电路英文课件 (93)
电路基础第一章英文版chapter1PPT课件
6
Electric current i = dq/dt. The unit of current is the ampere (A),
and it can be derived as 1 A = 1C/s. • A direct current (dc) is a current that
remains constant with time. • An alternating current (ac) is a
Basic unit meter
kilogram second ampere kelvin
mole candela
Symbol m Kg s A K
mol cd
3
The derived units commonly used in electric circuit theory
Decimal multiples and submultiples of SI units 4
11
We should pay close attention to that the arrow is a fundamental part of the definition of the current! Thus, to talk about the value of a current i (t) without specifying the arrow is to discuss an undefined entity. For example, Fig. 1.3a is the proper definitive, whereas Fig. 1.3b apresentation of i(t) symbology.
三极管及三极管放大电路英文ppt课件
uBE
(a )
Effect on input characteristics
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半导体三极管2.1及.2 B其JT放的大特电性路
iC
200 A
IC ′
150 A
半导体三极管2.1及.2 B其JT放的大特电性路
2． The Output Characteristics(输出特性曲线)
iC / m A
饱和区
100
80
放
60
大
40
区
20
iB＝ 0A
0
2
4
6
8
截止区
(b)
Saturation region: b-e and b-c junctions are both forward-biased
2.4.2 The gain、input and output resistance of multistage amplifiers
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2.1 双极型三半极管导体2三.1.极1 B管JT及的其结构放和大符电号路
2.1 Bipolar Junction Transistor
2.1.1 The Structure and Symbol of BJT
2.2 Basic BJT Amplifiers
2.2.1 Amplification
Amplifier
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电路原理双语课件
The transfer function can be written as
The transfer function H(ω) of a circuit is the frequency-dependent ratio of a phasor output Y(ω) (an element voltage or current) to a phasor input X(ω) (source voltage or current). Thus,
Vo 1/ jωC 1 H (ω ) = = = Vs R + 1/ jωC 1 + jω RC
The magnitude and phase of H(ω) are
Amplitude response 幅频特性
ω H= , φ = − tan 2 ω0 1 + (ω / ω 0 )
1
−1
where ω0 = 1/RC. At ω = 0, H = 1 and φ = 0. At ω = ∞, H = 0, and φ = − 90°. Also, at ω = ω0, H = 1/ 2 and φ = − 45°.
14.1 INTRODUCTION
In our sinusoidal circuit analysis, we have learned how to find voltages and currents in a circuit with a constant frequency source. If we let the amplitude of the sinusoidal source remain constant and vary the frequency, we obtain the circuit’s frequency response. The frequency response of a circuit is the variation in its behavior with change in signal frequency. The sinusoidal steady-state frequency responses of circuits are of significance in many applications, especially in communications and control systems.
电路基础理论英文版课件第一章
Resistance is measured in ohms (Ω) using a ohmmeter.
Definition
Definition
Capacitance is the ability of a capacitor to store electrical energy. It is measured by the capacity of the capacitor to hold a charge.
详细描述
04
Analysis methods for circuits
单击此处添加正文，文字是您思想的提炼，为了最终呈现发布的良好效果，请尽量言简意赅的阐述观点；单击此处添加正文，文字是您思想的提炼，为了最终呈现发布的良好效果，请尽量言简意赅的阐述观点；单击此处添加正文，文字是您思想的提炼，为了最终呈现发布的良好效果，请尽量言简意赅的阐述观点；单击此处添加正文 10*16
A circuit that allows the flow of AC current, typically used in household and industrial applications.
பைடு நூலகம்
Definition of Circuit
Components
01
Circuit components include resistors, capacitors, inductors, diodes, transistors, and power sources. These components are connected to form a complete circuit.
contents
目 录
电路与电子技术课件(英文版)-第一章 电路的基本概念
Topics Covered
Week 1
Week 2
Monday Nov. 25, 2019
Tuesday Nov. 26, 2019
Friday Nov. 29, 2019
Monday Dec. 2, 2019
Tuesday Dec. 3, 2019
Friday Dec. 6, 2019
Fundamentals of Electric Circuits: Elements of electric circuits; Kirchhoff’s law; Voltage/Current divider laws; Series and parallel circuits
10
Alessandra Volta (1745 – 1827)
Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law(KVL)
▪ The voltage, or potential difference, btw two points in a circuit indicates the energy required to move charge from one point to the other.
13
Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law(KVL)
▪ The principle underlying KVL is that no energy is lost or created in an electric circuit; in circuit terms, the sum of all voltages associated with source must equal the sum of the load voltages, so that the net voltage around a closed circuit is _________?.
电路基础英文版CHAERppt课件
uC(2)
(6
)e
t 6 2
1.26e
t
6 2
V
t6
uC(V)
1.26
uC(1)
uC(2)
6
t(s)
2．Zero-State Response Of An RL Circuit
K
a iL
R a iL
t=0
+ Us
+
A
L iL(0)=0
uL
L uL
b
b
L
diL dt
RiL
the switch is opened, and it is closed 6s later.
