Variable rate QAM for mobile radio
通信行业名词缩写解释要点
名词缩写解释3G-MSC3G-SGSN 3 rd Gen eration Mobile Switchi ng Centrerd3 Gen eration Servi ng GPRS Support Node GPRS的节点第三代移动交换中心第三代服务ATM Asyn chr on ous Tran sfer Mode 异步传递模式AAL2 ATM Adaptati on Layer type 2 ATM适配层类型2 AS Access Stratum 接入层BSSMAP Base Stati on Subsystem Man ageme nt Applicati on Part 理应用部分基站子系统管CC Conn ecti on Con firm 连接确认CN Core Network 核心网CS Circuit Switched 电路交换PS Packet Switched 分组交换PVC Perma nent Virtual Circuit 永久虚电路RLP Radio Link Protocol 无线链路协议RNC Radio Network Con troller 无线网络控制器RNL Radio Network Layer 无线网络层RFC RAB sub Flow Combi natio n RAB子流组合RFCI RFC In dicator RAB子流组合指SVC 示Switched Virtual Circuit交换虚电路SDU Service Data Unit 服务数据单元SMpSDU Support Mode for predefi ned SDU size 预定义SDU大小的支持模式SAP Service Access Point 业务接入点SRNS Servi ng RNS系统服务无线网络子TrM Tran spare nt Mode 透明模式TNL Tran sport Network Layer 传输网络层UE User Equipme nt 用户设备本文档用到下列缩略语ASC 接入业务类别 BCCH 广播控制信道 C- 控制-CCCH 公共控制信道 DCH 专用信道 DL 下行链路DSCH 下行链路共享信道 DTCH 专用业务信道FAUSCH 快速上行链路信令信道 L1 Layer 1 (物理层) L2 Layer 2 (数据链路层) L3 Layer 3 （网络层） PCCH 寻呼控制信道 PHY 物理层 PhyCH 物理信道RNC 无线网络控制器 RNS 无线网络子系统 RNTI 无线网络临时识别 RRC 无线资源控制 SAP 业务接入点 SDU 业务数据单元 SHCCH 共享信道控制信道 SRNC 服务RNC SRNS 服务RNSTFI 传输格式指示 U- 用户- UE 用户设备 UL 上行链路UMTS 通用移动通信系统 USCH 上行链路共享信道 UTRAUMTS 陆地无线接入UTRANUMTS 陆地无线接入网UPUTRANVC Virtual Circuit C-SAP CBC CBS CTCHCTCH-BS kbps L1 L2 L3 NSAPI UE User Pla neUMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network 接入网控制业务接入点 小区广播中心 小区广播业务公共业务信道 公共业务信道块集 千比特/秒Layer 1 (physical layer) Layer 2 (data link layer) Layer 3 (n etwork layer) 网络层业务接入点 用户设备用户平面UMTS 陆地无线本文档中应用以下缩略语:AS 接入层C-SAP 控制服务接入点IETF In ter net工程任务组L2 层2 （数据链路层）L3 层3 （网络层）PID 分组标示RFC 请求注解RRC 无线资源控制RTP 实时协议SDU服务数据单元TCP 传输控制协议UE 用户设备UMTS 通用移动通信系统UTRA UMTS陆地无线接入UTRAN UMTS陆地无线接入网缩略语ARQ 自动重发请求BCCH 广播控制信道C- 控制-CCCH 公共控制信道CCH 控制信道CN 核心网DC 专用控制（SAP）DCH 专用信道DL 下行DSCH 下行共享信道DTCH 专用业务信道FCS 帧校验序列GC 通用控制（SAP）HO 切换ITU 国际电信联盟kbps 每秒千比特L1 层1 （物理层）L2 层2 （数据链路层）L3 层3 （网络层）MS 移动站Nt 通知（业务接入点）PCCH 寻呼控制信道PU 净荷PHY 物理层PhyCH 物理信道RNTI 无线网络临时标识RRC 无线资源控制SAP 业务接入点SDU 业务数据单元SHCCH 共享信道控制信道TDD 时分复用TFI 传输格式指示U-UEUL UMTS UTRA UTRAN 用户-用户设备上行链路全球移动通信系统UMTS陆地无线接入UMTS陆地无线接入网GPRS Gen eral Packet Radio ServiceAA ATM BG BSSGP CCU CGI DNS GGSN GSN ICMP IETFIPv4IPv6 L3MMLL-PDULLC MDFG MNRF MSP MTP2MTP3 NSAPI NSS PCU PDCH PDN PDP PTM PTP PVC RAIRRM SGSN SM SM-SC SMS-GMSC SMS-IWMSC SN-PDU SNDC SNDCP TCAP TCP TIDTLLI Anonym ous AccessAsyn chr on ous Tran sfer ModeBorder GatewayBase Stati on System GPRS ProtocolCha nnel Codec UnitCell Global Iden tityDomai n Name SystemGateway GPRS Support NodeGPRS Support NodeIn ter net Con trol Message ProtocolIn ter net Engin eeri ng Task ForceIn ter net Protocol vers ion 4In ter net Protocol vers ion 6Layer 3 Mobility Man ageme ntLLC PDULogical Link Con trolMobile Detached Flag for GPRSMobile statio n Not Reachable FlagMultiple Subscriber ProfileMessage Tran sfer Part layer 2Message Tra nsfer Part layer 3Network layer Service Access Point Ide ntifier Network SubSystemPacket Co ntrol UnitPacket Data CHa nn elPacket Data NetworkPacket Data Protocol, e.g., IP or X.25Poi nt To Multipoi ntPoint To PointPerma nent Virtual CircuitRoute ing Area Ide ntityRadio Resource Man ageme ntServi ng GPRS Support NodeShort MessageShort Message service Service Cen treShort Message Service Gateway MSCShort Message Service In terworki ng MSC SNDCP PDUSubNetwork Depe ndent Con verge nee SubNetwork Depe ndent Con verge nee Protocol Tran sacti on Capabilities Applicati on Part Tran smissi on Con trol ProtocolTunnel Ide ntifierTemporary Logical Link Ide ntityTRAUTran scoder and Rate Adaptor Un缩略BCC:BaseStatio nColourCode.基站色码。
移动通讯词汇英汉对照Z
移动通讯词汇英汉对照Z散射发射 spurious emission散射输出功率 spurious output power散射响应抗扰性 spurious response immunity散射响应频率 spurious response frequency散射窄带（射频）分量 spurious narrow-bandwidth （RF） components 再定时 retiming再起动规程 restart procedure再生 regeneration再生器 regeneration再生中继器 regenerative repeater再生中继站 regenerative relay station再现性 reproducibility在线测试 on-line testing载波 carrier载波电话 carrier telephone载波电话增音机 carrier telephone repeater载波电话终端机 carrier telephone terminal载波跌落 carrier drop载波功率 carrier power载波恢复 carrier recovery， carrier reinsertion载波检测多址 carrier sense multiple access （CSMA）载波降低度 carrier reduction载波频率偏置 carrier frequency offset载波抑制度 carrier suppression载干比 carrier-to-interference ratio载体设备 vehicle equipment载躁比 carrier to noise ratio早期故障期 early fault period躁声带宽 noise bandwidth躁声功率 noise power躁声温度 noise temperature躁声系数 noise factor， noise figure躁声抑制 noise suppression增量调制 delta modulation （DM）增量调制编码 delta modulation code增强型定位报告系统 EPLRS增益控制 gain control增值业务 value added service窄带发射 narrowband emission窄带干扰 narrowband disturbance窄带器件 narrowband device占机信号 seizing signal占机证实信号 seizing-acknowledgement signal占空建立呼叫 on-air-call-set-up占线前标 seizure precursor占线测试 engaged test占用带宽 occupied bandwidth战略密码体制 strategic cipher system战术电台 tactical radio战术密码体制 tactical cipher system战术通信电子对抗系统 tactical communication electronic warfare system 折叠单极天线 folded monopole antenna折叠偶极天线 folded dipole antenna折射指数 refractive index折线编码律 segmented encoding law帧 frame帧定位 frame alignment帧定位时隙 frame alignment time slot帧定位信号 frame alignment signal帧定位恢复时间 frame alignment recovery time帧号码 frame number （FN）帧失位时间 out-of-frame alignment time帧同步码 frame synchronization code真迹电报 telewriting真空电子器件 vacuum electron device真空电容器 vacuum capacitor阵列天线 array antenna振荡 oscillation振荡器 oscillator振动试验 vibration test振幅键控 amplitude shift keying （ASK）振幅压扩单边带 amplitude companded SSB （ACSB）振铃音 ringing tone振鸣 howling整流 rectification正/零/负码速调整 positive/ zero/ negative justification正常检查 normal inspection正常充电 normal charging正常突发 normal burst正反码 positive and inverse code正交部分响应键控 quadrature partial response keying （QPRK）正交调幅 quadrature amplitude modulation （QAM）正交调幅器 quadrature modulator正交调频 quadrature frequency hopping正交相干解调器 quadrature coherent demodulator正码速调整（正脉冲塞入） positive justification （positive pulse stuffing）正态分布 normal distribution正向话终信号 clear-forward signal支线 branch feeder直达线路 direct route直接波 direct wave直接长途拨号网 direct distance dial network直接分配 direct distribution直接呼叫 direct call直接检测 direct detection直接接入 direct access直接耦合放大器 direct-coupled amplifier直接调频 direct frequency modulation直接序列扩频 direct sequence spread spectrum （DS）直流/直流变换器 DC/DC converter直流放大器 DC amplifier直同连接延时 through-connection delay指配频带 assigned band指配频率 assigned frequency指数分布 exponential distribution指数分布随机变量 exponential random variable质量保证 quality assurance （QA）质量测试 quality test质量管理 quality management质量监督 quality surveillance质量控制 quality control， mass control质量体系 quality system智能 intelligence智能控制 intelligent control智能网 intelligent network （IN）置乱 scramble置信度 confidence中波传输 medium wave propagation中和 neutralization中继器 repeater中频 intermediate frequency中频干扰 intermediate frequency jamming （interference）中频抑制比 intermediate frequency rejection ratio中心辐射 center radiation中心频率 center frequency中央控制台 central control post终端 terminal终端不平衡电压 asymmetrical terminal voltage终端平衡电压 symmetrical terminal voltage终端设备 terminal equipment （TE）终端适配功能 terminal adapter （TA）终端透明度 terminal transparency终端网络 terminating network终端移动无线局 terminal mobile services switching center 终端移动性 terminal mobility终结点 destination node终止电压 end voltage （cut-off voltage）重复码 repetition code重建样值 reconstructed sample重置规程 reset procedure重置性 resettability周期 cycle周期（卫星的） period （of a satellite）周期检定 periodic vertification啁啾 chirp主瓣 main lobe主波束宽度 principle half-power beamwidths主呼线识别提供 calling line identification presentation主呼线识别限制 calling line identification restriction （CLIR）主交换机 host change主控站 main control station主钟 master clock助听器 audiphone贮存寿命 storage life驻波 standing wave驻波保护电路 standing wave protection ciruit驻波比 standing wave ratio驻极体 electret驻极体传声器 electret microphone专权（同步网） despotic （synchronized） network专线 private line， dedicated line专用集成电路 application specific integrated circuit （ASIC）专用控制信道 dedicated channel专用数据网 private data network专用线 dedicated line专用线路 tie line专用小交换机 private branch exchange （PBX）专用信道 dedicated channel专用移动通信系统 private mobile radio system专用自动小交换机 private automatic branch exchange （PABX）转发启动抗扰性 repeating attack rejection转发启动灵敏度 repeating attack sensitivity转发器 repeater转发调制灵敏度 repeating modulation sensitivity转发音频失真 repeating distortion装置连线阻抗 installation wiring impedance准传输集群 quasi-peak value准峰值 quasi-peak value准峰值电压表 quasi-peak voltmeter准峰值电压表的脉冲响应特征 pulse response characteristic of a quasi-peak voltmetre准峰值检波器 quasi-peak detector准脉动躁声 quasi-impulsive noise准确度 accuracy准同步 quasi-synchronous浊音 voiced sounds姿态稳定卫星 attitude-stabilized satellite资用功率 available power子层 sublayer子带编码 sub-band coding （SBC）子基地台 subbase station子序列越区规程 subsequent handover procedure子帧 subframe自测试 self-test自动（动态）压缩 automatic （dynamic） compression自动拨号设备 automatic dialing unit （ADU）自动测试 automatic test自动车辆定位系统 automatic vehicle location system自动电话 automatic telephone system自动电话机 automatic telephone set自动发射机识别 automatic transmitter identification自动呼叫 automatic calling自动呼叫识别 automatic call identification自动化 automation自动交换设备 automatic switching equipment自动接入多信道无绳电话 autoaccess multiple channel cordless telephone自动频率公用 automatic frequency sharing自动频率控制 automatic frequency control （AFC）自动频率微调 automatic frequency fine control （AFEC）自动频率微调捕捉范围 automatic frequency fine control pull-in range自动频率微调捕捉时间 automatic frequency fine control pull-in time自动频率微调剩余误差 automatic frequency fine control residential error 自动频率微调同步范围 automatic frequency fine control locking-in range 自动频率微调跟踪速率 automatic frequency fine control maximum tracking rate 自动请求重发 automatic repeat request （ARQ）自动信道选择 automatic channel selection自动寻呼系统 automatic paging system自动功率控制 automatic power control （APC）自动增益控制 automatic gain control （AGC）自动增益控制特性 automatic gain-control （AGC） characteristic自放电 self-discharge自激荡器 self-excited oscillation自举电路 bootstrap circuit自然辐射源 natural radiator自然干扰 natural interference自然空间辐射 natural space radiation自然冷却 natural cooling自然躁声 natural noise自适应 adaptation自适应差分脉冲编码调制 adaptive differential pulse code modulation （ADPCM）自适应接收机 adaptive receiver自适应均衡 adaptive equalization自适应控制系统 adaptive control system自适应天线 adaptive antenna自适应通信 adaptive communication自适应短波电台 adaptive HF station自适应预测 adaptive prediction自适应预测编码 adaptive prediction coding自适应增量调制 adaptive delta modulation （ADM）自学习系统 self-learning system自由空间 free space自由空间传播 free space propagation自由空间光通信 free space optical communication自由空间基本传输损耗 free space basic transmission loss自组织无线电通信网 self-organization radio communication network 字长 word length字段 field字符 character字符长度 character size字符串 character string字符差错率 character error rate字符速率 character rate字符信号 character signal字节 octet字块 block综合办公室自动化系统 integrated automated office system综合测试仪 general-purpose tester综合环境实验 combined environment test综合数字网 integrated digital network综合相位控制 generated phase control综合业务数字网 ISDN， integrated services digital network综合业务网 integrated services network （ISN）总失真系数 total distortion factor总损耗（无线线路的） total loss （of a radio link）阻断/解阻 blocking /deblocking阻塞 blocking阻塞（四分之一波长）滤波器 stop （quarter-wave） filter组合干扰 combination interference组合音 combination tone组呼 talkgroup call阻尼振荡 damped oscillation组装效率 packaging efficiency副/主瓣比 maximum relative side lobe level可用幅偏 maximum usable amplitude deviation似然译码 maximum likelihood decoding调整率（塞入率） maximum justification rate （maximum stuffing rate）有用功率 maximum useful power允许频（相）偏 maximum permissible frequency （phase） deviation最低可用频率 lowest usable frequency最低位 least-significant bit （LSB）可用频率 maximum usable frequency （LUF）振荡频率 maximum frequency of oscillation最小可用场强，最小可用功率通量密度minimum usable field-strength （Emin），minimum usable power flux density （Pmin）最小码距 minimum distance最小频移键控 minimum shift keying （MSK）最终检验 final inspection工作频率 optimum working frequency （OWF）左旋极化波（或逆时针极化波）left-hand （or anti-clockwise）-polarized wave。
中文翻译
QAM is a widely used multilevel modulation technique,with a variety of applications in data radio communication systems.Most existing implementations of QAM-based systems use high levels of modulation in order to meet the high data rate constraints of emerging applications.This work presents the architecture of a highly parallel QAM modulator,using MPSoC-based design flow and design methodology,which offers multirate modulation.The proposed MPSoC architecture is modular and provides dynamic reconfiguration of the QAM utilizing on-chip interconnection networks,offering high data rates(more than1 Gbps),even at low modulation levels(16-QAM).Furthermore,the proposed QAM implementation integrates a hardware-based resource allocation algorithm that can provide better throughput and fault tolerance,depending on the on-chip interconnection network congestion and run-time faults.Preliminary results from this work have been published in the Proceedings of the18th IEEE/IFIP International Conference on VLSI and System-on-Chip(VLSI-SoC2010).The current version of the work includes a detailed description of the proposed system architecture,extends the results significantly using more test cases,and investigates the impact of various design parameters.Furthermore,this work investigates the use of the hardware resource allocation algorithm as a graceful degradation mechanism,providing simulation results about the performance of the QAM in the presence of faulty components.Quadrature Amplitude Modulation(QAM)is a popular modulation scheme,widely used in various communication protocols such as Wi-Fi and Digital Video Broadcasting(DVB).The architecture of a digital QAM modulator/demodulator is typically constrained by several, often conflicting,requirements.Such requirements may include demanding throughput, high immunity to noise,flexibility for various communication standards,and low on-chip power.The majority of existing QAM implementations follow a sequential implementation approach and rely on high modulation levels in order to meet the emerging high data rate constraints.These techniques,however,are vulnerable to noise at a given transmission power,which reduces the reliable communication distance.The problem is addressed by increasing the number of modulators in a system,through emerging Software-Defined Radio (SDR)systems,which are mapped on MPSoCs in an effort to boost parallelism.These works, however,treat the QAM modulator as an individual system task,whereas it is a task that can further be optimized and designed with further parallelism in order to achieve high data rates,even at low modulation levels.Designing the QAM modulator in a parallel manner can be beneficial in many ways.Firstly, the resulting parallel streams(modulated)can be combined at the output,resulting in a system whose majority of logic runs at lower clock frequencies,while allowing for high throughput even at low modulation levels.This is particularly important as lower modulation levels are less susceptible to multipath distortion,provide power-efficiency and achieve low bit error rate(BER).Furthermore,a parallel modulation architecture can benefit multiple-input multiple-output(MIMO)communication systems,where information is sent and received over two or more antennas often shared among many ing multiple antennas at both transmitter and receiver offers significant capacity enhancement on many modern applications,including IEEE802.11n,3GPP LTE,and mobile WiMAX systems, providing increased throughput at the same channel bandwidth and transmit power.Inorder to achieve the benefit of MIMO systems,appropriate design aspects on the modulation and demodulation architectures have to be taken into consideration.It is obvious that transmitter architectures with multiple output ports,and the more complicated receiver architectures with multiple input ports,are mainly required.However,the demodulation architecture is beyond the scope of this work and is part of future work.This work presents an MPSoC implementation of the QAM modulator that can provide a modular and reconfigurable architecture to facilitate integration of the different processing units involved in QAM modulation.The work attempts to investigate how the performance of a sequential QAM modulator can be improved,by exploiting parallelism in two forms:first by developing a simple,pipelined version of the conventional QAM modulator,and second, by using design methodologies employed in present-day MPSoCs in order to map multiple QAM modulators on an underlying MPSoC interconnected via packet-based network-on-chip (NoC).Furthermore,this work presents a hardware-based resource allocation algorithm, enabling the system to further gain performance through dynamic load balancing.The resource allocation algorithm can also act as a graceful degradation mechanism,limiting the influence of run-time faults on the average system throughput.Additionally,the proposed MPSoC-based system can adopt variable data rates and protocols simultaneously,taking advantage of resource sharing mechanisms.The proposed system architecture was simulated using a high-level simulator and implemented/evaluated on an FPGA platform.Moreover, although this work currently targets QAM-based modulation scenarios,the methodology and reconfiguration mechanisms can target QAM-based demodulation scenarios as well. However,the design and implementation of an MPSoC-based demodulator was left as future work.While an MPSoC implementation of the QAM modulator is beneficial in terms of throughput, there are overheads associated with the on-chip network.As such,the MPSoC-based modulator was compared to a straightforward implementation featuring multiple QAM modulators,in an effort to identify the conditions that favor the MPSoC implementation. Comparison was carried out under variable incoming rates,system configurations and fault conditions,and simulation results showed on average double throughput rates during normal operation and~25%less throughput degradation at the presence of faulty components,at the cost of approximately35%more area,obtained from an FPGA implementation and synthesis results.The hardware overheads,which stem from the NoC and the resource allocation algorithm,are well within the typical values for NoC-based systems and are adequately balanced by the high throughput rates obtained.Most of the existing hardware implementations involving QAM modulation/demodulation follow a sequential approach and simply consider the QAM as an individual module.There has been limited design exploration,and most works allow limited reconfiguration,offering inadequate data rates when using low modulation levels.The latter has been addressed through emerging SDR implementations mapped on MPSoCs,that also treat the QAM modulation as an individual system task,integrated as part of the system,rather than focusing on optimizing the performance of the modulator.Works inuse a specific modulation type;they can,however,be extended to use higher modulation levels in order toincrease the resulting data rate.Higher modulation levels,though,involve more divisions of both amplitude and phase and can potentially introduce decoding errors at the receiver,as the symbols are very close together(for a given transmission power level)and one level of amplitude may be confused(due to the effect of noise)with a higher level,thus,distorting the received signal.In order to avoid this,it is necessary to allow for wide margins,and this can be done by increasing the available amplitude range through power amplification of the RF signal at the transmitter(to effectively