, and it will lead to more diphtheria and whooping cough.7、The four areas of focus:·The need for surveillance·Updated science capable of dealing with discoveries in the field ·Appropriate prevention and control·Strong public health infrastructure8、The infectious diseases such as TB, flu, diphtheria and scarlet fever will never really go away, and the war against them will never end.Unit31、Terry's life before·She loved practicing Tae Kwon Do·She loved the surge of adrenaline that came with the controlled combat of tournaments.·She competed nationally, even won bronze medal in the trials for the Pan American Games.·She attended medical school, practiced as an internal medicine resident, and became an academic general internist.·She got married and got a son and a daughter.2、The symptoms of MS and autoimmune disease:·Loss of stamina and strength·Problems with balance·Bouts of horrific facial pain·Dips in visual acuity3、Terry did the following before she self-experimented:·She started injections.·She adopted many pharmacotherapies.·She began her own study of literature:She read articles on websites such as PubMed.She searched for articles testing new MS drugs in animal models.She turned to articles concerning neurodegeneration of all types —dementia， Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and Lou Gehrig's disease.She relearned basic sciences such as cellular physiology, biochemistry, and neurophysiology.4、Approaches Terry mainly used:·Self-experimentation with various nutrients to slow neurodegeneration based on literature reports on animal models ·Self-experimentation with neuromuscular electrical stimulation which is not an approved treatment for MS·Online search to identify the sources of micronutrients and having a new diet·Reduction of food allergies and toxic load5、Cases mentioned in the text:·Increased mercury stores in the brains of people with dental fillings·High levels of the herbicide atrazine in private wells in Iowa ·The strong association between pesticide exposure and neurodegeneration·The association of single nucleotide polymorphisms involving metabolism of sulfur and/or B vitamins·Inefficient clearing of toxins6、With 70% to 90% of the risk for diabetes, heart disease, cancer,and autoimmunity being due to environmental factors other than the genes, we can take many health problems and the health care crisis under our control, for example, optimizing our nutrition and reducing our toxic load.Unit41、Two concepts:·Complementary medicine refers to the use of conventional therapies together with alternative treatments such as using acupuncture in addition to usual care to help lessen pain.Complementary and alternative medicine is shortened as CAM.·Alternative medicine refers to healing treatments that are not part of conventional therapies —like acupuncture, massage therapy, or herbal medicine. They are called so because people used to consider practices like these outside the mainstream.2·TCM does not require advanced, complicated, and in most cases, expensive facilities.·TCM employs needles, cups, coins, to mention but a few.·Most procedures and operations of TCM are noninvasive.·The substances used as medicine are raw herbs or abstracts from them, and they are indeed all natural, from nature.·TCM has been practiced as long as the Chinese history, so the proven and ensured.efficiency is·Ongoing research around the world on acupuncture, herbs, massage and Tai Chi have shed light on some of the theories and practices of TCM3、It may be used as an adjunct treatment, an alternative, or part of a comprehensive management program for a number of conditions: post-operative and chemotherapy induced nausea and vomiting, post-operative dental pain, addiction, stroke rehabilitation, headache, menstrual cramps, tennis elbow, fibromyalgia, myofascial pain, osteoarthritis, low back pain, carpal tunnel syndrome, and asthma.4、A well-justified NO:·More intense research to uncover additional areas for the use of acupuncture·Higher adoption of acupuncture as a common therapeutic modality not only in treatment but also in prevention of disease and promotion of wellness·Exploration and perfection of innovative methods of acupuncture point stimulation with technological advancement·Improved understanding of neuroscience and other aspects of human physiology and function by basic research on acupuncture·Greater interest by stakeholders·An increasing number of physician acupuncturists5、·Appropriate uses of herbs depend on proper guidance:Proper TCM diagnosis of the zheng of the patientCorrect selection of the corresponding therapeutic strategies and principles that guide the choice of herbs and herbal formulas·Digression from either of the above guidence will lead to misuses of herbs, and will result in complications in patient6、·Randomized controlled trialsAdvantages:Elimination of the potential bias in the allocation of participants to the intervention group or control groupTendency to produce comparable groupsGuaranteed validity of statistical tests of significance Limitations:Difficulty in generalizing the results obtained from the selected sampling to the population as a wholeA poor choice for research where temporal factorsare an issueExtremely heavy resources, requiring very largesample groupsQuasi-experimentsAdvantages:Control group comparisons possibleReduced threats to external validity as naturalenvironments do not suffer the same problems ofartificiality as compared to a well-controlled laboratorysetting.Generalizations of the findings to be made about population since quasiexperiments are natural experiments Limitations：Potential for non-equivalent groups as quasi-experimentaldesigns do not use random sampling in constructingexperimental and control groups.Potential for low internal validity as a result of not using random sampling methods to construct the experimental and control groupsCohort studiesAdvantages:Clear indication of the temporal sequence between exposure and outcomeParticular use for evaluating the effects of rare or unusual exposureAbility to examine multiple outcomes of a single risk factorLimitations:Larger, longer, and more expensiveProne to certain types of biasNot practical for rare outcomesCase-control studiesAdvantages:The only feasible method in the case of rare diseases and those with long periods between exposure and outcomeTime and cost effective with relatively fewer subjects as compared to other observational methodsLimitations：Unable to provide the same level of evidence as randomized controlled trials as it is observational in natureDifficult to establish the timeline of exposure to disease outcome“N=1” trialsAdvantagesEasy to manageInexpensiveLimitations：Findings difficult to be generalized to the wholepopulationWeakest evidence due to the number of the subject7、Synthesis of evidence is completely dependent on:The completeness of the literature search (unavailable for foreign studies)The accuracy of evaluation·There are situations in which no answer can be found for the questions of interest in RCTs and database analyses.·There's the requirement of using less stringent information rather than “hard data”8、·Assessment of the intrinsic value of traditional medicine insociety·Research and education·Political, economic, and social factorsUnit51、·Dis-ease refers to the imbalance arising from：Continuous stressPainHardships·Disease is a health crisis ascribable to various dis-eases.·Prompting elimination of dis-eases can alleviate some diseases.2、·Wellness is a state involving every aspect of our being: body, mind and spirit.·Manifestations of a healthy person:Energy and vitalityA certain zip in gaitA warm feeling of peace of heart seen through behavior3、·Constant messages, positive and negative，are sent to our mind about the health of our body.·Physical symptoms are suppressed by people who go through life on automatic pilot.·Being well equals to being disease- or illness-free in the minds of them.·They confused wellness with an absence of symptoms.4、·People's minds are infected by spin:Half-truthFearful fictionsBlatant deceit: some as a form of self-deceit·Spin is a result of unconscious living.·The kind of falseness is pandemic.5·Our body intelligence is suppressed or dormant from a lack of use.·There are tremendous amount of stress on a daily basis.·Our bodies are easily ignored for years because of a lack of recreation time.·Limiting, self-defeating and even self-destructive behaviors undermine our wellbeing and keep them from achieving our full potential.6·We grow more reluctant to take risks.·We lose the ability to feel and acknowledge our deepest feelings and the courage to speak our truth.·We continue to deny and repress our feelings to protect ourselves.·Fear, denial and disconnection from our bodies and feelings become anunconscious, self-protective habit, a kind of default response to life.7·A multi-faceted process:Looking for roots of and resolutions for the issues in different dimensionsBuilding our wellness toolbox slowlyPicturing our whole state of being·Attention to the little stuff:Examining our lives honestly and setting clear intentions to changeStriving to maintain a balance of our mind, body and spiritTaking small steps in the way to perceive and resolve conflict8·Try to awaken and evolve in order to live more consciously.·Get in touch with our genuine feelings and emotions.·Come to terms with the toxic emotionsUnit61、In the past, most people died at home. But now, more and morepeople are cared in hospitals and nursing homes at their end of life, which of course brings a new set of questions to consider.2、·Sixty-four years old with a history of congestive heart failure ·Deciding to do everything medically possible to extend his life ·Availability of around-the-clock medical services and a full range of treatment choices, tests, and other medical care·Relaxed visiting hours, and personal items from home3、Availability of around-the-clock medical resources, includingdoctors, nurses, and facility.4、·Taking on a job which is big physically, emotionally, and financially·Hiring a home nurse for additional help·Arranging for services (such as visiting nurses) and special equipment (like a hospital bed or bedside commode)5、·Health insurance·Planning by a professional, such as a hospital discharge plaimer or a social worker·Help from local governmental agencies·Doctor's supervision at home6、·Traditionally, it is only about symptom care.·Recently, it is a comprehensive approach to improving the quality of life for people who are living with potentially fatal diseases.7、·Stopping treatment specifically aimed at curing an illness equals discontinuing all treatment.·Choosing a hospice is a permanent decision.Unit71、·A dying patient·Decision whether to withdraw life-support machines and medication and start comfort measures·The family's refusal to make any decision or withdraw any treatments2、·The doctor as exclusive decision-maker·The patient as participant with little say in the final choice3、·Respect for the patient, especially the patient s autonomy·Patient-centered care·The patient as decision-maker based on the information provided by the doctor4、·Patients are forced to make decisions they never want to.·Patients, at least a large majority of them, prefer their doctors to make final decisions.·Shifting responsibility of decision-making to patients will bring about more stress to patients and their families, especially when the best option for the patient is uncertain.5、Doctors are very much cautious about committing some kind ofethical transgression.6、·Shouldering responsibility together with the patient may be better than having the patient make decisions on their own.·Balancing between paternalism and respect for patients autonomy constitutes a large part of medical practice.Unit81、·Research:An activity to test hypothesis, to permit conclusions to be drawn, and thereby to develop or contribute to generalizable knowledge·Practice:Interventions solely to enhance the well-being of an individual patient or client and that have a reasonable expectation of success·Blurred distinction:Cooccurrence of research and practice like in research designed to evaluate a therapyNotable departures from standard practice being called “experimental” with the terms “experimenta l”and “research”carelessly defined2、·Autonomy：Individuals treated as autonomous agents .·Protection:Persons with diminished autonomy entitled to protection·A case in point:Prisoners involved in research3·“Do no harm” as the primary principle·Maximization of possible benefits and minimization of possible harms .·Balance between benefits and potential risks involved in every step of seeding the benefits4、·“Do no harm” as a fundamental principle of medical ethics ·Extension of it to the realm of research by Claude Bernard ·Benefits and risks as a set “duet” in both medical practice and research5、·Unreasonable denial of entitled benefit and unduly imposed burden：Enrolment of patients in new drug trial: Who should be enrolled and who should not·Equal treatment of equals:Determining factors of equality: age, sex, severity of the condition, financial status, social status6、·Definition:The opportunity to choose what shall or shall not happen to them ·Application:A process rather than signing a written formAdequate information as the premiseA well-informed decision as the expected result7、·Requirements for consent as entailed by the principle of respect for persons·Risk/benefit assessment as entailed by the principle of beneficence·More requirements of fairness as entailed by the principle of justice:At the individual level: fairnessAt the social level: distinction between classes。

海南省英语中考试题及解答参考(2024年)