Find uC fRo1r t >0.
Solution： 0<t<6s：
R1
iS K
+
R2 C uC
Fig.(a)
iS Fig.(b)
+
R2 C
uC(1)
1=R2C=6s
t
uC uC ()(1 e )
the zero-state, and the solution to
nonzero inputs for the circuit is known
1．Zeroa-sSttahtee zReersop-osntsaeteOfreAsnpoRnCse. (零状态响应)
Circuit K a iC
R a iC
steady-state response. (强制响应或稳
态响应)
iC
US
uC R
iC
US/R
电路基础英文教学
Materials that allow the flow of electricity, such as copper or aluminum wires
Devices used to control the flow of electricity in a circuit, turning it on or off
States that sum of currents entering a node ( junction) in a circuit is equal to the sum of currents leaving the node
Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL)
States that sum of voltage drops around any closed loop in a circuit is zero This law is based on conservation of energy and is essential for analyzing complex circuits
Power Law
Describe the relationship between power, voltage, and current in a circuit (P=IV) Power is measured in watts (W)
Kirchhoff's Laws
Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL)
Superposition Theorem
Introduction to Superposition Theory
Explain the basic concept and principles of the Superposition Theory
电路英文课件 (1)
− −
− +
υ(t )<0
(2) Reference directions for voltage
+
−
+
υ(t) > 0
−
−
+ −
7
(3) Reference conventions (惯例) for two-terminal elements (R, L, C or ... )
i(t)
i(t )
§1-1 Introduction
1 Circuit models（模型） （模型） The voltage source Two active（有源）models （有源） The current source The resistor The inductor The capacitor
Three passive(无Байду номын сангаас）models 无源） 无源
L
dϕ ( t ) υ( t ) = dt
ϕ ( t ) = ∫−∞υ( τ )dτ
−∞
t
3. Reference directions(参考方向 参考方向) 参考方向 (1) Reference directions for current
i(t) i(t) >0 i(t) <0
− −
+
υ(t)
7
(4) The reference for power
i (t )
+ υ( t ) −
p(t ) = υ (t )i(t )
p(t)>0 the power absorbed by the element. p(t)<0 the negative power absorbed by the element or it is actually generating power and delivering it to some external element.
电路(英文版)第一章ppt课件
② If use Non-Passive sign convention, the relation will be minus；
③Indicate the resistor have no memory,and symmetrical at two terminal。 i R
Ohm’s law
u
+
Practise Calculate the power of every part.
Solve
i iS 2A
+
5V u
u 5V
P A iS u 2 5 10 W 2
P V uS i 5 (2) 10 W 5
-
release release
P（发）＝P（吸）
2. Fuel Cell(燃料电池）
电池电动势1.23V。以氢、氧作为燃料。约40-45%的化学能 转变为电能。实验阶段加燃料可继续工作。
氢氧燃料电池示意图
3. Solar Cell (太阳能电池）
一块太阳能电池电动势0.6V。太阳光照射到P-N结上， 形成一个从N区流向P区的电流。约 11%的光能转变为电 能，故常用太阳能电池板。 一个50cm2太阳能电池的电动势0.6V,电流0.1A
u
iS
0 i
例
Direct Current
+
u
iS
R
u RiS
u0
( R 0)
Resitor
u ( R )
Current source can’t be opend！
返 回
上 页
下 页
Actual Current soruce： 可由稳流电子设备产生，如晶体管的集电极 电流与负载无关；光电池在一定光线照射下光电 子被激发产生一定值的电流等。
电路原理课件讲义英文版 Chapter_2汇总
The sum of the currents entering a node is equal to the sum of the currents leaving the node.
Case 2 (closed boundary)
Generalized: a node may be regarded as a closed surface shrunk to a point. Two dimension: a closed boundary is the same as a closed path.
In general
Potentiometer
Linear resistor: obey Ohm’s Law.
Slope R
Nonlinear resistor: does not obey Ohm’s Law.
Slope R
Conductance is the ability of an element to conduct
2.1 Introduction
To actually determine the values of these variables in a given circuit requires that we understand some fundamental laws that govern electric circuits. Basic Laws: Ohm’s Law Kirchhoff’s Law
KCL:
KCL states that the algebraic sum of currents entering a node (or a closed boundary) is zero.