spread the symbols out more);otherwise,data bits may be decoded incorrectly at the receiver,resulting in increased bit error rate(BER). However,increasing the amplitude range will operate the RF amplifiers well within their nonlinear(compression)region causing distortion.Alternative QAM implementations try to avoid the use of multipliers and sine/cosine memories,by using the CORDIC algorithm, however,still follow a sequential approach.Software-based solutions lie in designing SDR systems mapped on general purpose processors and/or digital signal processors(DSPs),and the QAM modulator is usually considered as a system task,to be scheduled on an available processing unit.Works inutilize the MPSoC design methodology to implement SDR systems,treating the modulator as an individual system task.Results in show that the problem with this approach is that several competing tasks running in parallel with QAM may hurt the performance of the modulation, making this approach inadequate for demanding wireless communications in terms of throughput and energy efficiency.Another particular issue,raised in,is the efficiency of the allocation algorithm.The allocation algorithm is implemented on a processor,which makes allocation slow.Moreover,the policies used to allocate tasks(random allocation and distance-based allocation)to processors may lead to on-chip contention and unbalanced loads at each processor,since the utilization of each processor is not taken into account.In,a hardware unit called CoreManager for run-time scheduling of tasks is used,which aims in speeding up the allocation algorithm.The conclusions stemming from motivate the use of exporting more tasks such as reconfiguration and resource allocation in hardware rather than using software running on dedicated CPUs,in an effort to reduce power consumption and improve the flexibility of the system.This work presents a reconfigurable QAM modulator using MPSoC design methodologies and an on-chip network,with an integrated hardware resource allocation mechanism for dynamic reconfiguration.The allocation algorithm takes into consideration not only the distance between partitioned blocks(hop count)but also the utilization of each block,in attempt to make the proposed MPSoC-based QAM modulator able to achieve robust performance under different incoming rates of data streams and different modulation levels. Moreover,the allocation algorithm inherently acts as a graceful degradation mechanism, limiting the influence of run-time faults on the average system throughput.we used MPSoC design methodologies to map the QAM modulator onto an MPSoC architecture,which uses an on-chip,packet-based NoC.This allows a modular, "plug-and-play"approach that permits the integration of heterogeneous processing elements, in an attempt to create a reconfigurable QAM modulator.By partitioning the QAM modulator into different stand-alone tasks mapped on Processing Elements(PEs),weown SURF.This would require a context-addressable memory search and would expand the hardware logic of each sender PE's NIRA.Since one of our objectives is scalability,we integrated the hop count inside each destination PE's packet.The source PE polls its host NI for incoming control packets,which are stored in an internal FIFO queue.During each interval T,when the source PE receives the first control packet,a second timer is activatedfor a specified number of clock cycles,W.When this timer expires,the polling is halted and a heuristic algorithm based on the received conditions is run,in order to decide the next destination PE.In the case where a control packet is not received from a source PE in the specified time interval W,this PE is not included in the algorithm.This is a key feature of the proposed MPSoC-based QAM modulator;at extremely loaded conditions,it attempts to maintain a stable data rate by finding alternative PEs which are less busy.QAM是一种广泛应用的多级调制技术，在数据无线电通信系统中应用广泛。
常用网络缩写
AAL(ATM Adaptation Layer) ATM 适配层ABR（Available Bit Rate）可用比特率ADSL(Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line) 非对称数字用户线ALOHA（Additive Link On-line HAwaii System) 一种随机接入系统，常用于卫星通信API(Application Programming Interface) 应用编程接口AAA（Authentication, Authorization and Accounting）认证、授权和计费ACL（Access Control List）访问控制列表 .是路由器和交换机接口的指令列表，用来控制端口进出的数据包。
ARP（Address Resolution Protocol）地址解析协议ANSI. American National Standards Institute) 美国国家标准局BGP（Border Gateway Protocol 边界网关协议）B-ISDN(Broadband-ISDN) 宽带综合业务数字网BRAS（Broadband Remote Access Server宽带远程接入服务器)CATV(CAble TV) 有线电视CBR(Constant Bit Rate) 恒定比特率CDMA(Code Division Multiplex Access)码分复用CGI(Common Gateway Interface) 通用网关接口CIR(Committed Information Rate) 许诺的信息速率CRC(Cyclic Redundancy Check)循环冗余校验CSMA/CD(Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection)载波监听多点接入/冲突检测CLI（Command Line Interface）命令行接口DES(Data Encryption Standard) 数据加密标准DNS(Domain Name System) 域名系统DSL(Digital Subscriber Line)数字用户线DSSS(Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum) 直接序列扩频DTE(Data Terminal Equipment)数据终端设备EGP(External Gateway Protocol) 外部网关协议EIA(ELectronic Industries Association)美国电子工业协会FDDI(Fiber Distributed Data Interface) 光纤分布式数据接口FIFO(First In First Out)先进先出FTP(File Transfer Protocol)文件传输协议FTTB(Fiber To The Building)光纤到大楼FTTC(Fiber To The Curb)光纤到路边FTTH(Fiber To The Home)光纤到家KDC(Key Distribution Center) 密钥分配中心GARP（Generic Attribute Registration Protocol）通用属性注册协议GE（Gigabit Ethernet）千兆以太网GFC(Generic Flow Control) 一般流量控制GRE（Generic Routing Encapsulation 通用路由封装，一种安全隧道技术）GVRP（GARP VLAN Registration Protocol）GARP VLAN注册协议GMRP（GARP Multicast Registration Protocol）GARP多播注册协议HBA(Hub BUS Adapter 主机总线适配器)HDLC(High-level Data Link Control)高级数据链路控制HDSL(High speed DSL) 高级数字用户线HEC(Head Error Control)首部差错控制HFC(Hybrid Fiber Coax)光纤同轴混合网HTML(HyperText Markup Language) 超文本置标语音HTTP(HyperText Transfer Protocol)超文本传送协议HGMP（Huawei Group Management Protocol）华为组管理协议IAB(Internet Architecture Board) Interent体系结构委员会ICMP(Internet Control Message Procotol) Internet控制报文协议IDEA(International Data Encryption Algorithm)国际数据加密算法IEEE InstituteofElectrical and Electronics Engineers 国际电子电气工程师协会IFS(InterFrame Space)帧间间隔IGMP(Internt Group Management Protocol) Internet组管理协议IGP(Interior Gateway Protocol) 内部网关协议IP(Internet Protocol) 网际协议IPGW（Internet Protocol Gateway 互联网协议网关）IPSec（Internet Protocol Security Internet 协议安全性，Internet Protocol Security extensions IP协议安全扩展）IRF（Intelligent Resilient Framework智能弹性架构）H3C自主研发的软件虚拟化技术IPX(Internet Packet Exchange) 网络层的分组交换协议IR(InfraRed)红外技术ISA(Integrated Services Architecture)综合业务体系结构ISCSI(Internet Small Computer System Interface) 网络小型计算机接口ISDN(Integrated Services Digital Network) 综合业务数字网ISO. International Organization for Standardization 国际标准组织LAN(Local Area Network) 局域网LANE(LAN Emulation)局域网仿真LAPB(Link Access Procedure Balanced)链路接入规程(平衡型)LAPD(Link Access Procedure on the D Channel)链路接入规程(D通道) LLC(Logical Link Control) 链路控制规程MAC Media Access Control介质访问层MAC(Medium Access Control) 介质访问控制MAN(Metropolitan Area Network)城域网MARS(Multicast Address Resolution Server)多播地址解析服务器MBONE(Multicast Backbone On the InterNEt)多播主干网MBS(Maximum Burst Size)最大突发长度MCS(MultiCast Server)多播服务器MD(Message Digest)报文摘要Medium Access Control Address 介质访问控制地址MIB(Management Information Base) 管理信息库MIME(Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions)通用Internet邮件扩充MPLS（Multi-Protocol Label Switching多协议标签交换）MSTP（Multi-Service Transfer Platform）MSR(Multi Services Router 多业务路由器)MTA(Message Transfer Agent) 报文传送代理NAT(Network Address Translation 网络地址传输协议)NCC(Network Control Center)网络控制中心NFS(Network File System)网络文件系统NIC(Network Interface Card)网络接口卡或网卡NII(National Information Infrastructure)国家信息基础设施NNI(Network-Node Interface)网络结点接口NVT(Network Virtual Terminal)网络虚拟终端NMS（Network Management System）网络管理系统NVRAM（Nonvolatile RAM）非易失随机存储器OAA（Open Application Architechure）开放体系架构OAM(Operation，Administration and Maintenance)(网络)运行、管理和维护OC(Optical Carrier)光载波OS(Operation System)(网络)运行环境OSI/RM(Open System Interconnection Reference Model)开放系统互连参考模型OSPF(Open Shortest Path First) 开放最短通路优先OSI/RM Open System Interconnection Reference Model. 开放系统互联参考模型PAD(Packet Assembler/Disassembler)分组装拆器PCM(Pulse Code Modulation)脉冲编码调制PCS(Personal Communication Services)个人通信PDU(Protocol Data Unit)协议数据单元POP(Post Office Protocol)邮局协议PPP(Point-to-Point Protocol)点对点协议PT(Payload Type) 负荷类型QAM(Quadrature Amplitude Modulation) 正交幅度调制QoS(Quality of Service) 服务质量RAID(Redundant Arrays of Independent Disks磁盘阵列)RAN(Residential Access Network)居民接入网RARP(Reverse Address Resolution Protocol)逆地址解析协议RBB(Residential BroadBand network)居民宽带网RFC(Request For Comments)是Internet的文档，其中的少部分成为标准文档RIP(Routing Information Protocol)路由信息协议RPC(Remote Procedure Call) 远程过程调用RTP(Real-time Transfer Protocol)实时传送协议RMON（Remote Network Monitoring）远程网络监视RSTP（Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol）快速生成树协议SAN（Storage Attached Network，存储区域网络）SAP(Service Access Point)服务访问点SCSI（Small Computer System Interface）SDN(Software Defined Network,软件定义网络）SDU(Service Data Unit)服务数据单元SMP（Symmetrical Multi-Processing，对称多处理技术）SMI(Structure of Management Information) 管理信息结构SMTP(Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)简单邮件传送协议SNA(System Network Architecture)IBM系统网络体系结构SNMP(Simple Network Management Protocol)简单网络管理协议SONET(Synchronous Optical Network)同步光纤网SSID(Service Set Identifier)服务标记SSL (Secure Sockets Layer 安全套接层)STP(Shielded Twisted Pair)屏蔽双绞线SNMP（Simple Network Management Protocol）简单网管协议STP（Spanning Tree Protocol）生成树协议TA(Terminal Adapter) 终端适配器TC(Transmission Convergence) 传输会聚(子层)TCB(Transmission Control Block) 传输控制程序块TCP(Transmission Control Protocol)传输控制协议TETP(Trivial File Transfer Protocol)简单文件传送协议TCP/IP（Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol）传输控制协议/互联网协议TFTP（Trivial File Transfer Protocol）简单文件传输协议TTL（Time To Live ）生存时间UA (User Agent) 用户代理UBR(Unspecified Data Transfer) 不指明比特率UIB(User Interface Box) 用户接口盒子UNI(User-to-Network Interface) 用户网络接口URL(Uniform Resource Locator)统一资源定位符UTP(Unshield Twisted Pair)非屏蔽式双绞线UDP（User Datagram Protocol）用户数据报协议VBR(Variable Bit Rate) 可变比特率VCI(Virtual Channel Identifier) 虚通路标识符VoD(Video on Demand)视频点播VPI(Virtual Path Identifier) 虚通道标识符VSAT(Very Small Aperture Terminal)甚小口径地球站VLAN（Virtual Local Area Network）虚拟局域网VOD（Video On Demand）视频点播VT（Virtual Terminal）虚拟终端VTY（Virtual Type Terminal）虚拟类型终端，用于虚拟线路VXLAN(Virtual Extensible LAN)WAN(Wide Area Network) 广域网WDM(Wavelengh Division Multiplexing) 波分复用XDR(eXternal Data Representation) 外部数据表示XTP(Real-time Transport Protocol)实时运输协议。
移动通信术语英文缩写对照
移动通信术语英文缩写对照3G-MSC 3rd Generation Mobile Switching Centre 第三代移动交换中心3G-SGSN 3rd Generation Serving GPRS Support Node 第三代服务GPRS 的节点3GPP 3rd Generation partnership project 3 代合作项目AAL2 ATM Adaptation Layer type 2 ATM 适配层2AAL5 ATM Adaptation Layer type 5 ATM 适配层5ACIR Adjacent Channel Interference Ratio 邻道干扰比ACLR Adjacent Channel Leakage power Ratio 邻道泄漏功率比ACS Adjacent Channel Selectivity 邻道选择性210ALCAP Access Link Control Application Part 接入链路控制应用部分AMC Adapt Modulation Coding 自适应调制编码ARQ Automatic Repeat Request 自动重复请求ASN.1 Abstract Syntax Notation One 抽象语义描述1ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode 异步传输模式AuC Authentication Centre 鉴权中心BCH Broadcast Channel 广播信道BCCH Broadcast Control Channel 广播控制信道BER Bit Error Rate 误比特率BGCF Breakout Gateway Control Function 突破网关控制功能BSC Base Station Controller 基站控制器BSS Base Station Subsystem 基站子系统BTS Base Transceiver Station 基站收发机CC Call Control 呼叫控制CCCH Common Control Channel 公共控制信道CCH Control Channel 控制信道CCPCH ` Common Control Physical Channel 公共控制物理信道CDMA Code Division Multiple Access 码分多址CDMA TDD CDMA Time Division Duplex 码分多址时分双工CFN Connection Frame Number 连接帧号CM Connection Management 连接管理CN Core Network 核心网CQI Channel Quality Indicator 信道质量指示CRC Cyclic Redundancy Check 循环冗余检验CRNC Controlling Radio Network Controller 控制的无线网络控制器CS Circuit Switched 电路交换CSCF Call Server Control Function 呼叫服务器控制功能DCA Dynamic channel allocation 动态信道分配DCCH Dedicated Control Channel 专用控制信道DCH Dedicated Transport Channel 专用传输信道DL Downlink 下行链路DOA Direction Of Arrival 到达方向DPCH Dedicated Physical Channel 专用物理信道DRNC Drift Radio Network Controller 漂移无线网络控制器DRNS Drift RNS 漂移RNSDS CDMA Direct Spreading CDMA 直接扩频码分多址DSCH Down-link Shared Channel 下行共享信道DTCH Down-link Traffic Channel 下行业务信道DwPCH Downlink Pilot Channel 下行导频信道DwPTS Downlink Pilot Time Slot 下行导频时隙EIR Equipment Identity Register 设备标识寄存器EP Elementary Procedure 基本过程FACH Forward Access Channel 前向接入信道211FDD Frequency Division Duplex 频分双工FFS For Further Study 进一步研究FP Frame Protocol 帧协议FPACH Fast Physical Access Channel 快速物理接入信道FT Frame Type 帧类型GGSN Gateway GPRS Support Node GPRS 网关支持节点GMM GPRS Mobility Management GPRS 移动性管理GMSC Gateway MSC 网关移动业务中心GPRS General Packet Radio Service 通用分组无线业务GPS Global Positioning System 全球定位系统GRR GPRS Radio Resources GPRS 无线资源GSM Global System for Mobile Communication 全球移动通信系统GTP GPRS Tunneling Protocol GPRS 隧道协议HARQ Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request 混合自动重复请求HFN Hyper Frame Number 超帧号HLR Home Location Register 归属位置寄存器HSDPA High Speed Downlink Packet Access 高速下行分组接入HSS Home Subscriber Server 归属用户服务器IMSI International Mobile Subscriber Identity 国际移动用户标识码IMT-2000 International Mobile Telecommunications 2000国际电联命名3 代移动通信系统IP Internet Protocol 因特网协议IS-2000 IS-95 Evolution Standard (cdma2000) cdma2000ITU International Telecommunication Union 国际电联L1 Layer 1 层1L2 Layer 2 层2LAN Local Area Network 本地网络LMU Location Measurement Unit 位置测量单元MAC Medium Access Control 媒质接入控制MAP Mobile Application Part 移动应用部分MC CDMA Multiple Carrier CDMA 多载波码分多址MC TDMA Multiple Carrier TDMA 多载波时分多址ME Mobile Equipment 移动设备MGCF Media Gateway Control Function 媒体网关控制功能MGW Media Gateway 媒体网关MIB Master Information Block 控制信息块Mcps Mega Chip Per Second 每秒兆ChipMM Mobility Management 移动性管理MPLS MultiProtocol Label Switching 多协议标签交换MRF Media Resource Function 媒体资源功能MRFC Media Resource Function Controller 媒体资源功能控制器MRFP Media Resource Function Processor 媒体资源功能处理器MSC Mobile Services Centre 移动业务中心212MTP Message Transfer Part 消息传输部分MTP3-B Message Transfer Part level 3 3 级消息传输部分M3UA MTP3 User Adaptation Layer MTP3 用户适配层NAS Non Access Stratum 非接入层NBAP NodeB Application Part Node B 应用部分O&M Operation and Maintenance 操作维护PC Power Control 功率控制PCCH Paging Control Channel 寻呼控制信道PCCPCH Primary Common Control Physical Channel 基本公共控制物理信道PCH Paging Channel 寻呼信道PDSCH Physical Downlink Shared Channel 物理下行链路共享信道PLMN Public Land Mobile Network 公共陆地移动网PPP Point-to-Point Protocol 点对点协议PRACH Physical Random Access Channel 物理随机接入信道PS Packet Switched 分组交换PSTN Public Swithed Telephone Network 公共电话交换网络PUSCH Physical Uplink Shared Channel 物理上行链路共享信道QAM Quadrature Amplitude Modulation 正交幅度调制QE Quality Estimate 质量评估QPSK QuadriPhase Shift Keying 四相移键控QoS Quality of Service 业务质量R-SGW Roaming Signalling Gateway 漫游信令网关RAB Radio access bearer 无线接入承载RACH Random Access Channel 随即接入信道RANAP Radio Access Network Application Part 无线接入网应用部分RAT Radio Access Technology 无线接入技术RL Radio Link 无线链路RLC Radio Link Control 无线链路控制RNC Radio Network Controller 无线网络控制器RNS Radio Network Subsystem 无线网络子系统RNSAP Radio Network Subsystem Application Part 无线网络子系统应用部分RNTI Radio Network Temporary Identity 无线网络临时识别RR Radio Resources 无线资源RRC Radio Resource Control 无线资源控制RSVP Resource ReserVation Protocol 资源保留协议RTCP Real Time Control Protocol 实时控制协议RTP Real Time Protocol 实时协议SA Service Area 服务区域SABP service area broadcast protocol 服务区广播协议SAP Service Access Point 服务接入点SBM Subnetwork Bandwidth Management 子网带宽管理SC TDMA Single Carrier TDMA 单载波时分多址SSCF Service Specific Co-ordination Function 特定业务协调功能213SCCP Signalling Connection Control Part 信令连接控制部分SCH Synchronization Channel 同步信道SCCPCH Secondary Common Control Physical Channel 辅助公共控制物理信道SCP Service Control Point 业务控制点SCTP Simple Control Transmission Protocol 简单控制传输协议SFN System Frame Number 系统帧号SGSN Serving GPRS Support Node GPRS 服务支持节点SIB System Information Block 系统信息块SIM Subscriber Identity Module 用户识别模块SLF Subscrīption Location Function 签约位置功能SM Session Management 会话管理SRNC Serving Radio Network Controller 服务无线网络控制SRNS Serving RNS 服务RNSSS7 Signalling System No. 7 7 号信令系统SSCF Service Specific Co-ordination Function 具体业务协调功能SSCF-NNI Service Specific Coordination Function – Network Node Interface具体业务协调功能网元接口SSCOP Service Specific Connection Oriented Protocol 特定业务面向连接协议.STM Synchronous Transfer Mode 同步传输模式.T-SGW Transport Signalling Gateway 传输信令网关TB Transport Block 传输块TBS Transport Block Set 传输块集TCP Transfer Control Protocol 传输控制协议TDD Time Division Duplex 时分双工TDMA Time Division Multiple Access 时分多址接入TD-SCDMA Time Division Synchronous CDMA 时分同步--码分多址接入TFC Transport Format Combination 传送格式组合TFCI Transport Format Combination Indicator 传送格式组合指示TFCS Transport Format Combination Set 传送格式组合集TFI Transport Format Indicator 传送格式指示TFS Transport Format Set 传送格式集ToA Time of arrival 到达时间TPC Transmit Power Control 发射功率控制TSN Transmission Sequence Number 传输序列号TTI Transmission Time Interval 传输时间间隔UDP User Datagram Protocol 用户数据报协议UE User Equipment 用户设备UL Uplink 上行链路UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunication System 陆地移动通信系统UpPTS Uplink Pilot Time slot 上行导频时隙UpPCH Uplink Pilot Channel 上行导频信道USCH Up-link Shared Channel 上行共享信道USIM UMTS Subscriber Identity Module UMTS 用户识别模块214UTRAN UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network UMTS 陆地无线接入网VC Virtual Circuit 虚电路VLR Visitor Location Register 访问位置寄存器WAP Wireless Application Protocol 无线应用协议WCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple Access 宽带cdmaWG Working Group 工作组WWW World Wide Web 万维网XRES EXpected user RESponse 期待的用户响应。
数字电视专业术语简称
SD:(standard definition)是物理分辨率在720p以下的一种视频格式，称作标清
HD:(high definition)物理分辨率达到720p以上则称作为高清
CAPEX:(capital expenditure)一般是指资金、固定资产的投入
OPEX:(operating expense)运营成本
SCTE:数字广告系统接口标准
EPG:(electronic program guide)电子节目菜单
M-CMTS:模块化的有线调制解调终端系统
PSU:(power supply unit)电源装置
HHP:(hand held prodicts)是一家自动识别与数据采集技术开发商与产品制造商。
CSA:(Common scrambling algorithm)通用加扰算法
ECMG:(Entitlement control message generator)授权控制信息发生器
PS:(ProgramStream)节目流
ES:(Elementary Stream)基流
NIT:(Net Imformation Table)网络信息表
ISA:(industrial standard architecture)工业标准结构总线
RMS:(remote monitoring service)
SMS:(subscriber management system)用户管理系统
MPEG:(moving picture experts group)动态图像专家组
IGMP(internet group management protocol)
SBSS:(bigband sdv server)
常用的一些测试英语缩写
Full Name
Advanced Audio Distribution Profile Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting Advanced Audio Coding ATM Adaptation Layer type 1 Authentication Algorithm Number Activity-Based Buggeting Activity-Based Costing Activity-Base Management Available Bit Rate Alternating Current Audio Coder-3 Accept Anisotropic Conductive Film Advanced Configuration & Power Interface AT Command Interpreter Acknowledgement SMS Access Control List Add, Compare, Select Agency Dept. Automatic data capture Absolute Dimension Measurement Administration Function at the LIAN Audio Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line Adaptive Dynamic Threshold Additional Elementary Functions Association for Electric Home Appliances Advance Encryption standard Alternative Frequency List Audio Frequency Control Annual Failure Rate Access Gateway Audio Gateway Anti-Glare Advanced Global Alignment Accelerated Graphics Port、Advanced Graphics Port Assisted Global Positioning System Auto Insertion Acquisition Indicatior Acquisition Indication Channel Article Inspection report Article Inspection report ATM Line Interface Module subrack alternate lighting of surfaces Accelerated Life Test General Administration Dept.