2024年海南省英语中考自测试题及解答参考一、听力部分（本大题有20小题，每小题1分，共20分）1、Question: Listen to the following dialogue and answer the question.A. Where are the speakers?B. What are the speakers talking about?C. How do they feel about the weather?Answer: A. At the parkB. The weather and outdoor activitiesC. ExcitedExplanation: In the dialogue, the speakers are discussing their plans for the day and express excitement about the sunny weather, which indicates that they are at the park and talking about outdoor activities.2、Question: Listen to the following monologue and answer the question.A. What is the main topic of the speech?B. Why is the speaker concerned about the issue?C. What are the speaker’s suggestions to address the problem?Answer: A. The importance of recyclingB. The negative impact of waste on the environmentC. Encouraging more people to recycle and implementing stricter waste management policiesExplanation: The speaker in the monologue emphasizes the importance of recycling and its impact on the environment. The speaker is concerned about the growing amount of waste and suggests that more people should recycle and that stricter policies should be implemented to address the problem.3、Listen to the following dialogue between two students discussing their favorite subjects. What subject does the male student prefer?(A) Mathematics(B) History(C) ScienceAnswer: AExplanation: In the dialogue, the male student mentions that he enjoys solving problems and finds numbers interesting, indicating a preference for Mathematics.4、In the next conversation, two friends are planning an outing. Where do they decide to go?(A) The beach(B) The cinema(C) The parkAnswer: CExplanation: During their discussion, one friend suggests going somewhere peaceful, and the other agrees on visiting the park as it’s a good place for a picnic and relaxation.5.You will hear a conversation between two students discussing their weekend plans. Listen and choose the best answer to the question that follows. Question: What are the students planning to do on Saturday afternoon?A. Go shopping.B. Visit a museum.C. Go to the movies.Answer: BExplanation: In the conversation, the students mention that they plan to visit a local museum on Saturday afternoon, which indicates that option B is the correct answer.6.You will hear a weather forecast for the following week. Listen and complete the sentence with the correct information.Question: What is the expected temperature for Monday?A. 12 degrees CelsiusB. 15 degrees CelsiusC. 18 degrees CelsiusAnswer: AExplanation: The weather forecast states that on Monday, the temperature is expected to be around 12 degrees Celsius, making option A the correct choice.7、What study method does Sarah recommend to John?A. Using flashcardsB. Listening to music while studyingC. Group study sessionsAnswer: C. Group study sessionsExplanation: In the dialogue, Sarah mentions that she finds it helpful to discuss material with classmates as it helps her understand the topics better. Therefore, she recommends group study sessions to John.8、How does John react to Sarah’s suggestion?A. He agrees and decides to try it.B. He thinks it might be too distracting.C. He prefers to study alone.Answer: A. He agrees and decides to try it.Explanation: John responds positively to Sarah’s suggestion by saying he will give it a try since his current method of studying alone isn’t working well enough for him.9.You will hear a short conversation between two friends, Alice and Bob. Listen carefully and choose the best answer to the question that follows.What are Alice and Bob discussing?A. The weatherB. Their homeworkC. Their weekend plansD. The movie they watched last nightAnswer: CExplanation: In the conversation, Alice asks Bob about his weekend plans,indicating that they are discussing their upcoming weekend activities.10.You will hear a short lecture about the importance of exercise. Listen carefully and answer the question that follows.What is the main point of the lecture?A. Exercise is necessary for good health.B. All types of exercise are equally effective.C. It is important to exercise regularly, but it doesn’t have to be intense.D. Some people believe that exercise is only for young people.Answer: AExplanation: The lecture emphasizes the importance of exercise for maintaining good health, making option A the correct answer. The other options are either incorrect or not mentioned in the lecture.11.You are listening to a conversation between a student and a teacher ina classroom.Student: “Professor Smith, how do you usually approach teaching difficult subjects?”Teacher: “Well, I think it’s important to break down complex concepts into simpler ones. Also, using real-life examples can make learning more engaging.”Question: What does the teacher suggest to help students understand difficult subjects?A)Simplify the contentB)Use real-life examplesC)Avoid complex conceptsD)Teach in small groupsAnswer: BExplanation: The teacher mentions using real-life examples as a way to make learning more engaging, which suggests that the teacher believes this method can help students understand difficult subjects better.12.You are listening to a radio report about a recent scientific discovery.Reporter: “Scientists at the University of California have discovered a new species of bacteria that can survive in extreme conditions. This discovery could lead to advancements in biotechnology and medical research.”Question: What is the potential impact of the new discovery on biotechnology and medical research?A)It could lead to the development of new antibiotics.B)It will improve the quality of life for people with disabilities.C)It will have no effect on biotechnology and medical research.D)It will result in the creation of new medical devices.Answer: AExplanation: The reporter mentions that the discovery could lead to advancements in biotechnology and medical research, specifically in the development of new antibiotics, which suggests that the potential impact is related to the medical field.13.You will hear a short conversation between two friends at a coffee shop. Listen and answer the question.Question: What is the woman planning to do next?A. She is going to the gym.B. She is going to the library.C. She is going to the bookstore.Answer: B. She is going to the library.Explanation: In the conversation, the woman mentions that she has a lot of research to do for her history class, which implies that she is going to the library to study. The other options are not mentioned.14.You will hear a monologue about the importance of healthy eating habits. Listen and answer the question.Question: What is the speaker’s main point about healthy eating?A. It is important to eat only organic foods.B. It is important to limit processed food intake.C. It is important to eat three large meals a day.Answer: B. It is important to limit processed food intake.Explanation: The speaker in the monologue emphasizes the negative effects of processed foods on health and encourages the audience to reduce their consumption of such foods. The other options are not the main focus of the speaker’s argument.15.You will hear a conversation between two friends, Tom and Alice. Listen carefully and choose the best answer to each question.Q1: What is Tom’s favorite sport?A) A) BasketballB) B) SoccerC) C) TennisD) D) SwimmingAnswer: A) BasketballExplanation: In the conversation, Tom mentions that he enjoys playing basketball with his friends.16.You will hear a short lecture about the importance of water conservation. Listen carefully and answer the following question.Q2: Why is water conservation important?A) A) It helps reduce energy consumption.B) B) It can lead to the development of new technologies.C) C) It is essential for the survival of plants and animals.D) D) It can help us find new sources of water.Answer: C) It is essential for the survival of plants and animals. Explanation: The lecturer emphasizes that water is vital for the existence of all living beings on Earth.17.You will hear a conversation between two friends discussing a recent movie they saw. Listen carefully and answer the question.Question: What did the woman say about the movie’s ending?A) It was predictable.B) It was unexpected.C) It was too long.D) It was boring.Answer: B) It was unexpected.Explanation: The woman expresses her surprise at the movie’s ending, which indicates that it was not what she expected.18.Listen to a short passage about a famous author. After listening, complete the following sentence with the correct word from the passage.Question: The author’s first novel, “The Great Gatsby,” is often considered a classic work of ________.A)mysteryB)science fictionC)romanceD)American literatureAnswer: D) American literatureExplanation: The passage mentions that “The Great Gatsby” is a classic American novel, which fits the context of the question.19.You will hear a conversation between two friends about their weekend plans. Listen and answer the question.What does the man plan to do on Saturday afternoon?A. Go shopping.B. Watch a movie.C. Visit a museum.Answer: BExplanation: In the conversation, the man says, “I think I’ll watch a movieat the new cinema on Saturday afternoon.”20.Listen to a short lecture about environmental protection. Answer the following question.What is the main idea of the lecture?A. The importance of recycling.B. The effects of global warming.C. The benefits of using renewable energy.Answer: AExplanation: The lecture primarily focuses on the significance of recycling as a way to protect the environment, discussing the impact of waste on natural resources and ecosystems.二、阅读理解（30分）Title: The Evolution of SmartphonesReading Passage:In the past decade, smartphones have revolutionized the way we communicate, access information, and live our daily lives. The evolution of smartphones has been remarkable, starting from the early models that were nothing more than oversized pagers to the advanced devices we use today.The first smartphone, the IBM Simon, was released in 1994. It featured a small screen, a phone, and basic PDA functions like a calendar and address book. However, it was not until the early 2000s that smartphones began to gainwidespread popularity with the introduction of devices like the Blackberry and the Palm Treo.The turning point in the smartphone industry came with Apple’s launch of the iPhone in 2007. The iPhone introduced a revolutionary touch screen interface, which made smartphones more user-friendly and accessible to a broader audience. Since then, the competition has been fierce, with companies like Samsung, Google, and Huawei constantly pushing the boundaries of what a smartphone can do.Today, smartphones are not just communication devices; they aremini-computers that offer a wide range of functionalities, from takinghigh-quality photos to streaming movies and games. The advancements in camera technology, battery life, and processing power have made these devices indispensable to many people.Questions:1.What was the first smartphone to be released, and when was it introduced?A) The iPhone, 2007B) The IBM Simon, 1994C) The Blackberry, early 2000sD) The Palm Treo, early 2000s2.What was a significant innovation introduced by the iPhone in 2007?A) Advanced camera technologyB) A touch screen interfaceC) Improved battery lifeD) Enhanced processing power3.According to the passage, what has been the primary role of smartphones in recent years?A) As communication devices onlyB) As mini-computers with various functionalitiesC) As replacements for traditional computersD) As gaming consolesAnswers:1.B) The IBM Simon, 19942.B) A touch screen interface3.B) As mini-computers with various functionalities三、完型填空（15分）Complete the following passage by choosing the most appropriate word or phrase from the options given below.The ancient city of [1], located on the banks of the River Nile, is known for its fascinating [2] and rich cultural heritage. [3], the city is home to the famous [4], including the Pyramids of Giza, the Sphinx, and the Valley of the Kings.For centuries, [1] has been a major [5] for tourists from around the world.A)The Great Wall of ChinaB)The Colosseum in RomeC)The ancient city of ThebesD)The Statue of LibertyE)The Eiffel Tower1.C) The ancient city of Thebes2.C) archaeological3.A) Furthermore4.B) historical sites5.D) destination四、语法填空题（本大题有10小题，每小题1分，共10分）1、I______(go) to the library this weekend. I______(read) many interesting books there.2.If I______(be) you, I______(choose) to travel around the world.3.They______(not only/learn) French but also Spanish, which is quite impressive.4.______(be) in class, he______(listen) to the teacher carefully.5.______(do) his homework, he______(play) video games.Answer:1.am going; have read2.were; would choose3.not only are; but also learn4.Being; is listening5.Having done; is playingExplanation:1.”am going” is the present continuous tense, indicating an action that will happen in the near future. “have read” is the present perfect tense, indicating an action that started in the past and continues to the present.2.”were” is the past tense of “be,” used in con ditional sentences. “would choose” is the conditional form of “choose,” indicating a hypothetical situation.3.”not only are” is the present continuous tense, used to emphasize two actions happening simultaneously. “but also learn” is a coordinating conjunction that connects the two actions.4.”Being” is the present participle of “be,” used as a gerund to expressa reason or cause. “is listening” is the present continuous tense, indicating an ongoing action.5.”Having done” is the present perfect participle, used as a gerund to express a cause or reason. “is playing” is the present continuous tense, indicating an ongoing action.3.The cat always sleeps in the____________sunbeam, which warms it up on cold days.A. warmestB. warmC. warmerD. warmlyAnswer: B. warmExplanation: The correct answer is “warm” because it is an adjective used to describe the quality of the sunbeam. The other options do not fit the context correctly: “warmest” is the superlative form, which is not needed here, “warmer” is the comparative form, and “warmly” is an adverb, not an adjective.4.She____________her vacation for the last two weeks, but now she’s ready to go back to work.A. is havingB. has hadC. had hadD. hadAnswer: B. has hadExplanation: The correct answer is “has had” because the sentence describes an action that started in the past (having her vacation) and continues up to the present. The present perfect tense is used to indicate an action that has a present result. The other options are incorrect: “is having” is in the present continuous tense, “had had” is the past perfect tense, which is not needed here, and “had” is the simple past tense, which does not indicate the ongoing nature of the action.5.In the morning, she often goes to the park,__________she can breathe fresh air and exercise.A. whereB. whichC. thatD. becauseAnswer: DExplanation: The sentence is using “because” to introduce the reason for her going to the park in the morning. The phrase “she can breathe fresh air and exercise” is the reason for her action, hence “because” is the correct conjunction to use in this context.6.The book__________I bought yesterday is very interesting.A. whichB. thatC. whoseD. itAnswer: BExplanation: In this sentence, “that” is used as a relative pronoun to refer back to “The book.” It introduces a relative clause that provides additional information about the book. “Which” can also be used here, but “that” is more common in this type of structure. “Whose” is used to indicate possession, and “it” is a pron oun, not a relative pronoun.7.The___________(be) of the book is very interesting, which makes it a bestseller.Answer: isExplanation: The correct form of the verb “be” to use here is the third person singular form because the subject “the ___________” implies a singular noun. Therefore, “is” is the correct form to complete the sentence.8.By___________(arrive) at the airport early, we were able to catch our flight on time.Answer: arrivingExplanation: The phrase “By___________at the airport early” indi cates a manner or condition, which is typically expressed using the gerund form of the verb. The correct gerund form of “arrive” is “arriving,” so that is the correct answer to complete the sentence.9.My mother always tells me to______(be) polite to others.答案：be解析：根据句子结构，此处应使用动词原形，因为tell sb. to do sth. 是固定用法，意为“告诉某人做某事”。