常用电路英语
电压源voltage source电流源current source理想电压源ideal voltage source理想电流源ideal current source伏安特性volt-ampere characteristic 电动势electromotive force电压voltage电流current电位potential电位差potential difference欧姆Ohm伏特Volt安培Ampere瓦特Watt焦耳Joule电路circuit电路元件circuit element电阻resistance电阻器resistor电感inductance电感器inductor电容capacitance电容器capacitor电路模型circuit model参考方向reference direction参考电位reference potential欧姆定律Ohm’s law基尔霍夫定律Kirchhoff’s law基尔霍夫电压定律Kirchhoff’s voltage law（KVL）基尔霍夫电流定律Kirchhoff’s current law（KCL）结点node支路branch回路loop网孔mesh支路电流法branch current analysis 网孔电流法mesh current analysis结点电位法node voltage analysis电源变换source transformations叠加原理superposition theorem网络network无源二端网络passive two-terminal network 有源二端网络active two-terminal network戴维宁定理Thevenin’s theorem诺顿定理Norton’s theorem开路（断路）open circuit短路short circuit开路电压open-circuit voltage短路电流short-circuit current直流电路direct current circuit (dc) 交流电路alternating current circuit (ac)正弦交流电路sinusoidal a-c circuit平均值average value有效值effective value均方根值root-mean-squire value (rms)瞬时值instantaneous value电抗reactance感抗inductive reactance容抗capacitive reactance法拉Farad亨利Henry阻抗impedance复数阻抗complex impedance相位phase初相位initial phase相位差phase difference相位领先phase lead相位落后phase lag倒相，反相phase inversion频率frequency角频率angular frequency赫兹Hertz相量phasor相量图phasor diagram有功功率active power无功功率reactive power视在功率apparent power功率因数power factor功率因数补偿power-factor compensation串联谐振series resonance并联谐振parallel resonance谐振频率resonance frequency频率特性frequency characteristic幅频特性amplitude-frequency response characteristic相频特性phase-frequency response characteristic截止频率cutoff frequency品质因数quality factor通频带pass-band带宽bandwidth (BW)滤波器filter一阶滤波器first-order filter二阶滤波器second-order filter低通滤波器low-pass filter高通滤波器high-pass filter带通滤波器band-pass filter带阻滤波器band-stop filter转移函数transfer function波特图Bode diagram傅立叶级数Fourier series三相电路three-phase circuit三相电源three-phase source对称三相电源symmetrical three-phase source对称三相负载symmetrical three-phase load相电压phase voltage相电流phase current线电压line voltage线电流line current三相三线制three-phase three-wire system三相四线制three-phase four-wire system三相功率three-phase power星形连接star connection(Y-connection)三角形连接triangular connection(D- connection ,delta connection)中线neutral line暂态transient state稳态steady state暂态过程，暂态响应transient response换路定理low of switch 一阶电路first-order circuit三要素法three-factor method时间常数time constant积分电路integrating circuit微分电路differentiating circuit磁路与变压器磁场magnetic field磁通flux磁路magnetic circuit磁感应强度flux density磁通势magnetomotive force磁阻reluctance直流电动机dc motor交流电动机ac motor异步电动机asynchronous motor同步电动机synchronous motor三相异步电动机three-phase asynchronous motor单相异步电动机single-phase asynchronous motor旋转磁场rotating magnetic field定子stator转子rotor转差率slip起动电流starting current起动转矩starting torque额定电压rated voltage额定电流rated current额定功率rated power机械特性mechanical characteristic 按钮button熔断器fuse 开关switch行程开关travel switch继电器relay接触器contactor常开(动合)触点normally open contact常闭(动断)触点normally closed contact时间继电器time relay热继电器thermal overload relay中间继电器intermediate relay可编程控制器programmable logic controller语句表statement list梯形图ladder diagram本征半导体intrinsic semiconductor 掺杂半导体doped semiconductorP型半导体P-type semiconductorN型半导体N--type semiconductor 自由电子free electron空穴hole载流子carriersPN结PN junction扩散diffusion漂移drift二极管diode硅二极管silicon diode锗二极管germanium diode阳极anode阴极cathode发光二极管light-emitting diode (LED)光电二极管photodiode稳压二极管Zener diode晶体管（三极管）transistorPNP型晶体管PNP transistorNPN型晶体管NPN transistor发射极emitter集电极collector基极base电流放大系数current amplification coefficient场效应管field-effect transistor (FET) P沟道p-channelN沟道n-channel结型场效应管junction FET（JFET）金属氧化物半导体metal-oxide semiconductor (MOS)耗尽型MOS场效应管depletion mode MOSFET（D-MOSFET）增强型MOS场效应管enhancement mode MOSFET（E-MOSFET）源极source栅极grid漏极drain跨导transconductance夹断电压pinch-off voltage热敏电阻thermistor 开路open短路shorted放大器amplifier正向偏置forward bias反向偏置backward bias静态工作点quiescent point (Q-point) 等效电路equivalent circuit电压放大倍数voltage gain总的电压放大倍数overall voltage gain饱和saturation截止cut-off放大区amplifier region饱和区saturation region截止区cut-off region失真distortion饱和失真saturation distortion截止失真cut-off distortion零点漂移zero drift正反馈positive feedback负反馈negative feedback串联负反馈series negative feedback 并联负反馈parallel negative feedback共射极放大器common-emitter amplifier射极跟随器emitter-follower共源极放大器common-source