TD英文缩写
BGCF Breakout Gateway Control Function 突破网关控制功能
BSC Base Station Controller 基站控制器
BSS Base Station Subsystem 基站子系统
BTS Base Transceiver Station 基站收发机
SAP Service Access Point 服务接入点
SBM Subnetwork Bandwidth Management 子网带宽管理
国际电联命名3 代移动通信系统
IP Internet Protocol 因特网协议
IS-2000 IS-95 Evolution Standard (cdma2000) cdma2000
ITU International Telecommunication Union 国际电联
L1 Layer 1 层1
HSDPA High Speed Downlink Packet Access 高速下行分组接入
HSS Home Subscriber Server 归属用户服务器
IMSI International Mobile Subscriber Identity 国际移动用户标识码
IMT-2000 International Mobile Telecommunications 2000
CC Call Control 呼叫控制
CCCH Common Control Channel 公共控制信道
CCH Control Channel 控制信道
CCPCH ` Common Control Physical Channel 公共控制物理信道
通信论文英文翻译
论文附件一、英文原文：Introduction to Wireless Communication SystemsThe ability to communicate with people on the move has evolved remarkably since Guglielmo Marconi first radio's ability to provide continuous contact with ships sailing the English channel. That was in 1897, and since then new wireless communications methods and services have been enthusiastically adopted by people throughout the world. Particularly during the past ten years, the mobile radio communications industry has grown by orders of magnitude, fueled by digital and RF circuit fabrication improvements, new large-scale circuit integration, and other miniaturization technologies which make portable radio equipment smaller, cheaper, and more reliable. Digital switching techniques have facilitated the large scale deployment of affordable, easy-to-use radio communication networks. These trends will continue at an even greater pace during the next decade.1.1 Evolution of Mobile Radio CommunicationsA brief history of the evolution of mobile communications throughout the world is useful in order to appreciate the enormous impact that cellular radio and Personal Communication Services(PCS) will have on all of us over the next several decades. It is also useful for a newcomer to the cellular radio field to understand the tremendous impact that government regulatory agencies and service competitors wield in the evolution of new wireless systems, services, and technologies. While it is not the intent of this text to deal with the techno-political aspects of cellular radio and personal communications, second-politics are a fundamental driver in the evolution of new technology and services, since radio spectrum usage is controlled by governments, not by service technology development manufacturers, entrepreneurs, or researchers. Progressive involvement in technology development is vital for a government if it hopes to keep its own country competitive in the rapidly changing field of wireless personal communications.Wireless communications is enjoying its fastest growth period in history, due to enabling technologies which permit widespread deployment. Historically, growth in the mobile communications field has come slowly, and has been couple closely to technological improvements. The ability to provide wireless communications to an entire population was not even conceived until Bell Laboratories development of cellular concept in the 1960s and 1970s [Nob62], [Mac79], [You79]. With the development of highly reliable, miniature, solid-state radio frequency hardware in the 1970s,the wireless communications era was born. The recent exponential growthin cellular technologies of the 1970s, which are mature today. The future growth of consumer-based mobile and portable communication systems will be tied more closely to radio spectrum allocations and regulatory decisions which affect or support new or extended services, as well as to consumer needs and technology advances in the signal processing, access, and network areas.The following market penetration data show how wireless communications in the consumer sector has grown in popularity. Figure 1.1 illustrates of the 20th century. Figure 1.1 is a bit misleading since the curve labeled "mobile telephone" does not include nontelephone mobile radio applications, such as paging, amateur radio, dispatch, citizens band(CB), public service, cordless phone, or terrestrial microwave radio systems. In fact, in 1990, licensed noncellular radio systems in the U.S. had over 12 million users,more than twice the U.S. cellular users population at that time [FCC91]. With the phenomenal growth of wireless subscribers in the late 1990s, combined with Nextel's novel business approach of purchasing private mobile radio licenses for bundling as a nationwide commercial cellular service, today's subscriber base for cellular and Personal Communication Services(PCS) far outnumbers all noncellular licensed users. Figure 1.1 shows that the first 35 years of mobiletelephony saw little market penetration due to high cost and the technological challenges involved, but how, in the past decade, wireless communications has been accepted by consumers at rates comparable to television and the video cassette recorder.By 1934. 194 municipal police radio systems and 58 state police stations had adopted amplitude modulation(AM) mobile communication systems for public safety in the U.S. It was estimated that 5,000 radios were installed in mobiles in the mid 1930s, and vehicle ignition noise was a major problem for these early mobile uses [Nob62]. In 1935,Edwin Armstrong demonstrated frequency modulation(FM) for the first time, and since the late 1930s, FM has been the primary modulation technique used for mobile communication systems throughout the world. World War II accelerated the improvements of the world's manufacturing and miniaturization and televison systems following the war. The number of U.S. mobile users climbed from several thousand in 1940 to 86,000 by 1948, 695,000 by 1958, and about 1.4 million users in 1962[Nob62]. The vast majority of mobile users in the 1960s were not connected to the public switched telephone network. With the boom in CB radio and cordless appliances such as garage door openers and telephones, the number of users of mobile and portable radio in 1995 was about 100 million, or 37% of the U.S. population. Research in 1991 estimated between 25 and 40 million cordless telephone were in use in the U.S.[Rap91c], and this number is estimated to be over 100 million as of late 2001. The number of worldwide cellular telephone users grew from 25,000 in 1984 to about 25 million in 19993[Kuc91], [Goo91], [ITU94], and since then subscription-based wireless services have been experiencing customer growth rates well in excess of 50% per year. As shown in Chapter 2, the worldwide subscriber base of cellular and PCS subscribers is approximately 630 million as of late 2001, compared with approximately 1 billion wired telephone line. In the first few years of 21st century, it is clear there will be an equal number of wireless andconventional wireline wireless subscriber population had already abandoned wired telephone service for home use, and had begun to rely solely on their cellular service provider for telephone access. Consumers are expected to increasingly use wireless service as their sole telephone access method in the years to come.1.2 Mobile Radiotelephony in the U.S.In 1946, the first public mobile telephone service was introduced in twenty-five major American cities. Each system used a single, high-powered transmitter and large tower in order to cover distances of over 50 km in a particular market. The early FM push-to-talk telephone systems of the late 1940s used 120 kHz of RF bandwidth in a half-duplex mode(only one person on the telephone call could talk at a time), even though the actual telephone-grade speech occupies only 3 kHz of base-band spectrum. The large RF bandwidth was used because of the difficulty in mass-producing tight mobile telephone channels per market, but with no new spectrum allocation. I,proved technology enabled the channel bandwidth to be cut in half to 60 kHz. By the mid 1960s, the FM bandwidth of voice transmissions was cut to 30 kHz. Thus, there was only a factor of four increase in spectrum efficiency due to technology advances from WW II to the mid 1960s. Also in the 1950s and 1960s, automatic channel trunking was introduces and implemented under the label IMTS(Improved Mobile Telephone Service). With IMTS, telephone companies began offering full duplex, auto-dial, auto-trunking phone systems[Cal88]. However, IMTS quickly became saturated in major markets.By 1976, the Bell Mobile Phone service for the NEW York City market(a market of about 10,000,000 people at the time) had only twelve channels and could serve only 543 paying customers. There was a waiting list of over 3,700 people [Cal88], and service was poor due to call blocking and usage over the few channels. IMTS is still in use in the U.S., but is very spectrally inefficient when compared to today's U.S. cellular system.二、英文翻译：无线通信系统介绍自从马可尼在英吉利海峡首先证实了无线电波能保证持续不断的与海上航行的船只保持联系，移动通信便有了显著的发展。
课程设计1---正交幅度调制(QAM)的设计与仿真
课程设计I设计说明书正交幅度调制（QAM）的设计与仿真学生姓名学号班级成绩指导教师数学与计算机科学学院2014年9月12日课程设计任务书2014 —2015学年第1学期课程设计名称：课程设计I课程设计题目：正交幅度调制（QAM）的设计与仿真完成期限：自2014 年9 月 1 日至2014 年9 月12 日共2 周设计内容：1.任务说明：设计一种数字频带调制解调系统。
使用Matlab/Simulink仿真软件，设计一个选择的数字频带传输系统中的调制与解调系统。
用示波器观察调制前后的信号波形；用频谱分析模块观察调制前后信号频谱的变化；用误码测试模块测量误码率；最后根据运行结果和波形来分析该系统性能。
2.要求：（1）设计出规定的数字通信系统的结构，包括信源，调制，发送滤波器模块，信道，接受滤波器模块以及信宿；（2）根据通信原理，设计出各个模块的参数（例如码速率，滤波器的截止频率等）；（3）熟悉MATLAB环境下的Simulink仿真平台，用Matlab/Simulink 实现该数字通信系统；（4）观察仿真并进行波形分析（波形图、眼图和频谱图等）；（5）用示波器观察调制与解调各个阶段的波形图，并给出波形的解释说明；（6）在老师的指导下，要求独立完成课程设计的全部内容，并按要求书写课程设计说明书，能正确阐述和分析设计和设计结果。
3.参考资料：[1]邵玉斌. Matlab/Simulink通信系统建模与仿真实例分析. 北京:清华大学出版社, 2008[2]张化光, 刘鑫蕊, 孙秋野. MATLAB/SIMULINK实用教程. 北京:人民邮电出版社, 2009[3]樊昌信, 曹丽娜. 通信原理. 北京:国防工业出版社,2008[4]刘卫国. MATLAB程序设计教程. 北京:中国水利水电出版社, 2005指导教师：教研室负责人：课程设计评阅摘要正交幅度调制技术(QAM)是一种功率和带宽相对高效的信道调制技术,因此在自适应信道调制技术中得到了较多应用.利用MATLAB/Simulink对QAM调制系统进行仿真,并给出了16QAM在加性高斯白噪声条件下的误码率。
网工英文简写
第一章SNA(System Network Architecture)系统网络体系结构DNA(Digital Network Architecture)数字网络体系结构Distributed Communication Architecture 分布式通信体系结构NFS(National Science Foundation)美国国家科学基金会NII(National Information Infrastructure)国家信息基础设施IMP(Interface Message Processor)接口信息处理机ISP(Internet Service Proider)INTERNET服务供应商ICP(Internet Content Provider)INTERNET网络信息服务供应商Intranet 内联网Extranet外联网EDI(Electronic Data Interchange)电子数据交换DLC(Data Link Control)数据链路控制OSI/RM(Open System Interconnection/Reference Telephone)开放系统互连参考模型CCITT(Consultative Committee International Telegraph and Telephone)SAP(Service Access Point)服务访问点CEP(Connection End Point)连接端点ACF/VTAM(Advanced Communication Facility/Virtual Telecommunication Access Method)SNA/DS(SNA Distribution Service)APPN(Advanced Peer-to-Peer Networking)高级点对点网络：LEN(Low-Entry Node)低级入口节点、EN(End Node)端节点、NN(Network Node)网络节点CP(Control Point)控制点PDN(Public Data Network)公用数据网（物理层、链路层、网络层）IPX(Internet Protocol Exchange)互联网分组交换协议（网络层）SPX(Sequential Packet Exchange)序列分组交换协议（传输层）NCP(NetWare Core Protocol)NetWare核心协议BMP(Burst Mode Protocol)突发模式协议NDS(NetWare Directory Services) NetWare目录服务DS(Distribution System)分发系统DS(Directory Service)目录服务FTAM(File Transfer Access and Management)文件传输访问和管理PLP（Packet Level Protocol）分组级协议CLNS（Connectionless Network Service）无连接网络服务PTT(Post Telephone & Telegraph)ECMA(European Computer Manufacturers Association)ASN.1(Abstract Syntac Notation 1)第一个抽象语法ASE(Application Service Element)应用服务元素ACSE(Association Control Service Element)联系控制服务元素RTSE(Reliable Transfer Service Element)可靠传输服务元素ROSE(Remote Operations Service Element)远程操作服务元素CCR(Commitment Concurrency and Recovery)提交、并发和恢复MOTIS(Message-Oriented Text Interchange System) 面向消息的文本交换系统VT(Virtual Terminal)虚拟终端CMIP(Common Management Information Protocol)公共管理信息协议CMIS(Common Management Information Service)公共管理信息服务第二章LED(Light Emitting Diode)发光二极管ILD(Injection Laser Diode)注入式激光二极管WDM(Wavelength Division Multiplexing)光纤复用方式为波分复用AMI(Alternate Mark Inversion)信号交替翻转编码RZ(Return to Zero)归零码NRZ不归零码Manchester Code 曼切斯特编码QAM(Quadrature Amplitude Modulation)正交幅度调制SAM（Security Accounts Manager）安全帐户管理器VSAT(Very Small Aperture Terminal )甚小孔径终端系统ASK (Amplitude Shift Keying) 幅移键控FSK（Frequency-shift keying）频移键控PSK(phase shift keying)相移键控PCM(Pulse Code Modulation)脉冲编码调制技术FHSS(Frequency-Hopping Spread Spectrum)频率跳动扩展频谱DSSS(Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum)直接序列扩展频谱交换方式：电路交换、分组交换、报文交换PAD(Packet Assembly and Disassembly device)分组拆装设备FDM (Frequency-division multiplexing)频分多路复用（模拟信号）TDM(Time Division Multiplexing)时分多路复用（数字信号）（同步时分、统计时分）CDMA(Code Division Multiple Access)码分多路复用TD-SCDMA 中国、时分双工，WCDMA CDMA2000 频分双工T1----1.544Mbps 24路7+1位E1----2.048Mbps 32 8SONET(Synchronous Optical Network)同步光纤网络SDH(Synchronous Digital Hierarchy)同步数字系列STM-1(Synchronous Transfer Module)第1级同步传输模块CRC(Cyclic Redundancy Check)循环冗余效验码第三章PSTN(Public Switched Telephone Network)公共交换电话网DTE（Data Terminal Equipment）DCE（Date Circuit Equipment）EIA（Electronic Industries Association）电子工业协会Modem（Modulation and Demodulation）DPSK（Differential Phase Shift Keying）差分相移键控TCM(Trellis Coded Modulation)格码调制DTMF双音多频X.25(物理层、链路层、分组层)LAP-B(Link Access Procedure-Balanced) 链路访问平衡协议X.25PLP(Packet Layer Protocol) 分组级协议ARQ(Automatic Repeat request)选择重发ARQ WHDLC(High Level Data Link Control)高级数据链路控制SDLC(Synchronous Data Link Control)(IBM)ADCCP(Advanced Data Communication Control Procedure)NRM(Normal Response Mode)正常响应模式（不平衡配置）ABM(Asynchronous Balanced Mode)异步平衡模式ARM(Asynchronous Rsponse Mode)异步响应模式SVC(Switched Virtual Call)交换虚电路PVC(Permanent Virtual Circuit)永久虚电路FR只做检错，不再重传，只有拥塞，没有流控DLCI(Data Link Connetion Identifier)数据链路连接标识符CLLM(Consolidated Link Layer Management)强化链路层管理SNAP(Subnetwork Access Protocol)子网访问协议FRF(Frame Relay Forum)帧中继论坛ISDN(Integrated Service Digital Network)综合业务数字网（N-ISDN、B-ISDN）Digital pipe 数字管道N-ISDN:基本速率：2B+D(B=64Kbps、D=16Kbps)=144Kbps基群速率：30B+D=2.048Mbps ，D=64KbpsPBX(Private Branch eXchange)专用小交换机B-ISDN:高层、ATM适配层（汇聚子层、拆装子层）、ATM层、物理层（传输会聚子层、物理介质子层），关键技术:异步传输模式，155MbpsSTM(Synchronous Transfer Mode)同步传输模式ATM(Asynchronous Transfer Mode)异步传输模式OAM(Operation And Maintenance)PMD(Physical Medium Dependent sublayer)物理介质相关子层TC(Transmission Convergence)传输聚合子层ATM层：虚通路（Virtual Path）虚信道（Virtual Channel）GFC(General Flow Control)PTI(Payload Type)CLP(Cell Loss Priority)HEC(Header Error Check)AFI(Authority and Format Identifier)IDI(Initial Domain Identifier)DCC(Data Country Code)IDC(International Code Designator)DSP(Domain Specific Part)ESI(End System Identifier)CBR(Constant Bit Rate)固定比特率（模拟铜线、光纤，无错误检查、无流控）VBR(Variable Bit Rate)可变比特率（实时性、非实时性）ABR(Available Bit Rate)有效比特率（突发式通信）UBR(Unspecified Bit Rate)不定比特率（传送IP分组）AAL(ATM Adaptation Layer)ATM适配层（CS(Convergence)子层（提供标准接口）、SAR(Segmentation and Reassembly)子层（对数据进行分段和重装配））Traffic Management Specification 4.0第四章宽带电缆上的信号只能单方向传播MAC(Media Access Control)介质访问控制LLC(Logical Link Control)逻辑链路控制AC(Acknowledged Connectionless)无连接应答帧CSMA/CD(Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Detection)载波监听多路访问吞吐率：单位时间内实际传送的位数EDLC(Ethernet Data Link Controller)以太网数据链路控制器10BASE-T 9.6us 64 100BASE-T 5.12 64FLP(Fast Link Pulse)快速链路脉冲NLP(Normal Link Pulse)正常链路脉冲GEA(Gibabit Ethernet Alliance)千兆以太网联盟Frame bursting 帧突发方式VLAN(Virtual Local Area Network)虚拟局域网Access-Link Connection 接入链路连接Trunk Connection 中继连接TCI(Tag Control Information)标记控制信息TPI(Tag Protocol Identifier)标记协议标识符（0x8100）CFI(Canonical Format Indicator)规范格式指示Spanning Tree 生成树BPDU（Bridge Protocol Data Unit)网桥协议数据单元:配置BPDU、TCN(Topology Change Notification)BPDURoot BID 根网桥的ID Sender BID:发送BPDU的网桥IDFD(Forward Delay)源路由网桥：由帧发送者显式指明路由信息MEF(Metro Ethernet Forum)城域以太网论坛EPL(Ethernet Private Line)以太网专用线EVPL(Ethernet Virtual Private Line)以太网虚拟专线E-LAN Services 以太局域网服务S-VID(Server Provider-VLAN ID)Provider Bridge Protocol 运营商网桥协议PBB(Provider Backbone Bridge)运营商主干网桥RPR(Resilient Packet Ring)弹性分组环10GEIR(Excess Information Rate)超信息速率SRP(Spatial Reuse Protocol)空间复用协议HIPERLAN(High Performance Radio LAN)ISM(Industrial Scientific and Medical)CCK(Complementary Code Keying)U-NII(Unlicensed National Information Infrastructure)OFDM(Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing)Infrastructure Networking 基础设施网络Ad hoc Networking 特殊网络AP(Access Point)接入点BSA(Basic Service Area)基本业务区BSS(Basic Service Set)基本业务集DS(Distributed System)分布式系统ESS(Extended Service Set)扩展服务集IR(Infrared Ray)红外线：定向红外光束、全方向广播红外线、漫反射红外线（线性编码的基带传输）基带脉冲调制技术分为脉冲幅度调制（PAM）、脉冲位置调制（PPM）和脉冲宽度调制（PDM）GFSK(Gauss Frequency Shift Keying)高斯频移键控QPSK(Quadrature Phase Shift Keying)正交相移键控OOK(On-Off Keying)二进制振幅键控Narrowband Microwave 窄带微波802.11PLCP(Physical Layer Convergence Protocol)物理层汇聚协议PMD物理介质相关子层PHY管理子层DFIR(Diffused IR)漫反射红外线IFS(Inter Frame Spacing)帧间隔CSMA/CA载波监听多路访问/冲突避免协议DCF(Distributed Coordination Function)分布式协调功能PCF(Point Coordination Function)点协调功能NAV(Network Allocation Vector)网络分配矢量MAC管理子层的功能：实现登记过程、ESS漫游、安全管理、电源管理。
移动通信英文缩写与中文对照