CATTI全国英语专业翻译三级笔译真题

CATTI全国英语专业翻译三级笔译真题三级笔译真题(一)笔译综合能力Section1: vocabulary and grammarPart1 vocabulary selection1.We have had to raise the prices of our products because of the increase in the cost of ___materials.A primitiveB .roughC originalD raw2. With an eight-hour week and little enjoyment, life must have been very ___for the students.A hostileB anxiousC tediousD obscure3. Whenever the government increases public services, ___because more workers are needed to carry outthese services.A employment to riseB employment risesC which rising employmentD the rise of employment4. Our flight to Guangzhou was___ by a bad fog and we had to stay much longer in the hotel than we hadexpected.A delayedB adjournedC cancelledD preserved5. Container-grown plants can be planted at any time of the year, but___ in winter.A should beB would beC preferredD preferably6. Both longitude and latitude___ in degrees, minutes and seconds.A measuringB measuredC are measuredD being measured7. Most comets have two kinds of tails, one made up of dust, ___ made up of electrically charged particlescalled plasma.A one anotherB the otherC other onesD each other8. Good pencil erasers are soft enough not___ paper but hard enough so tat they crumble gradually whenused.A by damagingB so that they damagingC to damageD damaging9. The magician picked several persons___ from the audience and asked tem to help him with theperformance.A by accidentB at randomC on occasionD on average10. On turning the corner, they saw the path___ steeply.A departingB descendingC decreasingD degenerating11. English language publications in China are growing in volume and___.A circulationB rotationC circumstanceD appreciating12. Hydroponics___ the cultivation of plants without soil.A doesB isC doD .are13. To impose computer technology___ teachers is to create an environment that is not conducive tolearning.A withB toC inD on14. Marketing is___ just distributing goods from the manufacturer to the final customer.A rather thanB other thanC bigger thanD more than15. ___ a language family is a group of languages with a common origin and similar vocabulary, grammar,and sound system.A What linguists callB It is called by linguistsC Linguists call itD What do linguists call16. In the eighteenth century, the town of Bennington, Vermont, was famous for___ pottery.A it madeB itsC the makingD where its17. ___ get older, the games they play become increasingly complex.A ChildrenB Children, when theyC As childrenD For children to18. ___ of his childhood home in Hannibal, Missouri, provided Mark Twain with the inspiration for two ofhis most popular novels.A RememberingB MemoriesC It was the memoriesD He remembered19. Dust storms most often occur in areas where the ground has little vegetation to protect___ of the wind.A From the effectsB it the effectsC it from the effectsD the effects from it20. Most nurses are women, but in the higher ranks of the medical profession women are a___.A scarcityB minorityC minimumD shortagePart2 vocabulary replacement21. Shellfish give the deceptive appearance of enjoying a peaceful existence, although in fact life is aconstant struggle for them.A misleadingB calmC understandableD initial22. The most striking technological success in the 20th century is probably the computer revolution.A profitableB productiveC prominentD prompt23. Scientific evidence from different disciplines demonstrates that in most humans the left hemisphere of the brain controls language.A. groups of follows B years C countries D fields of study24. Public relations practice is the deliberate, planned and sustained effort to establish and maintain mutualunderstanding between an organization and its publicA completeB relatedC intentionalD active25. The use of the new technology will have a profound effect on schools.A negativeB positiveC strongD useful26. If we look at the Chinese and British concepts of hospitality, we find one major similarity but a number of important differences.A hostilityB friendlinessC mannerD culture27. In just three years, the Net has gone from a playground for the local people to a vast communicationsand trading center where millions swap information or do deals around the world.A businessB shoppingC chattingD meeting28. Most species of this plant thrive in ordinary well-drained garden soil and they are best planted 8cmdeep and 5cm apart.A develop wellB grow tallerC matureD bear fruit29. Motivation is the driving force within individuals that impels them to action.A impedesB interferesC holdsD pushes30. The ultimate cause of the Civil War was the bombardment of Fort Sumter.A. only B final C true D special31. No hero of ancient or modern days can surpass the Indians with their lofty contempt of death and thefortitude with which they sustain its cruelest affliction.A regardB courageC lossD track32. The service economy doesn?t suggest that we convert our factories into laundries to survive.A implyB persuadeC hurlD transform33. It was rather strange how the habits of his youth clung to him still. He was 72.A stuck toB turnedC led toD gave way to34. He has a touch of eccentricity in his composition.A. essay B writing C character D manner35. Jim was a stout old gentleman, with a weather-beaten countenance.A bodyB skinC shoulderD passionate interestPart3 error correction36. Not much people realize that apples have been cultivated for over 3,000 years.A Not manyB Not enoughC Without manyD No many37. The eastern bluebird is considered the most attractive bird native of North America by manybird-watchers.A nativeB native withC native byD native to38. All living creatures pass on inherited traits from one generation to other.A the otherB anotherC the otherD other one39. Furniture makers use glue to hold joints together and sometimes to reinforce it.A itsB fastC hardD them40. The hard, out surface of the tooth is called enamel.A outsideB appearanceC outerD hiding41. The earliest form of artificial lighting was fire, which also provided warm and protection.A hotB sunshineC warmthD safe42. All mammals have hair, but not always evident.A but it is notB but it isC but they are notD but they are43. A professor of economic and history at Atlanta University, W.E.B. Du Bois, promoted full racialequality.A economyB economicsC economicalD economic44. Machines that use hydraulic pressure including elevators, dentist chairs, and automobile brakes.A excludeB excludingC includeD are included45. The first recorded use of nature gas to light street lamps it was in the town of Frederick, New York, in1825.A wasB isC it isD were46. Although the social sciences different a great deal from one another, they share a common interest inhuman relationship.A moveB differC changeD varies47. Unlike competitive running, race walkers must always keep some portion of their feet in contact of theground.A runB runnerC runnersD running race48. A promising note is a written agreement to pay a certain sum of money at some time future.A time futuresB futuresC futures timeD future time49. New York City surpassed the other Atlantic seaports in partly because it developed the best transportation links with the interior of the country.A partB partialC partnerD parting50. All root vegetables grow underground, and not all vegetables that grow underground are roots.A butB orC asD thusSection2: reading comprehension(1)Phyllis Wheatley is regarded as America?s first black poet. She was born in Senegal, Africa, about 1753 and brought to America abroad a slave ship at about the age of seven. John and Susannah Wheatley bought her for three pounds at a slave auction in Boston in 1761 to be a personal servant of Mrs. Wheatley. The family had three other slaves, and all were treated with respect. Phyllis was soon accepted as one of the family, which included being raised and educated with the Wheatley?s twin 15- year-old children, Mary and Nathaniel. At that time, most females, even from better families, could not read and write, but Mary was probably one of the best educated young women in Boston. Mary wanted to become a teacher, and in fact, it wasMary who decided to take charge of Phyllis?s education. Phyllis soon displayed her remarkable talents. At the age of twelve she was reading the Greek and Latin classics and passages from the Bible. And eventually, Mrs. Wheatley decided Phyllis should become a Christian.At the age of thirteen Phyllis wrote her first poem. She became a Boston sensation after she wrote a poem on the death of the evangelical preacher George Whitfield in 1770. It became common practice in Boston to have “Mrs. Wheatley?s Phyllis” read poetry in polite society. Mary married in 1771, and Phyllis later moved to the country because of poor health, as a teacher and caretaker to a farmer?s three children. Mary had tried to interest publishers in Phyllis?s poems but once they heard she was a Negro they weren?t interested.Then in 1773 Phyllis went with Nathaniel, who was now a businessman, to London. It was thought that a sea voyage might improve her health. Thirty-nine of her poems were published in London as Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral. It was the first book published by a black American. In 1775 Phyllis wrote a poem extolling the accomplishments of George Washington and sent it to him. He responded by praising her talents and inviting her to visit his headquarters. After both of her benefactors died in 1777, and Mary died in1778, Phyllis was freed as a slave. She married in 1778, moved away from Boston, and had three children. But after the unhappy marriage, she moved back to Boston, and died in poverty at the age of thirty.51. What does the passage mainly discuss?A. Slavery and the treatment of the black people in America.B. The Wheatley family, including their slaves.C. The life of America?s first black poet.D. The achievements of Phyllis Wheatley.52. The underlined word “respect” in Paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to___.A. considerationB. disregardC. punishment D behavior53. According to the passage, how many slaves did the Wheatley?s have?A. OneB. TwoC. ThreeD. Four54. According to the passage, an unusual feature of Mary was that she___.A. was not much older than PhyllisB. wanted to become a teacherC. was comparatively well educatedD. decided to take charge of Phyllis?s education55. The underlined word “eventually” in Paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to___.A. ultimatelyB. slowlyC. reluctantlyD. gradually56. Which of the following is NOT true about Phyllis in the early 1770s?A. She wrote her first poem when in her teens.B. She married in 1771.C. She became a teacher.D. She was be able to get her poems published.57. The underlined word “they” in Paragraph 2 refers to___.A publishersB poemsC childrenD black people58. It can be inferred that Phyllis?s trip to England with Nathaniel in 1773___.A. did not improve her healthB. was for business reasonsC. led to books of her poems being available in AmericaD. led to the publication of her poems because the English were more interested in religious and moralsubjects59. The word “extolling” is closest in meaning to___A. She would have been more recognized as a poet if she had not been black.B. She would have written poetry if she had stayed in Africa.C. She went unrecognized as a poet during her lifetime.D. She only wrote religious poetry.(2)About fifty years ago, plant physiologists set out to grow roots by themselves in solutions in laboratory flasks. The scientists found that the nutrition of isolated roots was quite simple. They required sugar and the usual minerals and vitamins. However, they did not require organic nitrogen compounds. These roots got along fine on mineral inorganic nitrogen. Roots are capable of making their own proteins and other organic compounds. These activities by roots require energy, of course. The process of respiration uses sugar to make the high energy compound A TP, which drives the biochemical reactions.Respiration also require oxygen. Highly active roots require a good deal of oxygen.The study of isolated roots has provided an understanding of the relationship between shoots and roots in intact plants. The leaves of the shoots provide the roots with sugar and vitamins, and the roots provide the shoots with water and minerals. In addition, roots can provide the shoots with organic nitrogen compounds. This comes in handy for the growth of buds in the early spring when leaves are not yet functioning. Once leaves begin photosynthesizing, they produce protein, but only mature leaves can “export” protein to the rest of the plant in the form of amino acids.61. What is the main topic of the passage?A. The relationship between a plant?s roots and its shoots.B. What can be learned by growing roots in isolation.C. How plants can be grown without roots.D. What elements are necessary for the growth of plants.62. The u nderlined word “themselves” in Paragraph 1 refers to___.A. plant physiologistsB. solutionsC. laboratory flasksD. roots63. The scientists found what the isolated roots need is___.A. quite naturalB. sugar, minerals and vitaminsC. some rare vitaminsD. organic nitrogen compounds64. Roots have the ability to___.A. make proteinsB. obtain fresh airC. produce inorganic nitrogenD. carry out activities withoutenergy65. According to the passage, what is ATP?A. A biochemical processB. The tip of a rootC. A chemical compoundD. A type of plant cell66. The underlined word “intact” in Paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to___.A. matureB. wildC. wholeD. tiny67. The use of the phrase “comes in handy” underlined in Paragraph 2 indicates that the process is___.A. unavoidableB. predictableC. necessaryD. successful68. It can be inferred from the passage that, in the early spring, the buds of plants___.A. “export” protein in the form of amino acidsB. do not require waterC. have begun photosynthesizingD. obtain organic compounds from the root69. Which of the following best describes the organization of the passage?A. The results of two experiments are compared.B. A generalization is made, and several examples of it are given.C. The findings of an experiment are explained.D. A hypothesis is presented, and several means of proving it are suggested.70. Where is this passage likely to be found?A. A newsletter.B. A magazineC. A storybookD. A novel(3)Natural flavorings and fragrances are often costly and limited in supply. For example, the vitalingredient in a rose fragrance is extracted from natural rose oil at a cost of thousands of dollars a pound; an identical synthetic substance can be made for 1% of this cost. Since the early twentieth century, success in reproducing these substances has created a new industry that today produces hundreds of artificial flavors and fragrances.Some natural fragrances are easily synthesized; these include vanillin, the aromatic ingredient in vanilla, and benzaldehyde, the aromatic ingredient in wild cherries. Other fragrances, however, have dozens, even hundreds of components. Only recently has it been possible to separate and identify these ingredients by the use of gas chromatography and spectroscopy. Once the chemical identity is known, it is often possible to synthesize them. Nevertheless, some complex substances such as the aroma of fresh coffee, have still not been duplicated satisfactorily.Many of the chemical compounds making up these synthetics are identical to those found in nature, and are asharmless or harmful as the natural substances. New products must be tested for safety, and when used in food, must be approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.The availability of synthetic flavors and fragrances has made possible a large variety of products, from inexpensive beverages to perfumed soap to used cars with applied “new car odor”.71. From the passage we can learn that___.A. natural flavorings and fragrances are not quite dearB. the limitation of natural flavorings and fragrances is clearC. the supply of natural flavorings and fragrances is adequate to meet the demandD. the cost of producing natural flavorings and fragrances is high72. Which of the following is true according to the passage?A. Natural rose fragrance is 100 times more expensive to produce than artificial rose fragrance.B. The most important ingredient in a rose fragrance is obtained from natural rose oil at a low cost.C. A different synthetic substance can be made for 1% of the cost.D. Natural rose oil costs the same as its fragrances.73. The industry of producing hundreds of artificial flavors and fragrances probably appeared in___.A. 2000B. 1953C.1909D.181074. According to the passage, all the following are easier to synthesize EXCEPT___.A. aromatic ingredient in vanillaB. vanillaC. aromatic ingredient in wild cherryD. the flavor of flesh coffee75. The underlined word “duplicated” in Paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to___.A. make doubleB. make a copy ofC. produce something equal toD. take from76. Why does the author mention fresh coffee in Paragraph 2?A. As an example of complex substances having not been duplicated satisfactorily.B. Because the coffee fragrance is hard to produce.C. To conclude the passageD. If spectroscopy is adopted.77. ___, a substance can be synthesized.A. Upon identifying the basic components of itB. Once chemically analyzedC. When gas chromatography is usedD. If spectroscopy is adopted78. It can be inferred from the passage that___.A. vanillin is easier to synthesize than benzaldehydeB. not all synthetic flavors are harmlessC. in general, the less components there are in fragrance, the harder it is to synthesizeD. synthesized substances must be tested for safety only if they are used in food79. Which of the following is the best title for the passage?A. How to Synthesize FragrancesB. Synthetic Substances Are Easy to MakeC. Natural Flavorings and FragrancesD. Synthetic Flavors and Fragrances80. Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?A. Synthetic fragrances can be used to make a used car smell like a new one.B. Synthetic flavors and fragrances have added to the varieties of products.C. Lemon soap is made out of some delicious lemon.D. It is likely that a bottle of orange juice is synthesized.(4)Some people associate migration with birds. Birds to travel vast distances, but mammals also migrate. An example is the caribou, reindeer that graze on the grassy slopes of northern Canada. When the weather turns cold, they travel south until spring. Their tracks are so well-worn that they are clearly visible from the air. Another migrating mammal is the Alaska fur seal. Theses seals breed only in the Pribilot Islands in the Bering Sea. The young are born in June and by September are strong enough to go with their mothers on a journey of over 3,000 miles. Together they swim down the Pacific Coast of North America. The females and young travel as far as southern California. The males do not journey so far. They swim only to the Gulf of Alaska. In the spring, males and females all return to the islands, and there the cycle begins again. Whales are among the greatest migrators of all. The humpback and blue whales migrate thousands of miles each year from the polar seas to the tropics. Wales eat huge quantities of plankton. These are most abundant in cold polar waters. In winter, the whales move to warm waters to breed andgive birth to their young.81. From the passage we can learn that___.A. people migrate like animalsB. only birds migrateC. the females fur seals migrate only to the Gulf of AlaskaD. not all mammals migrate82. The phrase “An example” underlined in Paragraph 1 refers to an example of a___.A. migratory mammalB. place where animals migrateC. migrating birdsD. person who associates migration with birds83. All the mammals are mentioned as migrating ones EXCEPT___.A. caribouB. fin whaleC. reindeerD. Alaska fur seal84. Where can you see from the air the migration of the mammals?A. In the Pribilot Islands.B. In the Bering SeaC. In southern CaliforniaD. In northern Canada85. Which of the following is NOT true?A. Wales breed in winter.B. Young whales are given birth in cold waters.C. Alaska fur seals give birth to the young only in one area.D. Alaska fur seals are born in warm weather.86. Together___ of Alaska fur seals swim down the PacificCoast of North America.A. mothers and the youngB. fathers and the youngC. parents and the youngD. seals and whales87. Which of the following is NOT described inn the passage?A. Whales migrate to breed and give birth to their young.B. Whale-watching in Boston in summer is attracting.C. Seals breed in the north before migration.D. Reindeer feed on grass.88. Whales live on___.A. tiny plants and animals in the sea.B. the grassy slopes of northern Canada.C. their young in cold winter.D. the abundant seafood in tropic waters.89. How many kinds of migrating mammals are mentioned in the passage?A. FourB. ThreeC. TwoD. One90. What is the best title of the passage?A. Three Types of WhalesB. Birds MigrationC. Mammals Also MigrateD. Several Kinds of Migration(5)Electronic mail has become an extremely important and popular means of communication.Te convenience and efficiency of electronic mail arethreatened by the extremely rapid growth in the volume of unsolicited commercial electronic mail. Unsolicited commercial electronic mail is currently estimated to account for over half of all electronic mail traffic, up from an estimated 7 percent in 2001, and the volume continues to rise. Most of these messages are fraudulent or deceptive in one or more respects.The receipt of unsolicited commercial electronic mail may result in costs to recipients who cannot to refuse to accept such mail and who incur costs for the storage of such mail, or for the time spent accessing, reviewing, and discarding such mail, or for both. The receipt of a large number of unwanted messages also decreases the convenience of the electronic mail and creates a risk that anted electronic mail messages, both commercial and noncommercial, will be lost, overlooked, or discarded amidst the larger volume of unwanted messages, thus reducing the reliability and usefulness of electronic mail to the recipient. Some commercial electronic mail contains material that many recipients may consider vulgar or pornographic in nature.The growth in unsolicited commercial electronic mail imposes significant monetary costs on providers of Internet access services, businesses, and educational and nonprofit institutions that carry and receives such mail, as there is a finite volume of mail that such providers, businesses, and institutions can handle without further investment in infrastructure. Many senders of unsolicited commercial electronic mail purposefully disguise the source of such mail.Many senders of unsolicited commercial electronic mail purposefully include misleading information in the messages? subject lines in order to induce the recipients to view the messages. While some senders of commercial electronic mailmessages provide simple and reliable ways for recipients to reject (or …opt-out?of) receipt of commercial electronic mail from such senders in the future, other senders provide no such …opt-out? mechanism, or refuse to honor the requests of recipients not to receive electronic mail from suchsenders in the future, or both.Many senders of bulks unsolicited commercial electronic mail use computer programs to gather large numbers of electronic mail addresses on an automated basis from Internet websites or online services where users must post their addresses in order to make full use of the website or service.The problems associated with the rapid growth and abuse of unsolicited commercial electronic mail cannot be solved by the government alone. The development and adoption of technological approaches and the pursuit of cooperative efforts with other countries will be necessary as well.91. According to the passage, efficiency of e-mail is threatened by___.A. heavy e-mail trafficB. fraudulent e-mail messagesC. large volume of messagesD. increasing amount of unwanted e-mail92. Which of the following is NOT true about unwanted e-mail?A. It costs money to receive them.B. It?s free to store them.C. It takes time to access them.D. It takes time to throw them away.93. Unwanted e-mail may___.A. cause companies to fail in businessB. cause wanted e-mail messages to loseC. damage the credit of a companyD. do good to a small company94. “Pornographic” in Paragraph 3 probably means___.A. decentB. instructionalC. sexualD. commercial95. What does unwanted e-mail messages do to the providers of the Internet services?A. Raising their costB. Raising the Internet speedC. Improving their businessD. Attracting investment96. “Disguise” in Paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to___.A. revealB. hideC. deliverD. post97. The word “induce” in Paragraph 5 is closest in meaning to___.A. cheatB. introduceC. provideD. harm98. “Opt-out” mecha nism is probably___.A. a machine that can be attached to your computerB. a button that you can make a choice to read or not to readC. a software that you can play a computer gameD. an e-mail that says some good words to you99. It can be inferred from Paragraph 6 that bulk unsolicited commercial e-mail will probably spread___.A. harmful virusB. unpleasant newsC. advertisementsD. adult jokes100. The unwanted e-mail problem can be solved if___.A. the government takes actionB. a new technology is adoptedC . more people are aware of the problemD. joint efforts are made and new technology is usedSection3: cloze testInsurance is the sharing of ___ (1). Nearly everyone is exposed ___ (2) risk of some sort. Thehouse Owner, for example, knows that his ___ (3) can be damaged by fire; the ship owner knows that his Vessel may be lost at ea; the breadwinner knows that he may die by ___ (4) and ___ (5) his family in poverty. On the other hand, not every house is damaged by fire or every vessel lost at sea. If these persons each put a ___ (6) sum of money into a pool, there will be enough to ___ (7) the needs of few who do suffer ___ (8). In other words the losses of the few are met from the contributions of the ___(9). This is the basis of ___( 10). Those who pay the contributions are known as ___ (11) and thosewho administer the pool of the contributions as insurer.The ___ (12) for an insurance naturally depends on how the risk is to happen as suggested ___(13) past experience. If the companies fix their premiums too ___ (14), there will be more competitionin their branch of insurance and they may lose ___ (15). On。