amplifier共漏极放大器common-drain amplifier多级放大器multistage amplifier阻容耦合放大器resistance-capacitance coupled amplifier直接耦合放大器direct- coupled amplifier输入电阻input resistance输出电阻output resistance负载电阻load resistance动态电阻dynamic resistance负载电流load current旁路电容bypass capacitor耦合电容coupled capacitor直流通路direct current path交流通路alternating current path直流分量direct current component 交流分量alternating current component变阻器（电位器）rheostat电阻（器）resistor电阻（值）resistance电容（器）capacitor电容（量）capacitance电感（器，线圈）inductor电感（量），感应系数inductance正弦电压sinusoidal voltage差动放大器differential amplifier运算放大器operational amplifier(op-amp)失调电压offset voltage失调电流offset current共模信号common-mode signal差模信号different-mode signal共模抑制比common-mode rejection ratio (CMRR)积分电路integrator（circuit）微分电路differentiator（circuit）有源滤波器active filter低通滤波器low-pass filter高通滤波器high-pass filter带通滤波器band-pass filter带阻滤波器band-stop filter波特沃斯滤波器Butterworth filter切比雪夫滤波器Chebyshev filter贝塞尔滤波器Bessel filter截止频率cut-off frequency上限截止频率upper cut-off frequency下限截止频率lower cut-off frequency中心频率center frequency带宽Bandwidth开环增益open-loop gain闭环增益closed-loop gain共模增益common-mode gain输入阻抗input impedance电压跟随器voltage-follower 电压源voltage source电流源current source单位增益带宽unity-gain bandwidth 频率响应frequency response频响特性（曲线）response characteristic波特图the Bode plot稳定性stability补偿compensation比较器comparator迟滞比较器hysteresis comparator阶跃输入电压step input voltage仪表放大器instrumentation amplifier隔离放大器isolation amplifier对数放大器log amplifier反对数放大器antilog amplifier反馈通道feedback path反向漏电流reverse leakage current 相位phase相移phase shift锁相环phase-locked loop(PLL)锁相环相位监测器PLL phase detector 和频sum frequency差频difference frequency振荡器oscillator RC振荡器RC oscillatorLC振荡器LC oscillator正弦波振荡器sinusoidal oscillator三角波发生器triangular wave generator方波发生器square wave generator 幅度magnitude电平level饱和输出电平（电压）saturated output level功率放大器power amplifier交越失真cross-over distortion甲类功率放大器class A power amplifier乙类推挽功率放大器class B push-pull power amplifier OTL功率放大器output transformerless power amplifier OCL功率放大器output capacitorless power amplifier半波整流full-wave rectifier全波整流half-wave rectifier电感滤波器inductor filter电容滤波器capacitor filter串联型稳压电源series (voltage) regulator开关型稳压电源switching (voltage) regulator集成稳压器IC (voltage) regulator晶闸管及可控整流电路晶闸管thyristor 单结晶体管unijunction transistor （UJT）可控整流controlled rectifier可控硅silicon-controlled rectifier峰点peak point谷点valley point控制角controlling angle导通角turn-on angle二进制binary二进制数binary number十进制decimal十六进制hexadecimal二-十进制binary coded decimal （BCD）门电路gate三态门tri-state gate与门AND gate或门OR gate非门NOT gate与非门NAND gate或非门NOR gate异或门exclusive-OR gate反相器inverter布尔代数Boolean algebra真值表truth table卡诺图the Karnaugh map逻辑函数logic function逻辑表达式logic expression组合逻辑电路combination logic circuit译码器decoder编码器coder 比较器comparator半加器half-adder全加器full-adder七段显示器seven-segment display 时序逻辑电路sequential logic circuit R-S 触发器R-S flip-flopD触发器D flip-flopJ-K触发器J-K flip-flop主从型触发器master-slave flip-flop 置位set复位reset直接置位端direct-set terminal直接复位端direct-reset terminal寄存器register移位寄存器shift register双向移位寄存器bidirectional shift register计数器counter同步计数器synchronous counter异步计数器asynchronous counter加法计数器adding counter减法计数器subtracting counter定时器timer清除（清0）clear载入load时钟脉冲clock pulse触发脉冲trigger pulse上升沿positive edge下降沿negative edge时序图timing diagram波形图waveform单稳态触发器monostable flip-flop双稳态触发器bistable flip-flop无稳态振荡器astable oscillator晶体crystal555定时器555 timer模拟信号analog signal数字信号digital signalAD转换器analog -digital converter (ADC)DA转换器digital-analog converter (DAC)半导体存储器只读存储器read-only memory（ROM）随机存取存储器random-access memory（RAM）可编程ROM programmable ROM （PROM）。
电路原理课件讲义英文版 Chapter_2
Ohm’s Law:
Ohm’s Law states that the voltage v across a resistor is directly proportional to the current i flowing through the resistor
2.4 Kirchhoff’s Laws
KCL: Kirchhoff’s Current Law (based on the law of
conservation of charge)
KVL: Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (based on the principle of
conservation of energy)
i1 i2 (i3 ) (i4 ) (i5 ) 0 or i1 i2 i3 i4 i5
i1 i5
Closed Boundary
i4
i3 i2
Application of KCL
Series of current sources : a circuit cannot contain two different currents, I1 and I2, in series, unless I1= I2; otherwise, KCL will be violated Parallel of current sources: the combined current is the algebraic sum of the current supplied by the individual sources.