3G-MSC 3rd Generation Mobile Switching Centre 第三代移动交换中心3G-SGSN 3rd Generation Serving GPRS Support Node 第三代服务GPRS 的节点3GPP 3rd Generation partnership project 3 代合作项目AAL2 ATM Adaptation Layer type 2 ATM 适配层2AAL5 ATM Adaptation Layer type 5 ATM 适配层5ACIR Adjacent Channel Interference Ratio 邻道干扰比ACLR Adjacent Channel Leakage power Ratio 邻道泄漏功率比ACS Adjacent Channel Selectivity 邻道选择性210ALCAP Access Link Control Application Part 接入链路控制应用部分AMC Adapt Modulation Coding 自适应调制编码ARQ Automatic Repeat Request 自动重复请求ASN.1 Abstract Syntax Notation One 抽象语义描述1ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode 异步传输模式AuC Authentication Centre 鉴权中心BCH Broadcast Channel 广播信道BCCH Broadcast Control Channel 广播控制信道BER Bit Error Rate 误比特率BGCF Breakout Gateway Control Function 突破网关控制功能BSC Base Station Controller 基站控制器BSS Base Station Subsystem 基站子系统BTS Base Transceiver Station 基站收发机CC Call Control 呼叫控制CCCH Common Control Channel 公共控制信道CCH Control Channel 控制信道CCPCH ` Common Control Physical Channel 公共控制物理信道CDMA Code Division Multiple Access 码分多址CDMA TDD CDMA Time Division Duplex 码分多址时分双工CFN Connection Frame Number 连接帧号CM Connection Management 连接管理CN Core Network 核心网CQI Channel Quality Indicator 信道质量指示CRC Cyclic Redundancy Check 循环冗余检验CRNC Controlling Radio Network Controller 控制的无线网络控制器CS Circuit Switched 电路交换CSCF Call Server Control Function 呼叫服务器控制功能DCA Dynamic channel allocation 动态信道分配DCCH Dedicated Control Channel 专用控制信道DCH Dedicated Transport Channel 专用传输信道DL Downlink 下行链路DOA Direction Of Arrival 到达方向DPCH Dedicated Physical Channel 专用物理信道DRNC Drift Radio Network Controller 漂移无线网络控制器DRNS Drift RNS 漂移RNSDS CDMA Direct Spreading CDMA 直接扩频码分多址DSCH Down-link Shared Channel 下行共享信道DTCH Down-link Traffic Channel 下行业务信道DwPCH Downlink Pilot Channel 下行导频信道DwPTS Downlink Pilot Time Slot 下行导频时隙EIR Equipment Identity Register 设备标识寄存器EP Elementary Procedure 基本过程FACH Forward Access Channel 前向接入信道211FDD Frequency Division Duplex 频分双工FFS For Further Study 进一步研究FP Frame Protocol 帧协议FPACH Fast Physical Access Channel 快速物理接入信道FT Frame Type 帧类型GGSN Gateway GPRS Support Node GPRS 网关支持节点GMM GPRS Mobility Management GPRS 移动性管理GMSC Gateway MSC 网关移动业务中心GPRS General Packet Radio Service 通用分组无线业务GPS Global Positioning System 全球定位系统GRR GPRS Radio Resources GPRS 无线资源GSM Global System for Mobile Communication 全球移动通信系统GTP GPRS Tunneling Protocol GPRS 隧道协议HARQ Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request 混合自动重复请求HFN Hyper Frame Number 超帧号HLR Home Location Register 归属位置寄存器HSDPA High Speed Downlink Packet Access 高速下行分组接入HSS Home Subscriber Server 归属用户服务器IMSI International Mobile Subscriber Identity 国际移动用户标识码IMT-2000 International Mobile Telecommunications 2000国际电联命名3 代移动通信系统IP Internet Protocol 因特网协议IS-2000 IS-95 Evolution Standard (cdma2000) cdma2000ITU International Telecommunication Union 国际电联L1 Layer 1 层1L2 Layer 2 层2LAN Local Area Network 本地网络LMU Location Measurement Unit 位置测量单元MAC Medium Access Control 媒质接入控制MAP Mobile Application Part 移动应用部分MC CDMA Multiple Carrier CDMA 多载波码分多址MC TDMA Multiple Carrier TDMA 多载波时分多址ME Mobile Equipment 移动设备MGCF Media Gateway Control Function 媒体网关控制功能MGW Media Gateway 媒体网关MIB Master Information Block 控制信息块Mcps Mega Chip Per Second 每秒兆ChipMM Mobility Management 移动性管理MPLS MultiProtocol Label Switching 多协议标签交换MRF Media Resource Function 媒体资源功能MRFC Media Resource Function Controller 媒体资源功能控制器MRFP Media Resource Function Processor 媒体资源功能处理器MSC Mobile Services Centre 移动业务中心212MTP Message Transfer Part 消息传输部分MTP3-B Message Transfer Part level 3 3 级消息传输部分M3UA MTP3 User Adaptation Layer MTP3 用户适配层NAS Non Access Stratum 非接入层NBAP NodeB Application Part Node B 应用部分O&M Operation and Maintenance 操作维护PC Power Control 功率控制PCCH Paging Control Channel 寻呼控制信道PCCPCH Primary Common Control Physical Channel 基本公共控制物理信道PCH Paging Channel 寻呼信道PDSCH Physical Downlink Shared Channel 物理下行链路共享信道PLMN Public Land Mobile Network 公共陆地移动网PPP Point-to-Point Protocol 点对点协议PRACH Physical Random Access Channel 物理随机接入信道PS Packet Switched 分组交换PSTN Public Swithed Telephone Network 公共电话交换网络PUSCH Physical Uplink Shared Channel 物理上行链路共享信道QAM Quadrature Amplitude Modulation 正交幅度调制QE Quality Estimate 质量评估QPSK QuadriPhase Shift Keying 四相移键控QoS Quality of Service 业务质量R-SGW Roaming Signalling Gateway 漫游信令网关RAB Radio access bearer 无线接入承载RACH Random Access Channel 随即接入信道RANAP Radio Access Network Application Part 无线接入网应用部分RAT Radio Access Technology 无线接入技术RL Radio Link 无线链路RLC Radio Link Control 无线链路控制RNC Radio Network Controller 无线网络控制器RNS Radio Network Subsystem 无线网络子系统RNSAP Radio Network Subsystem Application Part 无线网络子系统应用部分RNTI Radio Network Temporary Identity 无线网络临时识别RR Radio Resources 无线资源RRC Radio Resource Control 无线资源控制RSVP Resource ReserVation Protocol 资源保留协议RTCP Real Time Control Protocol 实时控制协议RTP Real Time Protocol 实时协议SA Service Area 服务区域SABP service area broadcast protocol 服务区广播协议SAP Service Access Point 服务接入点SBM Subnetwork Bandwidth Management 子网带宽管理SC TDMA Single Carrier TDMA 单载波时分多址SSCF Service Specific Co-ordination Function 特定业务协调功能213SCCP Signalling Connection Control Part 信令连接控制部分SCH Synchronization Channel 同步信道SCCPCH Secondary Common Control Physical Channel 辅助公共控制物理信道SCP Service Control Point 业务控制点SCTP Simple Control Transmission Protocol 简单控制传输协议SFN System Frame Number 系统帧号SGSN Serving GPRS Support Node GPRS 服务支持节点SIB System Information Block 系统信息块SIM Subscriber Identity Module 用户识别模块SLF Subscrīption Location Function 签约位置功能SM Session Management 会话管理SRNC Serving Radio Network Controller 服务无线网络控制SRNS Serving RNS 服务RNSSS7 Signalling System No. 7 7 号信令系统SSCF Service Specific Co-ordination Function 具体业务协调功能SSCF-NNI Service Specific Coordination Function – Network Node Interface 具体业务协调功能网元接口SSCOP Service Specific Connection Oriented Protocol 特定业务面向连接协议.STM Synchronous Transfer Mode 同步传输模式.T-SGW Transport Signalling Gateway 传输信令网关TB Transport Block 传输块TBS Transport Block Set 传输块集TCP Transfer Control Protocol 传输控制协议TDD Time Division Duplex 时分双工TDMA Time Division Multiple Access 时分多址接入TD-SCDMA Time Division Synchronous CDMA 时分同步--码分多址接入TFC Transport Format Combination 传送格式组合TFCI Transport Format Combination Indicator 传送格式组合指示TFCS Transport Format Combination Set 传送格式组合集TFI Transport Format Indicator 传送格式指示TFS Transport Format Set 传送格式集ToA Time of arrival 到达时间TPC Transmit Power Control 发射功率控制TSN Transmission Sequence Number 传输序列号TTI Transmission Time Interval 传输时间间隔UDP User Datagram Protocol 用户数据报协议UE User Equipment 用户设备UL Uplink 上行链路UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunication System 陆地移动通信系统UpPTS Uplink Pilot Time slot 上行导频时隙UpPCH Uplink Pilot Channel 上行导频信道USCH Up-link Shared Channel 上行共享信道USIM UMTS Subscriber Identity Module UMTS 用户识别模块214UTRAN UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network UMTS 陆地无线接入网VC Virtual Circuit 虚电路VLR Visitor Location Register 访问位置寄存器WAP Wireless Application Protocol 无线应用协议WCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple Access 宽带cdmaWG Working Group 工作组WWW World Wide Web 万维网XRES EXpected user RESponse 期待的用户响应1X EV 1X Evolution 1X增强1X EV-DO 1X Evolution Data Only 1X增强-数据1X EV-DV 1X Evolution Data & Voice 1X增强-数据与语音1xEV-DO 1x evolution Data Optimized 1x演进数据优化24PB 24V Power Board 24V电源板2G BTS 2G Base Station Transceiver 仅支持IS-95空中接口标准的BTS3G BTS 3G Base Station Transceiver 支持IS-2000空中接口标准的BTSAAAA Authentication Authorization Accounting 认证、授权、记帐AAL ATM Adaptation Layer ATM适配层AAL2 ATM Adaptation Layer type 2 ATM 适配层2AAL5 ATM Adaptation Layer type 5 ATM适配层5Abis Interface Abis Interface—the interface of BSC--BTS 基站控制器和基站收发信机间接口ABS Air Break Switch 空气开关AC Asynchronous Capsule 异步包ACB Amplifier Control Board 放大器控制板ACCH Associated Control Channel 随路控制信道ACCM Asynchronous Control Character Map 异步控制字符映射ACIR Adjacent Channel Interference Ratio 相邻信道干扰比ACK Acknowledgement 应答ACLR Adjacent Channel Leakage Power Ratio 相邻信道泄漏功率比ACS Adjacent Channel Selectivity 相邻信道选择性ADF Application Dedicated File 应用专用文件ADN Abbreviated Dialing Numbers 按字母顺序排列的电话号码薄AESA ATM End System Address ATM末端系统地址AGC Automatic Gain Control 自动增益控制AH Authentication Header 鉴权报头 AI Acquisition Indicator 捕获指示AICH Acquisition Indicator Channel 捕获指示信道AID Application IDentifier 应用标识符AIUR Air Interface User Rate 空中接口用户速率AK Anonymity key 匿名密钥ALC Automatic Level Control 自动电平控制ALCAP Access Link Control Application Protocol 接入链路控制应用协议 ALW Always 一直AM Acknowledged Mode 应答模式AMB Attenuation Matching Board 衰减匹配板AMF Authentication Management Field 鉴权管理域AMP Address Management Protocol 地址管理协议AMR Adaptive Multi Rate 可采纳的多速率AN Access network 接入网络ANID Access Network Identifiers 接入网标识AP Access preamble 接入前缀APB ATM Process Board ATM接入处理板APD AC Power Distribution Module 交流配电模块APDU Application Protocol Data Unit 应用协议数据单元API Application Programming Interface 应用程序接口ARM ARM processor ARM处理器ARP Address Resolution Protocol 地址解析协议ARQ Automatic Repeat Request 自动重发请求AS Access Stratum 接入层ASC Access Service Class 接入业务级A-SGW Access Signaling Gateway 接入信令网关ASN.1 Abstract Syntax Notation One 抽象语法表示1AT Access terminal 接入终端ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode 异步传输模式ATR Answer To Reset 复位回答ATT Attenuator 衰减器AUC Authentication Center 鉴权中心AUTN Authentication token 鉴权标记AWGN Additive White Gaussian Noise 加性高斯白噪声A Interface A Interface—the interface of BSC-MSC 移动交换中心与基站子系统间接口BB-BDS Backplane of Baseband Digital Subsystem 基带数字子系统背板 BBDS Backplane of BDS BDS框的背板BBS BTS Baseband Subsystem 基站基带子系统BCC Bear Channel Connect 承载通路连接BCCH Broadcast Control Channel 广播控制信道BCFE Broadcast Control Functional Entity 广播控制功能实体BCH Broadcast Channel 广播信道BCS BTS Communication Subsystem 基站通信子系统BCSN Backplane of Circuit Switch Network 电路交换网背板BCTC Backplane of Control Center 控制中心背板BDM Baseband Digital Module 基带数字模块BDM1900 1.9G Baseband Digital Module 微基站1.9G基带数字模块BDM800 800M Baseband Digital Module 微基站800M基带数字模块 BDS Baseband Digital System 基带数字系统BER Bit Error Ratio 误码率，比特差错率BGPS Backplane of GPS GPS背板BGT Block Guard Time 块守护时间BIC Baseline Implementation CapabilitiesBID Binding Identity 捆绑标识BIM BDS Interface Module BDS系统接口模块B-ISDN ISDN Broadband ISDN 宽带BLER Block Error Rate 误块率BLPA Backplane of LPA LPA框的背板BMC Broadcast/Multicast Control 广播/多址控制BOC Bell Operating Company 贝尔运行公司BPD BDS Power Distribute BDS机柜电源分配模块BPSK Binary Phase Shift Keying 二进制移相键控BPSN Backplane of Packet Switch Network 分组交换网背板BPWS Backplane of PWS PWS框的背板BRFE Backplane of RFE RFE框的背板BRFS Backplane of TRX and BDM/RFM BDM/RFM和TRX的连接背板BS Base Station 基站BSC Base Station Controller 基站控制器BSM Base Station Management 基站管理系统BSP Board Support Package 板支持包BSS Base Station System 基站系统BSSAP Base Station Subsystem Application Part 基站子系统应用部分BTM BTS Test Module BTS告警模块BTRX Backplane of TRX TRX框的背板BTS Base Transceiver System 基站收发信机BUSN Backplane of Universal Switching Network 通用业务网背板BWT Block Waiting Time 块等待时间CCA Certificate Authentication 证书认证CAA Capacity Allocation Acknowledgement 空量分配应答CAMEL Customized Application for Mobile network Enhanced Logic 用于移动网络增强逻辑定制的应用CAP CAMEL Application Part CAMEL应用部分C-APDU Command APDU 命令APDUCB Cell Broadcast 小区广播CBA IPI CMM-Based Appraisals for Internal Process Improvement 用于内部过程改进的基于CMM的评价CBR Constant Bit Rate 固定比特率CBS Cell Broadcast Service 小区广播业务CC Control Channel 控制信道CC/PP Composite Capability/Preference Profiles 合成能力/优先档案CCB Configuration Control Board 配置控制委员会CCBS Completion of Calls to Busy Subscriber 呼叫忙用户的完成CCCH Common Control Channel 公共控制信道CCF Call Control Function 呼叫控制功能CCH Control Channel 控制信道CCK Corporate Control Key 合并控制键CCM Communication Control Module 通信控制模块CCP Compression Control Protocol 压缩控制协议CCPCH Common Control Physical Channel 公共控制物理信道CCTrCH Coded Composite Transport Channel 编码合成传送信道CD Capacity Deallocation/Collision Detection 空量解除分配/冲突检测 CDA Capacity Deallocation Acknowledgement 容量解除分配的应答CDF Command Dispatch Functions 命令分发功能CDMA Code Division Multiple Access 码分多址CDR Call Detail Record 呼叫细节记录CDSU Channel/Data Service Unit 信道/数据服务单元CE Channel Element 信道单元CEB Channel Element Board 信道单元板CES Channel Element Subsystem 信道单元子系统CFN Connection Frame Number 连接帧号CGI Common Gateway Interface 公共网关接口CHAP Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol 质询握手认证协议 CHM Channel Processing Module 信道处理模块CHM-1X Channel Processing Module for cdma2000 信道处理模块，采用CSM5000芯片，支持IS-2000空中接口标准CHM-95 Channel Processing Module for IS-95 信道处理模块，采用CSM1.5芯片，支持IS-95空中接口标准CHUB Control HUB 控制流集线器CIB Circuit-bearer Interface Board 电路承载通道接口板CIC Circle Identify Code 地面电路识别号CLA Class 级CLK Clock 时钟CLKD CLOCK Distributor 时钟分发驱动板CLKG CLOCKGenerator 时钟产生CLNP Connectionless network protocol 无连接网络协议CLNS Connectionless network service 无连接网络业务CM Configuration Management 配置管理CMB Combiner 合路器CMF Connection Monitor Function 连接监控功能CMIP Common Management Information Protocol 公共管理信息协议 CMIS Common Management Information Service 公共管理信息服务CMM Capability Maturity Model 能力成熟度模型CMU Carnegie-Mellon University 卡耐基&8226;梅隆大学CN Core Network 核心网CNAP Calling Name Presentation 主叫号码显示CNL Co-operative Network List 合作操作网络表COA Care-of-Address 转交地址COCOMO Constructive Cost Model 构造性成本模型CONS Connection-oriented network service 面向连接的网络业务CPCH Common Packet Channel 公共分组信道CPCS Common Part Convergence Sublayer 公共聚合子层部分CPICH Common Pilot Channel 公共导频信道CPM Calling Processing Module 呼叫处理模块CPP Core Processor Part 核心处理部分CPS Common Part Sublayer 公共子层部分 CPU Central Processing Unit 中心处理单元CR Change Request 变更请求CRC Cyclic Redundancy Check 循环冗余校验CRF Command Resolve Function 命令解析功能CRNC Controlling Radio Network Controller 主控无线器C-RNTI Cell Radio Network Temporary Identity 小区无线网络临时识别符CS Circuit Switched 电路交换CSCF Call Server Control Function 呼叫服务器控制功能CSE Camel Service Environment Camel 业务环境CS-GW Circuit Switched Gateway 电路交换网关CSM Cell Site Modem 基站调制解调器CSM5000 Cell Site Modem ASIC 5000 基站调制解调器专用芯片CSU/DSU Channel Service Unit/ Digital Service Unit 信道数据服务单元 CTCH Common Traffic Channel 公共业务信道CTDMA Code Time Division Multiple Access 码时分多址C-TPDU Command TPDU 命令TPDUCW Continuous Wave (unmodulated signal) 连续波（未调制信号）DD_K DBS Kernel Module 数据库核心模块D_M D_Method 数据库关系表方法模块D_S D_Service 数据库维护模块D_V D_View 数据库存取接口模块DAC Digital-to-Analog Converter 数-模转换器DAD Destination Adress 目的地址DAM DECT Authentication Module DECT鉴权模型DBS Database Subsystem 数据库子系统DC Dedicated Control (SAP) 专用控制（SAP）DCA Dynamic Channel Allocation 动态的信道分配DCCH Dedicated Control Channel 专用控制信道DCH Dedicated Channel 专用信道DDI Direct Dial In 直接拨号进DECT Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications 数字增强无绳电信 DF Dedicated File 专用文件DHCP Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol 动态的宿主配置协议DHO Diversity Handover 分集切换DIF Data Intermediate Frequency Module 数字中频模块diff-serv Differentiated services 特殊的业务DIU Digital Interface Module 数字（中频）接口模块DL Downlink (Forward Link) 下行链路（前向链路）DLC Data Link Control 数据链路层控制DN Destination Network 目的网络DNS Directory Name Service 目录名称业务DO Data Object 数据对象DoD Department of Defense 美国国防部DOI Domain of Interpretation 解析域DP Defect Prevention 缺陷预防DPC Destination Point Code 目的地信令点编码DPCCH Dedicated Physical Control Channel 专用物理控制信道DPCH Dedicated Physical Channel 专用物理信道DPDCH Dedicated Physical Data Channel 专用物理数据信道DRAC Dynamic Resource Allocation Control 动态的资源分配控制DRC Data Rate Control 数据速率控制DRNC Drift Radio Network Controller 变动的无线网络控制器DRNS Drift RNS 变动的RNSDRX Discontinuous Reception 非连续接收DSA Digital Signature Algorithm 数字签名算法DS-CDMA Direct-Sequence Code Division Multiple Access 直扩－码分多址DSCH Downlink Shared Channel 下行共享信道DSM Data Service Module 数据服务模块DTB Digital Trunk Board 数字中继板DTCH Dedicated Traffic Channel 专用业务信道DTI Digital Trunk Interface Element 数字中继接口单元DTMF Dual Tone Multiple Frequency 多音频拨号音DTX Discontinuous Transmission 非连续传输DUP Duplexer 双工器EECTRA European Committee of Telecommunications Regulatory Affairs 欧洲电信常规事务委员会EDC Error Detection Code byte 检错码字节EDGE Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution GSM改进型的增强数据速率EF Elementary File 基本文件EFD Event Forwarding Discriminator 事件前转辨别器E-GGSN Enhanced GGSN 增强的GGSNEGPRS Enhanced GPRS 增强的GPRSEHB （Ethernet HUB Board）以太网共享式HUB板E-HLR Enhanced HLR 增强的HLREIRP Equivalent Isotropic Radiated Power 等效各向内性辐射功率EJB Enterprise Java Beans 企业Java组件模型EMC Electromagnetic Compatibility 电磁兼容性EMF Network Element Mediation Function 网元中介功能EMI Electromagnetic interference 电磁干扰EMS electromagnetic susceptibility 电磁敏感性ESB Ethernet Switch Board 以太网交换板ESD electrostatic discharge 静电放电ESP Encapsulating Security Payload 封装安全载荷ESU Extended subscriber unit 扩展用户单元ETSI European Telecommunications Standards Institute 欧洲电信标准研究院etu elementary time unit 基本时间单元EUT equipment under test 被试设备FF/R-CCCH Forward / Reverse Common Control Channel 前反向公共控制信道F/R-DSCH Forward/Reverse Dedicated Signal Channel 前反向专用信令信道F/R-DCCH Forward / Reverse Dedicated Control Channel 前反向专用控制信道F/R-FCH Forward / Reverse Fundamental Channel 前反向基本信道F/R-PICH Forward / Reverse Pilot Channel 前反向导频信道F/R-SCCH Forward / Reverse Supplemental Code Channel 前反向补充码信道F/R-SCH Forward / Reverse Supplemental Channel 前反向补充信道FA Foreign Agent 外地代理FAC Foreign Agent Challenge 外地代理质询FACH Forward Access Channel 前向业务信道F-APICH Dedicated Auxiliary Pilot Channel 前向专用辅助导频信道F-ATDPICH Auxiliary Transmit Diversity Pilot Channel 辅助发射分级导频信道FAUSCH Fast Uplink Signaling Channel 快速上行链路信令信道FAX Facsimile 传真F-BCCH Broadcast Control Channel 前向广播控制信道FBI Feedback Information 反馈信息F-CACH Common Assignment Channel 前向公共指配信道FCI File Control Information 文件控制信息FCP Flow Control Protocol 流量控制协议F-CPCCH Common Power Control Channel 前向公共功率控制信道FCS Frame Check Sequence 帧校验序列FD Full duplex 全双工FDD Frequency Division Duplex 频分双工FDMA Frequency Division Multiple Access 频分多址FE Front End 射频收发前端FEC Forward Error Correction 前向纠错FER Frame Erasure Rate/Frame Error Rate 误帧率FFS For Further Study 为进一步研究Flexible-Rate Flexible Data Rate 灵活的数据速率FLPC Forward Link Power Control 前向链路功率控制FM Fault Management 故障管理FN Frame Number 帧号FNUR Fixed Network User Rate 固定的网络用户速率FP Function Point 功能点F-PCH Paging Channel 前向寻呼信道F-QPCH Quick Paging Channel 前向快速寻呼信道FS Frequency Synthesizer 频率合成器FSB Frequency Synthesizer Board 频率合成板F-SYNCH Sync Channel 前向同步信道FTAM File Transfer Access Maintenance 文件传输存取维护FTB Fiber Transceiver Board 光纤收发板FTC Forward Traffic Channel 前向业务信道F-TDPICH Transmit Diversity Pilot Channel 前向发射分集导频信道FTP File Transfer Protocol 文件传输协议GGC General Control (SAP) 一般控制（SAP）GCM GPS Control Module GPS控制模块GID1 Group Identifier (level 1) 组识别符（级别1）GID2 Group Identifier (level 2) 组识别符（级别2） GLI GE Line Interface GE线接口GMSC Gateway MSC 网关MSCGMSK Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying 最小高斯移位键控GP Guard Period 保护时间GPCM General Purpose Chip-select Machine 通用片选状态机GPRS General Packet Radio Service 通用分组无线业务GPS GPS Timing Module 定时频率模块GPSR Global Position System Receiver 全球定位系统接收机GPSTM GPS Timing Module GPS定时模块GRE Generic Routing Encapsulation 通用路由封装GSM Globe System for Mobil Communication 全球移动通信系统GSN GPRS Support Nodes GPRS支持的节点GTP GPRS Tunneling Protocol GPRS隧道传输协议HHA Home Agent 归属代理HCS Hierarchical Cell Structure 分层小区结构H-CSCF Home CSCF 归属CSCSHDLC High-level data link control HDLC协议HDR High Data Rate 高速数据速率HE-VASP Home Environment Value Added Service Provider 归属环境的增值业务提供者HF Human Factors 人为因素HHO Hard Handover 硬切换HIRS High-speed Interconnect Router Subsystem 高速互连路由子系统 HLR Home Location Register 归属位置寄存器HN Home Network 归属网络HO Handover 切换HPA High Power Amplifier 高功放HPLMN Home Public Land Mobile Network 归属公共陆地移动网络HPS Handover Path Switching 切换路径交换HRPD High rate packet data 高速率分组数据HRR Handover Resource Reservation 切换资源预留HSCSD High Speed Circuit Switched Data 高束的电路交换数据HSS Home Subscriber Server 归属用户服务器HTTP Hyper Text Transfer Protocol 超文本传输协议HTTPS Hyper Text Transfer Protocol 安全的超文本传输协议HWB HW-signal process Board HW信号处理板II/O Input/Output 