考研英语阅读理解精读100篇（高分版）UNIT11

UNIT ELEVENTEXT ONE“WHANG—“WHANG—Boom Boom Boom——Boom Boom—cast delicacy to the winds.” Thus Ezra Pound in a letter to his —cast delicacy to the winds.” Thus Ezra Pound in a letter to his father, urging the old man to help promote his first published collection. It might have been the poet's manifesto.Pound is as divisive a figure today as he was in his own lifetime. For some he was the leading figure of the Modernist movement who redefined what poetry was and could be; and who, in his role as cultural impresario , gave vital impetus to the literary careers of T.S. Eliot, James Joyce and Wyndham Lewis, among others. But for many Pound remains a freak and an embarrassment, a clinical nutcase and vicious anti-Semite who churned out a lot of impenetrable tosh before losing the plot completely.During the second world war he broadcast pro-Fascist radio programmes from Italy and later avoided trial for treason at home only because he was declared insane. On his release from St Elizabeth's Hospital near Washington, DC, he returned to Italy (“America is a lunatic asylum ”), where he died in 1972 age ”), where he died in 1972 aged 87. d 87.David Moody David Moody, , emeritus professor of English at Y ork University University, , makes a strong case for Pound's “generous energy” and the “disruptive, regenerative force of his genius”. His approach (unlike Pound's) is uncontroversial. He follows the poet's progress chronologically from his childhood in Idaho progress chronologically from his childhood in Idaho——still, at the time of his birth in 1885, part of the wild west 1885, part of the wild west——to his conquest of literary London between 1908 and 1920. He marshals Pound's staggering output of poetry poetry, , prose and correspondence to excellent effect, and offers clear, perceptive commentary on it. He helps us to see poems, such as this famous, peculiarly haunting 19-syllable haiku, in a new light:The apparition of these faces in the crowd: Petals on a wet, black bough.That Mr Moody is constantly being upstaged by the subject of his study is not surprising. Pound was one of the most colourful artistic figures in a period full of them.According to Ford Madox Ford, who became a good friend of Pound's shortly after the bumptious young American arriv arrived ed in London: “Ezra would approach with the step of a dancer, making passes with a cane at an imaginary opponent. He would wear trousers made of green billiard cloth, a pink coat, a blue shirt, a tie hand-painted by a Japanese friend, an immense sombrero , a flaming beard cut to a point and a single large blue earring.” W.B. Y eats's simple assessment was that: “There is no younger generation of poets. E.P. is a solitary volcano.”A great merit of Mr Moody's approach is the space he gives to Pound's writings. It is love-it-or-hate-love-it-or-hate-it stuff, but, either way, undeniably fascinating. “All good art is realism of one kind it stuff, but, either way, undeniably fascinating. “All good art is realism of one kind or another,” Pound said. Reconciling that tidy statement with practically any of his poems is hard work but, as Mr Moody shows over and over again, hard work that offers huge rewards. His first volume ends in 1920, with Pound quitting London in a huff, finally fed up up——after more than adecade of doing everything in his power to rattle the intellectual establishment establishment—with —with “British insensitivity to, an insensitivity to, and irritation with, mental agility d irritation with, mental agility in any and every form”. His disgraceful radio programmes and the full blooming of his loopiness lie ahead. So, too, do most of his exquisite Cantos.1. Pound was a divisive figurebecause_____[A] he brought both positive andnegative effect to the development of the Modernist movement. [B] he was both a poet and a person withmental problem. [C] he was politically a racist while hewas also pro-Fascist. [D] he was a man of complex andunintelligible personality. 2. When Pound was released from hospital, he returned to Italy because_____[A] Italy was his hometown. [B] he was persecuted by Americans. [C] he disliked America. [D] he was out of his mind.3. Which one of the following statements is NOT true of David Moody‟s Moody‟s study on study on Pound?[A] His literary approach is unlike that of Pound‟s, being less contradictory . [B] [B] He He focuses on Pound‟s Pound‟s poetry poetry itselfinstead of his personality, attempting to keep objective[C] [C] He traces the poet‟s life in time order He traces the poet‟s life in time order to study Pound‟s ac to study Pound‟s achievement. hievement.[D] His study offers a fresh sight of Pound…s work4．From From Keats‟s simple assessment, it Keats‟s simple assessment, it can be inferred that_____[A] Pound was of exploding power in his literary creation.[B] Pound [B] Pound‟s achievement could hardly ‟s achievement could hardly be reached by later poets. [C] Pou [C] Pound‟s excellence was nd‟s excellence was unsurpassable in his time.[D] It would take a long time forPound‟s generation to fully understand him.5. The word 5. The word ““rattle rattle””(Line 6, Paragraph 7) most probably means _____ [A] set up. [B] destroy [B] destroy. . [C] struggle. [D] disturb.文章剖析：文章剖析：这篇文章主要介绍了Pound 的两个不同侧面。

AIDS

How can they choose?
Finally
I belive To live is better than to die….
First:doing manual labor (体力活)
When the HIV infected have earning capacities, perhaps farming is their main choice.
Their Living conditions:
Can wait……
Their Living conditions:
wait……
Their Living conditions:
To die.
Their Living conditions:
But how about the kids?
Their Living conditiention
By：211 dormitory
Their Living conditions:
HIV in China
Place :
Wenlou in Henan (河南文楼艾滋病村)
Sometimes,the life is peaceful. But it’s not true.
Second: selling blood
In China, there are many underground illegal blood stations where the HIV infected sale their blood for a living.
Second: selling blood
This is a matter of dignity sale, but if they don’t go to dead end, why they want to sale their dignity(尊严)?

自由之心无界的英语作文

The heart of freedom knows no bounds,and this concept is beautifully encapsulated in the English essay that follows.In the pursuit of freedom,the human spirit is boundless.It is a journey that transcends physical barriers,societal norms,and even the limitations of our own minds.The essay explores the essence of freedom,delving into its various dimensions and the profound impact it has on the human experience.The essay begins by examining the philosophical underpinnings of freedom.It discusses the works of great thinkers such as John Stuart Mill and JeanJacques Rousseau,who have contributed to our understanding of the ls harm principle and Rousseaus social contract theory are highlighted,showing how these ideas have shaped our perception of individual liberty and collective responsibility.Moving beyond theory,the essay then delves into the practical aspects of freedom.It discusses the importance of free speech,the right to privacy,and the freedom of movement.The essay argues that these rights are fundamental to a democratic society and are essential for the flourishing of human creativity and innovation.The essay also explores the psychological aspects of freedom.It discusses the concept of cognitive liberty,which refers to the freedom of an individual to control their own thoughts,beliefs,and emotions.The essay argues that cognitive liberty is crucial for personal growth and selfactualization,as it allows individuals to explore their own identities and make meaningful choices in their lives.Furthermore,the essay touches upon the cultural and artistic expressions of freedom.It highlights the role of art,literature,and music in challenging oppressive systems and promoting social change.The essay cites examples of works by artists such as Pablo Picasso,George Orwell,and Bob Dylan,who have used their creative talents to advocate for freedom and social justice.The essay also acknowledges the challenges and complexities associated with the pursuit of freedom.It discusses the potential for freedom to be misused or abused,leading to chaos and conflict.The essay emphasizes the importance of balancing individual liberty with social responsibility,and the need for a collective commitment to upholding the values of freedom and justice.In conclusion,the essay reaffirms the boundless nature of the heart of freedom.It argues that freedom is not just a political or legal concept,but a deeply human aspiration that drives us to seek knowledge,express ourselves,and pursue our dreams.The essayencourages readers to embrace the spirit of freedom in their own lives,and to work towards creating a world where freedom can truly flourish.In essence,the essay is a celebration of the human spirits boundless quest for freedom.It provides a comprehensive exploration of the concept,drawing from philosophy, psychology,culture,and art to present a rich and nuanced understanding of freedom.By doing so,it inspires readers to reflect on their own values and aspirations,and to consider the role they can play in advancing the cause of freedom in their own lives and in society at large.。

希腊古瓮颂翻译及简要赏析希腊古瓮颂修辞赏析

希腊古瓮颂翻译及简要赏析希腊古瓮颂修辞赏析希腊古瓮颂你委身“寂静”的、完美的处子，受过了“沉默”和“悠久”的抚育，呵，田园的史家，你竟能铺叙一个如花的故事，比诗还瑰丽：在你的形体上，岂非缭绕着古老的传说，以绿叶为其边缘，讲着人，或神，敦陂或阿卡狄？呵，是怎样的人，或神！在乐舞前多热烈的追求！少女怎样地逃躲！怎样的风笛和鼓铙！怎样的狂喜！听见的乐声虽好，但若听不见却更和美，所以，吹吧，柔情的风笛；不是奏给耳朵听，而是更甜，它给灵魂奏出无声的乐曲；树下的美少年呵，你无法中断你的歌，那树木也落不了叶子；卤莽的恋人，你永远，永远吻不上，虽然够接近了——但不必心酸；她不会老，虽然你不能如愿以偿，你将永远爱下去，她也永远秀丽！呵，幸福的树木！你的枝叶不会剥落，从不曾离开春天，幸福的吹笛人也绝不停歇，他的歌曲永远是那么新鲜；呵，更为幸福的、幸福的爱！永远热烈，正等待情人宴飨，永远热情的心跳，永远年轻；幸福的是这一切超凡的情态：它不会而使心灵餍足和悲伤，没有炽热的头脑，焦渴的嘴唇。

这些人是谁呵，都去赴祭祀？这作牺牲的小牛，对天鸣叫，你要牵它到哪儿，神秘的祭司？花环缀满着它光滑的身腰。

主要是从哪个傍河傍海的小镇，或哪个静静的堡寨的山村，来了这些人，在这敬神的清早？呵，小镇，你的街道永远恬静；再也不可能将回来一个灵魂告诉人你何以是怎么寂寥。

哦，希腊的形状！唯美的观照上面缀有石雕的男人和女人，还有林木，和践踏过的青草；沉默的形体呵，你象是“永恒”使人超越思想：呵，冰冷的牧歌！等暮年使这一世代都凋落，只有你如旧；在另外的一些深沉中，你会抚慰后人说：“美即是真，真即是美，”这就包括你们所知道、和该知道的一切。

(查良铮译，选自《济慈诗选》，人民文学出版社，1958年)一个古瓮会给我们带来什么呢？造型的浪漫和雕饰的华美？一般来说只有这些。

但是，在英国大点诗人济慈（1795年---1821年）眼里可就不一样了，竟然铺叙出一篇华美的乐章——《希腊古瓮颂》。

霍乱时期的爱情Love in the Time of Cholera

• Compared with the other works of the writer, this novel can best show Marquez's "decadent of magic". He used “love”as the theme which was written by countless writers.Particularly surprising is that he decisively gave up the "magic reality", but used the European novels’ traditional wording of nineteenth century.
• Representation
Gabriel Garcí a Márquez (March 6, 1927 - April 17, 2014)
: "Hundred Years of Solitude" (1967) "Love during the Cholera" (1985).
About the Book
Main Characters
• Florentino Ariza • He is a illegitimate child and is very poor. He is a passionate poet , an experienced lover , a dutiful son , an incompetent boss. •Fairmina Dasa •Fairmina Dasa is the heroine of the novel. Her beauty is no need to say .Her personality is flesh and blood. She is a contradictory body, tradition and rebellion, rationality and romance .

海底一艘沉船的英文作文

海底一艘沉船的英文作文英文回答：Deep beneath the cerulean waves, where sunlight surrenders to darkness, lies a sunken vessel, a relic of a bygone era. Its once-proud hull, now encrusted with marine life, has become a haunt for enigmatic creatures of the deep.The ship's identity remains shrouded in mystery, its secrets swallowed by the unforgiving sea. Was it a merchant vessel laden with exotic goods, or a warship that met its fate in battle? Perhaps it was an intrepid explorer, venturing into uncharted waters in search of new frontiers. Whatever its purpose, the ship's final resting place is a testament to the indomitable spirit of those who sailed before us.Time has taken its toll on the vessel, its wooden structure slowly being consumed by the relentless tide. Yet,amidst the decay, there lies a haunting beauty, a silent symphony of nature reclaiming what once belonged to man. Marine life has made the wreck its home, creating a vibrant ecosystem that teems with life.Schools of silvery fish dart and gleam through the shadowy interior, their scales shimmering like a thousand tiny mirrors. Sponges, anemones, and other colorful invertebrates cling to the ship's hull, adding splashes of color to the otherwise somber surroundings. Curious crustaceans scuttle across the deck, their antennae twitching with anticipation.The wreck has also become a refuge for larger marine creatures. Giant squid hide within its shadowy depths,their tentacles reaching out to ensnare unsuspecting prey. Curious sharks circle the vessel, their sleek bodies casting ominous silhouettes against the dim light. And occasionally, a majestic whale glides past, its mournful song echoing through the water.For the adventurous diver, exploring the sunken wreckis a thrilling experience. It is a journey into a hidden world, where the past and present intertwine in an enchanting dance. As they navigate the ship's labyrinthine corridors, divers can almost hear the echoes of those who once sailed these waters. They can imagine the laughter and camaraderie of the crew, the tension and excitement of battle, and the silent solitude of a solitary voyage.中文回答：在湛蓝的海浪深处，阳光向黑暗投降的地方，坐落着一艘沉船，这是过去时代的一个遗迹。