电路与电子技术课件(英文版)-第二章电路的分析方法
14
NODE VOLTAGE METHOD
▪ The node voltage method is based on defining the voltage at each node as an independent variable.
Ohm’s law requires that i1, for example, be given by
It is the potential difference va −vc across R1 that causes current i1 to flow from node a to node c.
▪ A loop is any closed connection of branches
12
Network Analysis -Examples
▪ Have identified a total of 9 variables!
13
NODE AGE METHOD
▪ Node voltage analysis is the most general method for the analysis of electric circuits.
3
Network Analysis
▪ The analysis of an electrical network consists of determining each of the unknown branch currents and node voltages.
▪ To define all the relevant variables as clearly as possible, and in systematic fashion.
电路理论英文版课件Chapter 1
Preface•Place of Electrical Circuits in Modern Technology IntroductionThe design of the circuits has 2 main objectives:1)To gather,store,process,transport,and present information.2)To distribute and convert energy between various forms.The study of circuits provides a foundation for areas of electrical engineering such as:•Communication system •Computer system •Control system •Electronics •Electromagnetic •Power systems •Signal processing•Motivation for doing this course •About the courseCircuit TheoryCircuit AnalysisCircuit Synthesis Circuits(given)Excitation (given)Response(unknown)Circuit AnalysisWhat we emphasize on,Since it provides the foundation forunderstanding the interaction of signalsolution.Circuits(unknown)Excitation (given)Response(given)Circuit synthesis(design)In contrast to analysis,a design problem may have nosolution or several solutions,Resistance circuits analysisDynamic circuits analysisSinusoidal steady stateThe course includes3parts:•Reference Books1)Fundamentals of Electric Circuits Charles K Alexander,Matthew N O Sadiku清华大学出版社2)The Analysis and Design of Linear Circuits Roland E.Thomas,Albert J.Rosa—2nd ed3)Electrical Engineering Principles and Applications Allan R.Hambley---2nd ed4)电路分析基础李瀚荪第三版5)电路邱关源第四版6)Electric Circuits Joseph Edminister,Mahmood Nahvi-----3rd edChapter 1 Fundamental KnowledgeCircuit and circuit model•Actual electrical component:a battery or a lightbulbActual electrical componentIdeal circuitcomponentEmphasize the main characterNeglect the left character•Ideal circuit component: amathematical model of an actualelectric component.R1VsRsCircuit model:A commonly used mathematical model for electric system.Lumped elements Lumped circuiti2-V+i1i1=i2V is certain Actual scale of the circuit is much smaller than the wavelength relating to the running frequency of the circuit.Circuit Type:•Linear----Nonlinear•Time invariant----Time variant •Passive----Active•Lumped----DistributiveCircuit Variablesdtdq i n Electric current is the time rate of change of charge, measured in amperes (A).A direct current (DC)is a current thatremains constant with time. (I)An alternating current (AC)is a current that varies sinusoidally with time.SortReference directioni >0 means the real direction isisame to the reference directioni <0 means the real direction isopposite to the reference directionCircuit VariablesVoltage (or potential difference) is the energy required to move a unit charge through an element, measured in volts(V). dqdw v Reference direction or voltage polarity -V +V>0 means the real polarity is sameto the reference polarity V<0 means the real polarity isopposite to the reference polaritypassive sign convention -V +iPassive sign convention is satisfied when current enters through the positive polarity of the voltage.Unless otherwise stated, we will follow thepassive sign convention throughout this course.Circuit VariablesPower is the time rate of expending or absorbing energy. Measured in watts(W)dtdw p =vi dtdq v dt dw p vdq dw ===∴= P=VI in a DC circuitusing passive signconvention Power absorbed = -Power suppliedReference polarities for power using passive sign conventionP > 0 absorbing powerP < 0 releasing or supplyingpowerExamplesLaw of conservation of energy must be obeyed in any electric circuit.