输入/输出IANA Internet Assigned Numbering Authority 互联网地址分配机构I-Block Information Block 信息块IC Intergroup Coordination 组间协调ICC Integrated Circuit Card 集成电路卡ICGW Incoming Call Gateway 呼入网关ID Identifier 识别符IDEAL Initiating-Diagnosing-Establishing-Acting-Leveraging 启动、诊断、建立、行动、推行IE Information Element 信息元素IEC International Electrotechnical Commission 国际电气委员会IETF Internet Engineering Task Force 互联网工程任务组IF Intermediate Frequency 中频IFS Information Field Sizes 信息域大小IFSC Information Field Size for the UICC UICC的信息域大小IFSD Information Field Size for the Terminal 终端的信息域大小IIC Integrated Circuit Interface Circuit 集成电路接口电路IKE Internet Key Exchange 互联网密钥交换IM Intermodulation 互调失真IMA Inverse Multiplexing on ATM ATM上的反向复用IMAB IMA Board IMA/ATM协议处理板IMEI International Mobile Equipment Identity 国际移动设备识别IMGI International mobile group identity 国际移动组织识别IMSI International Mobile Subscriber Identity 国际移动用户识别IMT-2000 International Mobile Telecommunications 2000 国际移动电信2000IMUN International Mobile User Number 国际移动用户号IN Intelligent Network 智能网INAP Intelligent Network Application Part 智能网应用部分INF INFormation field 信息域IP Internet Protocol Internet协议IPB IP Process Board IP处理板IPCP IP Control Protocol IP控制协议IP-M IP Multicast IP多址广播IPSec IP Security IP安全协议ISAKMP Internet Security Association and Key Management Protocol 互联网SA和密钥管理协议ISCP Interference Signal Code Power 干扰信号码功率ISDN Integrated Services Digital Network 集成业务数字网ISM Integrated Software Management 集成软件管理ISO International Standardization Organization 国际标准化组织ISP Internet Service Provider Internet业务提供商ISUP ISDN User Part ISDN用户部分ITU International Telecommunications Union 国际电信联盟IUI International USIM Identifier 国际USIM识别符IWFB InterWorking Function Board IWF(用于手机上网的辅助设备)背板 JJ2EE Java 2 Platform Enterprise Edition Java2平台企业板JAR file Java Archive File Java档案文件JD Joint Detection 联合检测JDMK Java Dynamic Management Kit Java动态管理开发包JMS Java Message Service Java消息服务JNDI Java Naming Directory Interface Java命名的目录接口JP Joint Predistortion 联合预失真JPEG Joint Photographic Experts Group 摄影专家联合小组JTAPI Java Telephony Application Programming Interface Java电话的应用程序接口JTS Java Transaction Service Java事务处理服务JVM Java Virtual Machine Java虚拟机Kkbps kilo-bits per second 每秒千比特KP Key Practice 关键实践KPA Key Process Area 关键过程域KSLOC Kilo Source Lines Of Code 千行源代码ksps kilo-symbols per second 每秒千符号LL1 Layer 1 (physical layer) 层1（物理层）L2 Layer 2 (data link layer) 层2（数据链路层）L3 Layer 3 (network layer) 层3（网络层）L3Addr Layer 3 Address 第三层地址LAC Link Access Control 链路接入控制LAI Location Area Identity 位置区域识别LAN Local Area Network 本地网LATA Local Access and Transport Area 本地接入和传送区域LCD Low Constrained Delay 低限制延迟LCF Link Control Function 连接控制功能LCP Link Control Protocol 链路控制协议LCS Location Services 定位业务LE Local Exchange 本地交换机LEN Length 长度LFM Local Fibre Module 近端光模块LLC Logical Link Control 逻辑链路控制LMF 本地管理功能LMT Local Management Terminal 本地维护终端LN Logical Name 逻辑名LNA Low Noise Amplifier 低噪声放大器LOMC Local OMC 本地操作维护中心LOS Line Of Sight 视距LPA Linear Power Amplifier 线性功放LPF Low Pass Filter 低通滤波器LRU Large Replacing Unite 较大可替代单元LSA Localised Service Area 本地化的业务区LSB Least Significant Bit 最低有效比特LTZ Local Time Zone 本地时区LUP Location Update Protocol 位置更新协议MM&C Monitor and Control 监控MA Multiple Access 多址MAC Message authentication code (encryption context) 消息鉴权码（保密）MAF Application Management Features 管理应用功能MAHO Mobile Assisted Handover 移动台协助的切换MAP Mobile Application Part 移动应用部分MC Message Center 短消息中心（SMC）MCC Mobile Country Code 移动国家码MCE Module Control Element 模块控制单元Mcps Mega-chips per second 每秒兆chipsMCU Media Control Unit 媒质控制单元MDIV Diversity 分集接收滤波器MDIV800 Micro Diversity 微基站800M分集接收滤波器 MDN Mobile Directory Number 移动用户号码簿号码MDS Multimedia Distribution Service 多媒体分布业务MDUP Duplex 双工器MDUP800 Micro Duplex 微基站800M双工器ME Mobile Equipment 移动设备MEHO Mobile evaluated handover 移动台估计的切换MER Message Error Rate 误消息率MExE Mobile station (application) Execution Environment 移动台（应用）执行环境MF Mediation Function 中介功能MGCF Media Gateway Control Function 媒质关卡控制功能MGCP Media Gateway Control Part 媒质关卡控制部分MGPS Micro GPS 微基站GPSMGT Mobile Global Title 移动全球称号MGW Media GateWay 媒质关卡MHEG Multimedia and Hypermedia Information Coding Expert Group 多媒体和超媒体信息编码专家组MHz Mega Hertz 兆赫兹MIB Management Information Base 管理信息库MIF Management Information Function 管理信息功能MIN Mobile Identification Number 移动台识别码MIP Mobil IP 移动IPMIPS Million Instructions Per Second 每秒百万次指令MIT MO Instance Tree MO实例树MLNA Micro Low Noise Amplifier 低噪声放大器MLNA800 Micro Low Noise Amplifier 微基站800MLNAMM Mobility Management 移动性管理MMI Man Machine Interface 人机接口MML Man Machine Language 人机语言MNC Mobile Network Code 移动网络码MNIC Multi-service Network Interface Card 多功能接口网板MNP Mobile Number Portability 移动号可携带性MO Mobile Originated 移动台启呼MOF MO administration Function MO管理功能MOHO Mobile Originated Handover 移动台启呼的切换MONB MONIOTR BOARD 监控板MOS Mean Opinion Score 平均意见分MPA Micro Power Amplifier 微基站功放MPA800 Micro Power Amplifier 微基站800M功放MPB Main Process Board 主处理板MPC8260 Motorola Power PC 8260 摩拖罗拉的CPUMPC860 Motorola的高性能的通讯处理器MPD Micro-BTS Power Distribution 微基站电源模块MPEG Moving Pictures Experts Group 移动图像专家组MPM MSC Processing Module MSC处理模块MRB Media Resource Board 媒体资源板MRF Media Resource Function 媒质资源功能MS Mobile Station 移动台MSB Most Significant Bit 最高有效比特MSC Mobile Switching Center 移动交换中心MSE MExE Service Environment MexE业务环境MSG Management Steering Group 管理指导组MSID Mobile Station Identifier 移动台识别符MSIN Mobile Station Identification Number 移动台识别号码MSM Message Switching Module 消息交换模块MSP Multiple Subscriber Profile 多用户档案MSU Main subscriber unit 主用户单元MT Mobile Termination 面向终端的移动MTBF 平均无故障时间间隔MTP Message Transfer Part 消息传递部分MTP3-B Message Transfer Part level 3 消息传递部分级别3MTRX800 Micro Transmitter & Receiver 微基站800M收发信机MTSI Master To Slave Interface 主备用接口MUI Mobile User Identifier 移动用户识别符NNAD Node Address byte 节点地址字节NAI Network Access Identifier 网络接入标识NAS Non-Access Stratum 非接入层NBAPNBAP Node B Application Part Node B应用部分NCK Network Control Key 网络控制键NCM Network Control Module 网络控制模块NDC National Destination Code 国际目的码NDUB Network Determined User Busy 网络用户忙NE Network Element 网元。
移动通讯词汇中英对照
移动通讯词汇中英对照小编为大家整理了移动通讯词汇中英对照，希望对你有帮助哦!移动通讯词汇中英对照一：压电效应 piezoelectric effect压控震荡器 voltage controlled oscillator (VCO)压控振荡器输入控制电压 VCO input control voltage压扩单边带调幅companding single sideband/amplitude modulation (CSSB/AM)压扩器 compander压缩器 compressor亚毫米波长 submillimeter wavelength延迟拨号信号 delay-dialing signal延迟角 delay angle延伸系统 stretch system严重故障 major fault盐雾试验 salt fog test验收试验 acceptance test扬声电话机 loudspeaking telephone set扬声器额定阻抗 rated impedance of loudspeaker扬声器功率 power of loudspeaker样值 sample遥测 telemetry， telemetering遥控 telecontrol遥信 telecommand遥导 teleguidance遥警 remote alarm野战通信系统 tactical communication system业务的非透明支持 non-transparent support of services业务协调 service interworking业务连线阻抗 service connection impedance业务轮廓 service profile业务轮廓管理 service profile management业务区 service area业务提供 provision业务信道 traffic channel业余业务 amateur service一次群(基群)，数字群 primary block (digroup)一阶锁相环 first-order phase-locked loop一致性规范 conformity specification移带倒频 band-shift inversion移动台标志号码 mobile identification (MIN)移动地球站 mobile (satellite) earth station移动电台 mobile station移动设备 mobile equipment移动台被呼 mobile terminated (MT)移动台国际ISDN号码mobile station international ISDN number (MSISDN)移动台划分 mobile allocation (MA)移动台接入寻找 mobile access hunting (MAH)移动台漫游号码 mobile station roaming number (MSRN)移动台始呼 mobile originated (MO)移动台特性 mobile station feature移动通信系统 mobile communication system移动无线局 mobile switching center (MSC)移动业务 mobile service移动应用部 mobile application part (MAP)移动用户 mobile subscriber移动用户电话码 directory number (DN)移动终端 mobile termination (MT)已调波 modulated wave异步的 heterochronous异步通信 asynchronous communication异步网 nonsynchronized network“异或非”门 exclusive-NOR gate“异或”门 exclusive-OR gate抑躁输入信号电平 noise-quieting input-signal level抑制器，抑制部件 suppressor， suppression component抑制载波单边带发射 suppressed carrier SSB emission译码约束长度 decoding constraint length音节表 syllable chart音节清晰度 syllable articulation音节压扩 syllable companding音量控制 volume control音频保护比 AF protection ratio音频放大器 audio frequency amplifier音载负载 audio frequency load移动通讯词汇中英对照二：散射发射 spurious emission散射输出功率 spurious output power散射响应抗扰性 spurious response immunity散射响应频率 spurious response frequency散射窄带(射频)分量spurious narrow-bandwidth (RF) components再定时 retiming再起动规程 restart procedure再生 regeneration再生器 regeneration再生中继器 regenerative repeater再生中继站 regenerative relay station再现性 reproducibility在线测试 on-line testing载波 carrier载波电话 carrier telephone载波电话增音机 carrier telephone repeater载波电话终端机 carrier telephone terminal载波跌落 carrier drop载波功率 carrier power载波恢复 carrier recovery， carrier reinsertion载波检测多址 carrier sense multiple access (CSMA) 载波降低度 carrier reduction载波频率偏置 carrier frequency offset载波抑制度 carrier suppression载干比 carrier-to-interference ratio载体设备 vehicle equipment载躁比 carrier to noise ratio早期故障期 early fault period躁声带宽 noise bandwidth躁声功率 noise power躁声温度 noise temperature躁声系数 noise factor， noise figure躁声抑制 noise suppression增量调制 delta modulation (DM)增量调制编码 delta modulation code增强型定位报告系统 EPLRS增益控制 gain control增值业务 value added service窄带发射 narrowband emission窄带干扰 narrowband disturbance窄带器件 narrowband device占机信号 seizing signal占机证实信号 seizing-acknowledgement signal占空建立呼叫 on-air-call-set-up占线前标 seizure precursor占线测试 engaged test占用带宽 occupied bandwidth战略密码体制 strategic cipher system战术电台 tactical radio战术密码体制 tactical cipher system战术通信电子对抗系统tactical communication electronic warfare system折叠单极天线 folded monopole antenna折叠偶极天线 folded dipole antenna折射指数 refractive index折线编码律 segmented encoding law帧 frame帧定位 frame alignment帧定位时隙 frame alignment time slot帧定位信号 frame alignment signal帧定位恢复时间 frame alignment recovery time帧号码 frame number (FN)帧失位时间 out-of-frame alignment time帧同步码 frame synchronization code真迹电报 telewriting真空电子器件 vacuum electron device真空电容器 vacuum capacitor阵列天线 array antenna振荡 oscillation振荡器 oscillator振动试验 vibration test振幅键控 amplitude shift keying (ASK)振幅压扩单边带 amplitude companded SSB (ACSB)振铃音 ringing tone振鸣 howling整流 rectification正/零/负码速调整 positive/ zero/ negative justification正常检查 normal inspection正常充电 normal charging正常突发 normal burst正反码 positive and inverse code正交部分响应键控 quadrature partial response keying (QPRK) 正交调幅 quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM)正交调幅器 quadrature modulator正交调频 quadrature frequency hopping正交相干解调器 quadrature coherent demodulator正码速调整(正脉冲塞入) positive justification (positive pulse stuffing)正态分布 normal distribution正向话终信号 clear-forward signal支线 branch feeder直达线路 direct route直接波 direct wave直接长途拨号网 direct distance dial network直接分配 direct distribution直接呼叫 direct call直接检测 direct detection直接接入 direct access直接耦合放大器 direct-coupled amplifier直接调频 direct frequency modulation直接序列扩频 direct sequence spread spectrum (DS)直流/直流变换器 DC/DC converter直流放大器 DC amplifier直同连接延时 through-connection delay指配频带 assigned band指配频率 assigned frequency移动通讯词汇中英对照三：抗扰试验电平 immunity test level抗扰性电平 immunity level抗扰性限值 immunity limit抗扰性余量 immunity margin抗躁声送话器 antinoise microphone可编程终端 programmable terminal可变电容器微音效应 microphone effect of variable capacitor 可变分频器 variable division frequency divider可擦可编程只读存储器erasable programmable read only memory (EPROM)可达性 accessibility可服务性 serviceability可焊性 solderability可焊性试验 solderability test可见弧 visible arc可接收质量水平 acceptable quality level可靠性 reliability可靠性测试 reliability testing可靠性分配 reliability allocation可靠性和维修性保证 reliability and maintainability assurance 可靠性设计 reliability design可靠性预计 reliability prediction可靠性增长 reliability growth可拓展性 expansibility可视电话 television telephone可视电话机 television telephone set可适应性 adaptability可调数位时隙(可塞入数位时隙) adjustable digit time slot (stuffable digit time slot)可听声 audible sound可维修性 maintainability可信度 certainty factor可移植性 portability可用场强 usable field strength可用功率通量密度 usable power flux density (Pu)可用时间 available time可用性 availability可预置分频器分频比 prescalar divider division ratio可重用性 reusability客观评价 objective evaluation空分 space division空分多址 space division multiple address (SDMA)空间分集 space diversity空间激光通信 laser space communication空间探测器 space probe空间无线电通信 space radiocommunication空间系统 space system空间站(电台) space station空深网 deep space network (DSN)空闲信道 idle channel空闲信道检测 idle channel detection空中交通管制 air traffic control (ATC)控位卫星 station-keeping satellite控制台 console控制系统 control system控制系统的程序 program of control system控制系统误差 control system error控制信道 control channel (CCH)控制信号 control signal口令 password块结束符 end of block (EOB)块校验规程 block check procedure快捕带 fast pull-in range快闪要求 flash request宽带发射 broadband emission宽带干扰 broadband disturbance宽带器件 broadband device宽带射频功率放大器wideband radio frequency power amplifier宽带数据峰值频偏 wideband data peak frequency deviation 宽频段电台 wide band station扩频 spread spectrum扩展频谱通信 spread spectrum communication扩展器 expandor扩展耗损 spreading loss扩展卷积码 diffuse convolutional codes。
通讯类常用英文缩写名词
通讯类常用英文缩写名词ADPCM adaptive differential pulse code modulating 自适应差分脉冲调制ADSL asymmetric digital subscriber line 不对称数字用户环路（线路）AGC automatic gain control 自动增益控制AM amplitude modulation 振幅调制AMI alternate mark invertion 信号交替反转码（双极码）AMPS advanced mobile phone system 现代移动通信系统AN access network 接入网ARQ automatic repeat request 自动重发要求ASK amplitude shift keying 移幅键控ASIC application specific integrated circuit 专用集成电路ASCII America standard code for information interchange ASCII码ATM asynchronous transfer mode 异步转移模式AUC authentication center 鉴权中心AWGN additive white Guassion noise 加性白色高斯噪声AU administer unit 管理单元AUG administer unit group 管理单元BCH bose-chaudhuri-hocquenghem 以名字命名的一种高效循环码B-ISDN broadband ISDN 宽带ISDNBPF band pass filter 带通滤波器BPSK binary phase shift keying 二进制移相键控BQM balanceable quaternary phase shift keying 平衡四相移键控BSC binary symmetric channel base station controller 二进制对称信道基站控制器BTS base transceiver station 基站CCIR International Consultive Committee for Radiotelecommunication 国际无线电咨询委员会CCITT Consultive Committee for International Telegraph and Telephone 国际电报电话咨询委员会CDF cumulative distribution function 概率（累积）分布函数CELP code excited linear prediction 码激励线性预测CDMA code division multiple access 码分多址CIR carrier to interference ratio 载（波）干扰比C/N carrier to noise ratio 载波信噪比CPFSK continuous phase frequency shift keying 连续相位移频键控CPM continuous-phase modulation 连续相位调制CQM complex quaternary phase shift keying 复四相调制CRC cyclic redumdancy check 循环冗余校验CMI code mark invertive 符号及转码dBI dB with respect to a isotropic radiator power 相对各向性辐射器增益dBdBI dB milli watt 以毫瓦为电平零分贝dBW dB watt 以一瓦为电平零分贝DCT discrete cosine transform 离散余弦变换DECT digital European cordless telecommunication 泛欧数字无绳通信（系统）DFT discrete Fourier transform 离散傅氏变换DLL delay locked loop 延时锁定环DM（∆M）delta modulation 增量调制DMC discrete memoryless channel 离散无记忆信道DMT discrete multitone 离散多音频（调制）DPCM differential pulse code modulation 差分脉冲编码调制DPSK differential phase-shift keying 差分移相键控DQM double quaternary modulation 双四相调制DQPSK differential quaternary phase shift keying 差分正交移相键控DR digital radio 数字无线电DS-CDMA direct sequence spread-code division multiple access 直扩序列码分多址DS-FH direct sequence spread-frequency-hopped 直接序列扩频跳频DS-SS direct sequence spread spectrum 直接序列列扩频DS direct sequence spread spectrum signal 直接序列扩频信号DSB double sideband 双边带DSB-SC double sideband suppressed carrier 双边带抑制载波DTE data terminal equipment 数据终端设备DTMF dual tone multi-frequency 双音多频DWDM dense wavelength division multiplexing 密集波分复用EIR equipment identity register 设备识别寄存器EGC equality gain control 等增益控制EIRP effected radiated with respect to an isotropic radiator power 各向同性辐射器有效辐射功率EV-DO evolution-data optimized(CDMA2000 IXEV-DO) （CDMA2001X数据最佳化升级版本）EV-DV evolution-data and video CDMA2000 （CDMA2000）数据和视频业务升级版FDM frequency division multiplexing 频分复用FDMA frequency division multiple accessing 频分多址FEC forward error correction前向纠错FFH-SS fast frequency hopped spread spectrum 快跳频扩频FH-SS frequency hopped spread spectrum 跳频扩频FH frequency hopped 跳频FSK frequency shift keying 移频键控FIR finite impulse response 有限冲激响应FPLMTS future pubic land mobile telephone system 未来公共陆地移动电话系统GMSK Gaussian-pulse minimum shift keying 高斯脉冲最小移频键控GPRS general packet radio service 综合数据包无线业务GPS global positioning system 全球定位系统GSM group special mobile 移动通信特别小组global system mobile communication 全球移动通信系统G/T gain/temperature 增益/温度（天线质量指标）HDB3 high density bipolar code of three order 三阶高密度双极性码HDLC high level data link controlled 高级数据控制链路HDTV high definition television 高清晰度电视HEC hybrid error correct 混合纠错HLR home location register 归属位置寄存器HPF higher pass filter 高通滤波器IEC International Electric Committee 国际电工委员会IIR infinite duration impulse response 无线冲激响应IP Internet Protocols 互联网协议IRQ information retransmission request 信息重发请求ISDN integrated service digital network 综合业务数字网ISI intersymbol interference 符号间干扰ISO International Standards Organization 国际标准化组织ITU International Telecommunication Union 国际电信联盟ITU-R International Telecommunication Union-Telecommunication standardization sector 国际电信联盟-无线通信标准化部门IMT-2000 International Mobile Telecommunication–2000 国际移动电信2000系统JPEG Joint Photographic Experts Groups 图片联合专家小组LED linear envelope detecting 线性包络检测LMS least mean square 最小均方（算法）LPC linear predictive coding 线性预测编码LPF lower pass filter 低通滤波器MAP maximum a posterior probability 最大后验概率MASK M-ary amplitude shift keying 多元幅移键控MFSK M-ary frequency shift keying 多元频移键控MIMO multiple input multiple output 多入多出分集技术MPEG moving picture experts group 活动图像专家组MPSK M-ary phase shift keying M元相移键控ML maximum likelihood 最大似然MLSE maximum likelihood sequence estimation 最大似然序列估计值MMSE minimum mean square error 最小均方误差MQAM M-ary quadrature amplitude modulation M元正交调幅MRC maximal ratio combining 最大比值合并MSK minimum(frequency) shift keying 最小移频键控MSC mobile switching center 移动交换中心MS mobile station 移动台NBFM narrow band frequency modulation 窄带调频NBPM narrow band phase modulation 窄带调相NGN next generation network 下一代网络N-ISDN narrow band ISDN 窄带ISDNNRZ non-return zero code 不归零码NRZI non-return zero inversion code 不归零反转码OFDM orthogonal frequency division muitiplexing 正交频分复用OOK on-off keying 开闭键控OQPSK offset quadrature phase shift keying 偏移四相移键控OSI open system interconnection 开放系统互连OMC operations & maintenance center 操作维护中心PAM pulse amplitude modulation 脉(冲)幅(度)调制PCH paging channel 寻呼信道PCM pulse code modulation 脉码调制PCN personal communication network 个人通信网PDF probability density function 概率密度函数PDM