莫泊桑的生平简介和主要作品英语作文

莫泊桑的生平简介和主要作品英语作文全文共6篇示例，供读者参考篇1Guy de Maupassant: The Master StorytellerGuy de Maupassant was a famous French writer who lived from 1850 to 1893. He is considered one of the greatest short story writers of all time. Maupassant came from a noble family in Normandy, which is a region in northern France. Even though he was born into a wealthy family, his life was not always easy.Maupassant's parents separated when he was 11 years old, which was very hard for him. He had a difficult relationship with his mother, who was overbearing and controlling. However, Maupassant loved his mother deeply and her strict parenting had a big influence on his writing style later in life.As a young man, Maupassant moved to Paris to attend university. However, he didn't finish his degree because in 1870 the Franco-Prussian War broke out between France and Germany. Maupassant served in the French army during this conflict. The brutal realities of war deeply affected the sensitive young man.After the war ended, Maupassant tried out several different careers, including working at the French Navy and at the Ministry of Public Instruction. But his true passion was always writing. In 1880, at age 30, he published his first short story in a popular Paris newspaper. This launched his incredibly successful career as an author.Over the next 13 years until his tragic death, Maupassant wrote over 300 short stories, six novels, three travel books, and one volume of verse. His stories are admired for their clever plots, attention to detail, and unsentimental views of human nature. Many of his tales have surprising twists at the end that make you see the篇2Guy de Maupassant: The Master StorytellerHave you ever read a really good story that made you feel like you were right there, living through all the exciting adventures and drama? The French writer Guy de Maupassant was a master at telling stories that draw you in and feel completely real. Let me tell you about his fascinating life and some of his most famous tales.Maupassant was born in 1850 in the region of Normandy in northern France. As a young boy, he loved exploring the Norman countryside and listening to the locals spin amusing yarns. His mother came from a family of well-off entrepreneurs, while his father was from an aristocratic lineage that could be traced back hundreds of years. Though his parents separated when he was 11, Guy had a relatively happy childhood, spending time at the countryside estates of his mom and dad.As Guy grew up, he discovered he had a real knack for writing compelling stories, just like the ones the rustic Norman peasants used to tell him as a kid. He moved to Paris as a young man to attend university and pursue his passion for literature. To support himself, he took a job as a clerk in a government ministry office. But he spent his free time furiously writing short stories and novels.Maupassant's big break came when he met one of France's most revered writers of the time, Gustav Flaubert, who was impressed by the young man's raw talent. Flaubert took Maupassant under his wing and helped him get his first major work, a short story collection, published in 1880 when Maupassant was 30 years old. The book was a smash hit! Readers were blown away by how vividly Maupassant depicted life inprovincial French towns and brought even the most ordinary characters to life.Over the next decade, Maupassant wrote over 300 short stories, six novels, three travel books, and a volume of poetry. Two of his most acclaimed novels were Pierre and Jean in 1888 and Bel-Ami in 1885. Pierre and Jean is a poignant tale about two brothers from a wealthy Norman family whose relationships are thrown into turmoil over an inheritance. Bel-Ami is a brilliant satire that follows an unscrupulous social climber who uses his powers of seduction to ruthlessly pursue wealth and status in corrupt Parisian high society circles.But Maupassant's biggest claim to fame were his wonderful short stories. He was a master at this form of writing, using precise and descriptive language to instantly transport readers into his gritty, often humorously ironic fictional worlds. What made his stories truly unique was how he peeked unflinchingly into the darker, less savory aspects of the human condition like greed, cruelty, and delusion. Yet he did so in nuanced ways that weren't overly bleak or cynical.Some of Maupassant's most iconic tales include "The Necklace," where a vain middle-class woman's desperate attempt to appear wealthy at a high-society party leads to yearsof crushing poverty and slaved labor. In "Boule de Suif" ("Ball of Fat"), set during the Franco-Prussian War, a greedy and selfish woman's refusal to accommodate Prussian officers leads her fellow refugees to turn on her in disturbing ways. The twist endings and psychological insights in stories like these made them instant classics.Sadly, Maupassant's brilliant literary career was cut short when he began showing signs of mental illness in his early 40s, most likely brought on by a treatment of that time that involved injecting him with hallucinogenic drugs. He spent the final year and a half of his life in and out of asylums, dying in 1893 at the tragically young age of 42.But through his penetrating and psychologically nuanced stories and novels, Guy de Maupassant's literary genius lives on. His tales open up portals into 19th century French society while also shining a brutally honest light on the darkest crevices of human nature itself. Yet his skilled writing makes even the most flawed and cringeworthy characters feel real, compelling, and sometimes even ironically humorous.So the next time you need a break from video games or Netflix, I recommend picking up a volume of Maupassant's timeless stories. You'll be instantly transported to vividlyrendered worlds where dishonest souls, bourgeois hypocrites, and miserly misers encounter unexpected plot twists that will keep you guessing until the very last page. The Master Storyteller is guaranteed to leave you transfixed!篇3Guy de Maupassant: The Master StorytellerGuy de Maupassant was a famous French writer who lived from 1850 to 1893. He is considered one of the greatest short story writers of all time. Maupassant came from a wealthy family in Normandy, France. Even as a young boy, he loved reading books and making up stories.Early LifeMaupassant had a tough childhood. His parents separated when he was 11 years old. After that, he moved around a lot, living with his mother and also other relatives. Despite the difficulties, he was a bright student. He attended a catholic seminary school for a few years before moving to study in Rouen.At age 20, Maupassant had to join the French army and fight in the Franco-Prussian War. This had a big impact on the youngwriter. The violence and hardships of war greatly affected him. After leaving the army, Maupassant moved to Paris to become a writer.Career as a WriterIn Paris, Maupassant started working for some famous French writers like Gustave Flaubert and Ivan Turgenev. They helped teach him the skills of writing fiction. In 1880, at age 30, Maupassant published his first short story in a newspaper. His first short story collection came out in 1883 and was a big success.Over the next ten years, Maupassant wrote over 300 short stories, six novels, and many travel books and articles. Some of his most famous short stories are "The Necklace," "Ball of Fat," and "The Piece of String." His writing style focused on realistic descriptions of daily life, especially for the middle and lower classes in France. Maupassant had a gift for exposing the weaknesses, prejudices and hypocrisies of human nature through his characters and plots.His most well-known novels are "Bel Ami," the story of an ambitious man's rise in Paris society through seduction, and "Pierre and Jean," about two very different brothers competingfor the approval of their parents. Maupassant's vivid storytelling made his books extremely popular during his lifetime.Personal Life and IllnessMaupassant never married, but he had many romantic relationships with different women. In his 30s, he started showing signs of mental illness and depression. Doctors now believe he likely suffered from syphilis, which caused neurological problems that worsened over time.By age 42, he had to be committed to a private asylum. Maupassant tried to commit suicide several times before finally passing away on July 6, 1893 at just 42 years old. His tragic mental deterioration and early death were greatly mourned by his fans and friends in the literary world.LegacyDespite his short life, Maupassant left behind an incredible body of work. He is considered one of the fathers of the modern short story. His direct, unsentimental writing style influenced many later authors. Maupassant's stories provide honest, unflinching portraits of 19th century French society.Nearly all students of French literature study Maupassant's essential short stories and novels. Over 100 years after his death,Maupassant's works remain wildly popular around the world. Next time you read a great short story, take a moment to thank the master storyteller, Guy de Maupassant!篇4The Marvelous Tales of Guy de MaupassantGuy de Maupassant was a famous French writer who lived from 1850 to 1893. He wrote lots of wonderful short stories that captured everyday life in vivid detail. Maupassant had a very interesting life and career that I'll tell you all about!Maupassant was born in Normandy, in northern France. His full name was Henri-René-Albert-Guy de Maupassant. As a young boy, he loved going on adventures outside and hearing the amusing tales told by his mother. This sparked his imagination and gave him a lifelong fondness for storytelling.After finishing school, Maupassant moved to Paris to become a writer. He started off writing poetry but found he much preferred telling stories in prose instead of verse. In 1880, at age 30, he published his first major work - a fantastic collection of short stories called "The Tallow Ball."The tales in this book displayed Maupassant's incredible talent for observing and recording the lives of ordinary people in precise detail. He brought their quirks, struggles, and humanity vividly to life through his poetic yet unsentimental writing style. Critics praised the book's realism and profound psychological insights.Over the next decade, Maupassant wrote prolifically, releasing numerous collections of captivating short stories. Some of his most famous ones include:"Boule de Suif" (1880) - A darkly comic tale about the upheaval of the Franco-Prussian War, following a rowdy group of passengers stranded in a stagecoach."The Necklace" (1884) - One of his best-known stories, a cruel irony about a vain woman who ruins her life over a borrowed diamond necklace."The Horla" (1887) - A pioneering horror story told from the perspective of a man who believes he is being tormented by an invisible supernatural creature.In his prime, Maupassant was incredibly prolific, sometimes writing a short story per week! His tales covered a wide range of subjects but often focused on the mundane lives of ordinaryFrench people. Through subtle observations and elegant yet accessible prose, he masterfully exposed the complexities of the human psyche.Maupassant also wrote six short novels, including "Bel-Ami" in 1885 about an unscrupulous social climber, and a volume of poetry. Many of his works reflected his own experiences moving between the peasantry of provincial France and the bourgeois society of Paris. They provided a frank and unromantic portrayal of the human condition.Sadly, in the late 1880s, Maupassant's mental health drastically declined due to tertiary syphilis attacking his brain. He exhibited signs of insanity and was admitted to a private asylum in Paris. Despite his illness, he continued feverishly writing thousands of pages of mad prose during his lucid moments.By early 1892 he had lost his mind completely, sometimes attempting to bite people or undress in public. On January 2, 1892, Maupassant tried to commit suicide by cutting his own throat but survived. Tragically, he spent the last 18 months of his life in an insane asylum, unable to ever write again. He died on July 6, 1893 at only 42 years old.Though Maupassant's life ended in misery, his body of work ensuring his status as one of the world's greatest short storywriters. He pioneered a realistic narrative technique that influenced authors like Chekhov, Henry James, and many others. Maupassant's stories remain beloved today for their timeless insights into human nature and the human condition.Some of his most famous and frequently studied tales include:"The Necklace" - A sobering commentary on vanity and the folly of living beyond one's means to maintain appearances."The Piece of String" - A darkly comedic depiction of how rumors and assumptions can spiral out of control to destroy an innocent man."The Horla" - An early forerunner of horror fiction that disturbingly personifies anxiety and the dread of the unknown.So those are the highlights of Guy de Maupassant's life and acclaimed short stories! Despite his tragic decline into madness, his brilliant literary works forever cemented his reputation as a master storyteller. Whenever you read one of Maupassant's vivid slices of life, you'll understand why he was one of France's most beloved and influential writers of all time.篇5Guy de Maupassant: The Master of the Short StoryHave you ever heard of Guy de Maupassant? He was a famous French writer who lived a long time ago, from 1850 to 1893. Maupassant wrote some of the most interesting and exciting short stories ever written!Let me tell you a bit about his life. Guy de Maupassant was born in Normandy, which is a beautiful region in the north of France. His parents were quite well-off, and he had a comfortable childhood. As a young man, Maupassant went to study in a seminary, which is a school for people training to become priests. But he soon realized that the religious life wasn't for him.Instead, Maupassant decided to become a writer. He moved to Paris, which was the cultural capital of France at the time. In Paris, he met many other famous writers and artists. One of his closest friends was another great writer named Gustave Flaubert. Flaubert gave Maupassant lots of advice and encouragement about his writing.Maupassant's first major success as a writer came in 1880, when he published a collection of short stories called "The House of Madame Tellier." These stories were set in Normandy, where Maupassant had grown up. They described the lives of ordinary people in a very realistic and honest way.After that, Maupassant became incredibly popular and successful. He wrote hundreds of short stories, as well as six novels and three travel books. Some of his most famous short stories include "The Necklace," "The Piece of String," and "Boule de Suif."Maupassant's stories are special because they are sowell-written and so true to life. He was a master at describing people's feelings and motivations. His characters always felt very real and relatable, even if they were sometimes flawed or made poor choices.Sadly, Maupassant's life and career were cut short by illness. In his final years, he suffered from a terrible disease called syphilis, which affected his mind and body. He spent his last days in an asylum for the mentally ill. Guy de Maupassant died in 1893 at the young age of 43.Although his life ended in tragedy, Maupassant left behind an amazing legacy as one of the greatest short story writers of all time. His tales continue to be read and enjoyed by millions of people around the world.Some of Maupassant's most famous works are:"The Necklace" - This is one of Maupassant's mostwell-known stories. It's about a vain, materialistic woman named Mathilde who loses an expensive diamond necklace that she had borrowed. She and her husband end up having to work for years to pay off the debt from replacing the necklace. Only at the end do they discover that the original necklace was just a cheap imitation!"The Piece of String" - In this story, a poor farmer in Normandy finds a piece of string on the ground. But the string is mistaken for a lost pocketbook, and the farmer is accused of stealing it. The story shows how easily an innocent person can be misjudged by others."Boule de Suif" - This novella is set during theFranco-Prussian War of the 1870s. It's about a group of French citizens traveling through enemy territory. One of them, awell-to-do woman nicknamed "Boule de Suif" (which means "ball of lard"), refuses to help the others by sleeping with a Prussian officer. In the end, she is cruelly mocked and disgraced by her fellow travelers."Bel-Ami" - This is one of Maupassant's six novels. It tells the story of Georges Duroy, an ambitious young man who uses his charm and the women he seduces to climb the social ladder inParis. The book gives a witty but critical portrait of the corrupt, materialistic society of 19th century France.Those are just a few examples of the brilliant tales created by the one and only Guy de Maupassant! With his talent for observation, his psychological insight, and his beautiful writing style, Maupassant truly deserves to be called the master of the short story form. His works continue to inspire writers and delight readers all over the world.篇6Guy de Maupassant: The Master StorytellerHave you ever heard of a writer named Guy de Maupassant? He was a famous French author who lived a long time ago, from 1850 to 1893. Maupassant is considered one of the greatest short story writers of all time! Let me tell you a bit about his life and some of his most beloved stories.Maupassant was born in Normandy, which is a beautiful region in northern France. His parents came from very different backgrounds. His father was from a wealthy family, but his mother came from a poorer family of tradesmen. Even though he had a complicated childhood, Maupassant loved to read and write from a very young age.When he was a teenager, Maupassant moved to Paris to attend school. He studied law for a little while, but he didn't really like it very much. What Maupassant was truly passionate about was writing stories and poems. He began his writing career as a clerk for the French government. However, he would use all his free time scribbling away, crafting wonderful tales.In 1880, Maupassant's first major work, a collection of short stories called "La Maison Tellier," was published. The book was a huge success! Pretty soon, everyone in Paris was talking about the fresh new voice of Guy de Maupassant. Over the next decade, he went on to publish hundreds of short stories along with six incredible novels.Maupassant's writing style was very unique and influential. He had a way of depicting ordinary people and everyday situations in an honest, unsentimental way. Many of his stories centered around the challenges and hypocrisies of French society during his era. Yet he could also craft suspenseful tales full of humor, surprise twists, and sometimes a touch of the supernatural too!Some of Maupassant's most famous short stories include "Boule de Suif," "The Necklace," and "The Horla." Let me tell you a bit about each one:"Boule de Suif" is considered Maupassant's first masterpiece. It's about a group of French citizens traveling through the countryside during the Franco-Prussian War in 1870. Among them is a well-off lady named Boule de Suif, who initially looks down on the other passengers. However, by the end of the journey, the social roles are completely reversed in an ironic turn of events.In "The Necklace," Maupassant crafts a cruel joke on human vanity. A middle-class woman named Mathilde borrows an expensive diamond necklace to wear to a fancy party. She ends up losing the necklace and goes into debt for years trying to pay it back. Only at the end does she discover the necklace was a cheap fake all along! It's a story that makes you think twice about caring too much about wealth and status.Finally, "The Horla" is one of Maupassant's most chilling tales. It's a strange story written from the perspective of a tormented man who believes he is being menaced by an invisible, supernatural presence he calls "The Horla." As the story goes on, the narrator seems to slowly lose his grip on reality. Till this day, no one is quite sure what "The Horla" was meant to represent!In addition to his short stories, Maupassant also wrote several acclaimed novels. Probably his most famous was"Bel-Ami," published in 1885. It's about a cunning young man named Georges Duroy who uses a combination of seduction and manipulation to rise through the ranks of Parisian high society. Many critics have analyzed "Bel-Ami" as a biting satire about the corrupting nature of ambition and the moral decay of the upper classes.Unfortunately, Maupassant's brilliant literary career was cut short by mental illness and disease. From a young age, he had always felt haunted by a fear of inheriting the insanity that plagued his brother. Maupassant's health steadily declined throughout the late 1880s, likely due to the effects of syphilis and years of alcoholism. By 1892, he was completely bedridden and had slipped into a permanent state of madness. He passed away the following year at the young age of 42.Despite his tragic end, Guy de Maupassant's literary legacy lives on over a century later. His short stories in particular are considered masterworks, beloved around the world for their emotional depth, attention to detail, and surprising twists. Maupassant has influenced countless writers who came after him. He almost single-handedly redefined what short fiction could be - compact tales that capture the grit and comedy of everyday life with profound insight.So if you've never read any Maupassant before, I encourage you to give his stories a try! They're funny, sad, creepy, ironic and above all, entertaining. Maupassant was a true master storyteller who could spin a yarn like few others. His concise yet descriptive writing style has an incredible ability to draw you right into the narrative. The next time you need a quick, satisfying read, don't be afraid to get "Maupassant-ed!"。