∑=0p Power absorbed = -Power suppliedEnergy is the capacity to do work, measured in joules(J) ⎰⎰==t t tt vidt pdt w 00The energy absorbed or supplied by an element from time t0 to time t isCircuit ElementsPassive elements:resistors,capacitors,and inductorsActive elements:source,operational amplifiersVoltage and Current SourcesThe most important active elements are voltage or current sources that generally deliver power to the circuit connected to them. There are two kinds of sources: independent and dependent sources.An ideal independent source is an active element that provides a specified voltage or current that is completely independent of other circuit variables.Symbols for independent voltage source Symbols for independent voltage sourceNote:▪ 2 or more voltage sources with different value are not permissible to be connected in parallel▪ 2 or more current sources with different value are not permissible to be connected in series▪V oltage sources connected in series is equivalent to one voltage source▪Current sources connected in parallel is equivalent to one current source▪ A voltage source connected to any branch in parallel is equivalent to itself▪ A current source connected to any branch in series is equivalent to itselfAn ideal dependent(or controlled)source is an active element in which the source quantity is controlled by another voltage or current.Symbols for a) dependent voltage sources b) dependent current sources There are a total of fourvariations, namely:1.A voltage –controlled voltagesource (VCVS)2. A current –controlled voltagesource (CCVS)3. A voltage –controlled currentsource (VCCS)4. A current –controlled currentsource (CCCS)V1V1μVCVSV1V1g VCCS I1I1αCCCS I1V1γI1CCVSWhat is the difference between independent and dependent sources?ResistorsThe circuit element used to model the current –resisting behavior of a material is the resistor.Resistance is the capacity of materials to impede the flow of current.The resistance R of an element denotes its ability to resist the flowof electric current;it is measured in ohms(Ω)Symbol: R11ki u i ut1t2ui i u i ut1t2uiLinear Time InvariantLinear Time variant Nonlinear Time Invariant Nonlinear Time Variant Open Circuit Short CircuitLinear Resistor:The resistance of the idea resistor is constant and its value doesnot vary over time.The relation between voltage and current.(V AR)vV=Ri(passive sign convention)i-------Ohm’s LawSince the value of R can range from zero to infinity,it is important that we consider the two extreme possible value of R:R=0-------is called a short circuit;V=0;R=∞------is called an open circuit,I=0;Conductance G is the reciprocal of the resistance, measured in siemens (s)Power : P=vi (passive sign convention) always absorbs power from the circuit Other methods of expressing :G i G v vi p Rv R i vi p 2222======RG 1=About nonlinear resistor。
电路与电子技术课件(英文版)-第五章
13
THE PRINCIPLE OF SUPERPOSITION
▪ For a current source, wish to cancel the effects of a current source, it would stand to reason that an open circuit could be substituted for the current source
27
THE PRINCIPLE OF SUPERPOSITION
▪ Wish to cancel the effects of a voltage source and a current source,
▪ A short circuit === a voltage source ▪ An open circuit === a current source
▪ Find the node voltages in the circuit of Figure ▪ Known Quantities: Source current; resistor
values; dependent voltage source relationship. ▪ Find: Unknown node voltage v.
In order to set a voltage source equal to zero, we replace it with a short circuit
16
THE PRINCIPLE OF SUPERPOSITION
A short circuit === a voltage source An open circuit === a current source
电路英语