pocket division multiplexing 包分复用PLL phase locked loop锁相环路PN pseudo noise 伪随机噪声PPM pulse phase modulation 脉冲调相PWM pulse wide modulation 脉冲宽度调相PRS partial response signal 部分响应信号PSC primary synchronization code 主同步码PSK phase shift keying 移相键控PSTN public switching telephone networks 公共交换电话网QAM quadrature amplitude modulation 正交调幅QoS quality of services 服务质量QPSK quadrature phase shift keying 正交相移键控QCELP qualcomm code excited linear prediction 高通码激励线性预测混合编码R-S(code) Reed-Solomon(code) 里德-索洛蒙码，RS码RZ return zero code 归零码RPE-LTP regular pulse excited long term prediction 规则脉冲激励长期预测编码SCH synchronization channel 同步信道SDH synchronous digital hierarchy 同步数字系列SDMA space division multiple access 空分多址SDR software-defined radio 软件无线电SIR signal to interference radio 信干比SISO soft input soft output 软输入软输出（算法）SNR signal to noise ratio 信噪比SONET synchronous optical NET work 同步光纤网SS spread spectrum 扩频，扩展频谱SSB single side band 单边带SSB-LSB single sideband-lower sideband 单边带-下边带SSB-USB single sideband-upper sideband 单边带-上边带SSP service switching point 业务交换点STM synchronous transmission modulus 同步传输模式STP signaling transfer point 信令转换点STD space transmit diversity 空间发射分集STTD space time transmit diversity 空时发射分集TCM trellis coded modulation格型码调制TDD time division duplex 时分双工TDM time division multiplexing 时分复用TDMA time division multiple access 时分多址TDSCDMA time-division synchronization code division–multiple-access 时分同步码分多址TDL tau-dither loop T型抖动环TH time hoped 跳时TPC transmit power control 发射功率控制TSTD time switched transmit diversity 分时发射分集TS time slot 时隙TST time slot interchange 时隙变换TU tapped unit 支路单元TUG tapped unit group 支路单元组UHFTV ultra-high frequency TV 超高频电视V A Viterbi algorithm 维特比算法VBR variable bit rate 变比特率VC virtual channel 虚通道VCC voltage controlled clock 压控时钟VCO voltage controlled oscillator（电）压控振荡器VHF-TV very-high frequency TV 甚高频电视VQ vector quantization 矢量量化VLR visitor location register 访问位置寄存器VO Video objet 视频对象VOP video objet/plain 视频对象场景平面WAN wide-area network 广域网WBFM wideband frequency modulation 宽带跳频WBPM wideband phase modulation 宽带调相WCDMA wide-band CDMA 宽带码分多址WDM wavelength division multiplexing 波分复用WHT Walsh-Hardmard transform 沃尔什-哈达码变换WLL wireless local loop 无线本地环路1.PCM编码一、汉译英抽样量化与编码sampling,quantizing and coding抽样速率sampling rate模拟信号analog signal含噪声的环境noisy environment地面系统terrestrial system8位码序列8-digit sequence话路speech channel脉冲流stream of pulses传输质量transmission quality传输路由transmission path噪声功率noise power接收端receiving terminal幅值amplitude value重复率repetition rate数字通信digital communication信噪比signal-to-noise ratio二进制传输binary transmission帧格式frame format抽样频率sampling frequency编码过程coding process数字传输digital transmission信号电平signal levels反向操作reverse operation同步字synchronization word二、英译汉The schemes for performing these three functions实现这三项功能的方案A series of amplitude values一串幅值A speech channel of telephone quality电话质量的话路A sequence of 8-binary digits一个8位二进制码的序列A minimum theoretical sampling frequency理论上的最小抽样频率A voice channel occupying the range 300Hz to 3.4kHz占据着300Hz到3.4kHz频率范围的话路8-digits per sample value每个样值8位码The sparking of a car ignition system汽车点火系统的打火The stream of the pulses with a repetition rate of 64kHz重复率为64kHz的脉冲流The relationship of the true signal to the noise signal真实信号与噪声信号的关系The signal received from a satellite由卫星上接收的信号The complete information about a particular message一条特定消息中的完全信息The shape of the transmitted signal被传信号的波形The attenuation introduced by transmission path由传输路由引起的衰减The unit that converts sampled amplitude value to a set of pulses将抽样的幅值转换成一串脉冲的单元A sequence relating to channel 1,2 and so on涉及到第一路、第二路及其他各路的序列A unique sequence of pulses called synchronization word被称为同步字的独特的码序列Terrestrial system地面系统The presence or absence of the pulse脉冲的“有”或“无”A high-speed electronic switch高速的电子开关The time division multiplexer时分多路复用器Time division multiplexing时分多路复用2.异步串行数据传输一、汉译英串行接口serial interface显示终端CRT terminal发送器与接收器transmitter and receiver数据传输data transmission数据流data stream闲置状态the idle state传号电平mark level空号电平space level起始位start bit终止位stop bitT秒的持续时间duration of T seconds奇偶校验位parity bit错误标志error flag传输错误transmission error下降沿falling edge符号间的空格intersymbol space接收机的定时receiver timing本地时钟local clock磁带magnetic tape控制比特control bit逻辑1电平logical 1 level二进制数据binary data明显的缺点obvious disadvantage二、英译汉Asynchronous serial data transmission异步串行数据传输The most popular serial interface最为流行的串行借口The transmitted data所传输的数据The clocks at the transmitter and receiver发送机和接收机的时钟The era of teleprinter电传机的时代The dots and dashes of a character一个字符的点和划Three times the duration of intersymbol space符号间空格持续时间的三倍The group of bits called characters被称为字符的比特组The invariable units comprising 7 or 8 bits of information 由7或8个比特的信息组成的固定单元A clock generated locally by the receiver由接收机本地产生的时钟The received parity bit following the character在字符后所收到的奇偶校验位The falling edge of the start bit起始位的下降沿The character-oriented nature of the data link数据链路面向字符的特性3.ISO网络标准一、汉译英联网技术networking technology国际标准化组织The International Organization for Standardization参考模型reference model数据分组data packets应用程序application program网络媒体network media分层layering硬件与软件hardware and software表示层the presentation layer传输层the transport layer数据链路层the data link layer网络服务network services文件接入file-access数据格式the data format主机host协议protocol连接connectivity逻辑选址logical addressing二、英译汉Networking technology联网技术Proprietary networking system专用网络系统The international organization for standardization国际标准化组织Compatibility between the various types of networks各种网络之间的兼容性Seven numbered layers七层Standardization of network components网络部件的标准化Error recovery纠错Receiving host’s system接收方的主机系统Connection-oriented circuits面向连接的电路Information flow control信息流的控制Network topology网络拓扑Network media access网络媒体接入Electrical specification电气标准Maximum transmission distance最大传输距离4.互联网一、汉译英网络资源network resource信息服务information services远程终端remote terminals地址address互联的系统interconnected systems命令command电子邮件electronic mail主机host无线信道wireless channels搜索工具searching tools用户界面user interface拷贝copy互联网internet存取access文本信息textual messages鼠标mouse协议protocol超文本协议hypertext protocol二、英译汉Giant network of computers located all over the world分布在全世界的计算机的巨大网络Backbone system主干系统Nationwide network\全国范围的网络Electronic conferences电子会议Remote terminal远程终端Live conversation实时的对话World wide web万维网Searching tool搜索工具The largest repository of information最大的信息库Network facilities resources网络设备资源The vast majority of the computers on the net在网上的绝大多数计算机The unix operating system UNIX操作系统Textual messages文本信息A way to move data between the internet and your PC 在因特网和你的PC之间传送数据的方法The convenient searching tools方便的搜索工具The networked hypertext protocol联网的超文本协议5.光纤通信介绍一、汉译英光纤通信optical fiber communications光源light source波长wavelength激光器laser色散dispersion传输介质transmission medium多模光纤multi-mode fiber长途干线long-haul trunks单模光纤single-mode fiber带宽bandwidth宽带用户wideband subscriber纤维光学fiber-optics商用技术commercial technology门限电流threshold current光检测器photodetector波分复用wavelength multiplexing纤维光网络fiber-optic networks视频带宽二、英译汉Long distance transmission长途传输Repeater spacing中继距离Commercial technology商用技术Optical fibre communications光纤通信The total length of unstalled fibre已装光纤总长Long-haul telecommunication system长途通信系统The low-loss silica fibre低衰减的石英纤维Fibers with losses approaching the Rayleigh limit衰减逼近瑞利极限的光纤Room temperature threshold currents室温下的门限电流The longer wavelength region较长波长区Subscriber access project用户接入工程Improvements in component performance and reliability部件性能和可靠性的改进Data rates for installed fibre optic system已安装的光纤系统的数据速率Gigabit per second range每秒吉（G）比特Wavelength multiplexing波分复用Widebend subscriber loop system宽带用户环路系统Multifibre connectors多纤维连接器Projected lifetime设计寿命Light source 光源Single-mode fibre单模光纤Distributed-feedback laser分部反馈式激光器Information capacity信息容量Switching hierarchy交换体系Broadband services宽带业务6.同步数字序列一、汉译英同步数字序列Synchronous digital hierarchy国际标准international standard信号格式signal format网络节点接口network node interface支路信号tributary signals数字交叉连接digital cross-connection网络管理network management网络维护network maintenance网络运营商network operators传输速率transmission rate支路映射tributary mapping灵活性flexibility用户业务subscriber services覆盖层overlay levels制造商manufacturer同步传输帧sunchronous transmission frame线路终端复用器line terminal multiplexer分插复用器add-drop multiplexer再生中继器regenerator灵敏度sensitivity虚容器virtual container成帧字节framing byte段开销section overhead端到端传输end-to-end transmission误码监视error monitoring信号处理节点signal processing nodes静负荷payload指针pointer二、英译汉Synchronous transmission system同步传输系统The standard covering the NNI覆盖NNI的标准The international standard interface国际标准接口Direct synchronous multiplexing直接同步复用Flexible telecommunication networking灵活的通信联网Point-to-point transmission technology点对点的传输技术Advanced network management先进的网络管理The equipment supplied by different manufacturers不同厂家提供的设备The flexibility provided by SDHSDH提供的灵活性Operator of synchronous multiplexers同步复用设备的运营者Telecommunication networking电信联网Tributary signals支路信号Maintenance capabilities维护能力Unified telecommunication network infrastructure统一的电信网络基础结构Building blocks组件Terminal multiplexer终端复用器Through-mode fashion贯通方式Synchronous DXC同步数字交叉连接Varying bandwidth可变贷款Individual tributary signals各个支路信号Transport system传输系统Optical carrier光载体2-dimensional map二维图形The order of transmission传输次序Framing byte成帧字节Virtual container虚容器Section overhead段开销Bit-error monitoring误码检测7.波分复用一、汉译英对光特性的理解The understanding of the properties of light基本重要性the fundamental importance想象今天的通信系统To imagine the communication system of today光的高速公路the highways of light巨量的信息the massive amount of information采用通信新技术To adopt new communication technologies大量的视频信息The large amount of video information波分复用the wave divide multiplexing只发送单个波长To send only one wavelength传输大量的波长To transmit a large amount of wavelength无差错传输the error-free transmission自愈特性the self-healing properties直接接入光网络To access directly to the optical network视频信息the video information二、英译汉The major advance that led to the WDM revolution导致WDM革命的主要进展The invention of the optical amplifier光放大器的发明The next span of fiber下一段光纤To boost the signal power of all wavelength提高所有波长信号的功率The advances in optical amplifier在光放大器方面的进展The development of gain equalization techniques获益均衡技术的发展The multiple-wavelength transmission多波长传输The growth of wireless system无线系统的增长The growth of various application各种应用的增长The wide variety of services各种各样的业务To handle various types of traffic处理各种业务类型The all-optical cross-connect全光交叉连接8.蜂窝式电话移动系统一、汉译英蜂窝式移动电话cellular mobile telephone服务性能service performance频谱frequency spectrum频带frequency band微处理器microprocessor移动手机mobile unit广播业务broadcast service天线antenna子系统subsystems移动用户mobile subscriber服务能力service capability服务性能service performance利用率utilization带宽bandwidth单边带single-side band扩频spread spectrum大规模集成电路large scale integrated circuit蜂窝点cellular site蜂窝交换机cellular switch天线机架radio cabinet呼叫处理call processing服务器service area二、英译汉Frequency spectrum utilization频谱利用率The limited assigned frequency band有限的指定频带Complicated features and functions复杂的特性和功能Large-scale integrated circuit technology大规模集成电路技术Developmental cellular system试验性的蜂窝系统Central coordinating element中央协调单元Cellular administration蜂窝管理Operational limitation of conventional mobile telephone system传统移动电话的运行限制Limited service capability有限的服务能力Radio communication industry无线通信行业Available radio frequency spectrum可用的无线电频谱The allocated frequency band所分配的频带Mobile transceiver移动收发信机Technological feasibility技术上的可行性Severe spectrum limitations严厉的频谱限制FM Broadcasting service调频广播业务Propagation path loss传播路径衰耗Multipath fading多径衰耗Radio cabinet无线机架Telephone company zone offices电话公司地方局9.全球移动通信系统一、汉译英个人通信personal communications通信标准communication standards固定电话业务fixed telephone service网络容量network capacity移动交换中心mobile switching center国际漫游international roaming宽带业务broadband service接口转换interface conversion频谱分配frequency allocation模拟方式analogue mode蜂窝通信原理cellular communication principle拥塞jamming蜂窝裂变cell splitting基站base station寄存器register收费功能billing function接入方法access method突发脉冲传输方式Burst transmission mode开销信息overhead information切换算法handover algorithms短消息服务short message service技术规范technical specification二、英译汉Total access communication system全接入的通信系统Global mobile communication system全球移动通信系统Time division multiple access时分多址Facsimile and short message service传真和短消息服务Fixed communication networks固定通信网络A more personalized system更个人化的系统The cost and quality of the link链路的价格和质量Market growth市场的发展Fixed telephone service固定电话业务Coaxial cable同轴电缆Interface conversion借口转换Cellular communication principle蜂窝通信原理Frequency reuse and cell splitting频率再用和蜂窝裂变Cochannel interference共信道干扰Theoretical spectral capability理论上的频谱容量Micro-cellular system微蜂窝系统Base station transceiver基站收发信机Subscriber register用户寄存器Burst transmission mode突发脉冲传输模式Overhead information开销信息Advanced handover algorithms先进的切换算法The GSM technical specificationsGSM的技术规范10.3G一、汉译英移动电话the mobile telephone第三代移动业务the third generation mobile service互联协议the Internet Protocol无线通信the wireless communication手机the handset全球漫游the global roaming无线标准the wireless standard蜂窝点the cell site峰值数据速率the peak data rate平均吞吐量the average throughput下载the download多址接入the multiple access扩频技术the spread spectrum technology时隙the timeslot二、英译汉To combine high speed mobile access with Internet Protocol(IP)-based services将高速移动接入与基于IP的服务结合起来To standardize future digital wireless communication对未来数字无线通信标准化The Internet Protocol(IP)-based services基于互联协议的服务The third-generation wireless technology and networks第三代无线技术与网络The single global wireless standard单一的全球无线标准To accommodate the continuing growth of voice services as well as new wireless Internet services 容纳话音服务的连续增长与新的无限因特网的服务The spectrum allocation flexibility频谱分配的灵活性The International Telecommunications Union国际电信联盟The boundaries between communication, information, media and entertainment在通信、信息、媒体和娱乐之间的旧界限11.电路交换和分组交换一、汉译英电路交换circuit switching分组交换packet switching报文交换message switching子网subnet信头header目的地址destination address误差控制error control存储转发方式store-and-forward manner突发性bursty传输时延transmission delay中间交换设备intermediate switching equipment交换技术switching technique返回信号teturn signal报文处理机message processor给定最大长度given maximum length信息转移information transfer随机性random专用电路dedicated circuit电路利用率channel utilization二、英译汉The capability of storing or manipulating user’s data存储和处理用户数据的能力The special signaling message特定的信令信息A well defined block of data called a message为精心定义的被称为报文的数据块The information regarding the source and destination address涉及源和目的地址的信息The computer referred to as a message processor称为报文处理器的计算机The store-and forward transmission technique存储转发传输交换技术The dynamic allocation of the bandwidth带宽的动态分配The overall transmission delay of the message报文整个的传输时延Switching technique交换技术Circuit switching电路交换Message switching报文交换Packet switching分组交换Total path of connected lines连线的整个通路Source-destination pair源到目的地的一对Communication parties通信各方Transmission unit传输单元Initial connection cost incurred in setting up the circuit在建立电路时产生的起初连接成本Low delay constraint required by the user用户所需的短时延的限制The fixed dedicated end-to-end circuit固定专用的端到端电路Low channel utilization低的电路利用率12.异步转移模式一、汉译英异步转移模式asynchronous transfer mode逻辑信道logical channel虚电路virtual circuits虚路径virtual paths建议recommendation网络层network level业务与应用层service and application level虚连接virtual connection信息高速公路information superhighway点播电视video-on-demand统计复用statistical multiplexing数字化的信息digital information标识符identifier协议protocol网络节点network node宽带网broadband networkATM论坛ATM forum面向未来的future-proofed图像编码image encoding虚拟专用网virtual private network数据处理data processing二、英译汉Short packets called cells被称为信元的短的分组Bit rates of several hundred megabits a second每秒几百兆比特的速率Unique multiplexing method独特的复用方法The physical connection between any two terminals任何两个终端之间的物理连接Interactive video services交互式的视频业务A nature vehicle for multimedia services多媒体业务的自然载体The current and future requirements of both operators and users运营商和用户当前及未来的要求The technique for switching high bit rate channel高比特率信道的交换技术Asynchronous transfer mode异步转移模式Multiplexing and switching technique复用和交换技术The underlying type of transmission所承载的传输类型Dual identification双重标识Virtual circuit虚电路Virtual path虚路径The transfer of cells to the network nodes信元在网络节点上的转移Hundreds megabits a second每秒几百兆比特Recommendation I.121 I.121建议The quality of service服务质量In proportion to the exact requirement与实际需求成比例The applications and services transported over a network网络所传送的应用和业务The ability to construct virtual networks构成虚网络的能力Cost-effective use of infrastructure低价高效的利用网络设施Future-proofed面向未来的Coordination different networks carrying different services协议传送不同业务的不同网络Essential components of future information superhighways未来信息高速公路的基本部件Statistical multiplexing统计复用Optimum use of resources资源的最佳使用Virtual private networks虚拟专用网13.多媒体一、汉译英多媒体multimedia交互环境interactive environment视频压缩video compression高清晰度电视high definition television数字信号处理器digital signal processor点播业务on-demand services视频服务器video servers硬件、软件和应用hardware,software and application存储storage彩显colour monitor全活动图像full motion picture视频编码器vision encoder二、英译汉Mixture of hardware,software and applications硬件、软件和应用的混合Interactive environment交互环境Personal desk top computers个人桌面计算机Video compression视频压缩The vision encoder视频编码器Video-on-demand interactive services交互式视频点播业务Multimedia environment多媒体环境Visual images视频图像Hard disk storage硬盘存储Colour monitor彩显The standards of multimedia多媒体的标准Motion pictures活动图像Consumer quality of video and audio顾客质量的视频和音频Broadcast images广播图像High definition television高清晰度电视Coding algorithms编码算法Digital signal processor数字信号处理14.IP电视一、汉译英通信行业communication industry广播电视broadcast television基础结构infrastructure可视电话video telephone宽带数字技术broadband digital technology端对端的传输end-to-end transmission quanlity交换机架switch cabinet高清电视high-definition television编码技术coding technologies国际电信联盟International Telecommunication Union内容提供商content provider交互式链路interactive link二、英译汉The delivery of television over Internet Protocol(IP) networks通过IP网络传送电视The diverse content and communication services多种多样的内容和通信服务The video telephony and remote monitoring可视电话和远程监控To distribute digital television channels to consumers using a TV screen利用电视屏幕向用户发送数字电视频道The telecommunication services such as voice connections例如话音连接的电信服务The limited network bandwidth有限的网络带宽The advanced coding technologies先进的编码技术A myriad of new innovative services and applications to the user大量的创新业务和用户应用15.非对称数字用户线一、汉译英综合业务数字网Integrated services digital network局域网local area network数字用户线digital subscriber line千比特每秒kilobit per second数据流data stream传真机fax machine网上浏览surf the web白噪声white noise带宽bandwidth业务提供商serveice provide双绞线twisted-pair line双工电话信道duplex telephone channel数字信号处理digital signal processing模拟滤波器analog filterA/D变换器converter频分复用frequency division multiplexing回声消除echo cancellation调制技术modulation technique以太网ethernet防火墙firewall二、英译汉The asymmetric digital subscriber line非对称数字用户线路The high-speed Internet access service高速的因特网接入服务The grade of ADSL service purchased所购买的ADSL服务的等级The analog signal telephones and fax machine use电话和传真机使用的模拟信号The data coming to your computer from the Internet从因特网送到你的计算机的数据The twisted-pair telephone lines双绞线电话线路The available bandwidth of a telephone line电话线的有效带宽The time division multiplexing时分多路复用The plain old telephone system conversations老式的单纯电话系统的通话The quadrature amplitude modulation正交复读调制16.电信世界的现状和未来一、汉译英X.25 协议protocol电视信号television signals。