令我新奇的发现作文英语

令我新奇的发现作文英语Title: A Fascinating Discovery。

In the vast expanse of human curiosity and exploration, it is often the unexpected encounters that spark our imagination and drive us to delve deeper into the mysteries of the world around us. Recently, I stumbled upon a discovery that ignited my curiosity and opened the doors to a realm of new possibilities.The journey of discovery began with a seemingly mundane observation during a leisurely stroll through the countryside. As I meandered along the winding paths, my attention was drawn to a peculiar arrangement of rocks near a tranquil stream. At first glance, they appeared to bejust ordinary stones, weathered by time and the elements. However, upon closer inspection, I noticed something remarkable – intricate patterns etched into the surface of the rocks, reminiscent of ancient hieroglyphs.Intrigued by this unexpected find, I decided to investigate further. Armed with nothing but my curiosity and a sense of wonder, I began to explore the area, scouring every corner for clues that might shed light on the origin of these mysterious markings. As I delved deeper into the surrounding landscape, I stumbled upon more examples of these enigmatic symbols, scattered throughout the terrain like cryptic messages waiting to be deciphered.Each new discovery only fueled my fascination, prompting me to seek out answers to the countless questions swirling in my mind. What civilization could have created such intricate designs? What purpose did they serve? And perhaps most importantly, what secrets lay hidden within these ancient symbols?As I immersed myself in the study of these mysterious markings, I soon realized that I was not alone in my quest for understanding. Scholars and archaeologists from around the world were equally captivated by the discovery, eagerly offering their expertise and insights to unravel the mysteries of this ancient civilization.Together, we embarked on a journey of discovery,piecing together fragments of the past in an attempt to reconstruct the lost history of this enigmatic culture. Through painstaking analysis and meticulous research, we began to unravel the secrets encoded within the ancient symbols, uncovering a wealth of knowledge about the beliefs, customs, and way of life of a civilization long forgottenby history.But our journey was not without its challenges. Each step forward was met with new obstacles and unforeseen setbacks, testing our resolve and pushing the limits of our understanding. Yet, in the face of adversity, we persevered, driven by a shared passion for discovery and adetermination to unlock the mysteries of the past.In the end, our efforts were rewarded tenfold. Through the combined efforts of scholars, archaeologists, and enthusiasts alike, we were able to piece together a comprehensive picture of the ancient civilization that once thrived in this remote corner of the world. From theirintricate artwork and architectural marvels to their rich cultural traditions and religious beliefs, we gained valuable insights into the lives of a people who had long since faded into obscurity.In conclusion, the discovery of these ancient symbols not only sparked my curiosity but also opened the door to a world of new possibilities and endless opportunities for exploration. It serves as a reminder of the boundless wonders that await those who dare to venture beyond the familiar and embrace the unknown. And though the journey may be fraught with challenges and obstacles, the rewards of discovery are beyond measure, enriching our lives and expanding our understanding of the world in ways we never thought possible.。

AcupunctureforWeightLoss

Acupuncture for Weight Lossby Joey KomadaAcupuncture for Weight LossHow to Lose the Weight and Keep It Off with Oriental MedicineWeight loss comes under the topic of “Weight Control”, because we are concerned with the loss and MAINTENANCE of loss of weight. This is a multi-faceted problem, and a good program involves diet, exercise and stress reduction techniques. Chinese acupressure and digestive aid exercises are also useful tools in the battle with weight loss.Acupuncture is an ADJUNCT therapy. It is not a panacea or a wonder cure in the treatment of weight control. But, acupuncture is effective in making it easier to lose and maintain that loss if the patient is willing to change their lifestyle. The exact mechanism by which acupuncture works is unknown but we know that acupuncture needles inserted into specific points on the body and in the ear release endorphins which have a calming and relaxing effect that makes it easier to deal with stress, frustration and anxiety that can trigger overeating and bingeing on fattening foods. Also endorphins affect the digestive and hormonal systems so acupuncture can help rebalance the organ systems that are running too fast- or in this case too slow—i.e., the metabolism and the will power.The Acupuncture TreatmentIn order for the acupuncturist to choose the correct points for you, you must first come in for a consultation to discuss your particular pattern of overeating, and let the practitioner know in your intake form if there are any real digestive difficulties. Then the acupuncturist would check your pulse to discern the general state of your energy and measure the health of your stomach energy in particular, and then they would look at your tongue to check for cracks, peeling or puffiness on the stomach area, or a suspicious yellow or thick white coating that might indicate troublesome heat or coldness in the stomach and would provide some clues as to why the person was gaining weight.The Acupuncture PointsThen, armed with this information, the acupuncturist would devise a treatment protocol using a combination of ear and body points. Although the Chinese developed the system of ear acupuncture a long time ago, as one of the various Microsystems of the body containing all the points relating to the major organs and body parts, a Frenchman by the name of Nogier, discovered many more points on the ear that pertain to Western medicine such as points called “Adrenal”, “Pituitary”, FSH, “Ovary”, “Thyroid”, etc.Many of the points from both systems that are important for weight loss treatments are:Mouth - for the impulsive eater who may also smoke a lot and talk a lotStomach - for the person who eats even after they're full or who's constantly nibblingHungry - for general appetite controlLung - for food addicts, and people who love chocolate, sweetsShenmen - a calming point, for the psychology overlay for anxiety, anger, frustration, insecurity Endocrine - for water retention that's responsible for some of the weight gainAdrenal and Ovary - if weight gain is due to menopause or P.M.S.Spleen - for sugar imbalances and hormonal disturbancesKidney - for water retention, and nervous system and hormonal imbalancesThyroid - for slow metabolismThe practitioner chooses two or more of these points for each treatment depending upon the patient's problem and personality profile regarding overeating.Next, body points would be selected.During the first few treatments, most likely the “Four Gate” points (LI 4, Liver3) would be used to circulate the energy throughout the body and calm the nervous system. Ren 12, the front collecting point of the stomach energy would be chosen for many treatments, as would Stomach 36, three inches distal to the eye of the knee that tonifies the energy and helps circulate oxygen and blood of the whole body and of the stomach in particular. Then, based on the diagnosis, the practitioner may add Stomach, 40, the master point for mucous, or Kidney 7 or 10 for edema or water retention.The acupuncturist may use electro stimulation on some of these points to increase the endorphin release and stimulate the metabolism. The needles would be kept in place for around thirty to forty-five minutes depending on how much support was needed for the patient, and after the needles are removed, ear tacs with adhesive on them are often placed in the same spots on the ear to continue the stimulation between treatments. The way it works is this: when the patient feels an urge to eat, s/he applies mild pressure to the point or rubs it back and forth for about 20 seconds. This type of acupressure stimulates the point, causes a mild endorphin release, relaxes the patient and helps them to regain their willpower or resolve about resisting the temptation to eat. The patient removes the tacs at home after three days and throws them away or takes them out sooner if there is any irritation or discomfort. It is a good idea to also remove oneself from the location, person or food that triggers the resistance to the diet or contributes to the breakdown of willpower. For example, one might want to stay away from the kitchen and refrigerator between meals.The Treatment PlanThe number of acupuncture treatments necessary depends on the patient's goals for losing weight, the speed at which they want to lose, and their commitment to keeping the weight off. If the overeating is severe, a treatment every day for the first five days is appropriate and can then taper off the second week to every other day and the third week to every three days. For the average patient who wants to lose between five to ten pounds, one treatment every three days or twice a week until they reach their goal is appropriate, and then a booster treatment once every two weeks is optimal. After a few booster treatments, the patient and practitioner will mutually decide when to terminate frequent treatments and then can aim to meet approximately four times a year at the change of seasons when energy levels are unstable and tonification and harmonizing of one's system is appropriate for everyone.Nutritional Counseling and Lifestyle ChangesAs was mentioned earlier, a good weight loss program includes nutritional counseling and exercise as well as a commitment to make permanent lifestyle changes. The acupuncturist can help with nutritional counseling and can discuss a diet regimen that the patient can live with and maintain for the long term. A diet that is high in fiber and low in fat, with moderate amounts of low-density carbohydrates and low-fat protein is usually the best choice to adopt. With this type of a diet program, the patient can avoid the pit-falls of yo-yo dieting or the tendency to lose weight and then regain it.Other important tools that can aid in weight loss are stress reduction techniques and a moderate exercise regimen. The acupuncturist can suggest various stress reduction methods that mayinclude breathing exercises, Tai Chi, yoga, meditation or biofeedback. And since the goal of a weight program is not only weight loss but the maintenance of that loss, an exercise program that the patient likes is the best one to choose. The patient could try starting a program that includes brisk walking three times a week for forty minutes. After a few weeks when stamina is increased, they could try walking five times a week. After that more aerobic exercise can be added such as the treadmill, stair climber or aerobics classes, cycling or whatever from of rigorous exercise the person enjoys and can maintain for the long term. It is a good idea to use free weights beginning with three pound weights and practicing just two to three sets of arm curls three times a week. Moderate weight training builds lean body mass and helps to reduce body fat as well as strengthen and build bone mass and reduce the risk of osteoporosis.Herbal Medicine and SupplementsNext a good individualized nutritional supplement program is important because everyone has a different metabolism and different needs for nutrients. It will include vitamins, minerals, herbs antioxidants, phytochemicals and nutraceuticals. These will support the diet program and balance the blood sugar to help give the body the strength, energy and defense it needs to maintain the healthy life style that s/he has begun.Many diet and appetite suppression products are available on the market and surprisingly there is a very effective and safe ancient Chinese formula for digestion that comes in a pleasant tasting chewable wafer form called BAO HE WAN. The ingredients are:Shan Zha (Fructus Crataegi) --promotes digestion of meat and fats; dissolves food accumulation Shen Qu (Medicated Leaven) -- digests alcohol, rice and vinegar and dissolves food accumulationLai Fu Zi (Semen Raphani) -- digests starch (wheat and breads)Ban Xia (Pinellia), Chen Pi (Tangerine Peel), and Fu Ling (Poria Cocos), -- resolve dampness and food accumulationsLian Qiao (Fructus Forsythiae) -- clears stomach heat that may result from accumulated food that dries up the digestive liquidsWhen this famous herbal formula is drunk as a tea, other herbs may be added if there is gas or abdominal distension such as cardamon or magnolia bark. Or if constipation is a problem a gentle laxative like Semen Pruni or Huo Ma Ren may be used. However an important concept of Chinese medicine is to diagnose properly and treat the patient with the correct herbs so as not to consume body fluids or disturb electrolyte balance. Food accumulation may be due to stomach deficiency so the practitioner may add other herbs such as Codonopsis to tonify the stomach energy so the food could descend properly through the digestive tract.Breathing and Abdominal ExcercisesWhile the patient is undergoing the behavior modification program and is successfully losing weight, it is a good idea to incorporate a set of deep breathing and abdominal exercises that utilize the acupuncture meridians or energy lines on the body to stimulate relaxation and digestion. If we practice deep abdominal breathing while lying down for a few minutes in the morning before we arise, we will not only take in more oxygen but will stimulate the stomach, spleen, kidney ,and reproductive energy lines that are all located on the center of the torso . Digestion will be improved and all those organs will function more effectively. We will also start the day with more energy and clarity.Another method of stimulating these same organs in the stomach region is the abdominal finger pressure massage that follows the direction of the large intestines. This massage may also be performed in bed in the morning and evening and will gently stimulate all the points on the centraltorso and will not only encourage proper digestion but will foster homeostasis or the harmonious balancing of the hormone and endocrine systems of the body.Pressure PointsLast but not least, three pressure points on the body may be stimulated daily for two minutes each that will promote the general health as well as aid digestion, elimination and relaxation. These points are: Large Intestines 4 (HEGU); Pericardium 6 (Neiguan); and Stomach 36 (Zusanli). The points should be pressed with strong continuous pressure for approximately two minutes each and may be said to comprise a self-healing treatment.While no guarantee may be given for acupuncture treatments for weight loss, the self-motivated patient who will take the time to practice most of the things outlined here will most likely be pleased with the results that s/he finds w ithin a reasonable amount of time.© Copyright 2003 Joey Komada. All Rights Reserved by the Author. Reprinted here with permission.Acupuncture and Oriental medicine is an art and a science that takes years to master. Look for an acupuncturist with experience in the treatment of weight loss/management.About the AuthorJoey Komada is a California licensed acupuncturist and herbalist and is nationally recognized as a board-certified Diplomat in acupuncture by the NCCAOM. She received her Bachelor's degree from Boston University in cultural anthropology and her Masters Degree in Oriental Medicine from Emperor's College in Santa Monica. Before beginning private practice in Torrance, California, in 1993, Joey completed a post-graduate internship in Acupuncture and Herbology in Beijing, China at the World Health Organization designated center for Traditional Medicine.Joey began her career in Oriental medicine as a patient. When she suffered a complication during her second pregnancy in Japan, her gynecologist recommended Chinese herbs to rectify the problem. The Eastern remedy not only helped, it inspired her to make a mid-life career change from teaching. Her decision to go into medicine was not entirely unexpected, however, as her father was a Family Practice M.D. and her mother a Registered Nurse. She has practiced alongside medical doctors since the inception of her practice, and believes that Oriental and Western medicine complement each other and that patients can receive treatment from both simultaneously without adverse effects.Joey lived abroad for fourteen years in Japan and the Middle East before coming to Los Angeles, and feels that this experience prepared her to embrace non-Western methods of healing as well as encourage a holistic understanding of the influences of body, mind, spirit, environment and tradition on one's health.。

