生命进化的历史
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Various environment
Result : reproduction over many seasons or concentrating it early in life.
www.google.com/images
Bet hedging
• Recruitment of offspring is unpredictable Result : adult survival at the expense of present fecundity This strategy is bet hedging
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=endscreen&v=EqmGSexPaEk&NR=1
http://blogs.voanews.com/science-world/2012/10/
http://www.masterfile.com/stock-photography/image/848-02856206/SockeyeSalmon-(Oncorhynchus-nerka)-dying-after-spawning-Kamchatka-Russia
http://chantelpresentsonc913.blogspot.com/2012/05/worldsmost-fascinating-mums.html
Why semelparous or interoparous?
• Variable environment favor interoparity. Because it could spread reproduction over both good and bad years. • Variable environment may favor semelparity when a plant can time its production to occur during a very favorable year. • Attraction of pollinators to massive floral displays might favor plants that put all of their effort into one reproductive episode.
Semelparity
• A species is considered semelparous if it is characterized by a single reproductive episode before death.
http://www.squid-world.com/
http://minibeastwildlife.blogspot.com/ 2011/07/costa-rica-day-12-13-morefrogs.html
http://www.bamboosourcery.com/catalog.cfm
Semelparity
Best-known case: Agaves • Inhabit climates with sparse and erratic rainfall • have shallow, fibrous roots catch surface water only. This water supply system prevent seed production every year, the period between suitable years may be very long. It would store nutrients until unusually wet year comes and then put all its resources into production.
http://www.mtkenyaguides.com/mt_kenya.htm
Annuals
SnapDragons
sunflower
http://mariposanursery.com/plants/annuals/annualswinter.html
http://homห้องสมุดไป่ตู้.howstuffworks.com/annual-flower-pictures.htm
Mosquito fish
Male
http://www.geekosystem.com/new-fish-tramp-stampgenital-hooks/
Female
http://www.stetson.edu/artsci/biology/amb/springfish.php
Figure1: Life history characteristics of populations of mosquitofish
Interoparity
• An iteroparous organism is one that can undergo many reproductive events throughout its lifetime.
http://www.earthtimes.org/business/environmental-impact-disposalwaste-large-scale-pig-production/433/
http://www.imageenvision.com/photo/20936-stock-photography-of-maleand-female-red-salmon-sockeye-salmon-by-jvpd
Programmed death
• Because salmon make so great effort to reach their spawning grounds, they should produce as many eggs as possible, even if this reproductive effort requires the conversion of their muscle and digestive tissue to eggs and ensures death. This pattern is called programmed death.
http://www.madacamp.com/Labord's_Chameleon
Semelparity
Best-known case: bamboos • Tropical or temperate zone plants • It prefers asexual reproduction, because opportunities for successful seed germination are rare. • Only when vegetative growth becomes limited, it would choose produce seeds.
Big-bang reproduction
Salmon: grow rapidly for several years, undertake a single of episode of breeding. Female convert a large portion of their body tissues into eggs, then die shortly after spawning.
http://onproductmanagement.net/2010/10/23/openquestion-why-did-you-become-a-product-manager/
Result : reproduction over many seasons or concentrating it early in life.
www.google.com/images
Bet hedging
• Recruitment of offspring is unpredictable Result : adult survival at the expense of present fecundity This strategy is bet hedging
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=endscreen&v=EqmGSexPaEk&NR=1
http://blogs.voanews.com/science-world/2012/10/
http://www.masterfile.com/stock-photography/image/848-02856206/SockeyeSalmon-(Oncorhynchus-nerka)-dying-after-spawning-Kamchatka-Russia
http://chantelpresentsonc913.blogspot.com/2012/05/worldsmost-fascinating-mums.html
Why semelparous or interoparous?
• Variable environment favor interoparity. Because it could spread reproduction over both good and bad years. • Variable environment may favor semelparity when a plant can time its production to occur during a very favorable year. • Attraction of pollinators to massive floral displays might favor plants that put all of their effort into one reproductive episode.
Semelparity
• A species is considered semelparous if it is characterized by a single reproductive episode before death.
http://www.squid-world.com/
http://minibeastwildlife.blogspot.com/ 2011/07/costa-rica-day-12-13-morefrogs.html
http://www.bamboosourcery.com/catalog.cfm
Semelparity
Best-known case: Agaves • Inhabit climates with sparse and erratic rainfall • have shallow, fibrous roots catch surface water only. This water supply system prevent seed production every year, the period between suitable years may be very long. It would store nutrients until unusually wet year comes and then put all its resources into production.
http://www.mtkenyaguides.com/mt_kenya.htm
Annuals
SnapDragons
sunflower
http://mariposanursery.com/plants/annuals/annualswinter.html
http://homห้องสมุดไป่ตู้.howstuffworks.com/annual-flower-pictures.htm
Mosquito fish
Male
http://www.geekosystem.com/new-fish-tramp-stampgenital-hooks/
Female
http://www.stetson.edu/artsci/biology/amb/springfish.php
Figure1: Life history characteristics of populations of mosquitofish
Interoparity
• An iteroparous organism is one that can undergo many reproductive events throughout its lifetime.
http://www.earthtimes.org/business/environmental-impact-disposalwaste-large-scale-pig-production/433/
http://www.imageenvision.com/photo/20936-stock-photography-of-maleand-female-red-salmon-sockeye-salmon-by-jvpd
Programmed death
• Because salmon make so great effort to reach their spawning grounds, they should produce as many eggs as possible, even if this reproductive effort requires the conversion of their muscle and digestive tissue to eggs and ensures death. This pattern is called programmed death.
http://www.madacamp.com/Labord's_Chameleon
Semelparity
Best-known case: bamboos • Tropical or temperate zone plants • It prefers asexual reproduction, because opportunities for successful seed germination are rare. • Only when vegetative growth becomes limited, it would choose produce seeds.
Big-bang reproduction
Salmon: grow rapidly for several years, undertake a single of episode of breeding. Female convert a large portion of their body tissues into eggs, then die shortly after spawning.
http://onproductmanagement.net/2010/10/23/openquestion-why-did-you-become-a-product-manager/