用于移动回程的E波段微波收音机(IJWMT-V5-N4-4)
I.J. Wireless and Microwave Technologies, 2015, 4, 37-46Published Online July 2015 in MECS()DOI: 10.5815/ijwmt.2015.04.04Available online at /ijwmtE-band Microwave Radios for Mobile BackhaulSaad Z. AsifIslamabad, PakistanAbstractThis article explores the emerging high capacity microwave radios that operate in 70-90 GHz frequency band to address the mobile backhaul challenge of the cellular industry of Pakistan. The challenge will be look from both technical and business perspectives covering topics like frequency assignments, radio capacity, and experimental results. In hindsight these millimeter wave microwave radios provide an alternative (particularly to optical fiber) to address the said challenge of one of the lowest ARPU (average revenue per user) markets of the world.Index Terms: Microwave Radio, E-band, Mobile Backhaul, 3G, LTE, 4G, 5G.© 2015 Published by MECS Publisher. Selection and/or peer review under responsibility of the Research Association of Modern Education and Computer Science1.BackgroundVast majority of the current microwave radios in the world operate in 6-38 GHz frequency bands and are predominantly used to backhaul traffic in mobile networks. As the demands grew, 42 and 70/80 GHz frequency bands were recently added to the list.The microwave radio network in Pakistan is heavily deployed to cater the backhauling of traffic from the cell sites to BSC/RNC/EPC (Base Station Controller/Radio Network Controller/Evolved Packet Core) locations. It is normally takes two three traffic aggregation sites to reach the BSC/RNC/EPC location. The mobile backhaul[1], though there is no standard definition or configuration, is routinely defined as an area between BTS and toa traffic aggregation site and/or to the BSC/RNC/EPC location as shown in Fig. 1. The traffic can be backhauled in variety of way but for the most part in the cellular networks is carried either through microwave radios or optical fiber. In the case of Pakistan even after the launch of 3G and 4G services (which were pending for many years) the traffic is still carried through low to mid capacity microwave radios that operate in 6-38 GHz frequency spectrum. Currently, there are over 31,000 cell sites and 63,000 microwave radio hops deployed in the country.* Corresponding author. Tel.:E-mail address: szasif@Fig.1. Mobile backhaulThe mobile wireless broadband market in the country is in the infancy stage. The 3G-UMTS service was launched by four cellular players in mid 2014 while 4G-LTE by two in late 2014. There are five cellular operators in the country; one player is offering both 3G and 4G service while the smallest player (in terms of subscribers) is only offering 4G service. The fixed wireless broadband market which runs on CDMA2000 EV-DO and WiMAX has been around for more than eight years but its penetration rate is less than 2% [2]. According to Pakistan Telecommunications Authority there were more than 13 million 3G/4G subscribers at the end of April 2015 [2]. Although there is considerable increase in the number of users and data usage since the launch of 3G/4G, however, the increase in revenue is like a drop in the ocean.The article is divided into four key sections defining radio technology and product aspects of 70/80 GHz microwave radios in section 2 and 3 respectively, experimental results in section 4, while the feasibility of such radios for the country is presented in section 5.2.E-band Radio TechnologyThe most suitable frequency band that has been identified for such radios is in the range of 71-76 and 81-86 GHz which falls under E-band a. The ECC (Electronic Communications Committee) within CEPT (European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administration) has defined frequencychannel arrangements with ECC Recommendation (05)07 [3].The 5 GHz band in each direction is divided into 19 channels. Each such channel is 250 MHz wide and two or more channels can be combined to form a single channel of larger size. This channel size is quiet large as compared to the widely deployed microwave radio units which operate with 7 to 56 MHz wide channels. The specified channels can be used to form either TDD or FDD systems within the single band or in combination with the two bands respectively.The principle of using the channels from within the bands 71-76 GHz and 81-86 GHz in a single duplex FDD arrangement is described in the Fig. 2.Fig.2. Combining the channels from 71-76 / 81-86 GHz bands into a single FDD arrangement with duplex separation of 10 GHz [3]The alternative approach is channel aggregation where multiples of 250 MHz channels are aggregated into a The waveguide E band is the range of radio frequencies from 60 GHz to 90 GHz in the electromagnetic spectrum [4].FDD channels with duplex separation equal or more than 10 GHz is shown in Fig. 3.Fig.3. Example of aggregating multiple 250 MHz channels, possibly alongside with original 250 MHz wide channels [3]2.1.Radio Interface CapacityThe second technology element is radio interface capacity (RIC) which depends on the modulation scheme. The ETSI EN 302 217-3 [5] comes handy in this case that explains characteristics and requirements for point-to-point digital fixed radio systems operating in higher frequency bands (including frequencies under discussion). The standard defines six different modulation states as system spectral efficiency classes of operation. However, there is no limitation on spectral efficiency and modulation format and the following Table1 only shows a typical set of such values.Table 1. System spectral efficiency classes of operation used in this clause [5]Spectral Efficiency Class 128 StatesModulation 64 StatesModulation32 StatesModulation16 StatesModulation4 StatesModulation2 StatesModulation5 (128) 5 (64) 4H 4L 2 1NOTE: Modulation format is only for reference (other modulation schemes could be used).Table 2. Typical RIC Values for the Spectral efficiency classes [5]Aggregate Channel (MHz)Typical RIC values (Mbps)Class5(128)Class5(64)Class 4H Class 4L Class 2Class 1250 1000 900 750 600 300 150500 2000 1800 1500 1200 600 300750 3000 2700 2250 1800 900 4501000 4000 3600 3000 2400 1200 6001250 5000 4500 3750 3000 1500 7501500 6000 5400 4500 3600 1800 9001750 7000 6300 5250 4200 2100 10502000 8000 7200 6000 4800 2400 12002250 9000 8100 6750 5400 2700 13502500 10000 9000 7500 6000 3000 15002750 11000 9900 8250 6600 3300 16503000 12000 10800 9000 7200 3600 18003250 13000 11700 9750 7800 3900 19503500 14000 12600 10500 8400 4200 21003750 15000 13500 11250 9000 4500 22504000 16000 14400 12000 9600 4800 24004250 17000 15300 12750 10200 5100 25504500 18000 16200 13500 10800 5400 27004750 19000 17100 14250 11400 5700 2850 Table 2 shows the RIC values in one direction for such radios in the FDD mode. The TDD systems would match that capacity as the sum of the capacities in both directions. A maximum of 19 Gbps is possible in a 4.75GHz channel with 128-QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation) and with equipment compliant to the ETSI standard. So, if an operator has access to 500 MHz bandwidth it can carry a maximum of 2 Gbps of traffic in one direction of a point-to-point radio link. 2.2. Other ParametersThe ETSI EN 302 217-3 standard has also defined receiver power density levels (RSL) for BER (bit error rate) <= 10-6 and <= 10-8, and co-channel and adjacent channel interference sensitivity. The other key parameters include [5]:∙ Maximum EIRP (Equivalent Isotropic Radiated Power)b : ≤ +85 dBm (Decibel -milli-watt) for G ant ≥ 55 dBi (Decibel-isotropic)∙ Minimum Antenna gain G ant : 38 dBi∙ Maximum transmitter output power: ≤ +35 dBm (it is th e maximum possible transmit power, including tolerances, delivered to the antenna connector) 3. Microwave e-band Radio ProductA typical microwave radio consists of an IDU (indoor unit), ODU (outdoor unit) and antenna (dish). The ODU is connected to the IDU via IF (Intermediate Frequency) cable and also attached to the dish for connectivity with other radios. The ODU consists of baseband circuitry, modulator/demodulator while IDU communicates with BTS (e.g. eNodeB). The typical distance between IDU and ODU can be in the range of 70-150 ft [6].Contrary to typical microwave units, the e-band radio does not have an IDU. The entire circuitry is in ODU, which is attached to the 30 or 60 cm antenna (dish). A Power over Ethernet cable (one cable connection) runs from the unit via power injector to the BTS (for example, eNodeB) as shown in Fig. 4. The cable carries three sets of information namely operations and monitoring information, Ethernet traffic and power. Another possible setup is to run an optical cable from ODU to BTS for traffic and monitoring information and DC power cable (-48v) also from ODU to the power cabinet.Optical CablePower CableBTSPowerCabinetOne Cable connectionPower InjectorBTSFig.4. E-band radio setupbEIRP refers to the radiated power relative to an isotropic antenna for which transmit antenna gain is 1 [3].3.1.Product AspectsThe very first e-band products started to appear in the middle/later part of first decade primarily supporting 1 Gbps capacity in a 1.0 GHz channel. The key pioneers were three USA based suppliers namely Bridgewave Communications, Gigabeam Corporation, and E-Band Communications. In the earlier part of the current decade the tier-1 manufacturers like NEC, Alcatel-Lucent and others started to offer such radios under their own brands as re-sellers. The resale agreements with the technology pioneers, made the first generation products more expensive carrying same features, but provided these radios more powerful branding. The much improved second generation radios from some teir-1 manufacturers are now coming into the market. The key product aspects of these two generation radios are shown in Table 3.Table 3. E-band radio product specifications [7-11].Attributes First Generation Second GenerationAdditional Attributes Manufacturers US based Bridgewave Communications,Huawei, NEC and SiAEGigabeam Corporation, and E-BandCommunications. Tier-1 vendors as re-sellersTimeframe During 2000s During 2010sChannel Spacing 250 and 1000 MHz 500 and 750 MHzModulation BPSK, QPSK (4-QAM) 16 to 256 QAMAdaptive Code and Modulation Limited Good strengthCapacity 120, 240, 600, 1200 Mbps Up to 2.5 GbpsEthernet Ring Protection Not Available ITU-T G.8032 v2 Ethernet Ring ProtectionSwitching (<50msec)Following attributes more or less remains the sameQuality of Service Shaping/Scheduling/Congestion-Avoidance techniquesSynchronization SyncE, IEEE 1588 v2OAM 802.1ag/802.3ah/Y.1731Protection 1+0, 1+1 HSB (hot standby)Antenna Parabolic, 30 or 60 cm diameter, 42-52 dBi gain4.Experimental TestingFig. 5 shows a typical mobile backhaul segment of the cellular networks of Pakistan. One to three microwave radio hops are deployed to reach a core location in urban cities. The core location holds BSC/RNC, may also include core elements like MGW (media gateway) and SGSN (serving GPRS support node) and connects to MSC (mobile switching center) and GGSN (gateway GPRS support node) through optical fiber. In case of LTE, the EPC location consists of MME (Mobility Management Entity) and Serving/Packet Gateways. In order to meet the future demands of voice and particularly data it was understood that current microwave radios are insufficient and extension of optical fiber to traffic aggregation hub sites and to BTSs needs to be taken into consideration. However, this extension is costly and full of right-of-way challenges. Thus the service provider ev aluated an alternative ‘e-band microwave radios’.Fig.5. Mobile backhaul (Pakistan cellular market)Simulations have shown e-band radios are tends to be effective as long as the hop length is less than 2 km. Once the distance crosses this threshold it gets difficult to meet the criteria of 99.999% radio link availability. The limitation factor is high frequency band and high rainfall rate in the country. Pakistan faces heavy monsoon rains that last for about 3 months (July –September) every year. During this time the total rain accumulation is around 800 mm while daily could exceed 80 mm [12].In major metropolitan cities the link distance between sites and between aggregation sites ranges from close to a kilometer to 3-4 kilometers. There are only a handful of core locations in urban cities making those hard to reach via e-band radios from the BTS sites. However, sites that require high transmission capacity and are less than 2 km from each other, or from traffic aggregation hubs or from core locations can use such microwave radios.Keeping the above mentioned considerations, 1.0 km or less hop lengths were selected in an urban city. The service provider evaluated both first and second generation products at same and different times of the year including monsoon season for about 2 years.4.1.First Generation Product TestingThe first generation e-band radio (a reseller product) was analyzed against certain standard microwave radio parameters and some specific to such radios. A 1.0 km point to point microwave radio link was set up in 1+0 configuration with a 0.3m dish for assessment.The product supports 120, 240, 600 and 1200 Mbps of capacity with 250 and 1000 MHz channel sizes using BPSK (Binary Phase Shift Keying) and QPSK (Quadrature Phase Shift Keying) modulation schemes.The RFC 2544 (Benchmarking Methodology for Network Interconnect Devices) [13] was used to check viability of carrying Ethernet traffic. This test was performed by generating traffic through an analyzer. The results of three performance indicators namely throughput, latency, and frame loss were found to be satisfactory. QoS (quality of service), SyncE (Synchronous Ethernet), scheduling mechanism and adaptive modulation were tested and found out to be satisfactory.During the monsoon season, however a number of deficiencies were observed in the first generation product. Firstly, radio link failures were observed at 73 mm above rainfall that lasted for few seconds and occurred several times resulting in dropped calls (voice) and discontinuation in data sessions. The link was operational at 1200 Mbps with QPSK having a threshold level of -64dBm at @ 10-6 BER (bit error rate). The product only provides RSL (received signal strength) which is similar to BER as shown in Fig.6. Fig. 6 is a sample alarm snapshot where major RSL results in radio link failures. Also, higher latency and high frame error rate during some Ethernet performance tests were also witnessed. Overall, the under trial first generation radio was turned out not to be a carrier grade microwave radio product.Fig.6. Radio link failures (at major RSL)4.2.Second Generation Product TestingThe second generation product though in beta form comparatively gave a better performance. The radio supports capacity ranging from 390 to 1560 Mbps in a 250 MHz channel using QPSK, and 16/32/64/128/256-QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation). It may be noted that the product supports higher capacities than prescribed by the standard (Table 2) using same and better modulation schemes which is obviously beneficial for the telecom sector. The testing was executed for six months including some part of the monsoon season. The overall test results were positive and link didn’t fail even at 80 mm rainfall.The interesting element of this evaluation was the test setup comprised of 3 hops connected in a ring topology. The distance between any two hops was less than 1.0 km as shown in Fig. 7. This configuration was used to demonstrate the feasibility of such radios as an alternative in ring topologies that are normally turned up with optical fiber cables. The OFC (optical fiber cable) rings are supported with 50ms restoration time in case of a cut. Similarly, the second generation e-band radios support ERPS (Ethernet Ring Protection Switching) which also operates at the same protection level (sub-50ms).Fig.7. Radio link failures (at major RSL)Various tests were executed using this ring configuration and all passed successful. A test tool was placed at Site A for various test cases including for Gigabit Ethernet performance testing over the ring network. The test tool is capable of testing and maintaining Ethernet, Gigabit Ethernet, IP, and Fiber channel services. This was a very positive outcome making e-band radios a strong, cost effective alternative to optical fiber both in point-to-point and in ring setups.4.3.Gigabit Ethernet TestingThe Ethernet performance was measured to ensure that exchange of information is properly taking place and also adhering to the required levels. This was confirmed by testing the bandwidth, the delay and the loss of frames in the connection. In Ethernet terms these are called Throughput, Latency and Frame Loss respectively [14]. Ethernet performance can be measured using the criteria of RFC 2544. RFC 2544 specifies certain test criteria that allow the service provider and customer to reach an