What is complementary and alternative medicine

Bond University ePublications@bondLaw papers Faculty of Law 1-1-2005What is complementary and alternative medicine Michael WeirBond University , Michael_Weir@.auFollow this and additional works at:.au/law_pubsThis Book Chapter is brought to you by the Faculty of Law at ePublications@bond . It has been accepted for inclusion in Law papers by an authorized administrator of ePublications@bond. For more information, please contact Bond University's Repository Coordinator .Recommended CitationWeir, Michael, "What is complementary and alternative medicine" (2005).Law papers.Paper 65..au/law_pubs/65Chapter 1What is complementary and alternative medicine? IntroductionThis chapter provides a definition of CAM and OM and deals with the fundamental criteria at the basis of the CAM healing philosophy. The current usage of CAM and its philosophy sets the scene for the conflicts with OM discussed in later chapters.Definition of Western MedicineFor the purpose of the analysis in this thesis CAM needs to be defined. This task requires an understanding of the parameters of OM. As OM is so dominant in most western countries CAM is often, and arguably inappropriately, defined by its relationship to OM. OM, sometimes called western modern medicine, has been defined as ‘medical interventions which are widely taught in modern western medical schools or are generally available at U.S. hospitals, and that which is used by the majority of medical physicians in modern western industrialized countries.’3Its critics sometimes characterize OM as ‘allopathy.’ Allopathy is a system of healing that counteracts disease by using remedies that produce opposite results from those produced by3 Andries Kleynhans, ‘The Alternative and Complementary Health Care Perspective’ in Russell G Smith (ed), Health Care, Crime and Regulatory Control (1998) 97.the disease.4 ‘Allopathic medicine by definition combats, counteracts, and aggressively opposes specified disease entities.’5 This is a term deemed derisory by OM as it does not reflect the modern complexity and sophistication of OM6 and it is claimed may demonstrate bias by those that use this term.7 The emphasis upon the role of allopathy as the fundamental approach of orthodox medicine is less prominent in modern times.Orthodox medicine today designates itself as ‘scientific medicine’ to differentiate itself from CAM as well as justifying its predominance in society and in state medicine. At the beginning of the twentieth century the allopathic philosophy was the fundamental differentiation to homoeopathy, the most influential of CAM modalities in that period. Homeopathy relies on the opposed doctrine of similars that suggests that a healing response will occur if minute doses of a remedy are given containing a substance that will produce the same symptoms as the disease.8CAM - DefinitionThere are many terms used to describe the practice of medicine outside of the scope of western or orthodox medicine. Terms used to describe these modalities include‘complementary and alternative medicine’, ‘holistic medicine,’ ‘complementary medicine,’‘natural medicine,’‘traditional medicine,’‘holistic medicine,’‘natural therapies’ and ‘unorthodox medicine.’ It is difficult to categorize the varied practices and modalities of CAM under any particular term as they vary greatly in emphasis, philosophy, origin and4 J F Drane (ed), Encyclopedia of Bioethics vol 1-5 (1997) 135.5 Ibid 136.6 Paul Starr, The Social Transformation of American Medicine (1982) 98.7 J Crellin and F Ania, Professionalism and Ethics in Complementary and Alternative Medicine (2001) 11.8 Encyclopedia, above n 4, 136.therapeutic outlook.9 OM by comparison is much more homogeneous in outlook and underlying principles though OM exhibits differences in emphasis in sub-disciplines such as psychiatry and surgery. This homogeneity derives from its emphasis on the scientific practice of medicine. What is alternative or complementary from an OM perspective may be‘traditional’ or ‘mainstream’ for some ethno-cultural groups such as the use of traditional Chinese medicine by the Chinese community. A therapy may be complementary in one context, for example the use of acupuncture to deal with pain in conjunction with analgesic, and alternative in another, where acupuncture is used instead of physiotherapy for muscular pain.10In this thesis the term ‘complementary and alternative medicine’ (CAM) will be used. This is used as a general term for discussion and analysis. The term CAM is used in an attempt to incorporate the widest possible scope for the various modalities although it is acknowledged it perpetuates the tendency to define these therapies or models of healing from the perspective of orthodox medicine.11 Rather than positively identifying this group of therapies they are defined negatively as against their integration or otherwise with the dominant force in the health sector.129 British Medical Association, Complementary Medicine: New Approaches to Good Practice (1993) 7; Andrew Vickers, ‘Research Paradigms in Mainstream and Complementary Medicine’ in E. Ernst (ed), Complementary Medicine: An Objective Appraisal (1996) 7; K M Boozang, ‘Is the Alternative Medicine? Managed Care Apparently Thinks So’ (2000) 32 Connecticut Law Review 567, 574; Kleyhans, above n 3, 96-101.10 York University Centre for Health Studies, Complementary and Alternative Health Practices and Therapies – A Canadian Overview – Conceptual Package (1999) 1.11 Norman Gevitz, ‘Three Perspectives on Unorthodox Medicine’ in Other Healers:Unorthodox Medicine in America (1988) 2.Boozang above n 9, 572; Michael H Cohen, Complementary and Alternative Medicine: Legal Boundaries and Regulatory Perspectives (1998), (viii); Crellin and Ania, above n 7, 10.12 Canadian Overview, above n 10, 13.CAM has been defined as therapies not taught in US medical schools.13 The British Medical Association defined non-conventional therapies as ‘those forms of treatment which are not widely used by orthodox health-care professions, and the skills of which are not taught as part of the undergraduate curriculum of orthodox and paramedical health-care courses.’14 This definition is potentially very problematic for OM practitioners who might seek to integrate CAM into their practice. This type of definition could suggest that this practice is a deviation from conventional standards of care, making them potentially liable for negligence or professional disciplinary action.15This negative definition of CAM is increasingly less valid as many medical schools in Australia and overseas now incorporate CAM into their curriculum. This integration is easily overstated as CAM is most often not addressed as a separate compulsory subject but as a topic within a compulsory subject or in an elective.16 In one survey sixty four percent of USA medical schools surveyed offered 1 or more courses in CAM or these topics were covered in required courses. Twenty-eight of the medical schools surveyed (37%) offered 2 or more courses.17 A Working Party of the Australian Medical Council Accreditation Committee in 1998 ascertained that all twelve medical schools in Australia and New Zealand provide at least some training in CAM as part of their degree. One medical school sought advice of an13 Marc S Micozzi ,‘Characteristics of Complementary and Alternative Medicine’ in Marc S Micozzi (ed), Fundamentals of Complementary and Alternative Medicine (1996) 5; David M Eisenberg, ‘Advising Patients Who Seek Alternative Medical Therapies’ (1997) 127 Annals of Internal Medicine 61, 61.14 British Medical Association, above n 9, 7-8; WB Jonas, ‘Alternative Medicine-Learning from the Past, Examining the Present, Advancing to the Future’ (1998) 280 Journal of the American Medical Association 1616, 1616; Kleyhans, above n 3, 98-101.15 Michael H Cohen, Beyond Complementary Medicine: Legal and Ethical Perspectives on Health Care and Human Evolution (2000) 25.16 Canadian Overview, above n 10, 12; Australian Medical Council, AMC Discussion Paper:Undergraduate Medical Education and Unorthodox Medical Practice attachment 1.17 M.S.Wetzel, D.M Eisenberg and TJ Kaptchuk, ‘Courses Involving Complementary and Alternative Medicine at U.S. Medical Schools’ (1998) 280 Journal of the American Medical Association 784,787; Boozang, above n 9, 572-573.alternative medicine organization and one half planned to increase course offerings in this area.18The level of medical education in CAM is generally perfunctory and below the standard of many lay practitioners of CAM. This education is primarily aimed at a general understanding of CAM to assist students to appreciate what patients might be receiving from CAM practitioners, the indications and contraindications for these therapies, and how they might interact with OM.19 Despite the limited sophistication of OM education in CAM the increased interest in CAM by medical doctors is reflected in the expansion of publications and online resources on the scientific basis for CAM.20CAM is often called ‘alternative medicine’. This may aptly describe the clinical approach of some practitioners of modalities such as traditional Chinese medicine or homoeopathy. These modalities seek to provide an alternative to orthodox medicine as complete systems of healing not limited to a part of the body or a limited set of treatment options.21The term‘alternative medicine’ may appear to marginalize CAM as necessarily existing outside the mainstream health care sector.22 This term may also concern some regulators who might consider this term promotes the rejection of OM as an appropriate adjunct or treatment option for some maladies. Some registered modalities such as chiropractic, that is supported by substantial scientific evidence, may object to the label ‘alternative medicine’ or18 Australian Medical Council, above n 16 attachment 2.19 S Fulder, The Handbook of Alternative and Complementary Medicine (3rd ed, 1996) 18; Michael H Cohen, ‘Holistic Health Care: Including Alternative and Complementary Medicine In Insurance and Regulatory Schemes’ (1996) 38 Arizona Law Review 83, 105.20 John Weeks, ‘Major Trends in the Integration of Complementary and Alternative Medicine,’ in Nancy Faass (ed), Integrating Complementary Medicine into Health Systems (2001) 5 eg The Integrator; Alternative Medicine Alert/ahc_root_html/products/newletters/ama.html ; Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine; American Journal of Acupuncture.21 British Medical Association, above n 9, 7‘complementary medicine’. These practitioners may perceive their profession as part of orthodox medicine.23In the current political and social context the use of the term ‘alternative medicine’ does not reflect the views or approaches of all modalities or practitioners. Many practitioners would both accept the significant role of OM and acknowledge its dominance of the health sector. There is evidence to suggest that most people use CAM alongside OM.24 Alternative medicine may also not be an entirely satisfactory description as it merely describes a modality that is not orthodox medicine. In that sense that term does not perform a function.25The title given to CAM remains a political issue from the perspective of orthodox medicine as is demonstrated by the comments in the Australian Medical Council Discussion Paper on Undergraduate Medical Education and Unorthodox Medical Practice.26 In a footnote to the paper after defining orthodox, conventional or scientific medicine the paper states it intends to use the term ‘unorthodox medicine’ because the more commonly used collective terms‘alternative’ and ‘complementary’ are unsatisfactory.Their plain meanings are irreconcilable with one another since a therapy cannot both becomplementary and alternative at the same time. Moreover, these terms can be construed as endorsing such practices as equivalent (alternative) to scientific medicine or compatible(complementary) to it.2722 Richard A. Haigh, ‘Reconstructing Paradise: Canada’s Health Care System, Alternative Medicine and the Charter of Rights,’ (1999) 7 Health Law Journal 141, footnote 1, 142.23 John W Spencer, ‘Essential Issues in Complementary and Alternative Medicine’ in John W Spencer and JJ Jacobs (eds), Complementary/Alternative Medicine An Evidence Based Approach (1999) 5; Boozbank, above n 9, 575.24 Wayne B Jonas and Jeffrey S Levin, ‘Introduction: Models of Medicine and Healing’ in W B Jonas and JS Levin (eds), Essentials of Complementary and Alternative Medicine (1999) 4.25 Bridgit Dimond, The Legal Aspects of Complementary Therapy Practice: A Guide for Health Care Professionals (1998) 7.26 Above n 15.27 Ibid footnote 1.The term ‘complementary medicine’ suggests a modality may work in conjunction with or alongside orthodox medicine. This term would be apposite especially for modalities such as therapeutic massage that could readily be applied in conjunction with orthodox medical treatment. Some would view this label as inappropriate for homeopathy as its therapeutic philosophy is radically opposed to the allopathic approach to medicine and thereby in no way complementary.28 In recent years fears that medically qualified homoeopaths may limit the practice of homoeopathy for non-medically trained persons has led in the U.K. to a softening of this view and an acceptance of a complementary role for homoeopaths.29Other terms such as ‘natural medicine’ or ‘natural therapies’ may be appropriate terms in some contexts but some therapies such as herbal medicine involve the ingestion of herbs which may not be considered entirely natural. The term ‘natural therapies’ is commonly used by medical doctors with emphasis on the word ‘therapies’ to avoid any implications these modalities offer any broad based approach to medicine. This tendency is particularly marked when nurses discuss the use of CAM and confirms the subjugation of this profession to OM only now being addressed.30 The term ‘unorthodox medicine’ is a term that ignores the extent to which CAM is incorporated into orthodox medicine.31For modalities that originated many centuries ago such as Ayurvedic medicine, acupuncture and TCM the term ‘traditional medicine’ may be apt. This will not apply to most modalities.28 Haigh, above n 22, 142.29 Sarah Cant and Ursula Sharma, ‘Professionalization of complementary medicine in the United States’ (1996) 4 Complementary Therapies in Medicine, 166-67; Sarah Cant and Ursula Sharma, ‘The Reluctant Profession - Homoeopathy and the search of legitimacy’(1995) 9 Work Employment and Society 743, 755.30 Pauline McCabe, ‘Current and Potential Nursing Roles in Complementary Health Care’ in Complementary Therapies in Nursing From Vision to Practice (2001) 3.31 Walter Wardwell,‘Alternative Medicine in United States’ (1994) 38 Social Science and Medicine 1061, 1061.These traditional medicine modalities can comfortably fit within the term CAM in the modern context.The term ‘holistic medicine’ has been used to describe CAM. This description identifies the attempts by these modalities to deal with the healing process beyond the physical level. Most CAM practitioners will deal with spiritual, emotional and lifestyle issues in their dealings with a client. The term may not be apt to describe all modalities that may rely at least in part upon a biomedical approach and a ‘body as machine’ model.32It should be understood that the definition of CAM is fluid as society, legal structures and orthodox medicine develops and good quality scientific evidence of efficacy becomes available. This may lead to CAM becoming more integrated into the health sector whether as part of the therapies offered by medical doctors or by non-medically trained practitioners. What was alternative, complementary or unacceptable practice at one time may fit into another category at a later date.33 In recent times the medical profession has, from an evidence based perspective, stated that it disagrees with the designations OM and CAM as there are in fact only 2 forms of medicine – proven and unproven.34 If CAM is backed by good scientific evidence it is proven and acceptable practice for a medical doctor. As scientific evidence for CAM develops this statement may reflect reality, but currently the history of suspicion between CAM and OM makes it difficult for this approach to apply in practice.O’Connor suggests that it is difficult to properly categorize CAM as the category chosen tends to go beyond identification to suggest the validity or quality of the category compared 32 Joan Matthews and Julie Stone, Complementary Medicine and the Law (1996) 9-10.to orthodox or western medicine.35 This jaundiced view of categories of CAM creates an environment that does not permit a value free evaluation of CAM.36 This militates against successful integration and negotiation between OM and CAM.37Categorization of CAMAlthough the general term CAM is being employed it would be an error to suggest that CAM is a homogeneous whole. Modalities incorporate very different approaches to healing.38 The term CAM defines the therapies by their position outside of OM rather than by common philosophy.39 There are frequent attempts to categorize CAM using various criteria. This is a worthwhile exercise to illuminate both the connectedness and disparity of approaches by different CAM modalities.Cant and Sharma have identified five categories of CAM delineated by the historical periods during which they developed.40Modalities that developed prior to or at same time as modern biomedicine such as homoeopathy or western herbal medicine.Modalities that originated in the period of medical individualism in the late nineteenth century such as osteopathy and chiropractic.33 Spencer, above n 23, 5.34 Australian Medical Council, above n 16, 3.35 Bonnie Blair O’Connor, Healing Traditions: Alternative Medicine and the Health Professions (1995) 3.36 Ibid 4.37 Ibid.38 F Davidoff, ‘Weighing the Alternatives: Lessons from the Paradoxes of Alternative Medicine’ (1998) 129 Annals of Internal Medicine 1068, 1070.39 House of Lords Science and Technology Committee, Sixth Report Session 1999-2000 Complementary and Alternative Medicine Select Committee Report (21 November 2000) 2.13.40 Sarah Cant and Ursula Sharma, A New Medical Pluralism?: Alternative Medicine, doctors, patients and the state (1999) 5-7.Modalities derived from the health movements of central Europe in the nineteenth century such as naturopathy.Modalities imported or introduced to the West primarily in the early 1970’s such as acupuncture or traditional Chinese Medicine.Modalities that entered the West with immigrant groups such as Ayurveda medicine.The introduction of these modalities at different periods of history impacted on how OM responded to them. Each CAM modality challenged OM in different ways and at different stages of its development.There are many modalities that could claim the description of CAM. One source identified 60 modalities under this designation.41 One author proposed seven categories of CAM therapies based on their fundamental style of therapy:42therapies that are spiritually or philosophically grounded (this could include acupuncture; ayvuredic medicine; TCM; homoeopathy and naturopathy.) Most ofthese modalities could arguably be considered part of the next or other categories.Practitioners would likely argue that the healing effect of these therapies are morethan spiritually or philosophically based but based upon a direct impact on thephysical body.Dietary and herbal remedies. This category incorporates dietary supplements; herbal medicine; Bach flower remedies; macrobiotics; aspects of naturopathy; TCM andayvuredic medicine.Mind body control such as biofeedback; hypnosis and meditation.41 Ibid 52.42 Kathleen Boozang, ‘Is the Alternative Medicine? Managed Care Apparently Thinks so’ (2000) 32Alternative biological treatments including chelation therapy; colon detoxification therapies and oxygen therapies.Bodywork or manual manipulation including acupressure; Alexander technique;chiropractic; osteopathy; therapeutic massage including swedish massage; kahunamassage; Chinese massage; reflexology; rolfing; tai chi and yoga.Enhancing well being through the senses. Examples of these therapies are aromatherapy; dance therapy; music therapy and sound therapy.External energy forces such as faith healing; prayer; spirituality; shamanism; crystal healing.Pietroni has identified 5 categories of CAM based on their therapeutic function and completeness:43complete systems of healing such as TCM; osteopathy; chiropractic; homoeopathy and naturopathy. These modalities exhibit features such as a coherent explanation of disease and have diagnostic, investigative and therapeutic understanding which show some similarities with orthodox medicine.44 The British Medical Association hassome problems with this characterization preferring to designate them as discreteclinical disciplines. The BMA acknowledges that these modalities may have moreestablished foundations of training; criteria of competence and professional standards while exhibiting the greatest potential for harm.45 This may have importantimplications for regulatory issues relevant to these modalities. This category will beone primary focus of this thesis.diagnostic methods such as iridology; kinesiology and aura diagnosis. Practitioners of complete systems of healing often use these techniques. Naturopaths commonly use 43 Patrick Pietroni, The Greening of Medicine (1990) 180.iridology while some chiropractors use kinesiology to detect disease or imbalance in the body.therapeutic methods such as therapeutic massage; reflexology and aromatherapy. The primary focus of these methods is upon the therapeutic benefits of the practice withlittle emphasis on diagnosis of disease or pathology. Although not creating great risk to a client these methods require an clear understanding of contraindications and the necessity for referral to a medical practitioner or other professional in appropriatecases.self-help measures such as relaxation; yoga and tai chi.CAM – Common FeaturesAlthough these modalities are defined here as CAM they exhibit very different approaches to healing. Some argue categorizing the common features of CAM may caricature both OM and CAM while obscuring the extraordinary diversity of these approaches.46 OM sources sometimes consider CAM therapies exhibit no common principle.47 There are a number of features that could broadly be considered common to most CAM modalities. These features provide a basis of comparison with orthodox medicine.A belief in the interconnectedness of the mind and body48The cartesian view of the human body at the basis of OM by contrast supports a disconnection between the body mind and spirit.49 A CAM practitioner is more likely to pay44 Ibid.45 British Medical Association above n 9, 62.46 Canadian Overview, above n 10, 4.47 British Medical Association, above n 9, 7.attention to emotional; attitudinal and lifestyle issues in treating a patient in a way not common for OM. Attention to emotional; psychological and behavioural issues is fundamental to diagnosis in particular for homoeopathy and TCM.Individuality50For CAM the patient being treated is not viewed simply as an organism with a defined illness or disease but as a person with a special set of circumstances and factors at play.51 For example, if five patients complain of asthma a CAM practitioner may discern varying causes for this manifestation in that client. This may result in five different treatments for what may appear to be the same complaint.52 Based upon a purely biomedical diagnosis a medical doctor might suggest very similar treatment for those clients. This tendency will vary with the modality under consideration. In western herbal medicine the individual constitution may matter less while it might be a major factor in homoeopathy or TCM.A partnership or self-healing model 53Orthodox medicine has a decidedly authoritarian expert/ layperson therapeutic model. Thus the medical practitioner ‘does something to’ the client who is more or less an inert participant in the process. Patient autonomy is not the primary focus in the therapeutic relationship. Most CAM practitioners emphasize an active role for the patient in the therapeutic relationship.54 CAM practitioners will often use the term ‘client’ rather than ‘patient’ to indicate the more egalitarian therapeutic relationship that is encouraged. This tendency is especially marked in49 Stone and Matthews, above n 32, 7; A Mitchell and M Cormack, The Therapeutic Relationship in Complementary Health Care (1998) 5, 10-12.50 Stone and Matthews, ibid 13.51 Ibid.52 Ibid 13.53 Canadian Overview, above n 10, 1554 Heidi M Rian, ‘An Alternative Approach to Alternative Health Care’ (1983) 44 Ohio State Law Journal 185,the modalities that rely upon exercise regimes, changes in lifestyle and dietary requirements such as naturopathy, Feldenkrais or the Alexander Technique. For these modalities ‘respect for autonomy is not merely an abstract principle, but a therapeutic prerequisite.’55 CAM practitioners perceive that they are ‘facilitators of patient self healing in contrast with conventional medicine’s strongly physician-centered sense of responsibility, for both therapeutic success and failure.’56 This can engender a sense of self-control in the client and can mean that the patient not the practitioner will be assigned some blame if there is not a positive outcome from CAM treatment.Only nature heals 57To an extent that varies between modalities CAM relies on the idea that the role of a therapist is to encourage the individual’s self-healing properties and the harmonization of the energy flows in the body to promote healing and health.58 This approach is seen in the attempts to harmonize ‘chi’ in TCM and in attempts to stimulate the body’s inherent self-healing capability in naturopathy.59 Simon Mills described this approach as seeing illness as more‘soil than seed’.60 Kaptchuk and Eisenberg comment ‘Alternative medical therapies provide patients with the generous rhetorical embrace of a benevolent “nature”.’61 This return to nature is at the heart of many modalities and supports the naturopathic emphasis on natural food and the preference for botanical medicine as against its pharmaceutical equivalent. It should be stated that the malevolent effects of natural products such as herbal poisons and bacteria is not emphasised.6255 Matthews and Stone, above n 32, 656 Davidoff, above n 38, 1068.57 TJ Kaptchuk and DM Eisenberg, ‘The Persuasive Appeal of Alternative Medicine’ (1998) 129 Annals of Internal Medicine 1061-1065; Canadian Overview above n 10, 14.58 Mitchell and Cormack, above n 49, 5.59 Matthews and Stone, above n 32, 12.60 Simon Mills, The Essential Book of Herbal Medicine (1991) 8.61 Kaptchuk and Eisenberg, above n 57, 1061.Brief Description of ModalitiesA brief description of the history and fundamental features of the modalities the focus of this thesis will assist in understanding their role in health care.ChiropracticThis modality originated in the late 18th century and emphasizes manipulation of the human spine to produce health outcomes. A full discussion of the principles at the basis of this modality is found in chapter 3.OsteopathyThis is a healing system that derives from a similar historical period as chiropractic. Osteopathy has from its beginnings maintained it is a complete system of healing in direct competition with orthodox medicine.63 The founder of osteopathy was Andrew Still (1828-1917) who claimed to have had medical training. He practiced in an orthodox fashion until 1864 when three of his daughters died of spinal meningitis. Drawing from a number of unorthodox medical theories64 that were common in the mid 1800’s such as bone setting; magnetic healing; the health movement and apparently divine revelation; he developed a theory of health that relied on the idea of reestablishing the flow of energy throughout the body. Still considered that displacement of bones and obstruction of blood supply was the cause of disease.65 Restoring health was to be achieved by adjustment of osteopathic63 EC Webb, Report of the Committee of Inquiry into Chiropractic, Osteopathy, Homoeopathy and Naturopathy (April 1977) 26.64 Ibid 25.。