电路英语电源 source电压源 voltage source电流源 current source理想电压源 ideal voltage source理想电流源 ideal current source伏安特性 volt-ampere characteristic电动势 electromotive force电压 voltage电流 current电位 potential电位差 potential difference欧姆 Ohm伏特 Volt安培 Ampere瓦特 Watt焦耳 Joule电路 circuit电路元件 circuit element电阻 resistance电阻器 resistor电感 inductance电感器 inductor电容 capacitance电容器 capacitor电路模型 circuit model参考方向 reference direction参考电位 reference potential欧姆定律Ohm’s law基尔霍夫定律Kirchhoff’s law基尔霍夫电压定律Kirchhoff’s voltage law（KVL）基尔霍夫电流定律Kirchhoff’s current law（KCL）结点 node支路 branch回路 loop网孔 mesh支路电流法 branch current analysis网孔电流法 mesh current analysis结点电位法 node voltage analysis电源变换 source transformations叠加原理 superposition theorem网络 network无源二端网络 passive two-terminal network有源二端网络 active two-terminal network戴维宁定理Thevenin’s theorem诺顿定理Norton’s theorem开路（断路）open circuit短路 short circuit开路电压 open-circuit voltage短路电流 short-circuit current交流电路直流电路 direct current circuit (dc)交流电路 alternating current circuit (ac)正弦交流电路 sinusoidal a-c circuit平均值 average value有效值 effective value均方根值root-mean-squire value (rms)瞬时值 instantaneous value电抗 reactance感抗 inductive reactance容抗 capacitive reactance法拉 Farad亨利 Henry阻抗 impedance复数阻抗 complex impedance相位 phase初相位 initial phase相位差 phase difference相位领先 phase lead相位落后 phase lag倒相，反相 phase inversion频率 frequency角频率 angular frequency赫兹 Hertz相量 phasor相量图 phasor diagram有功功率 active power无功功率 reactive power视在功率 apparent power功率因数 power factor功率因数补偿 power-factor compensation串联谐振 series resonance并联谐振 parallel resonance谐振频率 resonance frequency频率特性 frequency characteristic幅频特性amplitude-frequency response characteristic相频特性 phase-frequency response characteristic截止频率 cutoff frequency品质因数 quality factor通频带 pass-band带宽 bandwidth (BW)滤波器 filter一阶滤波器 first-order filter二阶滤波器 second-order filter低通滤波器 low-pass filter高通滤波器 high-pass filter带通滤波器 band-pass filter带阻滤波器 band-stop filter转移函数 transfer function波特图 Bode diagram傅立叶级数 Fourier series三相电路三相电路 three-phase circuit三相电源 three-phase source对称三相电源 symmetrical three-phase source对称三相负载 symmetrical three-phase load相电压 phase voltage相电流 phase current线电压 line voltage线电流 line current三相三线制 three-phase three-wire system三相四线制 three-phase four-wire system三相功率 three-phase power星形连接 star connection(Y-connection)三角形连接 triangular connection(D- connection ,delta connection) 中线 neutral line电路的暂态过程分析暂态 transient state稳态 steady state暂态过程，暂态响应 transient response换路定理 low of switch一阶电路 first-order circuit三要素法 three-factor method时间常数 time constant积分电路 integrating circuit微分电路 differentiating circuit磁路与变压器磁场magnetic field磁通 flux磁路 magnetic circuit磁感应强度 flux density磁通势 magnetomotive force磁阻 reluctance电动机直流电动机 dc motor交流电动机 ac motor异步电动机 asynchronous motor同步电动机 synchronous motor三相异步电动机 three-phase asynchronous motor 单相异步电动机 single-phase asynchronous motor 旋转磁场 rotating magnetic field定子 stator转子 rotor转差率 slip起动电流 starting current起动转矩 starting torque额定电压 rated voltage额定电流 rated current额定功率 rated power机械特性 mechanical characteristic继电器-接触器控制按钮 button熔断器 fuse开关 switch行程开关 travel switch继电器 relay接触器 contactor常开(动合)触点 normally open contact常闭(动断)触点 normally closed contact时间继电器 time relay热继电器 thermal overload relay中间继电器 intermediate relay可编程控制器（PLC）可编程控制器 programmable logic controller语句表 statement list梯形图 ladder diagram半导体器件本征半导体intrinsic semiconductor掺杂半导体doped semiconductorP型半导体 P-type semiconductorN型半导体 N--type semiconductor自由电子 free electron空穴 hole载流子 carriersPN结 PN junction扩散 diffusion漂移 drift二极管 diode硅二极管 silicon diode锗二极管 germanium diode阳极 anode阴极 cathode发光二极管 light-emitting diode (LED)光电二极管 photodiode稳压二极管 Zener diode晶体管（三极管） transistorPNP型晶体管 PNP transistorNPN型晶体管 NPN transistor发射极 emitter集电极 collector基极 base电流放大系数 current amplification coefficient场效应管 field-effect transistor (FET)P沟道 p-channelN沟道 n-channel结型场效应管 junction FET（JFET）金属氧化物半导体 metal-oxide semiconductor (MOS)耗尽型MOS场效应管 depletion mode MOSFET（D-MOSFET）增强型MOS场效应管 enhancement mode MOSFET（E-MOSFET）源极 source栅极 grid漏极 drain跨导 transconductance夹断电压 pinch-off voltage热敏电阻 thermistor开路 open短路 shorted基本放大器放大器 amplifier正向偏置 forward bias反向偏置 backward bias静态工作点 quiescent point (Q-point)等效电路 equivalent circuit电压放大倍数 voltage gain总的电压放大倍数 overall voltage gain饱和 saturation截止 cut-off放大区 amplifier region饱和区 saturation region截止区 cut-off