agreement. RFC 2544 requires the standard frame sizes (64, 128, 256, 512, 1024, 1280, 1518, and 1522 bytes) to be tested for a certain length of time and a certain number of times. The performance was measured at Layer 2 using RFC 2544. The product supports multiple GbE/FE (Gigabit Ethernet/Fast Ethernet) ports up to a maximum of 3 ports where a maximum of 1Gbps can be provided via a single port.The traffic was generated through the above mentioned tester, and the four performance indicators were measured over the ring. Various frames sizes of RFC 2544 were tested for the various supported rates, bandwidths, and modulation types. The product also supports jumbo frames such as 9000 byte frames, which was also tested on different modulation schemes. One such result with 256-QAM and 250 MHz bandwidth is shown in Table 4.Table 4. Gigabit Ethernet performance results with 256-QAM modulation.Frame Length (byte) Throughput(Mbps)Latency (µs)Threshold(2000 µs)Frame loss (#of lost frames)64 2000 245 0128 1800 298 0256 1690 313 0512 1642 339 01024 1616 403 05.Suitability for PakistanAs indicated earlier, Pakistan cellular market is one of the lowest if not the third lowest mobile ARPU in the world according to some studies. The ARPU figure has not changed even after completing one year of 3G launch. In such a market extending fiber in the space of mobile backhaul and/or to the cell sites is not a cost effective option [15]. Some examples where e-band radios can be used are as follows:OFC vs. e-band radio: Although, OFC vs. e-band radio is not an apple to apple to comparison, a high level analysis showed significant savings. For example, e-band radios will provide 40% savings in CAPEX (capital expenditure) and 60% in OPEX (operating expenditure) as compared to OFC for the ring topology shown in Fig. 7. Beside cost, OFC faces longer deployment times and right-of-way challenges.Redundancy to Fiber: These radios can provide a redundant path for carrying traffic along with optical fiber. These are suitable for second or third level backup for existing and new fiber routes.Frequency relief: The traditional microwave radios have smaller channel bandwidths (largest is 56 MHz) ascompared to e-band radios (250 MHz is the minimum) and thus have lower capacity to carry traffic. Many operators due often face shortage of such frequencies and utilize many channels at transmission hubs to support traffic backhauling of various individual (dependent) cell sites. Thus, e-band radios can be used to free up some traditional microwave frequencies at high capacity sites.Tower loading relief: An e-band radio can accommodate capacity of at least 2-3 traditional microwave radio units. Thus, it reduces the loading on cell towers making room for future use.Security Situation/Emergency Relief: In the events of natural disasters or manmade upheavals, cell-on-wheels equipped with e-band radio can be used to address relief efforts as an alternative to fiber.6.ConclusionThe results showed that second generation e-band microwave radios are more robust than their predecessor and can be used in 3G/4G mobile networks. Such radios are also under considerable discussion as a potential mobile backhaul solution for 5G networks [16-17].The successful execution and positive outcome of these radios in ring configuration further shows their viability as an alternative to OFC in mobile backhaul. At the same time it may be noted that these radios cannot replace fiber and can’t be as robust as OFC. However, these do provide a cost effective, quicker deployable alternative with negligible right-of-way issues in comparison to OFC in the critical space of mobile backhaul. References[1]Asif, SZ. et al. An Evaluation of Future Mobile Networks Backhaul Options. 5th Int’l. ConferenceWireless and Mobile Communications, Cannes/La Bocca, France, Aug. 23–29, 2009, pp. 146–51. 2009.[2]Pakistan Telecom Authority. Telecom Indicators.pk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=269&Itemid=658. 2015.[3]ECC with CEPT. ECC Recommendation (05)07. Radio Frequency Channel Arrangements for FixedService Systems Operating in the Bands 71–76 and 81–86 GHz. February 2009.[4]Wikipedia. /wiki/Main_Page.[5]ETSI. ETSI EN 302 217-3 (V1.3.1) Fixed Radio Systems; Characteristics and requirements for point-to-point equipment and antennas; Part 3: Equipment operating in frequency bands where both frequency coordinated or uncoordinated deployment might be applied; Harmonized EN covering the essential requirements of article 3.2 of the R&TTE Directive. 2009.[6]Lehpamer, H. Transmission Systems Design Handbook for Wireless Networks, USA: Artech House, Inc.;2002.[7]Bridgewave. 80GHz Wireless. /products/80ghz.cfm[8]E-Band Communications, LCC. 4G Evolution Series. /ProductOverview[9]Huawei. E-band Microwave. /en/solutions/broader-smarter/hw-196711.htm[10]NEC. iPasolink EX. /en/global/prod/nw/pasolink/products/ipasolinkEX.html[11]SiAE. ALFO plus 80 series. https:///index.php/products-services/telecomsystems/mwsys/25-inside-articles/53-alfoplus80[12]Faisal, N. et al. Third Successive Active Monsoon over Pakistan - An Analysis and Diagnostic Study ofMonsoon 2012. Pakistan Journal of Meteorology 2013; 9(18):73-84.[13]IETF RFC 2544. Benchmarking Methodology for Network Interconnect Devices. March 1999.[14]Agilent. RFC 2544 Testing of Ethernet Services in Telecom Networks. 2004.[15]Asif, SZ. Next Generation Mobile Communications Ecosystem: Technology Management for MobileCommunications. UK: Wiley Inc.; 2011.[16]Monserrat1, JF. et al. METIS Research Advances towards the 5G Mobile and Wireless SystemDefinition. EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking. 2015.[17]Radio Spectrum Policy Group, European Commission. RSPG15-607: RSPG Report on Spectrum issueson Wireless Backhaul. 2015.Author’s ProfileSaad Z. Asif c has more than 17 years of experience in evaluating telecommunications standards and technologies, providing strategic directions to companies and advising government on telecommunications matters. Currently, he is working as a Director Telecom Wireless at Ministry of IT, Pakistan drafting country’s Telecom (Wireless and Spectrum) policy and leading the WRC-15 (World Radiocommunication Conference 2015) activities. He worked till 2014 at Telenor Pakistan as Senior Advisor- Transmission Network where his focus was on millimetre wave e-band microwave radios and carrier Ethernet technologies. He also previously worked for well known cellular operators Mobilink, Pakistan and Sprint, USA where he conducted proof of concepts trials on WiMAX, and 3G CDMA2000/EV-DO respectively. He also played a major role in designing Sprint’s wireless high-speed data strategy. He is a recognized Scientist of Pakistan, holds five U.S. patents, has written two books on telecommunications and publish 14 technical papers/articles, and holds M.S. in electrical engineering and engineering management from Oklahoma State University, USA and University of Kansas, USA respectively.How to cite this paper: Saad Z. Asif,"E-band Microwave Radios for Mobile Backhaul", IJWMT, vol.5, no.4, pp.37-46, 2015.DOI: 10.5815/ijwmt.2015.04.04c Disclaimer: The responsibility for the content of this article rest upon the author, not with his employers (current and any former).。
IPTV常用术语中英文对照表
IPTV常用术语中英文对照表AAAC（Advanced Audio Coding）：高级音频编码.AAC是i-mode 所指定的音档格式，相对于MP3格式,AAC在原音质量和压缩效率上有绝对的优势。
AAC作为MPEG 4与3GPP的核心规格,也是MPEG规格的一部分。
AAC可以真实呈现立体声的高质量原音、更逼近CD音质,且能够达到很高的压缩率，可帮助减少许多储存空间，档案也远比MP3格式来得小.AAC_LC（Low Complexity AAC):低复杂度AAC音频编码。
ABR(Average Bit Rate）:平均比特率,一种编码方式，是CBR和VBR编码方式的结合，它支持BR(Bit Reservoir，比特储存)技术,在信息量少的情况下降低比特率，把多余的可用数据量放到Bit Reservoir中储存起来,在信息量大的情况下再从Bit Reservoir中提取出来，这样就在结合了CBR和VBR的优点。
AC3(Audio Coding3):音频编码3，即杜比数码。
ADSL(Asymmetrical Digital Subscriber Looper)：非对称数字用户环线.AGP（Accelerate Graphical Port)：加速图形接口。
AVC(Advanced Video Coding):MEPG—4 Part10，也称H.264(ITU)。
AVS――AVS(AdvancedAudio—VideoCoding／DecodingStandard)是数字音视频编解码技术标准的英文简称。
AVS标准包括系统、视频、音频、数字版权管理等四个主要技术标准和一致性测试等支撑标准.其核心是把数字视频和音频数据压缩为原来的几十分之一甚至百分之一以下，试图解决数字音视频海量数据的编码压缩问题，故也称数字音视频编解码技术.它是数字信息传输、存储、播放等环节的前提，故此AVS成为了数字音视频产业的共性基础标准。
Solid State Broadband High Power Amplifier 1199 –
1000 – 3000 MHz / 100 WattsStock No. 1199D.S. Rev. 1.3 / 11-10-2016The BBM4A6AKQ (SKU 1199) is a 1000 to 3000 MHz amplifier which is guaranteed to deliver 100W minimum output power and related RF performance under all specified temperature and environmental conditions. Typical power output is 125W and other typical performance parameters are also listed as a guide for consideration, but not guaranteed. This amplifier is suitable for broadband mobile jamming and band specific high power linear applications in the L and S frequency bands. This compact module utilizes the latest high power RF GaN transistors and also features built-in control and monitoring, with protection functions to ensure high availability.▪ Solid-state Class AB linear design ▪ Instantaneous ultra broadband▪ Suitable for CW, AM, FM and pulse (Consult factory for other modulation types) ▪ Small and lightweight▪ 50 ohm input/output impedance ▪ High reliability and ruggedness▪ Built-in control, monitoring and protection circuits ▪ RS485 serial interface for monitoring and control******************************DC, Over Temperature and Environmental Conditions, as specified. Min Typ Max Operating frequency BW MHz 1000 3000 Peak output power P SAT W CW input signal 100 125Gain, small signal G SS dB Measured with VNA in swept frequency mode at -20dBmCW. Input power calibrated / measured at the amplifier input port. Variable attenuator set to nominal attenuation.55 5861 Gain flatness small signal ΔG SS dB Test conditions the same as G SS ±3 Gain adjustment range G ADJ dB Test conditions the same as G SS 15 Gain adjustment step size G STEP dB Test conditions the same as G SS 0.5 Maximum input powerwithout damageP IN, Max dBm CW input signal for unlimited duration.20 Input return loss IRL dB Measured with VNA in swept frequency mode at -20dBm and 0dBm CW. Input power calibrated / measured at theamplifier input port. Variable attenuator set to nominal attenuation.-10 Noise figure NF dB Variable attenuator set to nominal attenuation.15 2ND harmonics 2NDdBc Variable attenuator set to nominal attenuation. CW signal source at an output power of 100W.-10 3RD harmonics 3RDdBc Variable attenuator set to nominal attenuation. CW signal source at an output power of 100W.-20Spurious Spur dBc Variable attenuator set to nominal attenuation. CW signal source of 0dBm at the input to the amplifier. Input power is calibrated / measured at the amplifier input port.Spurious defined as any non-harmonic amplifier output.Spurious measured in a 1kHz resolution bandwidth,10kHz video bandwidth. Specifications apply at offsets of greater than or equal to +/-10kHz from the RF carrier. Maximum measurement frequency is 6.5GHz.-60Operating voltage V DC V Note: Output power capabilities and gain will vary withvoltage.46 4850 Current consumption I DC A Variable attenuator set to nominal attenuation.Measurement at an output power of 100W with a CW source.6.591000 – 3000 MHz / 100 WattsPA enable / Disable time T ON/OFF uSec Variable attenuator set to nominal attenuation.Measurement with 0dBm CW signal presented to theinput of the amplifier. Rise and fall times of amplifieroutput envelope recorded. Rise and fall times at 10% /90% of the output power in linear scale. PA Enable /Disable signal set to 10kHz repetition rate and 50% dutycycle.1PA PROTECTION / RUGGEDNESSThe PA includes protection circuits for:•Over temperature•Over voltage•Reverse polarity•Over currentIn addition to protection circuits, the PA will withstand full reflection at the RF output port at any angle for up to 1 minute at P3dB. ENVIRONMENTAL SPECIFICATIONSOperating Case Temperature T C-40 +85 °C Storage Temperature T STG-40 +85 °C Relative Humidity (non-condensing) RH 95 % Altitude (MIL-STD-810F Method 500.4) ALT 30,000 Feet Vibration/ShockMIL-STD-810F Method 514.5/516.5 – Proc 1VI/SH AirborneMECHANICAL SPECIFICATIONSDimensions 7.0 x 4.0 x 1.1 Inch Weight 1.5 PoundRF ConnectorsInput: Type-SMA, Female Output: Type-SMA, FemaleDC Interface Connector Hybrid – D-sub 17-pin, Male (17W2) Cooling External Heatsink Required (not supplied)1000 – 3000 MHz / 100 WattsPh. 1 (310) 412-8100 Fax. 1 (310) 412-9232 Stock No. 1199D.S. Rev. 1.3 / 11-10-2016DC INTERFACE CONNECTORA1 GND Ground ReturnA2 VDD Supply Voltage: +46.0-50.0V DC, 48.0V DC Nominal1 RS485 (-) Serial Communication Bus2 Temperature Reporting N/A – (Temperature Monitor Reporting is currently available ONLY from RS485)3 Address 1 Hardware Address 14 Address 3 Hardware Address 35 Attenuator Setting N/A – (Attenuation/Gain control is currently available ONLY from RS485)6 PA Enable 0/3.3V logic levels:Power Amplifier disable is a TTL Logic Low (0V). (Internally Pulled-High 3.3V)Leave pin open or pulled high to utilize RS-485 interface.7 Alarm Amplifier Alarm indicator: Normally TTL LowA logic High indicates a fault condition, 0/3.3V Logic Levels8 RS485 (+) Serial Communication Bus9 Current Reporting N/A – (Current Monitor Reporting is currently available ONLY from RS48510 Address 0 Hardware Address 0 – Least significant bit11 Address 2 Hardware Address 212 Address 4 Hardware Address 4 – Most significant bit13 Not Used No Connection14 Not Used No Connection15 Reset Hardware resetLogic 0 to reset PA and clear latched faultsOUTLINE DRAWING。
仿真实现ASK、PSK、FSK、DPSK、QAM技术
仿真实现ASK、PSK、FSK、DPSK、QAM技术仿真实现ASK、PSK、FSK、DPSK、QAM技术一(数字调制系统的相关原理数字调制可以分为二进制调制和多进制调制，多进制调制是二进制调制的推广，所以本文主要讨论二进制的调制与解调，最后简单讨论一下多进制调制中的MFSK(M元移频键控)和MPSK(M元移相键控)。
最常见的二进制数字调制方式有二进制振幅键控(2-ASK)、移频键控(2-FSK)和移相键控(2-PSK和2-DPSK)。
下面是这几种调制方式以及其改进调制方式的相关原理。
1.二进制幅度键控(2-ASK)幅度键控可以通过乘法器和开关电路来实现。
载波在数字信号1或0的控制下通或断，在信号为1的状态载波接通，此时传输信道上有载波出现;在信号为0的状态下，载波被关断，此时传输信道上无载波传送。
那么在接收端我们就可以根据载波的有无还原出数字信号的1和0。
2-ASK信号功率谱密度的特点如下:(1)由连续谱和离散谱两部分构成;连续谱由传号的波形g(t)经线性调制后决定，离散谱由载波分量决定;(2)已调信号的带宽是基带脉冲波形带宽的二倍。
2 .二进制频移键控(2-FSK)频移键控是利用两个不同频率f1和f2的振荡源来代表信号1和0，用数字信号的1和0去控制两个独立的振荡源交替输出。
对二进制的频移键控调制方式，其有效带宽为B=2xF+2Fb,xF是二进制基带信号的带宽也是FSK信号的最大频偏，由于数字信号的带宽即Fb值大，所以二进制频移键控的信号带宽B较大，频带利用率小。
2-FSK功率谱密度的特点如下:(1) 2FSK信号的功率谱由连续谱和离散谱两部分构成,•离散谱出现在f1和f2位置;(2) 功率谱密度中的连续谱部分一般出现双峰。
若两个载频之差|f1 -f2|?fs，则出现单峰。
3.二进制相移键控(2-PSK)在相移键控中，载波相位受数字基带信号的控制，如在二进制基带信号中为0时，载波相位为0或π，为1时载波相位为π或0。
通信工程名词缩写解释
名词缩写解释3G-MSC 3rd Generation Mobile Switching Centre 第三代移动交换中心3G-SGSN 3rd Generation Serving GPRS Support Node 第三代服务GPRS的节点ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode 异步传递模式AAL2 ATM Adaptation Layer type 2 ATM适配层类型2 AS Access Stratum 接入层BSSMAP Base Station Subsystem Management Application Part 基站子系统管理应用部分CC Connection Confirm 连接确认CN Core Network 核心网CS Circuit Switched 电路交换PS Packet Switched 分组交换PVC Permanent Virtual Circuit 永久虚电路RLP Radio Link Protocol 无线链路协议RNC Radio Network Controller 无线网络控制器RNL Radio Network Layer 无线网络层RFC RAB sub Flow Combination RAB子流组合RFCI RFC Indicator RAB子流组合指示SVC Switched Virtual Circuit 交换虚电路SDU Service Data Unit 服务数据单元SMpSDU Support Mode for predefined SDU size 预定义SDU大小的支持模式SAP Service Access Point 业务接入点SRNS Serving RNS 服务无线网络子系统TrM Transparent Mode 透明模式TNL Transport Network Layer 传输网络层UE User Equipment 用户设备UP User Plane 用户平面UTRAN UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network UMTS 陆地无线接入网VC Virtual CircuitC-SAP 控制业务接入点CBC 小区广播中心CBS 小区广播业务CTCH 公共业务信道CTCH-BS 公共业务信道块集kbps 千比特/秒L1 Layer 1 (physical layer)L2 Layer 2 (data link layer)L3 Layer 3 (network layer)NSAPI 网络层业务接入点UE 用户设备本文档用到下列缩略语:ASC 接入业务类别BCCH 广播控制信道C- 控制-CCCH 公共控制信道DCH 专用信道DL 下行链路DSCH 下行链路共享信道DTCH 专用业务信道FAUSCH 快速上行链路信令信道L1 Layer 1 (物理层)L2 Layer 2 (数据链路层)L3 Layer 3 (网络层)PCCH 寻呼控制信道PHY 物理层PhyCH 物理信道RNC 无线网络控制器RNS 无线网络子系统RNTI 无线网络临时识别RRC 无线资源控制SAP 业务接入点SDU 业务数据单元SHCCH 共享信道控制信道SRNC 服务RNCSRNS 服务RNSTFI 传输格式指示U- 用户-UE 用户设备UL 上行链路UMTS 通用移动通信系统USCH 上行链路共享信道UTRA UMTS陆地无线接入UTRAN UMTS陆地无线接入网本文档中应用以下缩略语：AS 接入层C-SAP 控制服务接入点IETF Internet工程任务组L2 层2 (数据链路层)L3 层3 (网络层)PID 分组标示RFC 请求注解RRC 无线资源控制RTP 实时协议SDU服务数据单元TCP 传输控制协议UE 用户设备UMTS 通用移动通信系统UTRA UMTS陆地无线接入UTRAN UMTS陆地无线接入网缩略语ARQ 自动重发请求BCCH 广播控制信道C- 控制-CCCH 公共控制信道CCH 控制信道CN 核心网DC 专用控制(SAP)DCH 专用信道DL 下行DSCH 下行共享信道DTCH 专用业务信道FCS 帧校验序列GC 通用控制(SAP)HO 切换ITU 国际电信联盟kbps 每秒千比特L1 层1 (物理层)L2 层2 (数据链路层)L3 层3 (网络层)MS 移动站Nt 通知(业务接入点)PCCH 寻呼控制信道PU 净荷PHY 物理层PhyCH 物理信道RNTI 无线网络临时标识RRC 无线资源控制SAP 业务接入点SDU 业务数据单元SHCCH 共享信道控制信道TDD 时分复用TFI 传输格式指示U- 用户-UE 用户设备UL 上行链路UMTS 全球移动通信系统UTRA UMTS 陆地无线接入UTRAN UMTS陆地无线接入网GPRS General Packet Radio ServiceAA Anonymous AccessATM Asynchronous Transfer ModeBG Border GatewayBSSGP Base Station System GPRS ProtocolCCU Channel Codec UnitCGI Cell Global IdentityDNS Domain Name SystemGGSN Gateway GPRS Support NodeGSN GPRS Support NodeICMP Internet Control Message ProtocolIETF Internet Engineering Task ForceIPv4 Internet Protocol version 4IPv6 Internet Protocol version 6L3MM Layer 3 Mobility ManagementLL-PDU LLC PDULLC Logical Link ControlMDFG Mobile Detached Flag for GPRSMNRF Mobile station Not Reachable FlagMSP Multiple Subscriber ProfileMTP2 Message Transfer Part layer 2MTP3 Message Transfer Part layer 3NSAPI Network layer Service Access Point Identifier NSS Network SubSystemPCU Packet Control UnitPDCH Packet Data CHannelPDN Packet Data NetworkPDP Packet Data Protocol, e.g., IP or X.25PTM Point To MultipointPTP Point To PointPVC Permanent Virtual CircuitRAI Routeing Area IdentityRRM Radio Resource ManagementSGSN Serving GPRS Support NodeSM Short MessageSM-SC Short Message service Service CentreSMS-GMSC Short Message Service Gateway MSCSMS-IWMSC Short Message Service Interworking MSCSN-PDU SNDCP PDUSNDC SubNetwork Dependent Convergence SNDCP SubNetwork Dependent Convergence Protocol TCAP Transaction Capabilities Application PartTCP Transmission Control ProtocolTID Tunnel IdentifierTLLI Temporary Logical Link IdentityTRAU Transcoder and Rate Adaptor Un缩略BBCC:BaseStationColourCode.基站色码。
参考文献_宽带无线通信OFDM系统同步技术_[共4页]
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第2章 OFDM及其相关技术术特点及其需要解决的关键技术问题，为论文后面章节研究无线通信OFDM系统信道均衡技术打下了良好的基础；同时，本章所给出的OFDM系统调制与解调器方案将作为本文大部分算法的计算机仿真模型。
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