针灸演讲英语作文

针灸演讲英语作文Acupuncture, a practice rooted in the rich tapestry of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), has been a cornerstone of healing for over 2,500 years. This essay aims to delve into the history, principles, and modern applications of acupuncture, shedding light on how this ancient technique continues to influence healthcare today.Historical ContextOriginating from China, acupuncture was documented in the famous medical text "Huangdi Neijing," which dates back to the Western Han Dynasty. It was believed that the human body possessed a vital life force, or "Qi," flowing through channels known as meridians. By manipulating specific points along these meridians, practitioners could restore balance and promote healing.Theoretical FrameworkAcupuncture operates on the fundamental TCM principles of Yin and Yang, the Five Elements, and the flow of Qi. The human body is viewed as a microcosm of the universe, with health being a state of harmony between these forces. Acupuncturists use ultra-fine needles to stimulate points on the meridians, which are believed to regulate the flow of Qi and blood, thereby addressing a wide range of health issues.Techniques and PracticesModern acupuncture has evolved to integrate both ancient wisdom and contemporary medical understanding. The practice involves the insertion of sterile, single-use needles into specific points on the body. These points are selected based on the individual's condition and the desired therapeutic outcome. In addition to needle insertion, other techniques such as moxibustion (burning of the herb Artemisia vulgaris) and cupping (application of suction cups to the skin) are also employed.Clinical ApplicationsAcupuncture has been widely recognized for its effectiveness in treating chronic pain, headaches, and stress-related disorders. It is also used as an adjunct therapy for conditions like addiction, stroke rehabilitation, and chronic fatigue syndrome. The World Health Organization (WHO) has acknowledged acupuncture's utility in over 40 conditions, and it is increasingly being offered in integrative health settings.Scientific Inquiry and ChallengesWhile acupuncture enjoys widespread popularity, it also faces scrutiny from the scientific community. Skeptics question its efficacy beyond a placebo effect, and there is an ongoing debate regarding the biological mechanisms by which acupuncture operates. However, numerous clinical trials and systematic reviews suggest that acupuncture can have asignificant impact on certain health conditions.The Future of AcupunctureAs the world becomes more globalized and health-conscious, the demand for alternative and complementary therapies is on the rise. Acupuncture is poised to play a significant role in this paradigm shift, offering a holistic approach to wellness that resonates with many seeking non-invasive and natural healing methods. With continued research and education, acupuncture may well become an even more integral part of global healthcare.In conclusion, acupuncture stands as a testament to the enduring wisdom of TCM. Its ability to adapt and integrate into modern healthcare practices demonstrates the timeless relevance of ancient healing arts. As we continue to explore the intersections of science and tradition, acupuncture remains a fascinating subject of study and a valuable tool in the quest for optimal health and well-being.。

The Man in Asbestos课文分析

• I know there are health care reform ,but I don't if it is really useful for us . Therefore,I think maybe eliminate disease is a good thing. because there aren't many people stay in pain and can do noting.
• Excellent doctors and advanced medical equipments
• First ,I want to ask a question. • How do you feel about our hospitals ?How do you feel about the price of medicine?
Drug price are too expensive for some people to go to hospital.
And for some people ,especially the people in the westren region and old people . It is difficult for them to go to hospitals.
Disadvantages: Those meteorological disasters do
great harm to agriculture and people’s life. And it also causes some diseases. For example: The sandstorm can cause respiratory diseases(呼吸道疾病). Typhoon can bring some infectious diseases

DEARBOTH

DEARBOTHDEARBOTH: Unraveling the Essence of Artistic Expression in Modern SocietyIntroduction:DEARBOTH, a captivating and enigmatic title, encapsulates the notion of artistic expression that transcends time and space. In this document, we will embark on a journey to explore the essence of DEARBOTH in modern society, examining its significance, evolution, and impact.I. The Origin of DEARBOTH:DEARBOTH originated as a moniker for an anonymous artist, whose works began mysteriously appearing in public spaces around the world. These clandestine artworks, comprising abstract paintings, thought-provoking sculptures, and intricate murals, soon caught the attention of art enthusiasts and critics alike. Much speculation surrounded the true identity of DEARBOTH, adding an elusive and enigmatic aura to the artist's creations.II. The Significance of DEARBOTH:1. Challenging Conventional Art Forms:DEARBOTH's art pushes the boundaries of traditional artistic expression. The artist's unconventional use of mediums, unconventional techniques, and unique perspectives challenge viewers to think beyond the confines of tradition and explore new possibilities.2. Fostering Emotional Connection:DEARBOTH's creations evoke deep and varied emotional responses from viewers. Whether it be through surreal imagery, powerful symbolism, or intense color combinations, the artist's ability to connect with the audience on an emotional level is truly remarkable.3. Provoking Social and Political Discourse:DEARBOTH's work often delves into societal issues, sparking discussions on topics such as inequality, environmental degradation, and political unrest. The artist's thought-provoking pieces serve as catalysts for change, encouraging viewers to question the status quo and actively participate in shaping a more equitable and sustainable world.III. The Evolution of DEARBOTH:1. Transition from Street Art to Galleries:As DEARBOTH's popularity grew, the artist transitioned from illicit street art to showcasing work in galleries and art exhibitions. This evolution allowed a wider audience to experience the artist's creations firsthand, fostering a deeper appreciation for DEARBOTH's artistry and message.2. Collaboration with Other Artists:DEARBOTH's willingness to collaborate with fellow artists from various disciplines has resulted in groundbreaking and boundary-pushing projects. By blending different artistic styles and visions, these collaborations have given birth to awe-inspiring creations that continue to inspire both artists and audiences alike.3. Embrace of Digital Art:DEARBOTH has adapted to the digital age and embraced digital art as a medium of expression. Through the use of technology, DEARBOTH can reach and engage with a broader audience, transcending geographical limitations and traditional art spaces.IV. The Impact of DEARBOTH:1. Redefining the Perception of Art:DEARBOTH has challenged the notion of what constitutes \。