region失真 distortion饱和失真 saturation distortion截止失真 cut-off distortion零点漂移 zero drift正反馈 positive feedback负反馈 negative feedback串联负反馈 series negative feedback并联负反馈 parallel negative feedback共射极放大器 common-emitter amplifier射极跟随器 emitter-follower共源极放大器 common-source amplifier共漏极放大器 common-drain amplifier多级放大器 multistage amplifier阻容耦合放大器 resistance-capacitance coupled amplifier 直接耦合放大器 direct- coupled amplifier输入电阻 input resistance输出电阻 output resistance负载电阻 load resistance动态电阻 dynamic resistance负载电流 load current旁路电容 bypass capacitor耦合电容 coupled capacitor直流通路 direct current path交流通路 alternating current path直流分量 direct current component交流分量 alternating current component变阻器（电位器）rheostat电阻（器）resistor电阻（值）resistance电容（器）capacitor电容（量）capacitance电感（器，线圈）inductor电感（量），感应系数inductance正弦电压 sinusoidal voltage集成运算放大器及应用差动放大器 differential amplifier运算放大器 operational amplifier(op-amp)失调电压 offset voltage失调电流 offset current共模信号 common-mode signal差模信号 different-mode signal共模抑制比 common-mode rejection ratio (CMRR) 积分电路 integrator（circuit）微分电路 differentiator（circuit）有源滤波器 active filter低通滤波器 low-pass filter高通滤波器 high-pass filter带通滤波器 band-pass filter带阻滤波器 band-stop filter波特沃斯滤波器 Butterworth filter切比雪夫滤波器 Chebyshev filter贝塞尔滤波器 Bessel filter截止频率 cut-off frequency上限截止频率 upper cut-off frequency下限截止频率 lower cut-off frequency中心频率 center frequency带宽 Bandwidth开环增益 open-loop gain闭环增益 closed-loop gain共模增益 common-mode gain输入阻抗 input impedance电压跟随器 voltage-follower电压源 voltage source电流源 current source单位增益带宽unity-gain bandwidth频率响应 frequency response频响特性（曲线）response characteristic波特图 the Bode plot稳定性stability补偿 compensation比较器 comparator迟滞比较器 hysteresis comparator阶跃输入电压step input voltage仪表放大器 instrumentation amplifier隔离放大器 isolation amplifier对数放大器 log amplifier反对数放大器antilog amplifier反馈通道 feedback path反向漏电流 reverse leakage current相位phase相移 phase shift锁相环 phase-locked loop(PLL)锁相环相位监测器 PLL phase detector和频 sum frequency差频 difference frequency波形发生电路振荡器 oscillatorRC振荡器 RC oscillatorLC振荡器 LC oscillator正弦波振荡器 sinusoidal oscillator三角波发生器 triangular wave generator方波发生器square wave generator幅度 magnitude电平level饱和输出电平（电压） saturated output level功率放大器功率放大器 power amplifier交越失真 cross-over distortion甲类功率放大器 class A power amplifier乙类推挽功率放大器class B push-pull power amplifier OTL功率放大器 output transformerless power amplifier OCL功率放大器 output capacitorless power amplifier直流稳压电源半波整流 full-wave rectifier全波整流 half-wave rectifier电感滤波器 inductor filter电容滤波器 capacitor filter串联型稳压电源 series (voltage) regulator开关型稳压电源 switching (voltage) regulator集成稳压器 IC (voltage) regulator晶闸管及可控整流电路晶闸管 thyristor单结晶体管 unijunction transistor（UJT）可控整流 controlled rectifier可控硅 silicon-controlled rectifier峰点 peak point谷点 valley point控制角 controlling angle导通角 turn-on angle门电路与逻辑代数二进制 binary二进制数 binary number十进制 decimal十六进制 hexadecimal二-十进制 binary coded decimal （BCD）门电路 gate三态门tri-state gate与门 AND gate或门 OR gate非门 NOT gate与非门 NAND gate或非门 NOR gate异或门 exclusive-OR gate反相器 inverter布尔代数 Boolean algebra真值表 truth table卡诺图 the Karnaugh map逻辑函数 logic function逻辑表达式 logic expression组合逻辑电路组合逻辑电路 combination logic circuit 译码器 decoder编码器 coder比较器 comparator半加器 half-adder全加器 full-adder七段显示器 seven-segment display时序逻辑电路时序逻辑电路 sequential logic circuit R-S 触发器 R-S flip-flopD触发器 D flip-flopJ-K触发器 J-K flip-flop主从型触发器 master-slave flip-flop置位 set复位 reset直接置位端direct-set terminal直接复位端direct-reset terminal寄存器 register移位寄存器 shift register双向移位寄存器bidirectional shift register 计数器 counter同步计数器 synchronous counter异步计数器asynchronous counter加法计数器 adding counter减法计数器 subtracting counter定时器 timer清除（清0）clear载入 load时钟脉冲 clock pulse触发脉冲 trigger pulse上升沿 positive edge下降沿 negative edge时序图 timing diagram波形图 waveform脉冲波形的产生与整形单稳态触发器 monostable flip-flop双稳态触发器 bistable flip-flop无稳态振荡器 astable oscillator晶体 crystal555定时器 555 timer模拟信号与数字信号的相互转换模拟信号 analog signal数字信号 digital signalAD转换器analog -digital converter (ADC) DA转换器 digital-analog converter (DAC)半导体存储器只读存储器 read-only memory（ROM）随机存取存储器 random-access memory（RAM）可编程ROM programmable ROM（PROM。